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Wind Tunnel

Wind tunnel

A wind tunnel is a research tool developed to assist with studying the effects of air moving over or around solid objects. Air is blown or sucked through a duct equipped with a viewing port and instrumentation where models or geometrical shapes are mounted for study. Various techniques are then used to study the actual airflow around the geometry and compare it with theoretical results, which must also take into account the Reynolds number and Mach number for the regime of operation. For example:
- Threads can be attached to the surface of study objects to detect flow direction and relative speed of air flow.
- Dye or smoke can be injected upstream into the airstream and the streamlines that dye particles follow photographed as the experiment proceeds.
- Probes consisting of a Pitot tube can be inserted at specific points in the air flow to measure static and dynamic air pressure. A vertical wind tunnel is a recreational facility for indoor skydiving.

History

English military engineer Benjamin Robins (1707–1751) invented a whirling arm apparatus to determine drag. The Englishmen Wenham and Browning did air flow experiments in a wind tunnel in 1871. The Wright brothers, working with Octave Chanute invented and built a simple wind tunnel in 1901 to study the effects of airflow over various shapes while developing their revolutionary Wright Flyer. The Wright wind tunnel was used more recently to test modern low-speed fliers, such as the human-powered "Albatross". Subsequent use of wind tunnels proliferated as the science of aerodynamics and discipline of aeronautical engineering were established as air travel and power were developed. wind tunnels were often limited in the volume and speed of airflow which could be delivered. The wind tunnel used by German scientists at Peenemünde prior and during WWII is an interesting example of the difficulties associated with extending the useful range of large wind tunnels. It used some large natural caves which were increased in size by excavation and then sealed to store large volumes of air which could then be routed through the wind tunnels. This innovative approach allowed lab research in high speed regimes and greatly accelerated the rate of advance of Germany's aeronautical engineering efforts. Later research into airflows near or above the speed of sound used a related approach. Metal pressure chambers were used to store high pressure air which was then accelerated through a nozzle designed to provide supersonic flow. The observation or instrumentation chamber was then placed at the proper location in the throat or nozzle for the desired airspeed. Computational fluid dynamics has augmented, and is starting to replace, the use of wind tunnels. For example, the experimental rocket plane SpaceShipOne was designed without any use of wind tunnels. (However, on one test flight threads were attached to the surface of the wings, performing a wind tunnel type of test during an actual flight in order to refine the computational model.) An area that is still much too complex for the use of Computational fluid dynamics is determining the effects of flow around buildings and bridges. Boundary layer wind tunnels are the state of the art method to test such structures. These wind tunnels are also used to simulate and measure wind characteristics at the pedestrian level and exhaust gas dispersion patterns for laboratories and other emitting sources. Wind tunnel tests in a boundary layer wind tunnel allow for the natural drag of the earth's surface to be simulated. For accuracy, it is important to simulate the mean wind speed profile and turbulence effects within the atmospheric boundary layer. Most codes and standards recognize that wind tunnel testing can produce reliable information for designers, especially when their projects are in complex terrain or on exposed sites.

Well known wind tunnels around the world


- Photo and remarks by Wilbur Wright on the replica he built of the [http://www.wrightflyer.org/WindTunnel/testing1.html Wright Brothers wind tunnel].
- NASA [http://www.arc.nasa.gov Ames Research Center], Moffett Field, CA, USA.
- NASA [http://www.larc.nasa.gov/ Langley Research Center], Hampton, VA, USA.
- [http://www.blwtl.uwo.ca/Public/Facilities.aspx The Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory at the University of Wesern Ontario], London Canada
- [http://www.rwdi.com/aspx/pub/Misc/MiscPage.aspx?pg=64 Rowan Williams Davies and Irwin (RWDI)'s boundary layer wind tunnels]
- [http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jawe/ Japan Association for wind engineering]
- Arnold Engineering Development Center, Tullahoma, Tennessee

External links


- [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-440/cover.htm Wind Tunnels of NASA (NASA SP-440, 1981)]
- [http://www.pininfarina.it/arc Pininfarina Full Scale Automotive Wind Tunnel] Category:Fluid dynamics

Model (physical)

A physical model is used in various contexts to mean a physical representation of some thing. That thing may be a single item or object (for example, a bolt) or a large system (for example, the Solar System). The geometry of the model and the object it represents are often similar in the sense that one is a rescaling of the other; in such cases the scale is an important characteristic. However, in many cases the similarity is only approximate or even intentionally distorted. Sometimes the distortion is systematic with e.g. a fixed scale horizontally and a larger fixed scale vertically when modelling topography of a large area (as opposed to a model of a smaller mountain region, which may well use the same scale horizontally and vertically, and show the true slopes). Physical models in science and technology allow us to simulate or visualize something about the thing it represents. A model in this sense is a physical object such as an architectural model of a projected building or an existing one. Possible technical uses of an architectural model is to facilitate visualization of internal relationships within the structure or external relationships of the structure to the environment. Other uses of models in this sense are as toys. toy A physical model of something large is usually smaller, and of something very small is larger. A physical model of something that can move, like a vehicle or machine, may be completely static, or have parts that can be moved manually, or be powered. A physical model may show inner parts that are normally not visible. The purpose of a physical model on a smaller scale may be to have a better overview, for testing purposes, as hobby or toy. The purpose of a physical model on a larger scale may be to see the structure of things that are normally too small to see properly or to see at all, for example a model of an insect or of a molecule. A physical model of an animal shows the animals physical composition without it walking or flying away, and without danger, and if the real animal is not available. A soft model of an animal is popular among children and some adults as cuddly toy. A model of a person may e.g. be a doll, a statue, and in fiction a robotic humanoid, e.g. the mechas in the movie A.I.. A model is a 3D alternative for a 2D representation such as a drawing or photograph, or in the case of a globe, a 3D, undistorted alternative for a flat world map. Even compared with a set of drawings of photographs, it better enables looking at it from all sides, and it also allows feeling it. The former is sometimes also enabled by certain computer software.

