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Ujelang Atoll

Ujelang Atoll

Ujelang Atoll is an atoll of 30 islands in the Pacific Ocean. It is a legislative district of the Ralik Chain of the Marshall Islands. Its total land area is only 0.67 miles², but that encloses a lagoon of 25.47 miles². Ujelang Atoll used to be uninhabited, but nowadays it is inhabited by about 350 people. They were relocated from the Eniwetok Atoll to Ujelang in 1947. Category:Geography of the Marshall Islands Category:Pacific Ocean atolls

Pacific Ocean

:For other meanings of Pacific, see Pacific (disambiguation). The Pacific Ocean (from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan) is the world's largest body of water. It encompasses a third of the Earth's surface, having an area of 179.7 million km² (69.4 million sq miles). Extending approximately 15,500 km (9,600 miles) from the Bering Sea in the Arctic to the icy margins of Antarctica's Ross Sea in the south (although the Antarctic regions of the Pacific are sometimes described as part of the circumpolar Southern Ocean)the Pacific reaches its greatest east-west width at about 5°N latitude, where it stretches approximately 19,800 km (12,300 miles) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia. The western limit of the ocean is often placed at the Strait of Malacca. The lowest point on earth—the Mariana Trench—lies some 10,911 m (35,797 ft) below sea level. The Pacific contains about 25,000 islands (more than the total number in the rest of the world's oceans combined), the majority of which are found south of the equator. (See: Pacific Islands.) Along the Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the Celebes Sea, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Sea of Japan, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Tasman Sea, and Yellow Sea. The Straits of Malacca joins the Pacific and the Indian Oceans on the west, and the Straits of Magellan links the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. As the Pacific straddles the ±180° longitude where East becomes West, the Asian side of the ocean (where latitudes are E) is correctly referred to as East Pacific and the opposite side (eastwards) where latitudes are W is the West Pacific. To retain the popular "left is western" and "right is eastern" means of reference, the Western Pacific is thus the East Pacific and the Eastern Pacific the West Pacific. The International Date Line follows the ±180° longitude to the greater part of its North-South demarcation but veers far eastwards around Kiribati (Caroline Island, which, not coincidentally, was renamed Millennium Island) and westwards round the Aleutian Islands as can be seen on the map at International Date Line. For most of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage from the Straits of Magellan to the Philippines, the Portuguese explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many typhoons and hurricanes batter the islands of the Pacific and the lands around the Pacific rim are full of volcanoes and often rocked by earthquakes. Tsunamis, caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and wiped out whole towns. Tsunami

Ocean bottom

The ocean floor of the central Pacific basin is relatively uniform, an abyssal plain with a mean depth of about 4270 m (14,000 ft). The major irregularities in the basin are the extremely steep-sided, flat-topped submarine peaks known as seamounts. The western part of the floor consists of mountain arcs that rise above the sea as island groups, such as the Solomon Islands and New Zealand, and deep oceanic trenches, such as the Mariana Trench, the Philippine Trench, and the Tonga Trench. Most of the trenches lie adjacent to the outer margins of the wide western Pacific continental shelf. Along the eastern margin of the Pacific Basin is the East Pacific Rise, which is a part of the worldwide mid-oceanic ridge. About 3000 km (1800 miles) across, the rise stands about 3 km (2 miles) above the adjacent ocean floor. Because a relatively small land area drains into the Pacific, and because of the ocean's immense size, most sediments are authigenic or pelagic in origin. Authigenic sediments include montmorillonite and phillipsite. Pelagic sediments derived from seawater include pelagic red clays and the skeletal remains of sea life. Terrigenous sediments eroded from land masses are confined to narrow marginal bands close to land.

Elevation extremes

- lowest point: -10,924 m (-35,840 ft). at the bottom of the Mariana Trench
- highest point: 0 m (0 ft), sea level.

