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| Whitmore Lake, Michigan |
Whitmore Lake, MichiganWhitmore Lake is an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Michigan. The community spans the boundary between Green Oak Township in Livingston County and Northfield Township in Washtenaw County. The United States Census Bureau has defined a Census-designated place (CDP) with this name for statistical purposes which has no legal status as an incorporated municipality. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 6,574.
The community is located about nine miles (14.5 km) north of Ann Arbor and about six miles south of Brighton. It is situated around the shores of Whitmore Lake and the CDP also includes the area around the smaller Horseshoe Lake to the south, Lawton Lake to the east and Monahan Lake to the northeast. U.S. Highway 23 forms the western edge of much of the CDP for the 2000 census.
The Whitmore Lake ZIP code, 48189, is also used by a wider area than that defined by the CDP, including Hamburg Township and a large part of Northfield Township.
The 667-acre Whitmore Lake was named by Jonathan F. Stratton, a surveyor, after Luke H. Whitmore, a local landowner around 1825. Area residents have considered incorporation many times, but have not chosen to do so yet.
Geography
Hamburg Township
According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 14.0 km² (5.4 mi²). 11.3 km² (4.4 mi²) of it is land and 2.7 km² (1.0 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 19.41% water.
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 6,574 people, 2,663 households, and 1,741 families residing in the community. The population density is 582.2/km² (1,508.5/mi²). There are 2,960 housing units at an average density of 262.1/km² (679.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the community is 96.05% White, 0.93% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 1.46% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 2,663 households out of which 32.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% are non-families. 25.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 4.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.42 and the average family size is 2.94.
In the community the population is spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 39.2% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females there are 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.7 males.
The median income for a household in the community is $51,504, and the median income for a family is $63,113. Males have a median income of $42,174 versus $28,865 for females. The per capita income for the community is $26,066. 5.2% of the population and 3.5% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 5.8% of those under the age of 18 and 2.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
External links
- [http://www.washtenawweb.com/whitmrlk/index.htm Whitmore Lake in Washtenaw Web]
Category:Livingston County, Michigan
Category:Washtenaw County, Michigan
Category:Unincorporated communities in Michigan
Category:Census-designated places in Michigan
Unincorporated community:Unincorporated
Livingston County, Michigan
Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the population was 156,951. And in 2003, the estimate was 177,538 The county seat is Howell6. The county is named for Edward Livingston, U.S. Secretary of State under President Andrew Jackson. It is one of Michigan's "Cabinet counties", named for members of Jackson's Cabinet.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,516 km² (585 mi²). 1,472 km² (568 mi²) of it is land and 44 km² (17 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.91% water.
Adjacent counties
- Washtenaw County (south)
- Oakland County (east)
- Ingham County (west)
- Jackson County (southwest)
- Genesee County (northeast)
- Shiawassee County (northwest)
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 156,951 people, 55,384 households, and 43,531 families residing in the county. The population density is 107/km² (276/mi²). There are 58,919 housing units at an average density of 40/km² (104/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 97.13% White, 0.46% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 1.24% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 55,384 households out of which 39.80% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.50% are married couples living together, 6.80% have a female householder with no husband present, and 21.40% are non-families. 17.10% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.40% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.80 and the average family size is 3.18.
In the county the population is spread out with 28.80% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 31.70% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 8.30% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 102.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 99.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $67,400, and the median income for a family is $75,284. Males have a median income of $54,358 versus $32,073 for females. The per capita income for the county is $28,069. 3.40% of the population and 2.40% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 3.60% of those under the age of 18 and 4.50% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Livingston County has been the fastest growing county in the state for the past decade and also through the 1970s. More than 50% of all the population of Livingston County is located in the southeastern communities of Brighton Township, Genoa Township, Green Oak Township, the Village of Pinckney, Putnam Township and the City of Brighton.
The US Census Bureau in 2000 identified Brighton, Howell, and the nearby city of South Lyon to be a contiguous, urbanized area, one of the newest such areas in the United States.
Location
Livingston County is in an interesting position in Michigan. The major highways running through it are I-96, US-23, and M-59. Because of this, there is conveniently access to the cities of Detroit, Lansing, Ann Arbor, and to a lesser extent, Flint. People from Livingston County commute to all four of these cities.
Although predominantly still a bedroom community, there has also been significant recent growth inside the county of both service and industrial firms. Major current employers include Pepsico, Citizens Insurance, and Ogihara Industries.
Media
There are two local newspapers, one being relative newcomer, The Livingston Community News, part of the Booth newspaper chain (which also owns The Ann Arbor News), and the other being The Livingston County Daily Press & Argus, part of the HomeTown newspaper chain.
The Daily Press & Argus has been around longer, serving as the two separate weekly newspapers known as The Livingston County Press and The Brighton Argus for many decades.
Other media in the county includes WHMI-FM, which plays a Classic Hits format and have local news on the hour.