See also


- Model organism
- Model nation
- Metamodel

Physical models

Metamodel
- Model airplane
- Model car
- Model radio-controlled car
- Model railway
- Model rocket
- Model ship
- Models of buildings:
  - a model of a city, e.g. Madurodam, models of real buildings on scale 1:25, but the arrangement does not represent a real city
  - models of the Eiffel Tower, scales 1.04:1, 1:2, 1:3, etc. (and much smaller ones bought as souvenir)
  - the Atomium, a model of an iron crystal, scale 150 billion:1. Category:Scientific modeling

Mach number

Mach number (Ma) (pronounced "mack" in British English and "mock" in American English) is defined as a ratio of speed to the speed of sound in the medium in case. The Mach number is commonly used both with objects travelling at high speed in a fluid, and with high-speed fluid flows inside channels such as nozzles, diffusers or wind tunnels. As it is defined as a ratio of two speeds, it is a dimensionless number. At standard sea level conditions, Mach 1 is 1,225 km/h (761.2 MPH) in the atmosphere. Since the speed of sound increases as the temperature increases, the actual speed of an object travelling at Mach 1 will depend on the fluid temperature around it. It can be shown that the Mach number is also the ratio of inertial forces (also referred to aerodynamic forces) to elastic forces. The Mach number is named after Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach.

High-speed flow around objects

High speed flight can be classified in five categories:
- Subsonic: Ma < 1
- Sonic: Ma = 1
- Transsonic: 1 < Ma < 1.2
- Supersonic: 1.2 < Ma < 5
- Hypersonic: Ma > 5 (For comparison: the required speed for low Earth orbit is ca. 7.5 km/s = Ma 22.06 in air at sea level) At transsonic speeds, the flow field around the object includes both sub- and supersonic parts. The transsonic regime begins when first zones of Ma>1 flow appear around the object. In case of an airfoil (such as an aircraft's wing), this typically happens above the wing. Supersonic flow can decelerate back to subsonic only in a normal shock; this typically happens before the trailing edge. (Fig.1a) As the velocity increases, the zone of Ma>1 flow increases towards both leading and trailing edges. As Ma=1 is reached and passed, the normal shock reaches the trailing edge and becomes a weak oblique shock: the flow decelerates over the shock, but remains supersonic. A normal shock is created ahead of the object, and the only subsonic zone in the flow field is a small area around the object's leading edge. (Fig.1b) Fig. 1. Mach number in transsonic airflow around an airfoil; Ma<1 (a) and Ma>1 (b). When an aircraft exceeds Mach 1 (i.e. the sound barrier) a large pressure difference is created just in front of the aircraft. This abrupt pressure difference, called a shock wave, spreads backward and outward from the aircraft in a cone shape (a so-called Mach cone). It is this shock wave that causes the sonic boom heard as fast moving aircraft travels overhead. A person inside the aircraft will not hear this. The higher the speed, the more narrow the cone; at just over Ma=1 it is hardly a cone at all, but closer to a slighly concave plane. At fully supersonic velocity the shock wave starts to take its cone shape, and flow is either completely supersonic, or (in case of a blunt object), only a very small subsonic flow area remains between the object's nose and the shock wave it creates ahead of itself. (In the case of a sharp object, there is no air between the nose and the shock wave: the shock wave starts from the nose.) As the Mach number increases, so does the strength of the shock wave and the Mach cone becomes increasingly narrow. As the fluid flow crosses the shock wave, its speed is reduced and temperature, pressure, and density increase. The stronger the shock, the greater the changes. At high enough Mach numbers the temperature increases so much over the shock that ionization and dissociation of gas molecules behind the shock wave begin. Such flows are called hypersonic. It is clear that any object travelling at hypersonic velocities will likewise be exposed to the same extreme temperatures as the gas behind the nose shock wave, and hence choice of heat-resistant materials becomes important.

High-speed flow in a channel

As a flow in a channel crosses Ma=1 becomes supersonic, one significant change takes place. Common sense would lead one to expect that contracting the flow channel would increase the flow speed and at subsonic speeds this holds true. However, once the flow becomes supersonic, the relationship of flow area and speed is reversed: expanding the channel actually increases the speed. The obvious result is that in order to accelerate a flow to supersonic, one needs a convergent-divergent nozzle, where the converging section accelerates the flow to Ma=1, and the diverging section continues the acceleration to supersonic. Such nozzles are called De Laval nozzles. Category:Fluid dynamics Category:Dimensionless numbers ja:マッハ数

External links


- [http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~alexeenk/GDT/index.html Gas Dynamics Toolbox] Calculate Mach number and normal shock wave parameters for mixtures of perfect and imperfect gases.

Pitot tube

A Pitot tube is a measuring instrument used to measure fluid flow. The Pitot tube is named after its inventor, Henri Pitot, and was modified to its modern form by Henry Darcy. Henry Darcy The basic instrument consists of two coaxial tubes: the interior tube is open to the flow (i.e. perpendicular), while the exterior tube is open at ninety degrees to the flow (i.e. parallel). A manometer can be used to measure the difference between these two pressures and using Bernoulli's equation the flow rate of the fluid can be calculated. The exterior tube, with an opening parallel to the flow, will register the Static Pressure. The interior tube, with an opening perpendicular to the flow, will register the Stagnation Pressure. Stagnation pressure is made up of Static Pressure plus Dynamic Pressure (caused by the force of the fluid flowing into the tube interior). By measuring the pressure DIFFERENCE between the Static Pressure (exterior tube) and the Stagnation pressure (interior tube) allows the velocity of the fluid flow to be determined.