Water characteristics

Water temperatures in the Pacific vary from freezing in the poleward areas to about 29°C (84°F) near the equator. Salinity also varies latitudinally. Water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. Poleward of the temperate latitudes salinity is also low, because little evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas. The surface circulation of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (the North Pacific Gyre) and anti-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Equatorial Current, driven westward along latitude 15°N by the trade winds, turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current. Turning eastward at about 45°N, the Kuroshio forks and some waters move northward as the Aleutian Current, while the rest turn southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of an anti-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south-flowing California Current. The South Equatorial Current, flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of New Guinea, turns east at about 50°S, and joins the main westerly circulation of the Southern Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current. As it approaches the Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current.

Climate

Only the interiors of the large land masses of Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand escape the pervasive climatic influence of the Pacific. Within the area of the Pacific, five distinctively different climatic regions exist: the mid-latitude westerlies, the trades, the monsoon region, the typhoon region, and the doldrums. Mid-latitude westerly air streams occur in both northerly and southerly latitudes, bringing marked seasonal differences in temperature. Closer to the equator, where most of the islands lie, steadily blowing trade winds allow for relatively constant temperatures throughout the year of 21-27°C (70-81°F). The monsoon region lies in the far western Pacific between Japan and Australia. Characteristic of this climatic region are winds that blow from the continental interior to the ocean in winter and in the opposite direction in summer. Consequently, a marked seasonality of cloudiness and rainfall occurs. Typhoons often cause extensive damage in the west and southwest Pacific. The greatest typhoon frequency exists within the triangle from southern Japan to the central Philippines to eastern Micronesia. Although more poorly defined than the other climatic regions, two major doldrum areas lie within the ocean, one located off the western shores of Central America and the other within the equatorial waters of the western Pacific. Both areas are noted for their high humidity, considerable cloudiness, light fluctuating winds, and frequent calms.

Geology

The Andesite Line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. It separates the deeper, basic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of acidic igneous rock on its margins. The Andesite Line follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian arc, along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Japan, the Mariana Islands, the Solomon Islands, and New Zealand. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Albatross Cordillera along South America to Mexico, returning then to the islands off California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand—all eastward extensions of the continental blocks of Australia and Asia—lie outside the Andesite Line. Within the closed loop of the Andesite Line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Central Pacific Basin. It is here that basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the Andesite Line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the Pacific Ring of Fire is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism.

Landmasses

The largest landmass entirely within the Pacific Ocean is the island of New Guinea— the second largest in the world. Almost all of the smaller islands of the Pacific lie between 30°N and 30°S, extending from South-east Asia to Easter Island; the rest of the Pacific Basin is almost entirely submerged. The great triangle of Polynesia, connecting Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand, encompasses the island arcs and clusters of the Cook, Marquesas, Samoa, Society, Tokelau, Tonga, and Tuamotu islands. North of the equator and west of the international date line are the numerous small islands of Micronesia, including the Caroline Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the Mariana Islands. In the southwestern corner of the Pacific lie the islands of Melanesia, dominated by New Guinea. Other important island groups of Melanesia include the Bismarck Archipelago, Fiji, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs, and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside the Andesite Line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the Philippines. These islands are structurally associated with the nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are Bougainville, Hawaii, and the Solomon Islands. The third and fourth types of islands are both the result of coralline island building. Coral reefs are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia.