Cities, villages, and townships
- Brighton Township
- Brighton, city
- Cohoctah Township
- Conway Township
- Deerfield Township
- Fowlerville, village
- Genoa Township
- Green Oak Township
- Hamburg Township
- Handy Township
- Hartland Township
- Hell, unincorporated community
- Howell Township
- Howell, city
- Iosco Township
- Marion Township
- Oceola Township
- Pinckney, village
- Putnam Township
- Tyrone Township
- Unadilla Township
- Whitmore Lake, CDP
External links
- [http://www.co.livingston.mi.us/ Livingston County official website]
- [http://www.whmi.com WHMI-FM Radio Station website]
- [http://www.mlive.com/news/aanews/index.ssf?livingston_archive Livingston Community News website]
- [http://www.hometownlife.com/Howell/News.asp Livingston County Daily Press & Argus website]
Category:Michigan counties
ja:リビングストーン郡 (ミシガン州)
Northfield Township, MichiganNorthfield Township is a civil township of Washtenaw County, located north of Ann Arbor in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the township had a total population of 8,252.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 96.1 km² (37.1 mi²). 94.0 km² (36.3 mi²) of it is land and 2.1 km² (0.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 2.21% water.
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 8,252 people, 3,154 households, and 2,236 families residing in the township. The population density is 87.8/km² (227.4/mi²). There are 3,393 housing units at an average density of 36.1/km² (93.5/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 96.13% White, 1.07% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 1.08% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 3,154 households out of which 34.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% are married couples living together, 8.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% are non-families. 21.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.57 and the average family size is 3.02.
In the township the population is spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 36.8% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 98.2 males.
The median income for a household in the township is $58,396, and the median income for a family is $68,393. Males have a median income of $41,883 versus $30,680 for females. The per capita income for the township is $25,543. 4.1% of the population and 2.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 3.9% of those under the age of 18 and 0.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Category:Townships in Michigan
Category:Washtenaw County, Michigan
Washtenaw County, Michigan
Washtenaw County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the population was 322,895. The county seat is Ann Arbor6.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,871 km² (723 mi²). 1,839 km² (710 mi²) of it is land and 33 km² (13 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 1.74% water.
Adjacent counties
- Livingston County (north)
- Wayne County (east)
- Jackson County (west)
- Monroe County (southeast)
- Lenawee County (southwest)
- Oakland County (northeast)
- Ingham County (northwest)
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 322,895 people, 125,327 households, and 73,692 families residing in the county. The population density is 176/km² (455/mi²). There are 131,069 housing units at an average density of 71/km² (185/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 77.40% White, 12.29% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 6.30% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.04% from other races, and 2.57% from two or more races. 2.74% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 125,327 households out of which 29.20% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.40% are married couples living together, 9.30% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.20% are non-families. 29.50% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.90% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.41 and the average family size is 3.02.
In the county the population is spread out with 22.10% under the age of 18, 17.10% from 18 to 24, 32.10% from 25 to 44, 20.60% from 45 to 64, and 8.10% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 98.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 97.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county is $51,990, and the median income for a family is $70,393. Males have a median income of $49,304 versus $33,598 for females. The per capita income for the county is $27,173. 11.10% of the population and 5.10% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.60% of those under the age of 18 and 5.80% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Cities, villages, and townships
There are also a number of unincorporated communities, such as Dixboro, Delhi Mills and Geddesburg.
External link
- [http://www.ewashtenaw.org/ Washtenaw County Government]
- [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=b92ef34ac7eae292063c88e0fdcc9d82;c=micounty;view=toc;idno=bad1054.0001.001;cc=micounty Past and present of Washtenaw County, Michigan] by Samuel W. Beakes Chicago: The S.J. Clarke publishing co., 1906.
Category:Michigan counties
United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census) is a part of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission is defined in the Constitution of the United States, which directs that the population be enumerated at least once every ten years (through the U.S. Census), and each state's number of Representatives in Congress determined accordingly. It also is in charge of collecting statistics about the nation, its people, and economy.
The Census Bureau's establishment is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code.
United States CodeSince 1903, the official census-taking organ of the United States government has been the Bureau of the Census. The Bureau is headed by a Director, assisted by a Deputy Director and an Executive Staff composed of the associate directors. The Bureau has 12 regional offices (Atlanta, Dallas, Los Angeles, Boston, Denver, New York, Charlotte, Detroit, Philadelphia, Chicago, Kansas City, and Seattle) with additional processing centers set up temporarily for the decennial censuses.
The sole purpose of the censuses and surveys is to secure general statistical information. Replies are obtained from individuals and establishments only to enable the compilation of such general statistics. The confidentiality of these replies is very important. By law, no one — neither the census takers nor any other Census Bureau employee — is permitted to reveal identifiable information about any person, household, or business.
The bureau recognizes four census regions within the United States, and further organizes them into nine divisions. These regions are groupings of states that subdivide the United States for the presentation of data. They should not be construed as bound together by any geographical, historical, or cultural concerns. The regions are as follows:region
- Region 1 (Northeast)
:
- Division 1 (New England)
:
- Division 2 (Middle Atlantic)
- Region 2 (Midwest)
:
- Division 3 (East North Central)
:
- Division 4 (West North Central)
- Region 3 (South)
:
- Division 5 (South Atlantic)
:
- Division 6 (East South Central)
:
- Division 7 (West South Central)
- Region 4 (West)
:
- Division 8 (Mountain)
:
- Division 9 (Pacific)
The Census Bureau headquarters is located at 4700 Silver Hill Road, Suitland Maryland.
Reference and external links
- The original version of this article was adapted from [http://www.census.gov/acsd/www/history.html U.S. Census Bureau] text.
- [http://www.census.gov/ United States Census Bureau website]
- [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/garm.html Geographic Areas Reference Manual] from the U.S. Census Bureau contains detailed explanations of geographic terms used in the census.
Census Bureau
Category:National statistical services
Census Bureau
Census Bureau
ja:アメリカ合衆国統計局
Census-designated placeA census-designated place (CDP) is an area identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical reporting. CDPs are communities that lack separate municipal government, but which otherwise resemble incorporated places, such as cities or villages. CDPs are delineated to provide data for settled concentrations of population that are identifiable by name but are not legally incorporated under the laws of the state in which they are located.
The boundaries of such places may be defined in cooperation with local or tribal officials, but are not fixed, and do not affect the status of local government or incorporation. CDP boundaries may change from one census to the next to reflect changes in settlement patterns. Further, as statistical entities, the boundaries of the CDP may not precisely correspond with local understanding of the area with the same name.
By defining an area as a CDP, that locality then appears in the same category of census data as incorporated places. This distinguishes CDPs from other census classifications, such as minor civil divisions (MCDs), which are in a separate category.
However, the CDP has no separate town rights or city councils. The population and demographics of the district are included in the data of county subdivisions containing the CDP. In no case is a CDP defined within the boundaries of an incorporated city, village or borough. However, note that the Census Bureau considers Towns in New England states and New York as well as Townships in some other states as MCDs, even though they are incorporated municipalities in those states. The Census Bureau also claims New Jersey townships are unincorporated [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch8GARM.pdf], which is a misunderstanding of state law.
There are a number of reasons for such a designation:
- The area may be more urban than its surroundings, having a concentration of population with a definite residential nucleus, such as Whitmore Lake, Michigan, or Hershey, Pennsylvania.
- A formerly incorporated place may disincorporate or be partly annexed by a neighboring town, the former town or a part of it may still be reported by the census as a CDP by meeting criteria for a CDP, for example the former village of Covedale, Ohio and compare this with Covedale (CDP), Ohio.
- The CDP designation may apply to large military bases (or parts of) that are not within the boundaries of any existing community, such as Fort Campbell and Fort Knox in Kentucky.
- In some cases, a CDP may be defined for the urbanized area surrounding an incorporated municipality, but which is outside the municipal boundaries, for example Greater Galesburg, Michigan or Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
- The Census treats all townships as unincorporated places. In New Jersey, this has never been the case; but the Census divides them up into CDPs anyway.
- Some CDPs represent an aggregation of several nearby communities, for example Shorewood-Tower Hills-Harbert, Michigan.
- Hawaii is the only state that has no incorporated places recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau below the county level. All data for places in Hawaii reported by the Census are CDPs.
- In some states, CDPs may be defined within entities that may function as incorporated municipalities, but for the purposes of the census are regarded as minor civil divisions. For example, towns in Massachusetts and Connecticut provide all the services of an incorporated municipality, but may also include both rural and urban areas. CDPs may be defined to describe urbanized areas within such municipalities, as in the case of North Amherst, Massachusetts.
- In some states, the Census Bureau may designate an entire minor civil division (MCD) as a CDP (for example West Bloomfield Township, Michigan or Reading, Massachusetts). Such designations are used in states where the MCDs function with strong governmental authority and provide services equivalent to an incorporated municipality (New England, the Middle Atlantic States, Michigan, and Wisconsin). MCDs appear in a separate category in census data from places (i.e., incorporated places and CDPs); however, such MCDs strongly resemble incorporated places, and so CDPs coterminous with the MCDs are defined so that such places appear in both categories of census data.
History
The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the 1850 census, though usage continued to evolve through the 1890 census, in which, for the first time, the Census mixed-in unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" as its label. This made it very confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated. The 1900 through 1930 censuses did not report data for unincorporated places. For the 1940 census, the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people. The Census Bureau officially recognized "unincorporated places" in the 1950 census, when these types of places were only recognized outside urbanized areas. In 1960, the Census Bureau for the first time recongized unincorporated territory inside urbanized areas, but with a population of at least 10,000. For the 1980 census, the designation was changed to "census-designated places". From 1950 through 1990, the Census Bureau had population requirements for unincorporated places or CDPs. This minimum population requirement was dropped with the 2000 census.
References
- U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division, "[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cob/pl_metadata.html#cdp Cartographic Boundary Files]", Census-designated place. Cartographic Operations Branch, July 18, 2001.
- U.S. Census Bureau, "[http://www.census.gov/geo/www/psapage.html#CDP Census 2000 Statistical Areas Boundary Criteria]", Census Designated Places (CDPs) - Census 2000 Criteria.
- U.S. Census Bureau, [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/GARM/Ch9GARM.pdf Chapter 9: Places], Geographic Areas Reference Manual
2000
This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move).
2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD).
The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year.
See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.
Events
- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169. Within a day, Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.
- January 31 - Dr. Harold Shipman in sentenced to life in prison for murder of at least 15 of his patients out of 365 suspected victims.
- February 4 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- February 6 - Tarja Halonen is elected the first Finnish female president.
- February 13 - Final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
- February 14 - The spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker entered orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.
- March 1 - The Constitution of Finland is rewritten.
- March 2 - Hans Blix assumes the position of Executive Chairman of UNMOVIC.
- March 8 - Tokyo train disaster.
- March 9 - FBI arrests suspected purveyor of art forgeries, Ely Sakhai, in New York City.
- March 10 - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5048. ([http://dynamic.nasdaq.com/dynamic/IndexChart.asp?symbol=IXIC&desc=NASDAQ+Composite&sec=nasdaq&site=nasdaq&months=84])
- March 18 - 2000 Taiwanese presidential election: Chen Shui-bian is elected President of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
- March 20 - Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther, is captured after gun battle that left a sheriff's deputy dead.
- March 21 - Pope John Paul II began the first office visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.
- March 21 - US Supreme Court ruled the goverment lacked authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton administration's main anti-smoking initiative.
- March 26 - Presidential elections in Russia: Vladimir Putin elected President.
- March 30 - America's Cup 2000 retained by Team New Zealand near Auckland. Prada Challenge 2000 lost 0-5 in a "best-of-9".
April.]]
- April 1 - Japanese prime minister Keizo Obuchi suffers a stroke and falls into a coma.
- April 3 - United States v. Microsoft: Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping "an oppressive thumb" on its competitors.
- April 5 - Yoshiro Mori replaces Obuchi as prime minister of Japan.
- April 7 - Attack submarine ex-Trepang completes being recycled.
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, Raja of Perlis dies after a reign of 55 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in the world since the death of Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein.
- April 17 - Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.
- April 22 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC ending one of the most publicized custody battles in US history.
- April 25 - The State of Vermont passes HB847, legalizing Civil Unions for same-sex couples.
- May 3 - A rare conjunction occurs on the New Moon including all seven of the traditional celestial bodies known from ancient times up until 1781 with the discovery of Uranus. The May 2000 conjunction consisted of: the Sun and Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
- May 3 - Computer pioneer Datapoint Corporation files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- May 12 - The Tate Modern opens in London.
- May 13 - In Enschede a heavy fireworks explosion kills 20 and leaves an entire neighborhood in ruins.
- May 18 - Boo.com collapses due to lack of funds after six months.
- May 25 - Israel withdraws IDF troops from southern Lebanon after 22 years.
- May 28 - The volcano Mount Cameroon erupts.
- June 1 - Mark Mendlan, professional wrestler known by his ring name "Kid Gorgeous," is killed while wrestling at a show in New Hampshire.
- June 7 - U.S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson of the 4th circuit ordered the breakup of Microsoft Corp.
- June 10 - The New Jersey Devils defeat the Dallas Stars 4 games to 2 to win the 2000 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 10 - The 2000 European Football Championship begins, hosted jointly by Belgium and the Netherlands.
- June 21 - Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.
- June 23 - Palace Backpackers Hostel fire in Childers, Queensland, Australia, kills 15 people.
- June 30 - During a set of the band Pearl Jam at the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, 9 die and 26 are injured in the crowd.
July
- July 2 - France beat Italy 2-1 to win the 2000 European Football Championship with a golden goal.
- July 2 - Presidential election of Mexico. Vicente Fox wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- July 10 - In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline
- July 10 - Death of Denis O Conor Donn, died 10th July 2000, aged 88; succeded by his son, Desmond as The O Connor Donn
- July 18 - Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party
- July 25 - A Concorde carrying Air France Flight 4590 crashes just after takeoff from Paris killing all 109 aboard and 5 on the ground.
- August 1 - The Santa Cruz Operation announced that it will sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, as well as UnixWare and OpenServer technologies, to Caldera Systems,Inc.
- August 8 - Confederate submarine H.L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
- August 12 - The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
- August 14 - The first comic of Megatokyo goes online. This webcomic will later become one of the most popular comics on the web (in terms of page views) and spawn numerous imitators.
- August 25 - the Emulex hoax - wire services publish fraudulent bad news about Emulex
- August 27 - The Ostankino Tower in Moscow catches fire, three people are killed.
- September 5 - Tuvalu joins the United Nations.
- September 6 - In New York City, the United Nations Millennium Summit begins with more than 180 world leaders present.
- September 6 - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense
- September 7–14 - The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
- September 8 - Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.
- September 15 - The 2000 Summer Olympics are opened in Sydney, Australia.
- September 16 - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
- September 24 - The American Family Association begins lobbying the U.S. Congress to eradicate the National Endowment for the Arts for funding the controversial book One of the Guys by Robert Clark Young
- September 26 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- September 28 - Ariel Sharon leads several hundred armed Israelis in a visit to the Temple Mount. Palestinian civil disorder increases into the Al-Aqsa Intifada.
- September 29 - The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.
- October 2 NBC Today Show expanded it to three hours (7:00–10:00 A.M. Eastern Time/Pacific Time; 6:00–9:00 A.M. Central Time/Mountain Time)
- October 5 - President Slobodan Milošević leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia and the withdrawal of Russian support.
- October 11 - 250 million gallons of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky. Considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
- October 12 - In Aden, Yemen, the USS Cole is badly damaged by two suicide bombers who placed a small boat laden with explosives along-side the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
- October 21 15 Arab leaders convened in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in four years; the Libyan delegation walked out, angry over signs the summit would stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.
- October 22 – Mainichi Shinbun exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises of his findings.
- October 26 - Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a persian princess in the province of Baluchistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a forgery in April 17 2001
- October 31 - Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport - 83 dead.
- October 31 - The last Jeremy clone has shut down.
November
- November - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals
- November 1 - Yugoslavia's new democratic government joined the United Nations after eight years of U.N. ostracism under former strongman Slobodan Milosevic.
- November 3 - Widespread flooding throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain
- November 4 - President Clinton vetoed a bill that would have criminalized the leaking of government secrets.
- November 7 - U.S. presidential election, 2000: Republican challenger George W. Bush defeats Democrat Vice President Al Gore, but the final outcome is not known for over a month because of disputed votes in Florida.
- November 7 - Criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal The Millennium Star diamond but police surveillance catches them in the act
- November 7 - Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office
- November 11 - Kaprun disaster, Austria, where 155 skiers and snowboarders die when a cable car catches fire in an alpine tunnel.
- November 13 - Richard C. Duncan presents his paper, "The Peak Of World Oil Production And The Road To The Olduvai Gorge", on the Olduvai theory (about the collapse of the industrial civilization), at the Summit 2000 Pardee Keynote Symposia of the Geological Society of America)
- November 14 - Netscape version 6.0 is launched following two years of open source development creating a stable Mozilla web browser upon which it is based
- November 16 - Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting US President to visit Vietnam
- November 17 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- November 17 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru
- November 27 - Canada - Parliamentary elections - Jean Chrétien re-elected as Prime Minister as Liberal Party increases majority in House of Commons
- November 28 - Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.
- December 1 - Mexico - Vicente Fox becomes the first opposition President to take office since Francisco I. Madero in 1911. He wins the Presidency as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party).
- December 28 - U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is going out of business after 128 years.
- December 30 - Rizal Day Bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours killing 22 and injuring about a hundred.
Unknown Date
- Limited reintroduction of routinely armed police in the UK for the first time since 1936.
- Scientists at University of Szeged's laboratory were first in the world to produce artificial heredity material.
- Millie I. Webb elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
Births
- February 23 - Max & Sam Christy, American actors
- March 15- Amy and Emily Walton, English actresses
- April 25 - Jacob & Joshua Rips, American actors
- October 6 - Amanda Pace, American actress
- October 20 - Cooper and Oliver Guynes, American actors
- November 8 - Madison and Marissa Poer, actresses
Deaths
January
- January 2 - Patrick O'Brian, English writer (b. 1914)
- January 15 - Fran Ryan, American actress (b. 1916)
- January 19 - Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1934)
- January 19 - Hedy Lamarr, Austrian actress (b. 1913)
February
- February 9 - Beau Jack, American boxer (b. 1921)
- February 11 - Roger Vadim, French film director (b. 1928)
- February 12 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (b. 1929)
- February 12 - Tom Landry, American football coach (b. 1924)
- February 12 - Charles M. Schulz, American comic strip artist (b. 1921)
- February 23 - Sir Stanley Matthews, English footballer (b. 1915)
April
- April 6 - Habib Bourguiba, President of Tunisia (b. 1903)
- April 16 - Tuanku Syed Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, King of Malaysia (b. 1920)
- April 25 - David Merrick, American stage producer (b. 1911)
- April 29 - Phạm Văn Ðồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (b. 1906)
May
- May 11 - Paula Wessely, Austrian actress (b. 1907)
- May 12 - Adam Petty, American race car driver (b. 1980)
- May 14 - Keizo Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
- May 17 - Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1909)
- May 19 - Yevgeny Khrunov, cosmonaut
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 114,024, which includes about 30,000 students. Supposedly named for the spouses of the city's founders and for the stands of trees in the area, Ann Arbor is best known as the location of the main campus of the University of Michigan, which moved there from Detroit in 1837.
The city's economy, which once centered on the production of agricultural implements, carriages, furniture, pianos and organs, pottery and flour, is now dominated by education, high tech, and biotechnology. Average home prices and property taxes are well above the state and national medians. The city is also well known locally as a destination for dining out and entertainment, as it contains a wide and eclectic variety of restaurants and performance venues.
History
Ann Arbor was founded in January 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey, both of whom were land speculators. There are various accounts concerning the origin of the settlement's name, but one states that Allen and Rumsey decided to name it "Annarbour," for their spouses, whose names were both Ann, and for the stands of burr oak in the 640 acres (2.6 km²) of land they had purchased for $800 from the federal government. The Native Americans of the region knew the settlement as Kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's grist mill.
Native Americans bookstore #1, and several buildings of the University of Michigan]]
Ann Arbor later became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827, and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The town set aside 40 acres (162,000 m²) of undeveloped land and offered it to the State of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but it lost the bid to Lansing in 1836. In 1837 the unused land was sold to the University of Michigan, forever linking Ann Arbor and its history with the university. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad. Ann Arbor was chartered as a city in 1851.
During World War II, Ford Motor Company's nearby Willow Run plant turned out B-24 Liberator bombers and the population of Ann Arbor exploded with an influx of military personnel, war workers, and their families.
The city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics over the course of the 1960s and 1970s. Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy unveiled his Peace Corps proposal in 1960 at the University of Michigan, and in 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson first called for a "Great Society." The city also became a locus for left-wing activism, serving as a hub for the civil-rights movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960, and in 1965 the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. Over the course of the ensuing fifteen years, a plethora of countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed strong constituencies within the city.
These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the local, progressive Human Rights Party (HRP) won city-council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on council, HRP representatives successfully fought for measures ranging from pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances to measures decriminalizing marijuana possession to a rent-control ordinance – many of which remain in effect in modified form today.
Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small handful of conservative institutions were also born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (est. 1967), a charismatic Catholic movement of national scope; and the Thomas More Law Center (est. 1999), a leading religious-conservative advocacy group.
The economy of Ann Arbor underwent a gradual shift from a manufacturing base to a service and technology base over the course of the 20th century, a shift which accelerated in the 1970s and 1980s. At the same time, the downtown has transformed from one dominated primarily by retail establishments dealing in staple goods to one comprised mainly of eateries, cafés, bars and clubs, and specialty shops.
Over the past several decades, the city has increasingly found itself grappling with the effects of sharply rising land values and gentrification, as well as urban sprawl stretching far into the outlying countryside. On November 2, 2004, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government would buy up the development rights to large swaths of land adjacent to Ann Arbor in order to prevent sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on whether, and how, to accommodate and guide development within city limits.
Geography and climate
greenbelt
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 27.7 mi² (71.7 km²). 27.0 mi² (70.0 km²) of it is land and 0.7 mi² (1.7 km²) of it is water. The total area is 2.42% water, much of it being part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is approximately 40 miles (64 km) west of Detroit, a 45-minute car ride on I-94. Ann Arbor Charter Township is adjacent, on the city's north and east sides.
Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River, in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of rolling hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River and more level elsewhere. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to about 900 feet (275 m) above sea level in southern and northeastern Ann Arbor. The elevation is about 839 feet (256 m) at Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is located at .
Cityscape
Ann Arbor's "Tree Town" moniker stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city holds almost as many trees as residents, with more than 50,000 trees sited along city streets and an equal number in city parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed most of the city’s approximately 10,500 ash trees, necessitating their replacement.
The city contains 147 municipal parks, ranging from neighborhood vest-pocket parks to large recreation areas, with several large city parks and a university park bordering sections of the Huron River. The largest are Argo Park, Riverside Park, and Gallup Park (near the Huron Parkway), while Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The University of Michigan's Nichols Arboretum (known locally as "The Arb"), a 123-acre (50 hectare) preserve near the city’s center, contains hundreds of plant and tree species.
Commercial zones include the downtown, the area of southern Ann Arbor surrounding Briarwood Mall, the area surrounding the I-94/M-14 juncture in the western part of the city, the southeastern area along Washtenaw Avenue and Carpenter Road, and the northeastern area along Plymouth Road. The downtown contains a mix of 19th and early 20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city’s commercial districts are mostly comprised of two to four-story structures, although the downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a growing number of high-rise buildings.
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain a range of architectural styles, from classic 19th and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. More contemporary-style houses are located further from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected via city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.
Climate
Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern temperate seasonal climate, which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four seasons, with winters being cold with moderate snowfall while summers can be warm and very humid. The area does experience lake effect primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The highest average temperature is in July at 83 °F (28 °C) while the lowest average temperature is in January at 16 °F (−9 °C). However, summer temperatures can top 100 °F (37 °C), and winter temperatures can drop below 0 °F (−17 °C). Average monthly precipitation ranges from 2 to 4 inches (44 to 92 mm), with the heaviest occurring during the summer months. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April, ranges from 1 to 10 inches (3 to 25 cm) per month. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (40.6 °C) on July 24, 1934, while the lowest recorded temperature was −22.0 °F (−30 °C) on January 19, 1994.
Demographics
1994
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 114,024 people, 45,693 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. About 30,000 university students are added to the population each September. The population density is 4,221.1/mi² (1,629.9/km²). There are 47,218 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0/mi² (675.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 74.68% White, 8.83% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 11.90% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.21% from other races, and 3.05% from two or more races. 3.34% of the population are Hispanic American or Latino of any race.
There are 45,693 households out of which 23.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% are nonfamilies. 35.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 6.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.22 and the average family size is 2.90.
In the city the population is spread out with 16.8% under the age of 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 28 years. For every 100 females there are 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $46,299, and the median income for a family is $71,293. Males have a median income of $48,880 versus $36,561 for females. The per capita income for the city is $26,419. 16.6% of the population and 4.6% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 7.3% of those under the age of 18 and 5.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Government and politics
poverty line
Ann Arbor has a mayor-council form of government. The mayor, who is elected every even-numbered year, is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The City Council has ten members, two from each of the city's five wards, with the mayor wielding the tie-breaking vote. Council members serve two-year terms, with half the council elected in annual elections.
Ann Arbor is located in the 15th Congressional district, and is represented by Representative John Dingell (D), the longest-serving member of the U.S. House. On the state level, the city is in the 18th district in the Michigan Senate. In the Michigan State House of Representatives, the city of Ann Arbor is in the 53rd district, while northeastern Ann Arbor and Ann Arbor Township are in the 52nd district. As the seat of Washtenaw County, the city is the location of the county's trial, civil, and criminal courts. Ann Arbor is also the site of a United States district court, whose downtown building also houses a post office.
Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s – an orientation evident in the passage of rent-control and strong antidiscrimination ordinances as well as voter-approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974) and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the state of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly gay or lesbian candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the left/liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of 2005, Democrats hold the mayorship and control the council by a 9–1 majority.
Ann Arbor is the sister city to various municipalities around the world, including Tübingen, Germany (since 1965); Belize City, Belize (since 1967); Hikone, Japan (since 1969); Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (since 1983); Juigalpa, Nicaragua (since 1986); and Dakar, Senegal (since 1997).
Economy
The University of Michigan plays a major role in shaping Ann Arbor's economy, both through its role as the city's largest employer (with approximately 15,000 workers plus an additional 6,000 at its medical center), and by attracting companies through its graduates and research and development work. Aside from education, high tech, health services and biotechnology are major components of the city's economy, with numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies located within the city. Companies associated with the automobile industry, such as General Motors and Ford, also employ a large number of residents. Nevertheless, the city's economy remains relatively stable due to the major presence of the University of Michigan.
Ford
There are a number of high-tech companies located in the city. Ann Arbor Terminals, during the 1980s, was the manufacturer of the famous video-display terminal, the Ann Arbor Ambassador. Other high-tech companies in the area include Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), Harris & Baseview (provider of newspaper publishing software and ASP services), and ProQuest, which includes UMI.
Websites and online media companies located in the city include All Media Guide, Everything2, and the Weather Underground. Ann Arbor is also the site of the Michigan Information Technology Center (MITC), whose offices also house Internet2 and the Merit Network, a nonprofit research and education computer network.
Pfizer operates a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of town. It was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of General Dynamics and the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center.
Ann Arbor serves as the headquarters to several major companies. The original Borders Books was opened on Ann Arbor's State Street in 1971 by brothers Tom and Louis Borders, and began operating other outlets around the region beginning in 1985. The Borders chain is still based in the city, as is its flagship store (although not in its original location). A little-known fact is that dogs are allowed inside the flagship store, and the cashiers have a stock of doggy treats for canine visitors. Domino's Pizza's headquarters are in Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a massive 271-acre, Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex in the northeastern portion of the city. Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was until recently the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer (in October 2005 it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions). Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and Jewish foods, and has derived and developed a variety of businesses under different brand names.
Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city during the 1960s and 1970s; among those that survive today are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student-housing cooperative. There are also three cohousing communities located just outside the city limits to the west.
Education
cohousing" pedestrian plaza, with East Hall (right) and Dennison Hall (tower on the left)]]
The University of Michigan is the dominant institution of higher learning in Ann Arbor, providing the city with a distinctly college-town atmosphere. Much of the campus is adjacent to and intermixed with the city's downtown district. Because the campus and the city expanded side-by-side, there is often no firm divide between the two, with university buildings scattered through much of the city center.
Other colleges and universities located in the city are Cleary University, a private business school; Concordia University, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; and Washtenaw Community College. Ave Maria School of Law, a Catholic institution established by Domino's Pizza cofounder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor in 2000. There were plans to establish Ave Maria University on land occupied by Domino's Farms. However, due to conflicts with local zoning authorities, the new campus is under construction near Naples, Florida.
The Ann Arbor Public School District – which enrolls a total of 16,724 students as of 2005 – consists of twenty-one elementary schools, five middle schools, and four high schools (two traditional, Pioneer and Huron, as well as two alternative including Community High). Due to overcrowding problems at the two traditional high schools (Pioneer and Huron), a third major high school is under construction as of fall 2005. Students in the district participate in the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) and other standardized tests.
Culture
Michigan Educational Assessment Program
Ann Arbor has a number of cultural attractions and events, many sponsored by the University of Michigan. Numerous performing arts groups and facilities are located on the university's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences (see Museums at the University of Michigan). The Matthaei Botanical Gardens, located on the northeastern edge of Ann Arbor, is operated by the university.
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, located in a historic downtown fire station, contains more than 250 interactive exhibits featuring science and technology. Artrain, located on North Main Street, bills itself as the nation's only traveling art museum on a train. A number of other art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus.
Near the State Street area are three major theaters: the Michigan Theater, a renovated 1920s movie palace now hosting live performances, independent films, and classic movies, and serving as home base for the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra; the State Theater; and the University's Hill Auditorium. In the Main Street area, the Ark hosts folk and acoustic music, while a number of smaller venues and nightclubs serve up jazz and other live music. The Main Street area, as well as South State Street and South University Avenue, is also the center of a large restaurant scene in the city.
Performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre; the Arbor Opera Theater; the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra; the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater; the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (est. 1954), which was Michigan's first chartered ballet company ; and Performance Network, which operates a downtown theater offering frequent new or nontraditional plays.
Among U.S. cities, Ann Arbor ranks first in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library, named Library Journal's national "Library of the Year" in 1997, has three branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Ann Arbor is known for college sports, notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium (whose seating capacity rivals the entire population of Ann Arbor), Crisler Arena, and Yost Ice Arena. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.
Events
A number of annual events – many of them centered on performing and visual arts – draw visitors to Ann Arbor from around the state and the region. The Ann Arbor Folk Festival, an annual benefit concert held in late January for the Ark, features many of the world's best-known folk musicians. The Ann Arbor Film Festival is held for six days in March at the Michigan Theater. EdgeFest is a multi-venue festival of avant-garde and progressive jazz, held each autumn since 1997.
More unorthodox annual events include the Hash Bash and the Naked Mile. Held on the first Saturday of April since 1971, the Hash Bash is an event in support of the reform of marijuana laws, and includes speeches, live music, street vending, and occasional civil disobedience. Since 1986, the notorious Naked Mile has featured students running naked through the streets in late April to celebrate the end of the winter semester. Originally police blocked off the streets to allow the run, but beginning in 2000, a crackdown by university and city police citing safety concerns has forced participants to adapt, with the event appearing in various reduced forms since.
Many large-scale events occur during the summer months. These include the Taste of Ann Arbor, a one-day event held during the first week of June in the heart of downtown; and the Ann Arbor Summer Festival, a three-and-a-half-week series of concerts, plays, and films typically held from mid-June through early July at the Power Center and atop the adjacent parking structure, which is host to the free "Top of the Park" events.
The Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets, began in 1960. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday in the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors from across the nation. The oldest and most competitive of the four fairs, the Ann Arbor Street Art Fair, was dubbed the country's top art fair by American Style Magazine in October 2004.
Other summertime events include the Blues and Jazz Festival (est. 1969), which is usually held in mid-September at Gallup Park. The Dexter-Ann Arbor Run is a running race from Dexter, Michigan to downtown Ann Arbor along the Huron River. In late August is the Shopping Cart Race, an unofficial and somewhat underground competition held since 1998 as part of the annual Seize the Week series of events (known through 2004 as "Punk Week").
Media
The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor. Other established publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Observer – a monthly magazine with features covering local culture, politics, family life, business and history – along with the Current, an entertainment guide, and the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly with columns, fiction, humor, reviews and profiles. The campus area is served by a variety of student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily.
The three major Ann Arbor–based AM radio stations are WAAM 1600, a news and talk station; WLBY 1290, an Air America Radio affiliate; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1; and WCBN 88.3, a noncommercial, student-run station with eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city has more public radio broadcasters available on its airwaves than any other U.S. listening area, including NPR affiliates from Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, East Lansing, Detroit and Toledo. CBC Radio One and CBC Radio Two affiliates from Windsor, Ontario, can also be heard in Ann Arbor.
WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the i television network, is licensed to the city. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor.
Terminology
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite." The city itself is often called A2 ("A two") or A² ("A-squared"), and less commonly Tree Town (or, usually tongue-in-cheek, The People's Republic of Ann Arbor). Recently, some youth have taken to calling Ann Arbor Ace Deuce or simply The Deuce.
Infrastructure
Health and medicine
The University of Michigan Medical Center, the preeminent health facility in the city, is the world's largest university medical center and is considered one of the nation's best hospitals, taking the #11 slot in the 2005 U.S. News & World Report rankings. The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities elsewhere in the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Ypsilanti.
Transportation
Ypsilanti
The city is served by three highway-grade roadways: I-94 (which runs along the southern portion of the city), US 23 (which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor), and M-14 (which runs along the northern edge of the city).
The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less apparent in the surrounding areas. Several major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city. Some of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 juncture in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas. Also, a large and expanding network of bike paths crisscrosses the city.
The Ann Arbor Transportation Authority (AATA), which brands itself as "The Ride," operates public bus services throughout Ann Arbor and nearby Ypsilanti. A separate free bus service operates within the University of Michigan campuses. Plans have been floated several times to operate a trolley service between downtown and Briarwood Mall along disused rail tracks, although these have not come to fruition as of 2005. For out-of-town bus service, a downtown bus depot is served by Greyhound Lines, and is the city's only remaining example of the Streamline Moderne architectural style.
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small aircraft general aviation facility located south of I-94. Detroit Metropolitan Airport, the area's large international airport, is located about 28 miles (45 km) east of the city, in Romulus. Additionally, Willow Run Airport in nearby Ypsilanti serves freight, corporate, and general aviation clients.
The city was a major rail hub, notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago from 1878 to 1982, though the Ann Arbor Railroad also sold 1.1 million passenger tickets in 1913 alone. The city was also served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837. Currently, Amtrak provides passenger rail service from Ann Arbor to Detroit and Chicago, Illinois v | | |
