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Whitehaven

Whitehaven

For the neighborhood in Memphis, Tennessee see Whitehaven, Memphis. Whitehaven is the home of the Borough Council of Copeland, part of the County of Cumbria. Located on the West coast of the Country, outside the Lake District National Park, Whitehaven was largely the creation of the Lowther family, who do not get a good press in local memory. It grew into a major coal mining town during the 18th and 19th centuries and also became a substantial commercial port on the back of this trade. Daniel Defoe (A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain 1724) says of it :grown up from a small place to be very considerable by the coal trade, that it is now the most eminent port in England for shipping off of coals, except Newcastle and Sunderland and even beyond the last. They have of late fallen into some merchandising also, occasioned by the great number of their shipping, and there are now some considerable merchants; but the town is yet but young in trade The town's fortunes as a port waned rapidly when ports with much larger shipping capacity, such as Bristol and Liverpool, began to take over its main trade. Its peak of prosperity was in the 19th century when West Cumbria experienced a brief boom because haematite found locally was one of the few iron ores could be used to produce steel by the original Bessemer process. Improvements to the Bessemer process and the development of the open hearth process removed this advantage. As with most mining communities the inter-war depression was severe; this was exacerbated for West Cumbria by Irish independence which suddenly placed tariff barriers on the principal export market. The town is historically linked to the author Jonathan Swift — kidnapped here as a baby by a runaway nurse, George Washington (his grandmother Mildred Washington is known to have been buried here) and John Paul Jones, an early leader of the American navy, who in 1778 attacked the town during the American War of Independence. William Wordsworth like Washington did have relatives in Whitehaven (his father was an agent for the Lowthers) but unlike Washington, he did visit them. Whitehaven is the most complete example of planned Georgian architecture in Europe and recently has been pursuing growth through tourism. The major industry is the nearby Sellafield complex, with which a large proportion of the population has links. Whitehaven is a rugby league stronghold, its team Whitehaven RLFC play in National League one. Whitehaven has a rich railway history. It used to be a terminus of the Furness Railway, and still has two railway stations on the Cumbrian Coast Line, which runs from Carlisle to Barrow. The harbour was once riddled with railway lines, when steam engines would shunt trucks full of coal, iron, gypsum and many other cargoes onto the quays for ships to take elsewhere in the world. The Whitehaven mines were the first to extend under the sea. This was achieved when Saltom Pit was sunk in 1729. Saltom Pit was also the first pit thought to have used explosives to assist in the sinking of shafts. By the 1730's Whitehaven had the deepest mines due to the necessity to drive ever deeper shafts to reach new seams of coal. One of the earliest Steam Engines, built by Thomas Newcomen, was installed at Stone Pit in Whitehaven to help in drainage and haulage. William Brownrigg, Whitehaven's most eminent scientist, was the first to investigate the explosive mine gas fire damp. In 300 years over 70 pits were sunk in the Whitehaven and district area. During this period some 500+ people were killed in pit disasters. The largest disaster was in 1910, at Wellington Pit where 136 miners lost their lives. In 1947, at William Pit there was another disaster of similar proportions where 104 men were killed. Today there is no mining carried out in Whitehaven. The last pit to operate, Haig, was closed in 1986. In 1941, Fred Marzillier and Frank Schon moved their Marchon chemical company to Whitehaven to avoid German bombing. Marchon started producing some of the first detergents in the world. The new detergents were a big success as soap was in short supply due to the war. The company continued producing their own detergents as well as bulk detergent ingredients for other companies after the war. It was taken over by Albright & Wilson, often refered to as 'all bright and shiny', in 1955. The Marchon works became the town's largest employer when the mines closed down. However, it too was closed in 2005. A Roman fortlet stood (as part of the Solway Coast defences) at Parton, just North of Whitehaven. Also just N of Whitehaven is Lowca, which was shelled by a German submarine during World War One; an event which the Germans made much of at the time, and Lowca has made much of ever since. Local legend has it that a quick thinking local worker opened a steam valve on a piece of machinery and the German submarine, seeing the plume of steam, thought they had destroyed a target and left. Apparently the only fatality of the incident was one local dog.

External links


- [http://www.whitehaven.talktalk.net/ Whitehaven : on the web]
- [http://www.whitehaven.talktalk.net/toolbar/ Whitehaven Toolbar]
- [http://www.whitehaven.org.uk/ Whitehaven.org.uk]
- of - grid reference: NX9718 Category:Towns in Cumbria

Memphis, Tennessee

Memphis is a city in Shelby County, Tennessee, of which it is the county seat. As of 2005, the city had a population of 671,929 within the city limits, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee, United States. The greater Memphis metropolitan area had a population of 1,195,977. This makes Memphis the second largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed only by metropolitan Nashville. Memphis is on the Lower Chickasaw Bluff above the Mississippi River, at the mouth of the Wolf River. Memphis is the home of founders and establishers of various American music genres, including Blues, Gospel, Rock n' Roll, and "sharecropper" country music (in contrast to the "rhinestone" country sound of Nashville). Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, and B. B. King were all getting their starts in Memphis in the 1950s. They are respectively dubbed the "King" of Country, Rock n' Roll, and Blues. Other famous musicians who either grew up or got their starts in the Memphis area include Aretha Franklin, Carl Perkins, John Lee Hooker, Justin Timberlake, Howlin' Wolf, Jerry Lee Lewis, Al Green, Muddy Waters, Tina Turner, Roy Orbison, Willie Mae Ford Smith, Sam Cooke, Booker T. and the MGs, Otis Redding, The Blackwood Brothers, Isaac Hayes, Rufus Thomas,Three 6 Mafia, Eightball & MJG and "Father of the Blues" W.C. Handy. Memphis is also the home of famous radio stations and recording studios such as WDIA (which was the first American radio station programmed by African-Americans), Stax Records (e.g. Isaac Hayes, Booker T. & the MGs, and Otis Redding), Hi Records (e.g. Al Green and Bill Black), and Sun Studios.