History and economy

See the Oceania article for information on one set of the Pacific Island states listed below here. Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times, most notably those of Polynesians from Tahiti to Hawaii and New Zealand. The ocean was sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century, first by Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1513) and then by Ferdinand Magellan, who crossed the Pacific during his circumnavigation (1519-1522). In 1564 conquistadors crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi who sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. For the remainder of the 16th century Spanish influence was paramount, with ships sailing from Spain to the Philippines, New Guinea, and the Solomons. The Manila Galleons linked Manila and Acapulco. During the 17th century the Dutch, sailing around southern Africa, dominated discovery and trade; Abel Janszoon Tasman discovered (1642) Tasmania and New Zealand. The 18th century marked a burst of exploration by the Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, the French in Polynesia, and the British in the three voyages of James Cook (to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest). Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by Great Britain and France, followed by the United States. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, with Charles Darwin aboard; the HMS Challenger during the 1870s; the U.S.S. Tuscarora (1873-76); and the German Gazelle (1874-1876). Although the United States took the Philippines in 1898, Japan controlled the western Pacific by 1914, and occupied many other islands during World War II. By the end of that war the U.S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean. Seventeen independent states are located in the Pacific: Australia, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Republic of China (Taiwan), Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. Eleven of these nations have achieved full independence since 1960. The Northern Mariana Islands are self-governing with external affairs handled by the United States, and Cook Islands and Niue are in similar relationships with New Zealand. Also within the Pacific are the U.S. state of Hawaii and several island territories and possessions of Australia, Chile, Ecuador, France, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, petroleum and natural gas are extracted, and pearls are harvested along the coasts of Australia, Japan, Papua New Guinea, Nicaragua, Panama, and the Philippines, although in sharply declining volume. The Pacific's greatest asset is its fish. The shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield herring, salmon, sardines, snapper, swordfish, and tuna, as well as shellfish. In 1986, the member nations of the South Pacific Forum declared the area a nuclear-free zone in an effort to halt nuclear testing and prevent the dumping of nuclear waste there.

Ports and harbours

- Acapulco (Mexico)
- Anchorage (United States)
- Auckland (New Zealand)
- Brisbane (Australia)
- Callao (Peru)
- Hong Kong (Hong Kong (China (PRC)))
- Honolulu (United States)
- Kobe (Japan)
- Long Beach (United States)
- Los Angeles (United States)
- Panama City (Panama)
- Portland (Oregon) (United States)
- Prince Rupert (Canada)
- San Diego (United States)
- San Francisco (United States)
- Sapporo (Japan)
- Seattle (United States)
- Shanghai (China (PRC))
- Sydney (Australia)
- Taipei (China (ROC))
- Vancouver (Canada)
- Victoria (Canada)
- Vladivostok (Russia)
- Yokohama (Japan)

Bibliography

- Barkley, R.A., Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean (1969)
- Cameron, I., Lost Paradise (1987)
- Couper, A., Development in the Pacific Islands (1988)
- Crump, D.J., ed., Blue Horizons (1980)
- Gilbert, John, Charting the Vast Pacific (1971)
- Lower, J. Arthur, Ocean of Destiny: A Concise History of the North Pacific, 1500-1978 (1978)
- Oliver, D.L., The Pacific Islands, 3nd ed. (1989)
- Ridgell, R., Pacific Nations and Territories, 2nd ed. (1988)
- Soule, Gardner, The Greatest Depths (1970)
- Spate, O.H., Paradise Found and Lost (1988)
- Terrell, J.E., Prehistory in the Pacific Islands (1986). :Based on public domain text from US Naval Oceanographer

External links

- [http://www.epic.noaa.gov/epic/ewb/ EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection] Viewable on-line collection of observational data
- [http://dapper.pmel.noaa.gov/dchart/ NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer] Plot and download ocean observations
- [http://www.mapsouthpacific.com/ Map South Pacific]
- [http://www.oscar.noaa.gov/datadisplay/ NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses - Realtime (OSCAR)] Near-realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data
- [http://floats.pmel.noaa.gov/floats/ NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats] Realtime Pacific Ocean data
- [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/jsdisplay/ NOAA TAO El Nino data] Realtime Pacific Ocean El NIno buoy data
- [http://www.southpacific.org/ South Pacific Organizer] Category:Oceans
- zh-min-nan:Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ko:태평양 ja:太平洋 simple:Pacific Ocean th:มหาสมุทรแปซิฟิก

Marshall Islands

The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a Micronesian island nation in the western Pacific Ocean, located north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island.