See also


- Airspeed indicator
- Ventilation engineering Category:Measuring instruments Category:Aircraft instruments ja:ピトー管

Benjamin Robins

Benjamin Robins (1707–July 29, 1751), English man of science and engineer. Benjamin Robins was born at Bath. His parents were Quakers in poor circumstances, and gave him very little education. Having come to London by the advice of Dr. Henry Pemberton (1694 - 1771), who had recognized his talents, he for a time maintained himself by teaching mathematics, but soon devoted himself to engineering and the study of fortification. In particular he carried out an extensive series of experiments in gunnery, embodying his results in his famous treatise on New Principles in Gunnery (1742), which contains a description of his ballistic pendulum (see Chronograph). Robins also made a number of important experiments on the resistance of the air to the motion of projectiles, and on the force of gunpowder, with computation of the velocities thereby communicated to projectiles. He compared the results of his theory with experimental determinations of the ranges of mortars and cannon, and gave practical maxims for the management of artillery. He also made observations on the flight of rockets, and wrote on the advantages of rifled barrels. His work on gunnery was translated into German by Leonhard Euler, who added to it a critical commentary of his own. Of less interest nowadays are Robins's more purely mathematical writings, such as his Discourse concerning the Nature and Certainty of Sir Isaac Newton's Methods of Fluxions and of Prime and Ultimate Ratios (1735), A Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition of Sir Isaac Newton's Treatise of Quadratures (Phil. Trans., 1727), and similar works. Besides his scientific labors Robins took an active part in politics. He wrote pamphlets in support of the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and was secretary of a committee appointed by the House of Commons to inquire into the conduct of that minister. He also wrote a preface to the Report on the Proceedings of the Board of General Officers on their Examination into the Conduct of Lieutenant-General Sir John Cope, in which he gave an apology for the battle of Prestonpans. In 1749 he was appointed engineer-general to the East India Company, and went out to superintend the reconstruction of their forts; but his health soon failed, and he died at Fort St David. His works were published in two volumes in 1761.

References


-

External links


- Robins, Benjamin Robins, Benjamin Robins, Benjamin Robins, Benjamin Robins, Benjamin

1707

Events


- January 1 - John V is crowned King of Portugal
- March 26 - The Act of Union becomes law, making the separate Kingdoms of England and Scotland into one country, the Kingdom of Great Britain.
- April 25 - Allied army is defeated by Bourbonic army at Almansa (Spain) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
- September 29 - Four British Royal Navy ships run aground near Scilly Isles because of faulty navigation - Admiral Sir Cloddisley Shovel and thousands of sailors drown
- October 23 - First Parliament of Great Britain.
- A fortress is founded on the future site of Ust-Abakanskoye (modern Abakan).
- Mount Fuji in Japan erupts.
- The Lao empire of Lan Xang officially ends and splits into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak.

Births


- January 13 - John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork, Irish writer (d. 1762)
- February 1 - Frederick, Prince of Wales (d. 1751)
- February 14 - Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon, French novelist (d. 1777)
- February 25 - Carlo Goldoni, Italian playwright (d. 1793)
- March 7 - Stephen Hopkins, founding father of the United States (d. 1785)
- March 14 - Johan Ihre, Swedish philologist and historical linguist (d. 1780)
- March 23 - Henry Somerset, 3rd Duke of Beaufort (d. 1745)
- April 10 - John Pringle, Scottish physician (d. 1782)
- April 15 - Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician and physicist (d. 1783)
- April 22 - Henry Fielding, British novelist and dramatist (d. 1754)
- May 12 - Francisco Salzillo, Spanish sculptor (d. 1781)
- May 23 - Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (d. 1778)
- August 14 - Johann August Ernesti, German theologian and philologist (d. 1781)
- August 24 - Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, English Methodist leader (d. 1791)
- August 25 - King Louis of Spain (d. 1724)
- September 5 - John Forbes, British general (d. 1759)
- September 7 - Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French scientist (d. 1788)
- December 12 - Charles Wesley, English Methodist leader, brother of John Wesley (d. 1788)
- William Hoare, English painter (d. 1792)
- Moshe Chaim Luzzatto, Italian rabbi, mystic, and philosopher (d. 1746)

Deaths


- January 8 - John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair, Scottish politican (b. 1648)
- January 10 - Philibert, comte de Gramont, French writer (b. 1621)
- January 20 - Humphrey Hody, English theologian (b. 1659)
- March 3 - Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor of India (b. 1618)
- April 6 - William van de Velde, the Younger, Dutch painter (b. 1633)
- April 29 - George Farquhar, Irish dramatist (b. 1677)
- May 9 - Dietrich Buxtehude, German composer
- May 27 - Marquise de Montespan, mistress of King Louis XIV of France (b. 1641)
- June 23 - John Mill, English theologian
- August 18 - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (b. 1640)
- August 20 - Nicolas Gigault, French organist and composer (b. 1627)
- September 15 - George Stepney, British poet and diplomat (b. 1663)
- September 24 - Vicenzo da Filicaja, Italian poet (b. 1642)
- October 22 - Sir Cloudesley Shovell, British admiral (b. 1650)
- December 1 - Jeremiah Clarke, English composer (b. 1674)
- December 24 - Noël Coypel, French painter (b. 1628)
- December 27 - Jean Mabillon, French palaeographer and diplomat (b. 1632) Category:1707 ko:1707년 ms:1707

1871

1871 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April


- January 2 - Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
- January 10 - France surrenders to end the Franco-Prussian War
- January 18 - The member-states of the North German Confederation unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
- January 21 - Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops win in Dijon
- March 21 - Marriage of Princess Louise to John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India.
- March 22 - In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.
- March 26 - The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris.
- March 29 - The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
- April - Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.
- April 20 - President Ulysses Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act.

May - August


- May 11 - First trial of the case of Tichborne Claimant begins in the London Court of Common Pleas.
- May 21-30 - French Third Republic.government troops invade Paris Commune and crush the rebellion.
- July 20 - British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.
- July 20 - C. W. Alcock proposes that 'a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association', giving birth to the FA Cup.
- August 31 - Adolphe Thiers becomes President of the French Republic.

September - December


- October 8 - Three major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and Holland, Michigan
  - The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, burning 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) in one day, eventually destroying about 17,450 buildings, and killing about 250 people while leaving another 90,000 homeless.
  - The Peshtigo Fire burns 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) across six counties in one day and kills 1,200 to 2,500 people, making it the deadliest in United States history.
  - The Holland Fire destroys at least two towns.
- October 20 - The Royal Regiment of Artillery formed the first regular Canadian army units when they created two batteries of garrison artillery which eventually became The Royal Canadian Artillery.
- October 27 - The Comte de Chambord refuses to be crowned 'King Henry V of France' until France abandons its tricolour and returns to the old bourbon flag.
- October 27 - New York mayor Boss Tweed arrested
- October 27 - British occupy the Klipdrift in South Africa, ending the Klipdrift Republic
- November 10 - Henry Morton Stanley locates missing explorer and missionary, Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him saying "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"
- November 17 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
- December 10 - The German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.