History

Sun Studios Memphis was settled by the Chickasaw tribe. The Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto, is believed to have visited what is now the Memphis area. The French built Fort Prudhomme in the vicinity. The city was founded in 1819 and incorporated as a city in 1826. At the conclusion of the Battle of Memphis on June 6, 1862 during the American Civil War, Union forces captured Memphis from Confederate control. Yellow fever epidemics in the 1870s greatly reduced the population for many years thereafter. In 1897, Memphis' pyramid-shaped pavilion was a conspicuous part of the Tennessee Centennial exposition. From the 1910s to the 1950s, Memphis was a hotbed of machine politics under the direction of E. H. "Boss" Crump. The city was at the center of civil rights issues during the 1960's, notably as the location of a sanitation workers' strike. Memphis is also known as the place where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on April 4, 1968 at the Lorraine Motel. Racial tension remains in Memphis as a result of its uneasy history in this regard.

Geography and climate

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memphis is located at 35°7'3" North, 89°58'16" West (35.117365, -89.971068). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 763.4 km² (294.8 mi²). 723.4 km² (279.3 mi²) of it is land and 40.0 km² (15.4 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.24% water. Major Memphis parks include Tom Lee Park, Audubon Park, Overton Park and the Memphis Botanic Garden. The Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 42nd largest in the United States, has a 2000 population of 1,205,204, and includes the Tennessee counties of Shelby, Tipton, and Fayette, as well as the Mississippi counties of DeSoto, Marshall, Tate, and Tunica, and the Arkansas county of Crittenden.

Climate

Memphis has a mid-latitude, moist continental climate, with four distinct seasons. There are cold winters and hot summers. Spring and autumn can be varied and unpredictable with severe weather, such as thunderstorms and strong winds. Summers are very humid due to moisture encroaching from the Gulf of Mexico (often from the remnant effects of hurricanes), even though the temperature rarely gets very high. This makes it feel hotter than it is. Winters, by contrast, can be very cold with temperatures below freezing occurring fairly regularly. Average annual snowfall is 5.7 inches (14.4 cm). There is plenty of rain to keep the region green. Memphis has sun for approximately 64% of the year. The highest recorded temperature was 108.0°F (42.2°C) on July 13, 1980. The lowest recorded temperature was -13.0°F (-25.0°C) on December 24, 1963.

Cityscape

The city of Memphis is located in southwestern Tennessee and sits on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River. Interstate 40 enters the city from the northeast, and loops above the central part of the city, exiting across the Mississippi River and travelling to the west. Interstate 55 approaches the city from the south and connects with I-240, which completes the loop around central Memphis with I-40. U.S. 78 and U.S. 385 leave the city traveling to the southeast. Memphis has many distinct neighborhoods and suburbs, including Annesdale Park, Annesdale Snowden, Bartlett, Central Gardens, Chickasaw Gardens, Collierville, Cooper-Young, Cordova, Downtown, East Memphis, Evergreen, Frayser, Germantown, Harbor Town, High Point Terrace, Idlewild, Lenox, Medical District, Midtown, Mud Island, Orange Mound, Raleigh, South Bluffs, South Memphis, Southside, Uptown, Victorian Village, and Whitehaven.

People and culture

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 650,100 people, 250,721 households, and 158,455 families residing in the city. The population density is 898.6/km² (2,327.4/mi²). There are 271,552 housing units at an average density of 375.4/km² (972.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 61.41% African American, 34.41% White, 1.46% Asian, 0.19% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.45% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. 2.97% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 250,721 households out of which 31.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% are married couples living together, 23.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% are non-families. 30.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.52 and the average family size is 3.18. In the city the population is spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.9 males. The median income for a household in the city is $32,285, and the median income for a family is $37,767. Males have a median income of $31,236 versus $25,183 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,838. 20.6% of the population and 17.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Annual cultural events and fairs

The Mid-South Fair comes to the city every fall, and every May there is Memphis in May. Each year, the city honors a foreign country, and each weekend hosts a special event, including the World Championship Barbeque Cooking Contest and the Beale Street Music Festival. Also part of Memphis in May is the FedEx St. Jude Classic, a PGA Tour golf tournament. Carnival Memphis (formerly known as the Memphis Cotton Carnival), is a series of parties and festivities staged every year by the Carnival Memphis Association and its member krewes (similar to that of Mardi Gras) during the early summer. Carnival salutes various aspects of Memphis and its industries, and is reigned over by the current year's secretly selected King & Queen of Carnival.

Media

The major daily newspaper in Memphis is The Commercial Appeal. The Daily News also serves the area as a daily newspaper. The Memphis Business Journal is a weekly business paper. Several alternative and weekly papers are also published in Memphis, including the Memphis Flyer (alternative newsweekly), the Shelby Sun-Times (East Memphis and eastern Shelby County), the Tri-State Defender (an African-American-oriented newspaper), and La Prensa Latina (a Hispanic newspaper). The Memphis metropolitan area is served by a wide variety of local television stations, and is the forty-fourth largest designated market area (DMA) in the U.S. with 657,670 homes (0.597% of the total U.S.). The major network television affiliates are WMC 5 (NBC), WPTY 24 (ABC), WREG 3 (CBS), WHBQ 13 (FOX), WLMT 30 (UPN), and WPTY 24 (WB). The area is also served by two PBS stations: WKNO 10 and WLJT 11.

Museums and art collections

Several museums of interest are located in Memphis, including the National Civil Rights Museum, located in the former Lorraine Motel where Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. The Memphis Brooks Museum of Art in Overton Park, founded in 1916, serves as the region's major art museum. A smaller art museum, the Dixon Gallery and Gardens focuses on impressionism and has several works by Monet, Degas and Renoir. The Children's Museum of Memphis features many interactive exhibits, including a simulated grocery store, a wood skyscraper maze, and full-scale models of a fire truck and an airplane fuselage. Owing to the city's musical heritage, the Stax Museum of American Soul Music is home to a broad collection of artifacts, photographs, exhibits, commentary, and music. Along with the legendary Stax Sound, the museum also spotlights the music of Muscle Shoals, Motown, Hi and Atlantic. The National Ornamental Metal Museum[http://www.metalmuseum.org/] is the only museum in North America dedicated to the preservation and exhibition of fine metalwork. The site is situated on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River and includes historic buildings, a working blacksmith shop and foundry, and a sculpture garden. Every October, the Museum hosts an annual Repair Days Weekend, during which the public can get broken metal items fixed and observe skilled metalsmiths at work. Other museums in the area include the Fire Museum[http://www.firemuseum.com/], the Memphis Museum Hall of Fame, Memphis Rock 'n' Soul Museum, and the Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium.