History

While settled by Micronesians in the 2nd millennium BC, little is known of the early history of the islands. Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to sight the Marshalls, but the islands remained virtually unvisited by Europeans for several more centuries, before being visited by English captain John Marshall in 1788; the islands owe their name to him. A German trading company settled on the islands in 1885, and they became part of the protectorate of German New Guinea some years later. Japan conquered the islands in World War I, and administered them as a League of Nations mandate. In World War II, the United States invaded the islands (1944), and they were added to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (including several more island groups in the South Sea). The U.S. started conducting nuclear tests on the islands immediately after the war, continuing until the 1960s as the Pacific Proving Grounds. Many Marshallese suffered from high radiation levels because of this, and compensation claims still continue to this day. In 1979 the Republic of the Marshall Islands was established and a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. government was signed, becoming effective in 1986. The independence was formally completed under international law in 1990, when the UN officially ended the trust given to the USA.

Politics

The Marshallese president is both head of state and head of government. The president, who is elected by and from the members of the Nitijela (parliament), appoints his own cabinet. Elections for the parliament, which has 33 seats, are held every four years.

Municipalities

1986 1986]The Marshall Islands are divided into 24 legislative districts, which correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls of the country. See Geography.

Geography

The country consists of 29 atolls and 5 isolated islands. The most important atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain (meaning "sunrise" and "sunset" chains). Two-thirds of the nation's population lives on Majuro (which is also the capital) and Ebeye. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally still fairly traditional, and the nutrition of the rural population, being grown and caught, is superior that of most of the urban residents, who rely considerably on white rice. The climate is hot and humid, with a wet season from May to November. The islands occasionally suffer from typhoons.
- Ailinginae Atoll (uninhabited)
- Ailinglaplap Atoll (legislative district)
- Ailuk Atoll (legislative district)
- Arno (legislative district)
- Aur Atoll (legislative district)
- Bikar Atoll (or Bikaar; uninhabited)
- Bikini Atoll
- Bokak Atoll (uninhabited)
- Ebon Atoll (legislative district)
- Enewetak Atoll (legislative district)
- Erikub Atoll (uninhabited)
- Jabat Island (legislative district)
- Jaluit Atoll (legislative district)
- Jemo Island (uninhabited)
- Kili Island (legislative district)
- Kwajalein Atoll (legislative district)
- Lae Atoll (legislative district)
- Lib Island (legislative district)
- Likiep Atoll (legislative district)
- Majuro Atoll (legislative district)
- Maloelap Atoll (legislative district)
- Mejit Island (legislative district)
- Mili Atoll (legislative district)
- Nadikdik Atoll (or Knox; uninhabited)
- Namorik Atoll (or Namdrik; legislative district)
- Namu Atoll (legislative district)
- Rongelap Atoll (legislative district)
- Rongerik Atoll (uninhabited)
- Toke Atoll (uninhabited)
- Ujae Atoll (legislative district)
- Ujelang Atoll (uninhabited)
- Utirik Atoll (or Utrik; legislative district)
- Wotho Atoll (legislative district)
- Wotje Atoll (legislative district)

Economy

United States Government assistance is the mainstay of this tiny island economy. Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms, and the most important commercial crops are coconuts, tomatoes, melons, and breadfruit. Small-scale industry is limited to handicrafts, fish processing, and copra. The tourist industry, now a small source of foreign exchange employing less than 10% of the labor force, remains the best hope for future added income. The islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. Around 1999 a tuna loining plant was built and employed upwards to 400 people, mostly women. After absorbing significant training costs and lack of government assistance the plant was closed in 2005. Although providing almost $6 million into the economy, and a significant number of jobs that previoulsy had not existed, the government let the plant close and chose to not provide any incentives to the owners to keep it open. Under the terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US provides roughly $65 million in annual aid. Negotiations were under way in 1999 for an extended agreement. Government downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, and the decline in tourism and foreign investment due to the Asian financial difficulties caused GDP to fall in 1996-98. The United States also maintains The U.S. Army's Reagan Test Site (RTS) on Kwajalein Atoll. It is an important aspect of the Marshallese economy, as the Marshallese land owners receive rent for the base, and a large number of Marshallese work on base.

Demographics

The Marshallese are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. Although English is an official language and is spoken widely, although not fluently, Marshallese is used by the government. Japanese is also occasionally spoken in some areas of Marshall Islands. Virtually all Marshallese are Christian, most of them Protestant.