Unknown date


- University Tests Act removes religious tests at Oxford and Cambridge.
- Trade Union Act - British trade unions legalized.
- Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.
- Japan forms its own police force based on French model.
- George Biddell Airy discovers astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.
- Abolition of the han system in Japan.
- William Marcy Tweed serves his last year as the "Boss" of Tammany Hall.
- Neath RFC founded
- Cary, North Carolina named in honor of Samuel Fenton Cary

Births


- January 7 - Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel, French mathematician and politician (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Wilfred Lucas, Canadian-born actor (d. 1940)
- February 4 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
- February 18 - Harry Brearley, English inventor (d. 1948)
- March 1 - Ben Harney, American composer and pianist (d. 1938)
- March 5 - Rosa Luxemburg, German politician (d. 1919)
- March 19 - Schofield Haigh, English cricketer (d. 1921)
- March 27 - Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)
- March 31 - Arthur Griffith, President of Ireland (d. 1922)
- May 3 - Walter Robinson Parr, English-born pastor (d. 1922)
- May 6 - Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate (d. 1935)
- May 6 - Christian Morgenstern, German author (d. 1914)
- May 27 - Georges Rouault, French painter and graphic artist (d. 1958)
- July 10 - Marcel Proust, French writer (d. 1922)
- July 17 - Lyonel Feininger, German painter (d. 1956)
- July 25 - Richard Ernest Turner, Canadian soldier (d. 1961)
- August 14 - Guangxu Emperor of China (d. 1908)
- August 19 - Orville Wright, American aviation pioneer (d. 1948)
- August 25 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (d. 1912)
- August 27 - Theodore Dreiser, American writer (d. 1945)
- August 29 - Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
- August 30 - Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1937)
- September 24 - Lottie Dod, English athlete (d. 1960)
- September 26 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist and animator (d. 1934)
- September 27 - Grazia Deledda, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1936)
- October 2 - Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
- October 30 - Paul Valéry, French poet (d. 1945)
- November 1 - Stephen Crane, American writer (d. 1900)
- December 9 - Joe Kelley, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1943)
- December 13 - Emily Carr, Canadian artist (d. 1945)

Deaths


- January 15 - Edward C. Delevan, American temperance movement leader (b. 1793)
- February 11 - Gaspard Théodore Ignace de la Fontaine, Luxembourg politician
- February 20 - Paul Kane, Irish-born painter (b. 1810)
- May 11 - John Herschel, English astronomer (b. 1792)
- September 20 - John Coleridge Patteson, Anglican bishop and missionary (martyred) (b. 1827)
- September 23 - Louis-Joseph Papineau, Canadian politician (b. 1786)
- October 18 - Charles Babbage, English mathematician and inventor (b. 1791)
- December 28 - John Henry Pratt, English clergyman and mathematician (b. 1809)
- March 18 - Augustus De Morgan, Professor of mathematics and mathematician (b. 1806) Category:1871 ko:1871년 simple:1871

1901

1901 (MCMI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-March


- January 1 - World celebrates what is regarded as the start of the new century. (Zero-ists' argument that new century should be celebrated in 1900 rejected worldwide).
- January 1 - The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.
- January 1 - Nigeria becomes a British protectorate
- January 7 - Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism
- January 10 - The first great Texas gusher, oil discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas Beaumont, Texas
- January 22 - Death of Queen Victoria. Her eldest son, Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales becomes King, reigning as King Edward VII. His son, Prince George, Duke of York becomes Duke of Cornwall.
- February 20 - The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
- February 25 - J.P. Morgan incorporates the United States Steel Corporation.
- March 2 - The U.S. Congress passes the Platt amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.
- March 6 - In Bremen an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany.
- March 17 - A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.

April-June


- April 25 - New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates.
- May 5 - Official end of the Caste War of Yucatàn, although mayan skirmishers will continue sporadic fighting for the next decade.
- May 9 - Australia opens its first parliament in Melbourne.
- May 27 - In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.
- June 2 - Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan
- June 12 - Cuba becomes US protectorate

July-September


- July 4 - The 1,282 foot (390 meters) covered bridge crossing the St.John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world.
- July 24 - O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving three years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas.
- August 21 - The Cadillac Motor Company formed in Detroit, Michigan, USA
- September 2 - Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" at the Minnesota State Fair.
- September 5 - The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago, Illinois.
- September 6 - American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots and fatally wounds US President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies there eight days later.
- September 7 - The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Peking Protocol.
- September 9 - Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd, was prime minister of South Africa from 1958 - 1966 (d. September 6 1966)
- September 14 - With the death of William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt succeeds him as President of the United States.

October-December

President of the United States
- October 2 - Royal Navy's first submarine launched at Barrow
- October 24 – Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives
- October 29 - In Amherst, Massachusetts nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.
- October 29 - Capital punishment: Leon Czolgosz, the assassin of US President William McKinley, is executed by electrocution.
- November 9 - Prince George, Duke of Cornwall becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.
- November 15 - Miller Reese Hutchinson patents Acousticon, a heavy hearing-aid prototype
- November 27 - U.S. Army War College is established.
- December 3 - US President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress curb the power of trusts "within reasonable limits".
- December 10 – Marie Curie receives doctorate. The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm.
- December 12 - Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal in Newfoundland, Canada; it is Morse code for the letter "S."

Unknown dates


- In the United Kingdom, Factory Act forbids child labor under 12
- Two typhoid outbreaks in USA
- Winston Churchill enters the House of Commons
- In Germany, Eugen Hollander makes the first known facelift to a Polish noblewoman
- Scotland Yard creates a fingerprint archive
- Cleveland Indians founded
- Europium discovered by Eugène-Antole Demarçay
- First prototype Harley-Davidson created
- Okapi discovered (previously known only to local natives)
- Independent Maya of Eastern Yucatán surrender to Mexico
- American Standard Version Bible first published.
- Intercollegiate Prohibition Association established in Chicago, Illinois.
- Mordecai Ham, American evangelist enters ministry.

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Ngo Dinh Diem, 1st President of South Vietnam (d. 1963)
- January 4 - CLR James, Trinidad-born writer and journalist (d. 1989)
- January 14 - Bebe Daniels, American actress (d. 1971)
- January 16 - Frank Zamboni, American inventor (d. 1988)
- January 26 - Stuart Symington, American politician (d. 1988)
- January 29 - E. P. Taylor, Canadian business tycoon (d. 1989)
- January 30 - Rudolf Caracciola, German race car driver (d. 1959)
- February 1 - Clark Gable, American actor (d. 1960)
- February 2 - Jascha Heifetz, Lithuanian violinist (d. 1987)
- February 10 - Stella Adler, American actress (d. 1992)
- February 25 - Zeppo Marx, American comedian (d. 1979)
- February 27 - Horatio Luro, Argentine horse trainer (d. 1991)
- February 28 - Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (d. 1994)
- March 4 - Charles Goren, American bridge player (d. 1991)
- March 17 - Alfred Newman, American film composer (d. 1970)
- March 21 - Karl Arnold, German politician (d. 1958)
- March 22 - Greta Kempton, American artist (d. 1991)
- March 24 - Ub Iwerks, American cartoonist (d. 1971)
- March 27 - Carl Barks, American cartoonist (d. 2000)
- March 27 - Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963)
- March 27 - Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975)
- March 27 - Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)

April-June


- April 1 - Whittaker Chambers, American spy (d. 1961)
- April 29 - Emperor Hirohito of Japan (d. 1989)
- April 30 - Simon Kuznets, Ukrainian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- May 5 - Blind Willie McTell, American singer (d. 1959)
- May 7 - Gary Cooper, American actor (d. 1961)
- May 17 - Werner Egk, German composer (d. 1983)
- May 18 - Vincent du Vigneaud, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- May 20 - Max Euwe, Dutch chess player (d. 1981)
- May 21 - Horace Heidt, American bandleader (d. 1986)
- May 21 - Sam Jaffe, American film producer (d. 2000)
- June 3 - Chang Hsüeh-liang, Chinese military leader (d. 2001)
- June 17 - F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas, English World War II hero (d. 1964)
- June 18 - Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia (d. 1918)
- June 24 - Harry Partch, American composer (d. 1974)
- June 29 - Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (d. 1967)

July-September


- July 9 - Dame Barbara Cartland English novelist (d. 2000)
- July 17 - Bruno Jasieński, Polish poet (d. 1938)
- July 20 - Heinie Manush, baseball player (d. 1971)
- July 31 - Jean Dubuffet, French painter (d. 1985)
- August 4 - Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971)
- August 8 - Ernest Lawrence, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
- August 10 - Franco Dino Rasetti Italian scientist (d.2001)
- August 18 - Jean Guitton, French writer and philosopher (d. 1999)
- August 20 - Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1968)
- September 9 - James Blades, English percussionist (d. 1999)
- September 12 - Ben Blue, Canadian comedian and actor (d. 1975)
- September 15 - Sir Donald Bailey, British civil engineer (d. 1985)
- September 22 - Charles B. Huggins, Canadian-born cancer researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1997)
- September 23 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- September 29 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1954)
- September 29 - Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet, and activist (d. 1981)

October-December


- October 2 - Kiki, French singer (d. 1953)
- October 10 - Alberto Giacometti, Swiss sculptor (d. 1966)
- November 3 - Léopold III of Belgium (d. 1983)
- November 4 - Yi, Bang-ja, Crown Princess of Korea (d. 1989)
- November 22 - Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (d. 1999)
- December 5 - Walt Disney, American animator and film producer (d. 1966)
- December 5 - Werner Heisenberg, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1976)
- December 16 - Margaret Mead, American cultural anthropologist (d. 1978)
- December 19 - Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
- December 25- Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester (d. 2004)
- December 31 - Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
- Nadezhda Alliluyeva-Stalin, second wife of Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin (d. 1932)

Deaths


- January 11 - Vasily Kalinnikov, Russian composer (b. 1866)
- January 21 - Elisha Gray, American inventor and appliance manufacturer (b. 1835)
- January 22 - Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India (b. 1819)
- January 27 - Giuseppe Verdi, Italian composer (b. 1813)
- February 11 - King Milan I of Serbia (b. 1854)
- February 22 - George Francis FitzGerald, Irish mathematician (b. 1851)
- March 13 - Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President of the United States (b. 1833)
- April 3 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, English impresario (b. 1844)
- June 2 - George Leslie Mackay, Canadian missionary (b. 1844)
- July 4 - Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (b. 1843)
- August 5 - Victoria, Empress of Germany (b. 1840)
- August 24 - Clara Maass, American Nurse (d. 1876)
- September 5 - Ignacij Klemenčič, Slovenian physicist (b. 1853)
- September 9 - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, French painter (b. 1864)
- September 14 - William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1843)
- October 1 - Abdur Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan
- October 10 - Lorenzo Snow, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1814)
- October 29 - Leon Czolgosz assassin of U.S. President William McKinley (b. 1873)
- November 7 - Li Hongzhang, Chinese general (b. 1823)
- November 30 - Edward John Eyre, English explorer (b. 1815)
- December 1 - George Lohmann, English cricketer (tuberculosis) (b. 1865)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
- Chemistry - Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
- Medicine - Emil Adolf von Behring
- Literature - Sully Prudhomme
- Peace - Jean Henri Dunant, Frédéric Passy Category:1901 ko:1901년 ms:1901 ja:1901年 simple:1901 th:พ.ศ. 2444

Wright Flyer

The Wright Flyer (often retrospectively referred to as Flyer I and occasionally Kitty Hawk) was the first powered aircraft designed and built by the Wright Brothers. It is generally considered the first successful powered, piloted aircraft.