Performing arts

The Memphis area is home to many of West Tennessee's larger performing arts organizations, such as the Memphis Symphony Orchestra, which performs at the Cannon Center for the Performing Arts downtown. Ballet Memphis is the region's only major ballet company and performs at the Orpheum Theatre. Opera Memphis, the region's opera company, performs at the Clark Opera Memphis Center in East Memphis. Other major theatres in the city include Playhouse on the Square, Circuit Playhouse, Theatre Memphis, and Theatre Works. A month long festival, Memphis in May, is held each year to host the city's largest events like the Beale Street Music Festival, the World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest and the Sunset Symphony.

Points of interest

Tourists come from all over the world to see Graceland, the home of Elvis Presley. Sun studios was where Elvis first recorded "My Happiness" and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin". Other famous musicians who got their start at Sun include Johnny Cash, Rufus Thomas, Charlie Rich, Howlin' Wolf, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis. Blues fans can head down to Beale Street, where a young B.B. King used to play his guitar, and occasionally still appears at a club bearing his name, which is partly owned by him. There is Libertyland Amusement Park and the adjacent Liberty Bowl and Memphis Children's Museum, Mud Island, Detour Memphis - an art and performing space, Lichterman Nature Center, the Pink Palace Museum, The Pyramid, The Memphis Zoo, the Memphis Queen riverboat. NASCAR's Memphis Motorsports Park is nearby.

Sports

Memphis Motorsports Park posts up against Chris Kaman of the Los Angeles Clippers.]] Memphis is home to several professional sports teams. The Memphis Grizzlies are the only major league, professional sports team in the city. They are a basketball team in the NBA, and play at FedExForum downtown. Several minor league teams also call Memphis home, including the Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League, a minor league baseball farm team for the St. Louis Cardinals. The Redbirds play at AutoZone Park. The Memphis RiverKings are a professional hockey team of the Central Hockey League. The Memphis Xplorers are an arena football team that play in the Af2 league. Both the RiverKings and Xplorers play at DeSoto Civic Center in nearby DeSoto County, Mississippi. Memphis is also home to the Memphis Blues, a professional Rugby team. Memphis is considered a pro wrestling history ground. The sport's greatest name to come out of the city is Jerry "The King" Lawler. Many greats started out their careers in Memphis; among these names include Hulk Hogan, The Undertaker, Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, and Ric Flair.

Tallest Buildings

Name Stories Height (in feet)
100 North Main37430
Commerce Square31396
Sterick Building31365
Clark Tower32365
Morgan Keegan Tower23341

Economy

The city’s central location has lead to much of its business development. Located on the Mississippi River and intersected by two Interstate highways and seven major U.S. highways, Memphis is ideally located for commerce among the transportation and shipping industry. The city is also home to the world's busiest cargo airport, in terms of tonnage, which serves as the primary hub for FedEx shipping. Due to its location, more major metro areas can be reached overnight from Memphis than any other city in the central U.S. Memphis has also developed as a major manufacturing center of textiles, heating equipment, pianos, and automobile and truck parts. Memphis Light, Gas and Water ("MLG&W") is also one of the largest municipal utitilites in the United States. Memphis is home to a growing number of nationally and internationally known corporations, including approximately 150 businesses from 22 countries. This includes the corporate headquarters of two major Fortune 500 companies, including FedEx Corporation and AutoZone Incorporated. A third company, International Paper, recently announced on August 16, 2005, that it will be relocating its global headquarters from Stamford, Connecticut. Other corporations with a major presence in the area include Back Yard Burgers, Belz Enterprises, Buckeye Technologies, First Tennessee Bank, Guardsmark, Hohenberg Bros. Co., Harrah's, Hilton, ServiceMaster, and Morgan Keegan & Company, Inc.. Northwest Airlines also operates a major hub at Memphis International Airport, with daily nonstop flights to Amsterdam. The entertainment and film industry has also developed in recent years in the city. Several major motion pictures have been filmed in Memphis in recent years, including Mystery Train (1989), Great Balls of Fire! (1989), Memphis Belle (1990), The Firm (1993), A Family Thing (1996), The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996), The Rainmaker (1997), Cast Away (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Hustle & Flow (2005), Walk the Line (2005), and Forty Shades Of Blue (2005). The city appeared in the top eight of the 50 best major metro areas in the U.S. for starting and growing a business in 2000, according to Inc. magazine. Southern Business and Development magazine ranked Memphis as one of the most successful models for economic development in the south, also recognized the city as one of the top ten markets over the past decade. In October 2002, Ebony Magazine has cited Memphis as a city for its outstanding African-American leadership. Memphis also had the highest rate of high technology start-up operations over the last three years among the nation’s 60 largest metro areas, according to Brandow Company research.

Infrastructure

Government

Since 1966, Memphis has been governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government. The new city charter provided for the election of a mayor and thirteen council members, six elected at large from throughout the city and seven elected from geographic districts. In 1995, the council adopted a new district plan which changed council positions to all districts. This plan provides for nine districts, seven with one representative each and two districts with three representatives each. The current mayor of the city of Memphis is Dr. W. W. Herenton, a formidable and controversial local political figure. Dr. Herenton is currently serving his fourth consecutive term as Mayor. He was elected for the first time in 1991, when he became Memphis' first black mayor. Prior to his election, Dr. Herenton served for 12 years as the superintendent of Memphis City Schools. In recent years, there has been discussion of the potential of a merger of county and city government of Shelby County and City of Memphis into a metropolitan government, similar to that in Nashville. Memphis politics are very racially polarized. Most whites have supported the Republican Party since the 1960s, while most blacks have remained loyal to the Democratic Party. A major influence in Memphis' black politics is the Ford family of funeral directors, whose political prominence dates to the Crump era. The best-known member of this family is Harold Ford, Sr., who represented most of Memphis in the U.S. House from 1975 to 1997. His brother, John, was a state senator for 30 years and is currently at the center of the Tennessee Waltz scandal. Most of Memphis is located in the majority-black 9th District, currently represented by Democrat Harold Ford, Jr., the current Democratic frontrunner for the Senate seat of Bill Frist. Much of eastern Memphis is in the 7th District, represented by Republican Marsha Blackburn.

Schools

Marsha Blackburn The city is served by Memphis City Schools. Several colleges and universities are also located in the city, including the University of Memphis (formerly Memphis State University), Rhodes College (formerly Southwestern at Memphis), Le Moyne-Owen College, and Christian Brothers University. Some smaller specialty colleges are also located in Memphis, including Harding University Graduate School of Religion, Memphis College of Art, and Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary. The major community college is Southwest Tennessee Community College. Memphis is also home to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, a world class medical research facility. 1996 Nobel Laureate Peter Doherty conducts research at this facility. There are also several other major medical centers in the city, including the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Southern College of Optometry, and Baptist Memorial College of Health Sciences.