Culture

Although now in decline, the Marshallese were once able navigators, using the stars and stick and shell charts. They are also experienced in canoe building and still hold annual competitions involving the unique Oceanic sailing canoe, the proa.

Nuclear Testing

Between 1946 and 1958 the USA tested 67 nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands, including the largest nuclear test the US ever conducted, the Castle Bravo disaster, which resulted in the radiation poisoning of 236 Marshallese. In 1994 documents were released which showed this act was premeditated by the Atomic Energy Commission in human radiation experiments known as Project 4.1.[http://www.rmiembassyus.org/Nuclear%20Issues.htm] Nuclear Claims between the United States and the Marshall Islands are ongoing, and health effects still linger from these tests.

Miscellaneous topics

- Communications in the Marshall Islands
- Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands
- Military of the Marshall Islands
- Transportation in the Marshall Islands

External links

- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/rm.html CIA World Factbook - Marshall Islands]
- [http://www.rmiembassyus.org/ Marshall Islands embassy to the US - information on Marshall Islands]
- [http://marshall.csu.edu.au Marshall Islands Digital Archive and Library]
- [http://www.yokwe.net/ Yokwe Online - Everything Marshall Islands]
- [http://www.janeresture.com/marshalls/marshalls.htm Jane's Marshall Islands Home Page]
- [http://www3.uakron.edu/majuro/Links.html Marshall Islands Maps, Nutrition, Historic and Current Photos - University of Akron]
- [http://www.bikiniatoll.com/ Atomic Testing Information] Category:Freely associated states Category:Island nations
- Category:Micronesia Category:Archipelagoes Category:Oceanic countries zh-min-nan:Marshall Kûn-tó ko:마셜 제도 ja:マーシャル諸島 simple:Marshall Islands th:สาธารณรัฐหมู่เกาะมาร์แชลล์

Eniwetok Atoll

Enewetak (or Eniwetok) is an atoll in the Marshall Islands of the central Pacific Ocean. Its land consists of about 40 small islets totalling less than 6 km², surrounding a lagoon, 80 km (50 mi) in circumference. It is located at , making the second westernmost atoll of the Ralik Chain. 1999 population was 820. Technically a Spanish colony, Enewetak was not known to Europeans until visited in 1794 by the British merchant sloop Walpole, who called it "Brown's Range" (thus the Japanese name "Brown Atoll"). It was visited by only a dozen or so ships before the establishment of the German colony of the Marshall Islands in 1885. Along with the rest of the Marshalls, Enewetak was captured by Japan in 1914 and mandated to them by the League of Nations in 1920. The Japanese mostly ignored the atoll until World War II. In November 1942, they built an airfield on Engebi Island, which was used for staging planes to the Carolines and the rest of the Marshalls. When the Gilberts fell to the US, the Japanese Army's 1st Amphibious Brigade came in to defend the atoll, January 4, 1944. They were unable to finish fortifying the place before the February invasion by the US, which captured all the islets in a week. invasion After the war, the residents were evacuated, often involuntarily, and the atoll was used for nuclear testing as part of the U.S. Pacific Proving Grounds. This went on from 1948 to 1962, when atmospheric testing ended. The first hydrogen bomb test, Ivy Mike, was conducted in 1952 at Enewetak. For examination of the explosion clouds of the nuclear bombs in 1957/58 several rockets (mostly from rockoons) were launched. The people began returning in the 1970s, and on May 15, 1977 the US government began removing contaminated soil and other material from the atoll, declaring it safe for habitation in 1980.