Design and construction

Wright Brothers The Flyer was based on the Wrights' experience testing gliders at Kitty Hawk between 1900 and 1902. Their last glider, the 1902 Glider, led directly to the design of the Flyer. The Wrights built the aircraft in 1903. Since they could find no suitable automobile engine for the task, they commissioned their employee Charlie Taylor to build a new design from scratch. A sprocket chain drive, borrowing from bicycle technology, powered the twin propellers, which were also made by hand. The Flyer was a canard biplane configuration. The pilot flew lying on his stomach on the lower wing with his head toward the front of the craft. He steered by moving a cradle attached to his hips. The cradle pulled wires which warped the wings and turned the rudder. The Flyer's "runway" was a track of 2x4s stood on their narrow end, which the brothers nicknamed the "Junction Railroad."

Flight tests at Kitty Hawk

Upon returning to Kitty Hawk in 1903, the Wrights completed assembly of the Flyer while practicing on the 1902 Glider from the previous season. On December 14, 1903, they felt ready for their first attempt at powered flight. They tossed a coin to decide who would get the first chance at piloting, and Wilbur won the toss. However, he pulled up too sharply, stalled, and brought the Flyer back down with minor damage. The repairs for the abortive first flight took three days, so that the Flyer was ready again on December 17. Since Wilbur had had his chance, Orville took his turn at the controls. His first flight lasted 12 seconds for a total distance of 120 feet (36.5 meters). Taking turns, the Wrights made four brief, low-altitude flights on that day. The last, by Wilbur, lasted 59 seconds and covered 853 feet (260 meters). Soon after this flight, a heavy gust picked up the Flyer and tumbled it end over end, damaging it beyond any hope of quick repair.

The Flyer after Kitty Hawk

The Wright Brothers returned home to Dayton for Christmas after the flights of the Flyer. While they had abandoned their other gliders, they realized the historical significance of the Flyer. They crated it and shipped it back to Dayton, where it stayed in storage for 13 years. It was inundated in a flood in 1913. In 1916, Orville brought the Flyer out of storage and prepared it for display at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (Wilbur had died in 1912.) He replaced parts of the covering, the props, and the engine's crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel.

Debate with the Smithsonian

The Smithsonian Institution refused to give credit to the Wright Brothers for the first powered, controlled flight of an aircraft. Instead, they honored Samuel Pierpont Langley, whose 1903 tests of his own Aerodrome design on the Potomac were not successful. In 1914, a heavily modified Aerodrome had flown from Lake Keuka, providing the Smithsonian a basis for its claim. Lake Keuka In 1925, Orville attempted to shame the Smithsonian into recognizing his accomplishment by threatening to send the Flyer to the Science Museum in London. The threat did not have its intended affect, and the Flyer went on display in the museum in 1928. During the Second World War, it was moved to an underground vault 100 miles from London where England's other treasures were kept safe from the conflict. The Smithsonian Institution published in 1942 a retraction of its long-held stance that Langley had made the first flight. The next year, Orville agreed to return the Flyer to the United States. The Flyer stayed at the Science Museum until a replica could be built, based on the original.

In the Smithsonian

Second World War The Flyer was put on display in the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian on December 17, 1948, 45 years after the aircraft's only flights. (Orville did not live to see this, as he died in January of that year.) In 1976, it was moved to the Milestones of Flight Gallery of the new National Air and Space Museum, where it remains on display. In 1985, the Flyer underwent a thorough restoration supervised by curator of aircraft Robert Mikesh and assisted by Wright Brothers expert Tom Crouch. The wooden framework was cleaned, and corrosion on metal parts removed. The covering was the only part of the aircraft replaced. To preserve the original paint on the engine, the restorers coated it in inert wax before putting on a new coat of paint.

Flyer Replicas

Tom Crouch wind tunnel.]] A number of individuals and groups have attempted to build reconstructions of the Wright Flyer for demonstration or scientific purposes. In 1978, 23-year-old Ken Kellett built a replica Flyer in Colorado and flew it at Kitty Hawk on the 75th and 80th anniversaries of the first flight there. Construction took a year and cost $3,000. As the 100th anniversary on December 17, 2003 approached, the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission along with other organizations opened bids for companies to recreate the original flight. The Wright Experience, led by Ken Hyde, won the bid and painstakingly recreated replicas of the original Flyer plus many of the prototype gliders and kites as well as several subsequent Wright airplanes. The completed Flyer replica was brought to Kitty Hawk and pilot Kevin Kochersberger attempted to recreate the original flight at 10:35 AM December 17, 2003 from Kill Devil Hill. Although the aircraft had previously made several successful test flights, sour weather, rain, and weak winds prevented a successful flight on the actual anniversary date. Numerous nonflying replicas are on display around the United States and across the world, making this perhaps the most replicated single aircraft in history.

Media

References


- Hise, Phaedra, "In Search of the Real Wright Flyer." Air&Space/Smithsonian, January 2003, pp. 22-29.
- Jakab, Peter L., "The Original," Air&Space/Smithsonian, March, 2003, pp. 34-39.

External links:


- http://wright.nasa.gov/
- http://www.wrightflyer.org/
- http://www.wrightexperience.com/

Related content

Related development: Comparable aircraft: Designation sequence: Flyer - Flyer II - Flyer III Category:Notable aircraft ja:ライトフライヤー号 Category:U.S. experimental aircraft 1900-1909

Peenemünde

Peenemünde is a village in the northeast of the German island of Usedom. It stands near the mouth(s) of the Peene river, on the easternmost part of the German Baltic coast.

Rocket facility

During World War II, Peenemünde hosted the Heeresversuchsanstalt, an extensive rocket development and test site established in 1937. Prior to that date the team headed by Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger had worked in Kummersdorf, south of Berlin. However, Kummersdorf proved too small for testing. Peenemünde, located on the coast, permitted the launching of rockets and their subsequent monitoring across about 200 miles of open water. Between 1937 and 1945 the Peenemünders developed many of the basics of rocket technology and two weapons, the V-1 and the V-2. Test-firing of the first V-1 occurred in early 1942 and the first V-2 (then called the A-4) first flew on October 3, 1942, from Prüfstand VII. The German Luftwaffe ran the V-1 cruise missile experiments in Peenemünde west, whereas the Heer (army) ran the ballistic missile development (V-2) project. ballistic missile The Peenemünde establishment also developed other techniques, such as the first closed-circuit television system in the world, installed at Test Stand VII to track the launching rockets. In the course of World War II some heavy air-raids targeted the site, including an attack by almost 500 RAF heavy bombers on the night of 16 - 17 August, 1943 ("Operation Hydra"). This raid killed some 700 staff, including Walter Thiel, the head of engine development. This raid prompted the moving of the production of the V rockets underground. In spite of the raids, many technical installations in Peenemünde remained intact at the end of World War II, because most of the bombs landed on the housing areas and on the camps for foreign workers. Much controversy exists over how the Allies found out about Peenemünde. The official British version states that air reconnaissance collected all the information. However, witnesses and documents state that Polish underground army (Armia Krajowa or AK) intelligence and some information from others (including a Danish pilot who photographed something looking like a V rocket nearby) unmasked Peenemünde. British intelligence for years denied that it received any information about Peenemünde from Poland. However copies of reports emerged after the war in Poland. R. V. Jones contradicted himself: first he denied that fact, and later in his book The Wizard War he wrote that many bombs fell on camps of foreign workers who gave the allies information; he failed to point out that these Polish workers had AK membership. Within the last few years Polish politicians and historians have demanded access to British archives (since Britain held archives of most if not all AK reports). So far the British authorities have answered that all AK reports were destroyed. Apart from Peenemünde, other sites in Germany saw noteworthy rocket launches. Some took place between 1957 and 1964 at Cuxhaven and between 1988 and 1992 at Zingst.

Peenemünde after World War II

At the end of World War II von Braun and most of the scientists fled westwards to ensure their capture by the Americans. The Soviets and British captured the site and most of the technicians, who feared trial for war crimes for the V-2 attacks on London. In accordance with an agreement, the Red Army destroyed the site with explosives. Most destruction of the technical facilities of Peenemünde took place between 1948 and 1961. Only the power station, in what has now become a museum, the airport, and the railway link to Zinnowitz remained functional. The plant for production of liquid oxygen lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemünde. Very little remains of most of the other buildings and facilities. That historical-technical information center Peenemuende is since 1992 the museum in the shelter control room and the area of the former power station, which is concerned with history from Peenemuende and in particular there between the rocket development between 1936 and 1945. Special show pieces are the reproduction of the Fieseler Fi-103 and the A4-Rakete in the free area of the museum.

Peenemünde in fiction

In Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow, Peenemünde plays an important role. In the fictional world of Harry Turtledove's Colonization series, Peenemünde survives World War II and becomes a major space launch center like Cape Canaveral and Baikonur. In the comic Ministry of Space by Warren Ellis, Peenemünde is captured by the British, who make use of the scientists caught to start a British space programme.

External links


- [http://www.dnai.com/~salski/No05-06Folder/Jedd-Poland-Contribution.htm Pro-Polish site]
- http://www.v2rocket.com/ Category:Big Science Category:Rocket launch sites Category:Towns in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Category:Vergeltungswaffen



Spaceshipone

:For information about the design of SpaceShipOne, and on related projects and commercial ventures, see Tier One. Tier One The Scaled Composites Model 316 SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched suborbital spaceplane that uses a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique "shuttlecock" reentry system whose half-delta wing folds upward at the center of its twin tail booms; this increases drag while remaining stable. It was developed by Scaled Composites, Burt Rutan's aviation company, in their Tier One program, without government funding. On June 21, 2004, it made the first privately-funded human spaceflight, and on October 4, it won the $10-million Ansari X Prize, by reaching 100 kilometers in altitude twice in a two-week period with the equivalent of three people on board, with no more than ten percent of the non-fuel weight of the spacecraft replaced between flights. The achievements of SpaceShipOne are more comparable to the X-15 than orbiting spacecraft like the Space Shuttle. Accelerating a spacecraft to orbital speed requires more than 30 times as much energy as lifting it to 100 km.

History

orbital speed SpaceShipOne is registered with the FAA as N328KF. 'N' is the prefix for US-registered aircraft; '328KF' was chosen by Scaled Composites to stand for 328 (k) feet (about 100 kilometers, the officially designated edge of space). The original choice of registry number, N100KM, was already taken. N328KF is registered as a glider, reflecting the fact that most of its independent flight is unpowered. All of its flights have been from the Mojave Airport Civilian Flight Test Center. SpaceShipOne's first flight, 01C, was an unmanned captive carry flight test on May 20 2003. Glide tests followed, starting with flight 03G on August 7, 2003. The first powered flight, flight 11P, was made on December 17, 2003, the 100th anniversary of the first powered flight. On April 1, 2004, Scaled Composites received the first license for sub-orbital piloted rocket flights to be issued by the US Department of Transportation. This license permits the company to conduct powered test flights for one year. On June 17, 2004, Mojave Airport reclassified itself (part-time) as the Mojave Spaceport. Flight 15P on June 21, 2004, was SpaceShipOne's first spaceflight, and the first privately funded human spaceflight. Ansari X Prize flights followed, with flight 17P on October 4, 2004, winning the prize.

Pilots

The SpaceShipOne pilots are:
- Brian Binnie
- Mike Melvill
- Doug Shane
- Peter Siebold The pilots come from a variety of aerospace backgrounds. Melvill is a test pilot, Binnie was a Navy pilot, and Shane and Siebold are engineers at Scaled Composites. They have qualified to fly SpaceShipOne by training on the Tier One flight simulator and in White Knight and other Scaled Composites aircraft.

Flights

Scaled Composites test of the two-vehicle system. The two vehicles have identical cockpits, as can be seen from the pattern of windows.]] Flights of SpaceShipOne are numbered, starting with flight 01 on May 20 2003. One or two letters are appended to the number to indicate the type of mission. An appended C indicates that the flight was a captive carry, G indicates an unpowered glide, and P indicates a powered flight. If the actual flight differs in category from the intended flight, two letters are appended: the first indicating the intended mission and the second the mission actually performed. In the table below, the "top speed" reported is the Mach number at burn-out (the end of the rocket burn). This is not an absolute speed.