Transportation

Interstate highways I-40, its spur highway I-240 and I-55 are the main freeways in the Memphis area. The interstates of I-40 and I-55 (along with rail lines) cross the Mississippi at Memphis into the state of Arkansas. The future interstates of I-22 and I-69 are also planned to converge into the Memphis area. A large volume of railroad freight traffic moves through Memphis, thanks to two Mississippi River railroad crossings and the convergence of east-west rail routes with north-south routes. Memphis had two major rail passenger stations, Memphis Union Station, razed in 1968, and Memphis Central Station, which has been renovated and serves Amtrak's City of New Orleans route between Chicago and New Orleans. Public transportation in the Memphis area is provided by the Memphis Area Transit Authority, which provides the area with buses and a downtown trolley system that is also in the process of expanding into a regional system. Memphis is served by Memphis International Airport.

Bridges

Name Nickname Length (in feet) Date Opened
Frisco12 May, 1892
Harahan14 July, 1916
Memphis & Arkansas"Old Bridge"5220.7 ft. long17 December, 1949
Hernando De Soto"New Bridge"; "M Bridge"3.3 miles long 2 August, 1973

See also


- List of famous people from Memphis
- List of mayors of Memphis
- Memphis Mafia

Sister cities

Memphis has two sister cities, as designated by [http://www.sister-cities.org/ Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI)]: Kanifing (Gambia) and Kaolack (Senegal).

External links


- [http://www.ci.memphis.tn.us/ Official City Government Website]
- [http://www.memphishistory.com/ Memphis History]
- [http://www.memphistravel.com/ Memphis Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.memphischamber.com/ Memphis Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.memphisgrizzlies.com/ Memphis Grizzlies Official Website]
- [http://www.soulsvilleusa.com/ Stax Museum of American Soul Music]
- [http://www.memphisdailynews.com/ The Daily News (Memphis)]
- Category:Cities on the Mississippi River Memphis, Tennessee ja:メンフィス (テネシー州)

Copeland, England

Copeland is a local government district and borough in western Cumbria, England. Its council is based in Whitehaven. It was formed on April 1, 1974 by the merger of the borough of Whitehaven, Ennerdale Rural District and Millom Rural District. The name is derived from an alternate name for the Cumberland ward of Allerdale above Derwent, which covered roughly the same area. ---- Category:Local government in Cumbria Category:Shire districts

Cumbria

Cumbria is a county in the North West region of England. Cumbria is home to the Lake District National Park, considered one of the most beautiful areas of the United Kingdom. The area has provided inspiration for generations of British and foreign artists, writers and musicians. The highest point of the county (and of the whole of England) is Scafell Pike at 978m/3209ft. Parts of Hadrian's Wall can be found in the northernmost reaches of the county, in and around Carlisle.

Boundaries and divisions

Cumbria is neighboured by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, and the Lieutenancy areas of Dumfries and Roxburgh, Ettrick and Lauderdale in Scotland. The boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east. Cumbria's northern boundary stretches from the Solway Firth along the border with Scotland to Northumberland. It is made up of six districts: Allerdale, Barrow and Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden and South Lakeland.

History

Cumbria was created in 1974, by combining the area of the abolished administrative counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, plus the Furness part of Lancashire, and a protrusion of Yorkshire (the former Sedbergh Rural District). The name "Cumbria" has been used for the region for centuries. Following the creation of Cumbria as a non-metropolitan county, some people, particularly those born or brought up in the area, prefer to refer to the Furness area by its traditional county name of "Lancashire". Others, including local government, promotional material for the area, the Lake District National Park Authority, and most visitors describe the area as being in "Cumbria". The culture of the area was Celtic until quite late (see Rheged), and the name derives from their name for the area, in the Cumbric language. It is etymologically connected to the Welsh term Cymru, meaning "Wales". Cumbria remains one of the most Celtic areas of England.

Towns and Villages

See the List of places in Cumbria.

People of Interest


- Donald Campbell
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Margaret Fell
- Francis Howgill
- Stan Laurel
- Beatrix Potter
- Alfred Wainwright
- William Wordsworth
- Fletcher Christian

Places of Interest


- Bassenthwaite Lake
- Brantwood
- Buttermere
- Cartmel Priory
- Coniston Water
- Crummock Water
- Cumbria Way long distance footpath
- Dales Way long distance footpath
- Derwent Water
- Eden Valley Railway - heritage railway
- Ennerdale Water
- Firbank Fell
- Fisher Tarn Reservoir
- Furness Abbey
- Haig Colliery Mining Museum
- Hartley Castle
- Haweswater
- Holker Hall
- Killington Reservoir
- Kirkby Lonsdale
- Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway - heritage railway
- Windermere (the lake)
- Lanercost Priory
- Levens Hall
- The former site of the Beast Banks post office in Longsleddale.
- National Nature Reserves in Cumbria
- Pennine Way long distance footpath
- Piel Island
- Quaker tapestry, Kendal
- Ravenglass & Eskdale Railway - heritage railway
- Rheged
- Rydal Water
- Seathwaite Tarn
- Sizergh Castle & Garden
- Swarthmoor Hall
- Thirlmere
- Ullswater
- Wast Water
- Whinfell Forest

External links


- [http://www.gocumbria.org Official Tourist Board Website]
- [http://www.visitcumbria.com/index.htm Cumbria Tourist and Historical Website]
- ja:カンブリア州 simple:Cumbria

Lowther Baronets

There have been seven creations of baronetcies for members of the Lowther family. Two are still in existence: the creation of 1764, held by the Earl of Lonsdale, and the creation of 1824. The first creation was for Sir John Lowther, of Lowther, who was created a baronet in about 1638. His eldest son, John Lowther of Hackthorpe, had died in 1667, so the first baronet was succeeded by his grandson at his death in 1675. Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet, was created Viscount Lonsdale and Baron Lowther in 1696. These titles became extinct on the death of his son Henry, 3rd Viscount, in 1751, while the baronetcy passed to Henry's second cousin James, son of Robert Lowther, a former Governor of Barbados. Sir James, 5th Baronet, was created Earl of Lonsdale in 1784 and Viscount Lowther in 1797. He died in 1802, when the Earldom and the Baronetcy became extinct. The second creation was for Christopher Lowther of Whitehaven, a younger brother of Sir John Lowther of Lowther, 1st Baronet. He was created a baronet in 1642. The title became extinct on the death of his grandson Sir James, 4th Baronet, in 1755. The third creation was for William Lowther of Marske. He was the son of Anthony Lowther of Marske, a first cousin of Sir John Lowther of Lowther, 1st Baronet. William was created a baronet in 1697. The baronetcy became extinct on the death of his grandson Sir William, 3rd Baronet, in 1753. The fourth creation was for William Lowther of Swillington. He was a grandson of Sir William Lowther of Swillington, who was a younger brother of Sir John Lowther of Lowther, 1st Baronet, and of Sir Christopher Lowther of Whitehaven, 1st Baronet. William was created a baronet in 1715. The title became extinct on the death of his son Sir William, 2nd Baronet, in 1763. The fifth creation was for William Lowther of Little Preston. He was a son of Christopher Lowther of Little Preston, a younger brother of Sir William Lowther of Swillington, 1st Baronet. He was created a baronet in 1764. In 1802, his son Sir William, 2nd Baronet, succeeded his third cousin once removed, James, 1st Earl of Lonsdale (and 5th Baronet of the first creation) as 2nd Viscount Lowther under a special remainder in the patent of creation. He was further created Earl of Lonsdale in 1807. The titles remain extant. The sixth creation was for John Lowther of Swillington, a younger brother of sir William, 2nd Baronet, 2nd Viscount Lowther and 1st Earl of Lonsdale. He was created a baronet in 1824. This title also remains extant. The seventh and (as of 2005) final creation was for Gerard Augustus Lowther, a diplomat who had been British Ambassador at Constantinople. His father William Lowther was a younger brother of the 3rd Earl of Lonsdale and a grandson of the 1st Earl. He was created a baronet in 1914, but the title became extinct on his death in 1916. His elder brother James was created Viscount Ullswater in 1921.

Baronets, of Lowther (circa 1638)


- Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet (1605-1675)
- Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1655-1700), created Viscount Lonsdale in 1696
- Sir Richard Lowther, 3rd Baronet, 2nd Viscount Lonsdale (1692-1713)
- Sir Henry Lowther, 4th Baronet, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale (1694-1751)
- Sir James Lowther, 5th Baronet (1736-1802), created Earl of Lonsdale in 1784

Baronets, of Whitehaven (1642)


- Sir Christopher Lowther, 1st Baronet (d. 1644)
- Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1643-1706)
- Sir Christopher Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1666-1731)
- Sir James Lowther, 4th Baronet (1673-1755)

Baronets, of Marske (1697)


- Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1670-1705)
- Sir Thomas Lowther, 2nd Baronet (d. 1715)
- Sir William Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1727-1753)

Baronets, of Swillington (1715)


- Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1663-1729)
- Sir William Lowther, 2nd Baronet (d. 1763)

Baronets, of Little Preston (1764)


- Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet (1707-1788)
- Sir William Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1757-1844), succeeded as 2nd Viscount Lowther in 1802 and created Earl of Lonsdale in 1807 for later holders, see Earl of Lonsdale

Baronets, of Swillington (1824)


- Sir John Lowther, 1st Baronet (1759-1844)
- Sir John Henry Lowther, 2nd Baronet (1793-1868)
- Sir Charles Hugh Lowther, 3rd Baronet (1803-1894)
- Sir Charles Bingham Lowther, 4th Baronet (1880-1949)
- Sir William Guy Lowther, 5th Baronet (1912-1982)
- Sir Charles Douglas Lowther, 6th Baronet (b. 1946)

Baronets, of Belgrave Square (1914)


- Sir Gerard Augustus Lowther, 1st Baronet (1858-1916) Sources include:
- http://www.angeltowns.com/town/peerage/baronetsl3.htm
- http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ll/lowther1.htm
- http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ll/lowther2.htm Category:Baronetcies

Newcastle upon Tyne

Newcastle upon Tyne, often shortened to Newcastle, is a city in the county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. It is also a unitary authority with a population of around 259,000 (2001 census). However, the metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside (population c.190,000), South Tyneside (population c. 150,000) and Gateshead (population c.200,000) are also part of Newcastle's conurbation, giving the Newcastle-Gateshead metropolitan area a population of 799,000. Newcastle is the main city in North East England, and the 20th largest city in England. As such, it is one of England's core cities. Technically, people from Newcastle are Novocastrians, although the term Geordie is now more commonly used.

History and development

Newcastle, known at the time as "Pons Aelius" was founded by the Roman Emperor Hadrian, whose Wall is still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road that leads out from the city centre towards the A69 road. The course of the Wall can also be traced eastwards to Segedunum, which is today known as Wallsend. After the Roman withdrawal from Britain, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria and was known throughout this period as Monkchester. Pilgrims travelled to the City to visit the Holy Well of Jesus' Mount, in what is now Jesmond. One of Newcastle's biggest modern shopping streets, Pilgrim Street, is so-called because of the popularity of the well. After a series of conflicts with the Danes and the devastation that occurred north of the River Tyne as a result of Odo's rebellion against the Norman invasion of 1080, Monkchester had all but been destroyed. Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in 1080 and the town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or Newcastle. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, and was an important stronghold in the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century and around this time became a county corporate. During the English Civil War, Newcastle supported King Charles and was stormed by Cromwell's Scots allies 'with roaring drummes' in 1644. The grateful King bestowed the motto FORTITER DEFENDIT TRIUMPHANS upon the town. Ironically, Charles was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646-7. Newcastle's development as a major city owed much to its central role in the export of coal from the Northumberland coalfields. In the nineteenth century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the nation's prosperity. Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of Safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, and Charles Algernon Parsons' invention and commercialisation of the steam turbine, leading to his Turbinia. Mosley Street, in the centre of the City, is claimed to be the first in the world to have electric street lighting though this is contested. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the twentieth century; office and retail employment are now the City's staples.

Architecture and urban development

twentieth century The city has an extensive neoclassical centre, largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Grey Street, which curves down from a monument to the parliamentary reformer Earl Grey towards the valley of the River Tyne, has a claim to be one of England's most beautiful urban streets. A large portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square shopping centre. Immediately to the northwest of the city centre is Leazes Park, a park established in 1873 after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation", and in one corner of which is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United F.C. which dominates the view of the city from the south. Another green space in Newcastle is the vast Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. The hereditary freemen of the city have held the right to graze cattle on the Town Moor since the Middle Ages — a reward for defending the town against the marauding Scots! Newcastle United F.C. The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another popular recreation area, linked with Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the 'burn finally reaches the River Tyne. The development of the city in the 1960s and 1970s was marred by a corruption scandal involving, especially, T. Dan Smith, a local politician and John Poulson, a property developer. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North. Our Friends in the North Our Friends in the NorthThe Tyne itself passes through a gorge between Newcastle (on the North Bank) and Gateshead (the administratively separate Borough and urban area south of the river), which is famous for a series of dramatic and notable bridges such as the Tyne Bridge and High Level Bridge shared by Newcastle and Gateshead. Large scale regeneration of the Tyne Gorge has replaced former shipping industries with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead and has integrated the older Newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art and the Norman Foster designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner NewcastleGateshead but both remain separate for other purposes. Notable housing developments include the Byker Wall in Byker, east of the city centre, designed in the 1960s and now Grade II-listed. Newcastle's thriving Chinatown, which grew from a small nucleus of Chinese eating establishments in the 1980s, lies in the northwest of Grainger Town, centered on Stowell Street. A new Chinese Arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance was handed over to the City with a ceremony in 2005. The UK's first Biotechnology Village, the "Centre for Life" is located in the City Centre close to the Central [Train] Station . One of the major meeting areas in Newcastle is Old Eldon Square, often referred to as 'The Green', and is a congregation site for hundreds of people every day. There are currently plans with the Newcastle City Council to change Old Eldon Square slightly, but may not go ahead.

Transport and infrastructure

Centre for Life

Air

Newcastle International Airport located near Ponteland is the fastest growing airport in the UK. The airport currently handles a little under five million passengers per year, with more than 80 destinations available world-wide. A journey from the city center to the Airport takes some 15 minutes by car or 20 minutes on the Tyne and Wear Metro service.

Rail

Its railway station has a fine classical frontage and is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line, providing a half-hourly frequency of trains to London (with a journey time of around three hours) operated by GNER as well as trains to Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Carlisle plus local services. Carlisle, above the Monument Tyne and Wear Metro station]] The North Eastern Railway built an electric suburban railway serving both banks of the Tyne, and the northern suburbs. This system has been transformed into the Tyne and Wear Metro which extends as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth and South Hylton in Sunderland. The system is one of only three underground systems in the United Kingdom.

Road

Major roads in the area include the A1 western-bypass, A19, A69, and A1058 "coast road".

Sea

Newcastle also has access to an international Ferry Terminal, located at nearby North Shields, offering services to destinations including: Amsterdam, Kristiansand, Stavanger, and Bergen. A local ferry service also operates between nearby North Shields and South Shields.

Bus

Newcastle and the surrounding area has an extensive bus network that is coordinated by [http://www.nexus.org.uk/ Nexus], the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Buses are operated mainly by Go North East, Arriva and Stagecoach North East. Quayside Transit, a £5m bus scheme using ultra low emission hybrid diesel-electric vehicles was launched in July 2005.

Sport

The City has a strong sporting tradition, being home to Premiership football team Newcastle United, and Guinness Premiership rugby union side Newcastle Falcons, for whom England's "(Rugby Union) World Cup winning hero" Jonny Wilkinson features. The city's Metro Radio Arena is home to Newcastle Vipers ice hockey team, and Newcastle Eagles basketball team. The City's Speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle Racecourse at High Gosforth Park holds regular meets, including the prestigious race for the Northumberland Plate, which takes place in June each year. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual BUPA Great North Run, the world's largest half marathon in which participants famously race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 21 km away on the coast at neighbouring South Shields. Another famous race is the 5.7 mile Blaydon Race, which takes place annually on June 9 commemorating a horse meeting at the Gateshead town of Blaydon.

Education

The city has two universities, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne that earned the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000 and the newer Northumbria University that was established in 1992 and was voted 'Best New University' by the Times Good University Guide 2005. The Newcastle Royal Grammar School is often claimed to be one of the foremost schools in the North of England. The Freeman Hospital is the country's third transplant centre.

Entertainment

Bars and clubs

Newcastle has a reputation of being a fun-loving city with many bars, restaurants and night clubs. It consistently features in lists of the top ten party cities in the world. Recently, Newcastle has become popular as a destination for Stag and Hen parties. The majority of clubs in Newcastle are located in three main areas. The oldest of these is the Bigg Market a favourite haunt for the more indigenous of the locals, followed by the trendy Quayside area, a spectacular mix of modern and classic architecture which creates a fantastic backdrop for a sometimes frantic saturday night. The newest is "The Gate", which is a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Odeon multiplex cinema. Pubs and bars are located throughout the city, though there are more in the areas mentioned above. In addition the area around Central Station features a heavy concentration of pubs; this area attracts more real ale drinkers than other parts of the city centre. Beyond the Quayside, towards Byker in the Ouseburn Valley there is a cluster of interesting pubs providing real ale and live music. Over recent years, the suburb of Jesmond has become a drinking area, with a number of bars being set up along the area's main artery, Osborne Road. As well as bars this stretch of designer real estate is puncuated with top class restaurants and other fine cafe-bar/eateries. These tend to be popular with the area's students and young professionals.

Theatre

A growth in the Theatre Culture has taken place in recent years, centred on the impressive Theatre Royal on Grey Street, which for over 25 years has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company. Other Theatres in the City include the Tyne Opera House, the Newcastle Playhouse (which is currently undergoing redevelopment), the Live Theatre, the Peoples Theatre and the Gulbenkian Studio. There are several other venues in and around Newcastle, such as: Newcastle City Hall, Newcastle Arena and The Sage Gateshead.

Music

The 1960s saw internationally successful rock group, The Animals, emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting, Dire Straits, and more recently Maxïmo Park. There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including Drum and Bass and Post-rock, the latter having produced such luminaries as Peace Burial at Sea in recent years. Lindisfarne are a folk group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song is "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), which was also covered by ex-footballer (and Geordie) Paul Gascoigne in the 1990s. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal, formed in Newcastle in 1979. The Wildhearts are another band with Newcastle roots. On October 14 2005, the 2,000 capacity Carling Academy Newcastle opened, providing a new music venue in the city centre. The opening night was headlined by The Futureheads and the profile of the venue has attracted a greater variety of bands to play in the city. The Carling Academy Newcastle is the newest in a string of Academies to be opened across the UK.

Shopping

There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle city centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square shopping centre, which incorporates the largest Fenwick department store in the UK and a John Lewis store. The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street, which runs from the Haymarket metro station to the Monument. The wholly pedestrianised Northumberland Street is home to retailers such as Marks and Spencer, Primark and HMV. Other shopping centres in Newcastle include the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Leazes Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. The largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, The MetroCentre in Gateshead is also nearby.

Outdoor pursuits

The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event had its origins in the Temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.

Religion

Christianity

Newcastle has two cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas and the Roman Catholic St. Mary's. Cardinal Basil Hume was born in the city in 1923. Newcastle is home to one of the largest Anglican churches in the country, Jesmond Parish Church.

Judaism

No records exist of Jews being resident in Newcastle before 1830 although there is a tradition that the community dates from 1775. It is thought, however, that over 500 years prior to this Jews resided in Silver Street (formerly known as Jew Gate). On October 8 1832, the congregation was formally established. The cathedral bells were rung when the first synagogue, in Temple Street, was officially opened on July 13 1838. The Newcastle Courant published a headline in Hebrew. By 1845 the congregation had grown to 33 adults and 33 children. Through the course of time nearly all the original founders either died or had left the city, but the influx of Polish and Russian immigrants had more than replaced this loss. An imposing stone building was erected in Leazes Park Road in 1880 and consecrated by the Chief Rabbi. At that time the number of Jews in Newcastle was about 750. The congregation was in being until 1978 Sir Israel Brodie, the first Chief Rabbi to be knighted, was born in Newcastle in 1895. There were many more developments and synagogues in Newcastle during the 20th century: Corporation Street Synagogue (1904–1924), Jesmond Synagogue (1914–1986), Ravensworth Terrace Synagogue (1925–1969), and Gosforth and Kenton Hebrew Congregation (1947–1984) With the drift of population from the West End of Newcastle, Jesmond synagogue was consecrated in 1914 leaving the oldest, the Leazes Park Road Synagogue in the centre of the city. A third synagogue was built in Gosforth, the Gosforth and Kenton Hebrew congregation. Eventually the running of the three Orthodox Congregations was considered as being uneconomical and with a declining population in other parts of the town a new purpose built Community Centre and Synagogue was built in Gosforth at Culzean Park in an area in which the majority of Jews resided. A new Reform movement Synagogue was built in 1986 nearby and continues to flourish.

Media

Broadcast

ITV franchisee Tyne Tees Television recently moved its headquarters from City Road to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s television programme, The Tube. The regional headquarters for the BBC are located on Barrack Road to the north of the city, from where the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television show and BBC Radio Newcastle. Independant radio stations include Metro Radio, which is based on the Swan House roundabout on the north side of the Tyne Bridge. Century FM is based just off the Gateshead side of the bridge.

Print

Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include Trinity Mirror's Evening Chronicle and The Journal, as well as the Metro freesheet. The Crack is a monthly style and listings magazine similar to London's Time Out. Adult comic Viz originated in Newcastle.

Gay community

Focused on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life, the "Pink Triangle" hosts approximately 12–14 bars and pubs, and two clubs, Powerhouse and The Loft. The community has seen much expansion in the past five years, with further growth planned in the future. The development of the Pink Triangle was a planned development promoted by the Regional Development Agency. In 2001 Newcastle planned to host a Gay Pride festival (BBC Radio 1's 'Love Parade 2001') but this was cancelled at the last minute. Radio 1 had set Newcastle City Council a deadline to resolve outstanding issues required by the City's Police. The deadline expired, Newcastle's Labour Council failing to meet the conditions of the Entertainment Licence in time to stage a safe event. The Police had turned down revised plans from the City Council. In the end, the BBC instead put on a dance music event in nearby Whitley Bay.

List of people from Newcastle

Born in Newcastle


- Rudolph Abel - Soviet super-spy
- Thomas Addison - Diagnostician (Addison's Disease)
- Donna Air - Television presenter
- Mark Akenside - Poet and physician
- Paul W. S. Anderson - Film maker, producer and screenwriter
- Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly - Light entertainers (Ant and Dec)
- Lord Armstrong - Engineer and industrialist
- Ove Arup - Architect and civil engineer
- Mary Astell - Writer ("The first English feminist")
- Peter Beardsley - Footballer
- Israel Brodie - Chief Rabbi of Great Britain
- Michael Bryan - Art connoisseur
- Basil Bunting - Poet
- Lee Clark - Footballer
- Lord Collingwood - Nelson's second-in-command at Trafalgar
- Jack Douglas - Comic actor (Carry On films)
- Lord Eldon - Lord Chancellor of England
- Sir Terry Farrell - Eminent architect
- William Hardcastle - Pioneer BBC radio news presenter
- Tim Healy - Actor
- Michelle Heaton - member of Liberty X
- Jack Higgins - Thriller writer
- Basil Hume - Cardinal in Roman Catholic church
- Ian La Frenais - TV scriptwriter ('Porridge', 'The Likely Lads')
- Lady Lucinda Lambton - Writer, photographer, television presenter and producer
- Hank Marvin - Guitarist, singer, and songwriter
- Jayne Middlemiss - TV personality
- George Redmayne Murray - Pathologist
- Jimmy Nail - Actor, singer, and writer
- Brian Redhead - Author, journalist and broadcaster
- Lewis Fry Richardson - Meteorologist
- Alan Shearer - Footballer
- Nancy Spain - Author, journalist and TV personality
- George Stephenson - Locomotive engineer; Father of the Railway
- Robert Stephenson - Son of George, locomotive engineer, railway and bridge builder
- Sting (Gordon Sumner) - Singer, and songwriter
- Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth - Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
- Andy Taylor - Musician, Duran Duran
- Steven Taylor - Footballer
- Cheryl Tweedy - Member of pop group Girls Aloud
- 'Seaman' Tommy Watson - British featherweight champion
- Kevin Whately - Actor

Residents (past and present)


- Janet Adam Smith - Critic, anthologist, wife of Michael Roberts
- David Almond - Prize-winning author (Skellig)
- Gillian Allnutt - Poet
- Charles Avison - Composer and impresario
- William Beilby - Glass enameller
- Thomas Bewick - Engraver and ornithologist
- Tony Blair - Prime Minister
- Richard Dawes - Classical scholar
- Jonathan Edwards - Olympic champion
- Mrs Gaskell - Novelist
- Eca de Queiros - Diplomat and novelist, "the Portuguese Dickens".
- Tony Harrison - Poet
- Oliver Heaviside - Engineer, mathematician and physicist
- Arthur Henderson - Politician, founder of the modern Labour Party
- Harold Jeffreys - Geologist, mathematician and astronomer
- W. E. Johns - Adventure writer (Biggles)
- Mark Knopfler - Dire Straits guitarist
- John Knox - Scottish religious reformer
- Rosamond Lehmann - Novelist
- Jean-Paul Marat - French revolutionary
- Harriet Martineau - Writer and journalist
- Mary Midgley - Philosopher
- Sir Andrew Noble - Arms manufacturer and scientist
- Sean O'Brien - Poet, playwright and critic
- Michael Owen - Football star currently with Newcastle United
- Charles Parsons - Engineer
- John Wigham Richardson - Quaker industrialist
- Michael Roberts - Poet and critic
- William Bell Scott - Poet and Pre-raphaelite painter.
- Jon Silkin - Poet
- John Snow - Famous physician
- Cecil Philip Taylor - Playwright
- Bruce Welch - Guitarist, singer, and record producer
- John Wesley - Founder of Methodism
- Ludwig Wittgenstein - Philosopher
- Yevgeny Zamyatin - Russian novelist, (We)

Twin Cities


- Bergen – Norway
- Groningen – Netherlands
- Gelsenkirchen – Germany
- Nancy – France
- Taiyuan – China
- Atlanta – United States
- Haifa – Israel
- Newcastle – Australia, on the Hunter River and also a coal hub.
- Newcastle – South Africa

Museums & Places of Interest

In Newcastle

South Africa South Africa
- Hancock Museum (Natural History)
- Military Vehicle Museum
- Discovery Museum (Science and Local History)
- Laing Art Gallery
- Centre for Life
- Museum of Antiquities
- Seven Stories, The Centre for Children's Books (Ouseburn Valley)
- Hatton Gallery
- Newcastle Castle Keep and Blackgate
- Blackfriars, Newcastle
- Bessie Surtees House (Quayside)
- Royal Grammar School, Newcastle
- Eldon Square shopping centre

In the surrounding area


- BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (Gateshead)
- The Sage Gateshead music centre
- Shipley Gallery (Gateshead)
- Segedunum Roman Fort (Wallsend)
- Arbeia Roman Fort (South Shields)
- George Stephenson Railway Museum (North Shields)
- Blue Reef Aquarium Sea Life Centre (Tynemouth)
- Bede's World (Jarrow)
- Metrocentre out of town shopping centre (Gateshead)
- South Shields Museum (South Shields)
- Beamish Open Air Museum (Stanley)
- St Mary's Lighthouse (Whitley Bay)

See also


- River Tyne, England
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne
- Newcastle Brown Ale
- Northumbria University
- Hadrians Wall
- Byker Wall award winning redevelopment east of the city.
- List of television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne

External links


- [http://www.newcastle.gov.uk City of Newcastle upon Tyne website] (Newcastle City Council)
- [http://www.tynebridgepublishing.co.uk Tyne Bridge Publishing]
- [http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/new/newcstle.htm Tyne and Wear Metro]
- [http://www.nexus.org.uk Nexus] – Public Transport information in the Newcastle area.
- [http://www.multimap.com/map/photo.cgi?x=425000.250000078&y=563500.769886688&scale=10000 Aerial photo] of the bridges over the River Tyne at Newcastle, from Multimap
- [http://www.vrnewcastle.co.uk/ VR Newcastle] Virtual Tour of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne
- [http://www.twmuseums.org.uk/ Tyne & Wear Museums]
- [http://www.localhistories.org/newcastle.html A brief history of Newcastle upon Tyne]
- [http://www.hadrians-wall.org/template.asp?ID=551&parentID=539&refID=542&refParent=571 Hadrians Wall World Heritage Site]
- [http://www.NUFC.com Newcastle United Football Club – Unofficial]
- [http://www.icnewcastle.co.uk Newcastle News]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/tyne BBC Tyne Website]
- [http://www.newcastle-speedway.com/ Newcastle Speedway]
- [http://www.newcastlebroughparkgreyhounds.co.uk Newcastle Greyhounds]
- [http://www.newcastle-racecourse.co.uk/ Newcastle Racecourse]
- [http://www.newcastle-falcons.co.uk/ Newcastle Falcons]
- [http://www.newcastle-eagles.com/ Newcastle Eagles]
- [http://www.newcastlevipers.com/ Newcastle Vipers]
- [http://www.geordie.org.uk/ Geordie Dialect]
- [http://www.eldon-square.co.uk Eldon Square Shopping Centre]
- [http://www.livejournal.com/~newcastle_uk Livejournal Newcastle Community]
- [http://www.100centuryfm.com/ Century Radio]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/radionewcastle BBC Radio Newcastle]
- [http://www.metroradio.co.uk Metro Radio]
- [http://www.metro-radio.com Metro Radio Community]
- [http://www.thecrackmagazine.com The Crack Magazine] Category:Cities in England Category:Coastal cities Category:Local government in Tyne and Wear Category:Ports and harbours of England Category:Metropolitan boroughs ja:ニューカッスル・アポン・タイン

Bristol

:This article is about the English city of Bristol. For other uses please see Bristol (disambiguation). Bristol is a unitary authority with city and ceremonial county status in South West England. Bristol is England's eighth, and the United Kingdom's eleventh, most populous city. As such, it is one of England's core cities. For half a millennium Bristol was the second largest English city after London, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Manchester and Birmingham, in the 1780s. From its earliest days, its prosperity has been linked to that of the Port of Bristol, the commercial port, which was in the city centre but has now moved to the Bristol Channel coast at Avonmouth and Portbury.

Local Government

The Avon traditionally marks the border between Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373 Edward III of England proclaimed "that the said town of Bristol withall be a County by itself and called the county of Bristol for ever", but maps usually show it as part of Gloucestershire, and as the city spilled south of the river, it took the county with it. In 1974 Bristol became a non-metropolitan district of the newly formed non-metropolitan county of Avon. When that county was abolished on the 1st April 1996, Bristol returned to its former status of a city and county in itself. The city borders on the unitary districts of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and