Media

Category:Geography of the Marshall Islands Category:Nuclear test sites Category:Pacific Ocean atolls ja:エニウェトク環礁

Category:Geography of the Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Category:Marshall Islands

Category:Pacific Ocean atolls

This category lists atolls located in the Pacific Ocean Category:Atolls Atolls

Awk

ko:AWK 프로그래밍 언어 ja:AWK Catégorie:Langage de programmation Catégorie:Langage de script Awk -- dont le nom vient des trois créateurs, Alfred V. Aho, Peter J. Weinberger et Brian W. Kernighan -- est un langage de traitement de lignes, disponible sur la plupart des systèmes Unix. Il agit comme un filtre qui prend une série de lignes en entrée (sous forme de fichiers ou directement via l'entrée standard) et écrit sur la sortie standard, que l'on peut rediriger vers un autre fichier. AWK lit l'entrée ligne par ligne, puis sélectionne (ou non) les lignes à traiter par des expressions régulières (et éventuellement des numéros de lignes). Une fois la ligne sélectionnée elle est découpée en champs selon un séparateur d'entrée (qui par défaut correspond au caractère espace ou tabulation). Puis les différents champs sont disponibles : $1 $2 $3 ... Awk permet d'exécuter des actions sur un fichier. La syntaxe est inspirée du C : awk [option] [program] [file] où la structure du program est : 'pattern ' Quelques options : . -F DELIM : permet de modifier le séparateur de champs. . -f file : lit le programme à partir d'un fichier. Description détaillée : Un fichier est divisé en lignes (records en anglais) elles-mêmes divisées en champs ( fields en anglais) . records : séparateur ; compteur NR. . fields : séparateur ou TAB ; compteur NF. Les séparateurs d'entrée/sortie sont stockés dans des variables et peuvent être modifiés : . records : variables RS et ORS . fields : variables FS et OFS Pour retourner le n-ième champ : . $n où n est un nombre . $0 retourne la ligne entière Deux masques spéciaux : - BEGIN : définit un programme avant de commencer l'analyse du fichier - END : définit un programme après l'analyse Pour définir un intervalle, on utilise la virgule comme ceci : - NR = 1, NR=10 : le programme sera appliqué aux lignes 1 à 10 Plusieurs fonctions sont déjà implémentées : - print, printf : fonctions d'affichage - cos(expr), sin(expr), exp(expr), log(expr) - getline() : lit l'entrée suivante d'une ligne, retourne 0 si fin de fichier (EOF : End of file), 1 sinon - index(s1, s2) : retourne la position de la chaîne s2 dans s1, retourne 0 si s2 ne figure pas dans s1 - int(expr) : partie entière d'une expression - length(s) : longueur de la chaîne s Structures de contrôles : la syntaxe provient directement du C : - if (test) else - while (test) - do while (test) - for (expr1;expr2;expr3) Quelques Exemples - awk '' filename : affiche toutes les lignes de filename (idem que cat filename). - awk '/2/ ' ref.txt : affiche toutes les lignes où le caractère 2 est présent (idem que grep '2' ref.txt). - awk '' filename : affiche le contenu de filename, mais chaque ligne est précédée de son numéro. - awk -F : '' /etc/passwd : renvoie la liste des utilisateurs (idem cut -d : -f 1 /etc/passwd). - awk 'BEGIN /etc/passwd' : idem que la précédente commande
Bibliographie

- Alfred V. Aho, Peter J. Weinberger et Brian W. Kernighan (1995), AWK Langage de programmation, ISBN 2-87908-110-6 Pour plus d'informations [http://www.shellunix.com/awk.html Shellunix.com] [http://www.clubic.com/wiki/Awk Clubic]

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Los Angeles Police Departement
Das Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) ist die Polizeiabteilung von Los Angeles in Kalifornien, der zweitgrößten Stadt der USA. Das Motto des LAPD lautet "to protect and to serve" (zu schützen und zu dienen).

Geschichte

Die erste Polizeieinheit der Stadt, die freiwilligen Los Angeles Rangers, wurde im Jahr 1853 gegründet. Im Jahr 1869 wurde die profe

Augusta (Sizilien)
Agusta ist eine Stadt der Provinz Syrakus in der Region Sizilien in Italien.

Lage und Daten

Augusta liegt 35 km nördlich von Syrakus. Hier wohnen 33.466 Einwohner, die in der Industrie arbeiten. Produziert werden Schiffe, Erdölprodukte, Kunststoffe und Beton. Die Nachbargemeinden sind: