Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Whitewater Kayaking

Whitewater kayaking

Whitewater kayaking is the sport of paddling a kayak on a moving body of water, typically a river. Whitewater kayaking can range from a fun, carefree, splishy-splash float trip to a challenging, adrenaline filled sport. The kayak (or just 'boat') used in whitewater kayaking is different than those used in Whitewater Racing or Sea Kayaking. Traditionally, kayaks were made of animal skins stretched over wooden frames. Early whitewater boats were fiberglass or kevlar. Today boats are typically made of a tough plastic that is slightly flexible and very durable. Boats can range in size from barely long enough to hold the paddler (around 6 ft/1.8 m long), up to 12 ft (3.6 m) or longer. There are four 'sub-categories' in whitewater kayaking: river-running, creeking, slalom, and playboating.
- River Running can be thought of as a tour down a river, to enjoy the scenery as well as experiencing challenging whitewater. River running includes short day trips as well as longer multi-day trips. Multi-day kayak trips often entail the use of gear-toting rafts to allow a more comfortable experience without a heavily-laden kayak. Whitewater Racing is the competitive aspect of this sub-category, racing canoes or kayaks down a river as fast as possible. Whitewater Racing
- Creeking is perhaps best thought of as a subcategory of River Running, involving very technical and difficult rapids, typically in the class IV to VI range. While people will differ on the definition, creeking generally involves higher gradient (approaching or in excess of 100 feet per mile), and is likely to include running ledges, slides, and waterfalls on relatively small and tight rivers, though some will allow for very large and big volume rivers in their definition. Kayaks used for creeking usually have higher volume (more gallons of displacement) and more rounded bow and stern, as these features provide an extra margin of safety against the liklihood of pinning, and will resurface more quickly and controlled when coming off larger drops. Extreme racing is a competitive form of this aspect of whitewater kayaking. Extreme racing
- Slalom is another technical form of kayaking. Racers attempt to make their way from the top to the bottom of a designated section of river as fast as possible, while correctly negotiating gates (a series of poles suspended vertically over the river). There are usually 20-25 gates in a race which must be navigated in sequential order. Green gates must be negotiated in a downstream direction, red gates in an upstream direction. This is typically done on class II to class IV water, but the placement of the gates, and precision necessary to paddle them fast and "clean" (without touching a pole), makes the moves much harder than the water's difficulty suggests. (It has been described as performing class V moves with class III consequences.) Pro level slalom competitions have specific length and width requirements for the boats, which will be made out of kevlar/fiberglass/carbon fiber composites to be light weight and have faster hull speed. (Plastic whitewater kayaks can be used in citizen-level races.) This is the only form of whitewater kayaking in the Olympics. Rebecca Giddens (USA) took the silver medal in this sport at the 2004 summer Olympic Games.
- Playboating or Freestyle is perhaps more a gymnastic and artistic kind of kayaking. While the other varieties of kayaking generally involve going from Point A to Point B, playboaters often stay in one spot in the river (usually in a hole or on a wave) where they work with and against the dynamic forces of the river to perform a variety of maneuvers. These can include surfing, spinning, and various vertical moves (cartwheels, loops, blunts, and many many others), spinning the boat on as many axes-of-rotation as possible. Kayaks used for playboating generally have relatively low volume in the bow and stern, allowing the paddler to submerge the ends of the kayak with relative ease. Competitions for playboating or freestyle are called whitewater rodeo.

See also


- Canoeing
- Whitewater
- Extreme racing Whitewater is normally rated on an "International Rating Scale" which goes from 1 to 6, normally designated by Roman Numerals. Class I are the easiest rapids, while class VI are the most difficult and most inherently dangerous.

External links


- [http://www.americanwhitewater.org American Whitewater is a national organization promoting stewardship of whitewater and includes a database of more than 4455 river sections with whitewater in the US and Puerto Rico.]
- [http://xackers.net/freewheelers/videolinks.htm Cool kayak videos from the freewheelers website]
- [http://www.dreamflows.com Dreamflows is a website that reports the daily flows of Western US rivers.]
- [http://playak.com/ Playak - Kayak & Canoe News: Online paddling community with kayak headlines from around the world, a large kayak database, event calendar, photo galleries and a large directory of paddling sites known as Kayahoo]
- [http://www.cacreeks.net Cacreeks site with run information for California]
- [http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/dv/?site_no=03498500&PARAmeter_cd=00060,00065 USGS Streamflow Data Daily Streamflow data for the Little River, TN]
- [http://www.whitewaterwishes.com/video Kayaking footage] Category:Water sports Category:Canoeing Category:Whitewater_sports

Adrenaline

:For the Deftones' album; see Adrenaline (album). Epinephrine (INN) or adrenaline (BAN) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots epi-+nephros both literally mean "on/to the kidney" (referring to the adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine is sometimes shortened to epi in medical jargon. Chemically, epinephrine is a catecholamine, a sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Its ATC code is C01CA24. William Bates reported in the New York Medical Journal in May 1886, the discovery of a substance produced by the suprarenal gland. Epinephrine was isolated and identified in 1895 by Napoleon Cybulski, Polish physiologist. The discovery was repeated in 1897 by John Jacob Abel. Jokichi Takamine discovered the same hormone in 1901, without knowing about the previous discovery, and called it adrenaline. It was first artificially synthesized in 1904 by Friedrich Stolz.

Actions in the body

Epinephrine plays a central role in the short-term stress reaction—the physiological response to threatening or exciting conditions (see fight-or-flight response). It is secreted by the adrenal medulla. When released into the bloodstream, epinephrine binds to multiple receptors and has numerous effects throughout the body. It increases heart rate and stroke volume, dilates the pupils, and constricts arterioles in the skin and gut while dilating arterioles in leg muscles. It elevates the blood sugar level by increasing hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose in the liver, and at the same time begins the breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Epinephrine is used as a drug to promote peripheral vascular resistance via alpha-stimulated vasoconstriction in cardiac arrest and other cardiac disrhythmias resulting in diminished or absent cardiac output, such that blood is shunted to the body's core. This beneficial action comes with a significant negative consequence, increased cardiac irritability, which may lead to additional complications immediately following an otherwise successful resuscitation. Alternatives to this treatment include vasopressin, a powerful antidiuretic which also promotes peripheral vascular resistance leading to blood shunting via vasoconstriction, but without the attendant increase to myocardial irritability. Epinephrine is also used as a vasoconstrictor in anaphylaxis and sepsis, and as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific beta-2-adrenergic agonists are unavailable or ineffective. Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy can get an epinephrine rinse before their allergen extract is administered. Adverse reactions to epinephrine include palpitations, tachycardia, anxiety, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema. A pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal gland (or, rarely, the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system) which secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually epinephrine.

Pharmacology

Epinephrine's actions are mediated through adrenergic receptors (sometimes referred to as adrenoceptors). It binds to α1 receptors of liver cells, which activate inositol-phospholipid signaling pathway, signaling the phosphorylation of insulin, leading to reduced ability of insulin to bind to its receptors. Epinephrine also activates β-adrenergic receptors of the liver and muscle cells, thereby activating the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway, which will in turn increase glycogenolysis.

Epinephrine versus adrenaline

While epinephrine is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) and United States Approved Name (USAN), it is more commonly known as adrenaline, which is the British Approved Name (BAN). The basis for the name epinephrine in the United States was out of necessity because the name adrenalin was registered as a trademark by Parke, Davis & Co. In other countries where this trademark was not registered, the name adrenaline was adopted at the insistence of the British pharmacologist Henry Hallett Dale. Resistance to the adoption of epinephrine has even resulted in some dispute as to the validity of the name (Aronson, 2000). The monograph name in the European Pharmacopoeia remains adrenaline, despite the adoption of INN names for all other agents, and European Union (EU) countries continue to use either adrenaline or dual-labelling of both names on products. This is because of the confusion that the name epinephrine would cause to patients in EU countries, and resistance to the perceived Americanisation.

Biosynthesis

Image:adrenaline biosyn.png Image:adrenaline biosyn2.png

See also


- Epi-pen
- Anaphylaxis
- Adrenaline junkie
- Catechol-O-methyl transferase

References


- Aronson JK (2000). "[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7233/506 Where name and image meet]" - the argument for "adrenaline". British Medical Journal 320, 506-9. Category:Aromatic compounds Category:Catecholamines Category:Neurotransmitters Category:Bronchodilators ja:アドレナリン

Sport

:Sports redirects here. For other senses of that word, see sports (disambiguation). A sport consists of a physical activity or skill carried out with a recreational purpose: for competition, for self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the development of a skill, or some combination of these. A sport has physical activity, side by side competition, and a scoring system. The difference of purpose is what characterises sport, combined with the notion of individual (or team) skill or prowess.

History of sport

Main article: History of sport The development of sport throughout history teaches us a great deal about social changes, and about the nature of sport itself. There are many modern discoveries in France, Africa, and Australia of cave art (see, for example, Lascaux) from prehistory which provide evidence of ritual ceremonial behaviour. Some of these sources date from over 30,000 years ago, as established by carbon dating. Although there is scant direct evidence of sport from these sources, it is reasonable to extrapolate that there was some activity at these times resembling sport. There are artifacts and structures which suggest that Chinese people engaged in activities which meet our definition of sport as early as 4000 BC. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a range of sports were well developed and regulated several thousands of years ago, including swimming and fishing. Other sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zurkhaneh had a close connection to the warfare skills. Among other sports which originate in Persia are polo and jousting. A wide range of sports were already established at the time of the Ancient Greece. Wrestling, running, boxing, javelin, discus throwing, and chariot racing were prevalent. This suggests that the military culture of Greece was an influence on the development of its sports and vice versa. The Olympic Games were held every four years in Ancient Greece, at a small village in Pelopponisos called Olympia. Sport has been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the Ancient Olympics up to the present century. Activities necessary for food and survival became regulated activities done for pleasure or competition on an increasing scale, for example hunting, fishing, horticulture. The Industrial Revolution and mass production brought increased leisure which allowed increases in spectator sports, less elitism in sports, and greater accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity. Not only has professionalism helped increase the popularity of sports, but additionally the need to have fun and take a break from a hectic workday or to relieve unwanted stress, as with any profession.

A classification of sports

Main article: List of sports One system for classifying sports is as follows, based more on the sport's aim than on the actual mechanics. The examples given are intended to be illustrative, rather than comprehensive.

Opponent


- Combat (Wrestling, Judo, karate, boxing, fencing, tae kwon do...)
- Court (Tennis, shuttlecock sport, badminton, volleyball, squash, Table tennis...)
- Team (Baseball, cricket and football (soccer) are the most popular globally, with baseball being popular in the Americas and in Japan, cricket in the Commonwealth of Nations and football being popular throughout the world. Other examples include: Rugby, ice hockey, field hockey, softball, basketball, American Football...)

Achievement


- Target (Archery, shooting ...)
- Display (Gymnastics, bodybuilding, equestrianism, diving...)
- Strength (Weight-lifting, triple jump, shot put ...)

Sports that fall into multiple categories


- Biathlon
- Curling
- Paintball

Sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is defined as "conduct and attitude considered as befitting participants, including a sense of fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, a striving spirit, and grace in losing." It is interesting that the motivation for sport is often an elusive element. For example, beginners in sailing are often told that dinghy racing is a good means to sharpen the learner's sailing skills. However, it often emerges that skills are honed to increase racing performance and achievements in competition, rather than the converse. Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist Grantland Rice, that it's “not that you won or lost but how you played the game," and the Modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder Pierre de Coubertin: "The most important thing . . . is not winning but taking part” are typical expressions of this sentiment. But often the pressures of competition (See the related article, "Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing." or an obsession with individual achievement - as well as the intrusion of technology - can all work against enjoyment and fair play by participants. People responsible for leisure activities often seek recognition and respectability as sports by joining sports federations such as the IOC, or by forming their own regulatory body. In this way sports evolve from leisure activity to more formal sports: relatively recent newcomers are BMX cycling, snowboarding, wrestling, etc. Some of these activities have been popular but uncodified pursuits in various forms for different lengths of time. Indeed, the formal regulation of sport is a relatively modern and increasing development. Sportsmanship, within any given game, is how each competitor acts before, during, and after the competition. Not only is it important to have good sportsmanship if one wins, but also if one loses. For example, in football it is considered sportsmanlike to kick the ball out of play to allow treatment for an injured player on the other side. Reciprocally, the other team is expected to return the ball from the throw-in. Compare Sportsmanship with Gamesmanship. Violence in sports involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence. Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration.

Professionalism and the regulation of sport

The entertainment aspect of sport, together with the spread of mass media and increased leisure time, has led to professionalism in sport. This has resulted in some conflict, where the paycheck can be seen as more important than recreational aspects: or where the sport is changed simply to make it more profitable and popular therefore losing some of the traditions valued by some. The entertainment aspect also means that sportsmen and women are often elevated to celebrity status, or in some cases near-god-like. Today the consensus is that David Beckham (England and Real Madrid Footballer) is the most famous sportsman in the world, with a fanatical following particularly in Asia where statues have been erected of his likeness. The successful execution of a sport requires the consensus agreement of the participants on a set of rules for fair competition. This has led to the control of each sport through a regulatory body to define what methods of competition are acceptable and what are considered cheating.

Sport and politics

There have been many dilemmas for sports where a difficult political context is in place. When apartheid was the official policy in South Africa, many sportspeople adopted the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects. The 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin was an illustration, perhaps best recognised in retrospect, where an ideology was developing which used the event to strengthen its spread through propaganda. In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with cultural nationalism. Even until the mid 20th century a person could have been banned from playing Gaelic football, hurling, or other sports administered by the GAA if s/he played or supported Football, or other games seen to be of British origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of soccer and Rugby union at Gaelic venues under the controversial Rule 42, although Gaelic games are frequently played on soccer and rugby arenas, particularly outside of Ireland. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the RUC, now reconstituted as the PSNI, from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban. Nationalism in general is often evident in the pursuit of sport, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. These trends are seen by some as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport being carried on for its own sake, for the enjoyment of its participants. See also: List of countries by national sport

Art and sport

Sport has many affinities with art. Ice skating and Tai chi, for example, are sports that come close to artistic spectacles in themselves: to watch these activities comes close to the experience of spectating at a ballet. Similarly, there are other activities that have elements of sport and art in their execution, such as performance art, artistic gymnastics, Bodybuilding, Parkour, Yoga, dressage, etc. The fact that art is so close to sport in some situations is probably related to the nature of sport. The definition of "sport" above put forward the idea of an activity pursued not just for the usual purposes, for example, running not simply to get places, but running for its own sake, running as well as we can. This is similar to a common view of aesthetic value, which is seen as something over and above the strictly functional value coming from an object's normal use. So an aesthetically pleasing car is one which doesn't just get from A to B, but which impresses us with its grace, poise, and charisma. In the same way, a sporting performance such as jumping doesn't just impress us as being an effective way to avoid obstacles or to get across streams. It impresses us because of the ability, skill, and style which is shown. Art and sport were probably more clearly linked at the time of Ancient Greece, when gymnastics and calisthenics invoked admiration and aesthetic appreciation for the physical build, prowess and 'arete' displayed by participants. The modern term 'art' as skill, is related to this ancient Greek term 'arete'. The closeness of art and sport in these times was revealed by the nature of the Olympic Games which, as we have seen, were celebrations of both sporting and artistic achievements, poetry, sculpture and architecture.

The terms 'sport' and 'sports'

In Commonwealth English, sporting activities are commonly denoted by the collective noun "sport". In American English, "sports" is more common for this usage. In all English dialects, "sports" is the term used for more than one specific sport. For example, "football and swimming are my favourite sports" would sound natural to all English speakers, whereas "I enjoy sport" would sound less natural than "I enjoy sports" to many North Americans.

Recommended reading


- The Meaning of Sports by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1).

See also

The following entries go into further detail into issues important to sport:
- history of sport, sportsmanship, professional sports, aesthetic appeal of sport, nationalism and sport, and regulation of sport
- List of professional sports leagues
- Sports Utility Vehicles
- Sportsmen
- Sportswear
- Sports Cars
- Sports Bars
- Minor sports / developmental leagues
- List of sports
- List of sporting events
- List of sportspeople
- Sport governing bodies
- Olympic Games
- Sporting venues
- Sponsorship
- Sports coaching
- Sports equipment
- Sports injuries
- Sports marketing
- Sports memorabilia
- Sports timeline
- Spectator sport
- Multi-sport events
- Sports art
- Sport in film
- Sporting club
- Disabled sports
- Female sport
- Sports history organizations
- Fantasy sports
- Sport Record
- Extreme Sports
- Nationalism and sport
- Violence in sports | NHL violence
- Nudity in sport
- Sport in Africa, Sport in the United Kingdom, Sport in France, Sport in India, Sport in Australia, Sport in Canada, Sports in the United States, Sport in New Zealand

External links


- [http://www.sports.ie Sports.ie - Live Sports news and RSS feeds]
- [http://www.thefamousquotations.com/subjects/sports-and-competition-quotations.htm Sports Quotations]
- [http://www.newworldsports.net New World Sports - Sports Commentary]
- [http://www.pressboxnews.com/ Sports News Aggregator]
- [http://dmoz.org/Sports/ Open Directory Project - Sports]
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Sports/ Yahoo! - Sports]
- [http://news.google.com/news?topic=s Google - Sports News]
- [http://uk.newsbot.msn.com/s/?id=2 MSN - Sports News] (UK)
- [http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=index&cid=755 Yahoo! - Sports News]
- [http://www.sportsfilter.com SportsFilter - Community Weblog]
- [http://www.kungfufollowme.com/ Chinese Kung Fu: Tai Chi And Shaolin Kung Fu]
- [http://www.sports-facts.com/ Sports-Facts.Com!] Category:Games
- Category:Technology ko:스포츠 ms:Sukan ja:スポーツ simple:Sport th:กีฬา

Sea kayaks

A Sea kayak is a kayak developed for the sport of paddling on the open waters of the ocean. Typically a seaworthy small boat with a covered deck and the ability to incorporate a spraydeck. Modern sea kayaks come in a bewildering array of materials and designs. Along with the common fiberglass, rotomoulded polyethylene and kevlar, there are more exotic materials, such as carbon fiber and Royalex, and hand-built systems, such as skin on frame (canvas, dacron or other fabric over a lattice-like framework) and "stressed skin" plywood. Designs are divided into categories based on the shape from bow to stern and on the shape of the hull in cross-section. Overall shapes are:
- Symmetrical: the widest part of the boat is exactly halfway between bow and stern.
- Fish form: the widest part is forward of the midpoint.
- Swede form: the widest part is aft (in back) of the midpoint. Hull shapes are categorized as:
- Chine: hard chine, medium chine, soft chine
- Flat bottom
- Semi-round bottom or, even, round bottom.
- Shallow V-bottom
- Combinations of the above. Sea-kayak paddles, and the associated paddling styles, fall into two basic classifications:
- European: two roughly spoon-shaped blades at either end of a cylindrical shaft. This paddle style was developed for fast acceleration and sudden maneuvering in Whitewater kayaking, and then back-ported to sea-kayaking. Euro paddles can be made of aluminum, plastic or even wood, but the best are usually formed of more expensive materials like carbon-fiber for lightness. Often the two blades are feathered, or set at an angle relative to each other (both for ergonomic efficiency, and so that as one blade moves backwards through the water, the opposite blade moving forward through the air presents its edge, rather than its face).
- Greenland: a long, narrow, flattened wooden plank with a cylindrical grip only in the center, something like two elongated cricket bats joined at the base of their handles. This is the traditional paddle style of Inuit kayak hunters, originally owing mainly to constraints of their materials (primarily driftwood). Greenland paddle blades are usually not feathered. Greenland paddling technique involves more movement of the paddle in the paddler's hands, and a much larger variety of techniques for righting a capsized kayak using combinations of body and paddle movements, several of which rely on the added bouyancy of the wooden paddle. Some Greenland paddling techniques are also intimately linked with Greeland kayak designs and other elements of Greenland-style equipment and conditions, but Greenland-style paddles are also sometimes used by paddlers in otherwise modern kayaks. The sport of sea kayaking is increasing in popularity. It combines much of the appeal of hill-walking with a maritime aspect, few access issues and an almost infinite area to enjoy.

External links


- [http://nspn.org/ North Shore Paddlers Network] - Massachusetts, USA, sea-kayak club
- [http://www.bskc.org/ Boston Sea-Kayak Club] - Massachusetts, USA, sea-kayak club
- [http://www.qajaqusa.org/ Qajaq USA] - Qajaq USA is committed to supporting Qaannat Kattuffiat (The Greenland Kayaking Association) and their efforts to preserve, study and promote the traditions and techniques of Greenland kayaking while seeking to further the appreciation and development of Greenland-style kayaking in the United States. Category:Boat types Category:Canoeing ja:シーカヤック

Whitewater Racing

Whitewater racing is a competitive discipline of canoeing using either kayaks or canadian canoes. Competitors are classed by type of boat and gender. They are numbered within their class by their ranking in previous races and compete in reverse order (best paddler last) usually at one minute intervals. Races generally occur in Classes I-IV whitewater. There are two general types of Whitewater Racing. Whitewater Slalom Racing - Multiple (18-25) gates are hung over a river section about 200-400 yards long. The object of the race is to go through each of the gates in order, as fast as possible, without touching any of the hanging gate poles. Green and white gates signify gates which must be run going downstream of the current. Red and white gates signify gates which must be run going upstream of the current. Each missed gate costs the racer a 50 second penalty, and each touched gate costs the racer a 2 second penalty. Slalom kayaks and canoes are long, made of composite material, with thin sterns to go fast, but turn easily. They must conform to rigid length and width requirements. Popular whitewater slalom courses include: Athens Whitewater Course in Athens, Greece, Penrith Whitewater Course in Penrith, Australia, and Dickerson Whitewater Course in Dickerson, Maryland, USA. Famous whitewater slalom athletes include: Michael Kurt, Davey Hearn, Jamie McEwan, Fabien Lefevre, and Rebecca Giddens. Wildwater (or 'Downriver') Racing - Simply stated: Go from Point A to Point B down the river as fast as possible. Wildwater racing courses are typically 10 to 20 minutes long and ideally have as many rapids as possible. Typically grade II to IV rivers are used, as opposed to extreme racing where harder rivers are paddled. Wildwater racing kayaks and canoes are long and thin making them fast but unstable and hard to turn. They are turned when racing by leaning to one side rather than with wide sweep strokes. Two wings at the back behind the paddler add stability and make the boats conform to the minimum width required for races, the wings are out of the water so do not cause drag. Popular whitewater racing courses in Scotland include Grandtully and Stanley on the River Tay. Popular whitewater racing courses in England include the Washburn and the Tees. Popular whitewater racing courses in Wales include the Tryweryn, and the Dee (although canoeing is currently banned here). Category:Canoeing

Playboating

Playboating is a discipline of kayaking or canoeing where the paddler performs various technical moves in one place (a playspot), as opposed to whitewater canoeing or kayaking where the objective is to travel the length of a section of river (although whitewater canoeists will often stop and play en-route). Specialised canoes or kayaks (boats) known as playboats are often used, but any boat can be used for playing. It is the paddling equivalent of skateboarding or BMX. Playboating is also known as Rodeo. Playspots are typically stationary features on rivers, in particular standing waves (which may be breaking or partially breaking), 'holes' and 'stoppers', where water flows back on itself creating a retentive feature (these are often formed at the bottom of small drops or weirs), or eddy lines (the boundary between slow moving water at the rivers' edge, and faster water). Playboating is sometimes performed on dynamic moving features such as haystacks (large boils) and whirlpools, or on flat water (this is often referred to as flatwheeling). Playspots are found on natural whitewater, on artificial weirs, on artificial whitewater courses, and occasionally on tidal races in the sea. Basic moves consist of front- and back-surfing, spins through any of the three axes (flat spins, cartwheels and air loops), stalls with the kayak vertical on either end, and getting airbourn (bouncing the boat on a wave, or submerging part of the kayak so that it pops out when it re-emerges). The playboater usually aims to stay surfing the feature after performing each move (as opposed to being washed off). More complex moves are made up of combinations of these moves. Playboating has grown massively in popularity in recent years due to innovations in boat design. Modern playboats are made from plastic which is much more robust than glass fibre or wood. Playboats typically have much less volume in the bow and stern than dedicated river running kayaks. This allows the paddler to easily dip either end underwater. Playboating is mainly done for fun, but competitions are also popular. Paddlers have a set time to perform as many different moves as possible, and score additional points for style. Whitewater paddlers often resort to playboating when they live a long distance from any real whitewater rivers, for example in the South East of England. Visiting a playspot where you do not need to paddle a river to get there (which involves shuttling cars to the bottom of the river) is often referred to as 'Park and Play'. Playboating is often considered less effort and safer than whitewater river running (this is not always the case).

Popular playspots

Popular playspots at weirs include:
- Hurley weir on the Thames, near London
- Hawaii-sur-Rhone on the Rhone, in Lyon, France. Popular playspots on tidal races include:
- Skookumchuck in Canada
- The Bitches in Wales
- The Falls of Lora in Scotland Popular big volume rivers often run for their playspots include (these often feature on playboating videos):
- The Slave River in Canada
- Garberator, Baby Face and Screaming Beaver on the Ottawa, in Canada
- The White Nile in Uganda
- The Zambezi in Zambia. Popular natural playspots include:
- The Rabioux wave on the Durance in France.
- Rock Island State Park in the Cumberland Mountains of Tennessee
- School House Rock "KRH" playhole in California. Man-enhanced playspots include:
- The Salida playhole in Colorado The Tryweryn in Wales, the Dee near Llangollen in Wales, the Washburn in England, and Hambledon Weir on the Thames have been modified (by moving boulders on the river bed, or in the case of Hambledon by installing pneumatic kicker ramps on the river bed) to create better playspots.

Websites

[http://playak.com Playak - Kayak & Canoe News] Category:Water sports Category:Canoeing

Canoeing

Canoeing is the recreational or sporting activity of paddling a canoe or kayak. It usually refers exclusively to using a paddle to propel a canoe or kayak with only human muscle power. A kayak is a closed-top boat and is propelled using a paddle with two blades, whereas canoes are open-topped boats (sometimes with a removable spray skirt) propelled using single- or double-bladed paddles. Confusingly, canoeing is used as a generic term for both forms, though the term "paddle sports" is also used. Open canoes may be 'poled' (punted), sailed, 'lined and tracked' (using ropes)or even 'gunnel-bobbed'. In modern canoe sport, both canoes and kayaks may be closed-decked. Other than by the minimum competition specifications (typically length and width (beam))and seating arrangement it is difficult to differentiate most competition canoes from the equivalent competition kayaks. The most common difference is that competition kayaks are always seated, and competition canoes are generally kneeling. Exceptions include Canoe Marathon (in both European and American competitive forms) and sprint (high kneeling position). Whilst traditional 'canadian' canoes are seated, whitewater rodeo and surf variants increasingly employ the use of 'saddles' to give greater boat control under extreme conditions. 'Sit on tops' are sealed-hull (unsinkable)craft which were developed in the past for low level leisure use, as derivatives from surfboards (eg paddle or wave skis), or for surf conditions. Variants include planing surf craft, touring kayaks, and sea marathon kayaks. Increasingly manufacturers are building leisure 'sit on top' variants of extreme sports craft, often supplanted with a skeg (fixed rudder) for directional stability. Other variants within the sport include inflatable kayaks and canoes(air boats) capable of extreme conditions.

Sport

The International Canoe Federation is a well known canoeing organization around the world. The ICF recognises several competitive and non-competitive disciplines of canoeing, of which Sprint and Slalom are the only two competing in the Olympic games. The United States Canoe Association is widely considered the American authority in sport and recreational canoeing, and recognizes many ICF classes.
- Sprint - the oldest discipline of ICF canoeing, sometimes referred to as "Racing". It involves principally kayaks, and some canoes. Flatwater races are over distances from 200 m to 1000 m.
- Slalom - Competitors are timed in completing a descent down the rapids of a whitewater course, in the process steering their canoes or kayaks through "gates" (a pair of suspended poles about 1m apart), including going up against the flow, across the flow, and surfing the standing waves of the rapids.
- Marathon - Longer distance races over mostly flatwater courses, possibly including one or more portages. Course lengths typically vary from about 2 miles to the epic 125 mile Devizes to Westminster International Canoe Marathon on the Thames, and the 260 mile "World's Toughest Boat Race", the Texas Water Safari. USCA rules specify that a Marathon course may not have rapids over class II on the International Scale of River Difficulty.
- Canoe Polo - A fast-action competitive goal-scoring ball game on water, between two teams of 5 players.
- Whitewater Racing (also known as Wild Water Racing) - Competitors race specialised canoes or kayaks down a whitewater river (typically class II to IV whitewater is used).
- Canoe Sailing - Racing a canoe using sail power.

Unclassified Styles


- Dragon Boat Racing - Since the 1970s racing of the traditional Chinese Dragon Boats has been organized. In general there are about 18-20 paddlers per boat, plus a drummer and a helmsman. The IDBF is the international governing body for Dragon Boats, discussions with the ICF about co-operation are taking place.
- Playboating (or Rodeo) - a form of canoeing or kayaking where the competitor performs tricks and stunts in standing waves such as front and back surfing, flatspins, cartwheels, and blunts, and receives points for the variety of moves performed within a fixed time. Points are also awarded for style.
- Extreme Racing - a form of canoeing competition involving racing down dangerous whitewater rivers (often with many grade V rapids and typically requiring excellent river running skills).
- Outrigger Canoe Racing - racing of traditional Pacific Ocean outrigger canoes. Very popular in Hawaii (it's the state sport), Tahiti, and other Pacific nations including Australia and New Zealand; well established in western North America and the eastern US, also catching on in Asia and Europe. International ruling body is the IVF. Outrigger canoes are traditionally referred to as wa'a, va'a, or waka ama. Standard racing canoes carry six paddlers; one and two person canoes are also widely raced.
- Canoe Surfing - The canoeing equivalent of surfing, but in a specialised surf kayak. Points are scored for the variety and quality of moves performed on a wave. Also whitewater kayakers and playboaters often surf non-competatively.

Recreational

Other recreational aspects of canoeing are not strictly defined, and distinctions are rather articifical and growing increasingly blurred as new hybrid canoes, kayaks, and similar craft are developed. Some of these forms may be nominally organised at national levels, but are largely individual, group, or club activities. For many groups there is no emphasis on training, the goal is simply to use boats to have fun on the water.
- Whitewater - paddling down whitewater rivers for fun, recreation, or getting away from it all. Can vary from short local trips on easy grade rivers, to extreme expeditions on raging torrents in remote locations for many days carrying all equipment. Whitewater Kayaking is probably the most popular form of canoeing.
- Sea Kayaking - recreational kayaking on the sea. Includes everything from short day trips to year-long expeditions, may include paddling on heavy seas, in surf, or in tidal currents, and usually requires navigational skills.
- Playboating - surfing and performing tricks on one feature on a river.
- Canoe camping, Touring, or Cruising - combines canoeing/kayaking with camping.

Other Forms

In some countries, these forms of paddling may come under the national canoeing organisations, but they are not universally accepted as canoeing, even though they involve propelling a small craft with a paddle.
- Wave Skiing - paddling a small, manoueverable craft (surf ski) a little like a bigger surfboard, amongst the breaking waves of the sea or ocean, variously sliding down the face of the wave or performing tricks on the face of a breaking wave. Close affintiy to surfing. The paddler sits on top of the ski and can be strapped in. Competition is based on points for tricks and style.
- Surf Skiing - paddling a long (about 22'), slim racing craft on the sea. Able to handle going in and out of breaking waves, but not for manouevering on breaking waves. The paddler sits in a bucket style seat and uses a kayak like paddle. Most common races are long distance in the open ocean where they can catch swells and get the feeling of skiing the ocean.
- White Water Rafting - one or a group of people paddle a small or large inflatable raft down a wild water river. Has much in common with White Water Touring. In the United States and Canada, 'canoeing' usually refers only to open canoes, as opposed to both canoes and kayaks.

See also


- American Canoe Association
- British Canoe Union
- International Canoe Federation See also kayaking, paddling, canoe, kayak, paddle.

External links


- [http://playak.com/ Playak - Kayak & Canoe News] Online paddling community with headlines from around the world, event calendar, photo galleries and a large directory of paddling sites known as Kayahoo.
- [http://www.npmb.com/ Northeast Paddler's Message Board], A site devoted to kayaking, canoeing and almost all things whitewater in the Northeastern United States.
- [http://www.uscanoe.com/ United States Canoe Association], Parent association for canoeing groups in the United States.
- [http://www.txcanoeracing.org/ Texas Canoe Racing Association]
- [http://www.irishmarathoncanoeing.com/ IrishMarathonCanoeing.com], The website for marathon canoeing in Ireland and home to message board for canoe and kayak racing in Ireland. Category:Survival skills Category:Racing sports Category:Olympic sports Category:Individual sports
- ms:Mendayung



Category:Water sports

Category:Sports

Category:Canoeing

Category:Water sports Category:Racing sports Category:Olympic sports

Modèle:Liste InfoBox/Mythologie


- Mythologie celte
  - Aucun
- Mythologie grecque
  - Modèle de tableau pour les rois d'Athènes :
- Mythologie nordique
  - Aucun
- Mythologie romaine
  - Modèle de tableau pour les divinités : Voir:Portail Histoire et Projet Archéologie, Palettes Égypte antique, Liste des modèles Religion et Mythologie

kultura narty austria WARSAW snowboard austria online slots










































:: RELATED NEWS ::

نشيد وطني أردني
تم تبنيه في العام 1946 م، كتب كلماته عبدالمنعم الرفاعي، وألّف موسيقاه عبدالقادر التنير. كلماته: عــاش المليــك عــاش المليــك ساميا مقامه خافقات في المعالي أعل

أحمد سعدات
أحمد سعدات هو الأمين العام الحالي للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين، تم اختياره أمينا عاما للجبهة بعد اغتيال أمينها العام السابق ابو علي مصط
جبهة شعبية لتحرير فلسطين
الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ، ثاني أكبر فصائل منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية. تأسست الجبهة عام 1967 كامتداد للفرع الفلسطيني من حركة القوميين العرب، أسسها مجموعة من قياديي القوميين العرب وبعض المنظم
وديع حداد
وديع حداد قيادي في الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ولد عام 1927 في مدينة صفد ، كان احد مؤسسي أحمد سعدات هو الأمين العام الحالي للجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين، تم اختياره أمينا عاما للجبهة بعد اغتيال أمينها العام السابق ابو علي مصط
الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين
الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين ، ثاني أكبر فصائل منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية. تأسست الجبهة عام 1967 كامتداد للفرع الفلسطيني من حركة القوميين العرب، أسسها مجموعة من قياديي القوميين العرب وبعض المنظم
All Rights Reserved 2005 wikimiki.org