Specifications (SpaceShipOne)

General characteristics


- Crew: one pilot (capable of taking 3)
- Length: 5 m
- Wingspan: 5 m
- Height:
- Core Diameter: 1.52 m
- Wing area: 15 m²
- Empty: 1,200 kg
- Loaded: 3,600 kg
- Maximum takeoff:
- Powerplant: 1x N2O/HTPB SpaceDev Hybrid Solid rocket engine, 7,500 kgf (74 kN) thrust. Isp: 250 s (2.5 km/s) Burn time: 87 seconds

Performance


- Maximum speed: Mach 3.09 (3,518 km/h)
- Range: 65 km
- Service ceiling: 112,000 m
- Rate of climb: 25,000 m/min
- Wing loading: 240 kg/m²
- Thrust-to-Weight: 20 N/kg
  - Most info from astronautix.com

Related content

Related development: Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo – Scaled Composites Model 318 Comparable aircraft: Designation sequence: SpaceShipOne — SpaceShipTwo — SpaceShipThree

Watching SpaceShipOne fly

SpaceShipThree, 2004.]] SpaceShipOne's spaceflights have been watched by large crowds at Mojave Spaceport. On July 25, 2005 SpaceShipOne landed at the Oshkosh Airshow in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. After the airshow, the aircraft was flown to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum to be put on display. It was unveiled on Wednesday October 5, 2005 in the Milestones of Flight gallery and is now on display to the public.

Future


- Flight 18P of SpaceShipOne was a spaceflight in the Tier One program that was anticipated to take place on October 13 2004. Future flights of SpaceShipOne are no longer anticipated to occur, however an extensive flight program was originally envisioned to proceed after the X2 flight, before retirement to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum. However, it appears that Burt Rutan decided not to risk damage to the historic craft.

External links


- [http://scaled.com/projects/tierone/index.htm Tier One home page] at Scaled Composites's website
  - Flight profile [http://scaled.com/projects/tierone/data_sheets/PDF/SS1_flight_profile.pdf in PDF format] and [http://scaled.com/projects/tierone/data_sheets/html/images/lithograph---SS1_flight_profile.jpg in JPG format]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsa/n5ctrl/events04/sci/spaceship1/nb_60km.ram SpaceShipOne video footage] of flight 14P
- [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20040531/xprize.html Private Craft to Shoot for Space by Irene Mona Klotz, Discovery News]
- [http://www.wired.com/news/space/0,2697,64123,00.html Wired News: SpaceShipOne Back on Course]
- [http://162.58.35.241/acdatabase/NNumSQL.asp?NNumbertxt=328KF SpaceShipOne's FAA registration]
- [http://www.xprize.org The Ansari X Prize]
- [http://www.DesertTurtle.com SpaceShipOne documentary DVD - Mojave Magic]
  - [http://www.DesertTurtle.com/Song.html Song I Want To Go In A Space Ship about SpaceShipOne from Mojave Magic]
  - [http://www.DesertTurtle.com/Oshkosh.html Video of Burt Rutan singing the song at the 2005 Oshkosh airshow] Category:Spaceplanes Category:Rocket-powered aircraft Category:Manned spacecraft Category:Tier One SpaceShipOne Category:Parasite aircraft Category:U.S. experimental aircraft 2000-2009 ms:SpaceShipOne ja:スペース・シップ・ワン

Moffett Field, California

Moffett Federal Airfield , also known as Moffett Field, is a private airport located 3 miles (5 km) north of Mountain View, in Alameda County, California, USA. The airport is near the south end of San Francisco Bay, immediately north of San Jose. This former United States Navy base is now owned and operated by the NASA Ames Research Center. Moffett Field's "Hangar One" (built during the Depression era for the USS Macon) and the row of World War II blimp hangars are still some of the largest unsupported structures in the country. Hanger One is a Bay Area landmark. Plans to convert it to a space and science center have been put on hold with the discovery in 2003 that the paint on the outside is leaching toxic chemicals. There are also concerns about substantial amounts of asbestos in the structure. The hangar has been closed ever since and is now threatened with demolition, although various concerned groups are fighting to save it.

History

In 1931, Mountain View, California and Sunnyvale, California acquired a 1,000 acre (4 km²) parcel of land bordering San Francisco Bay, then "sold" the parcel for $1 to the US government as a home base for the Navy airship USS Macon. The base, originally named Airbase Sunnyvale CAL, was accepted by the U.S. Navy on Feb 12, 1931 and dedicated NAS Sunnyvale on April 12, 1933. After the death of Rear Admiral William A. Moffett in the loss of the USS Akron on April 4, 1933, the Naval Air Station was renamed NAS Moffett Field on Sept 1, 1933. After the ditching of the Macon on February 12, 1935, and until 1941, Moffett Field was under the control of the U.S. Army Air Corps. From the end of World War II until its close, NAS Moffett Field saw several generations of anti-submarine warfare aircraft, including the Lockheed P2V Neptune and P-3 Orion. Until the demise of the USSR and for some time thereafter, daily anti-submarine sorties flew out from Moffett Field to patrol along the Pacific coastline. Pacific In 1960, the nearby Air Force Satellite Test Center was created adjacent to Moffett. It is operational today as Onizuka Air Force Station. On July 1, 1994, Moffett Field was closed as a military base and turned over to NASA Ames Research Center. NASA Ames now operates the facility as Moffett Federal Airfield. Though not an active military installation anymore, Moffett is still not accessible to the public. Moffett Airfield has seen very light air traffic, especially since the turn of the millennium. This might be due to its relative proximity to Travis Air Force Base. Moffett is regularly used to land Air Force One during presidential visits to the Bay Area.

Facilities

Moffett Federal Airfield has two runways:
- Runway 14L/32R: 9,202 x 200 ft. (2,805 x 61 m), Surface: Concrete
- Runway 14R/32L: 8,127 x 200 ft. (2,477 x 61 m), Surface: Asphalt

External links


- [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/moffett.htm Moffett Field] page at GlobalSecurity.org
- [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/ NASA Ames Research Center]
- [http://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/ Moffett Field Museum] Category:Airports in California Category:United States Navy bases Category:Santa Clara County, California

Tullahoma, Tennessee

Tullahoma is a city located in Coffee County, Tennessee, in the south-central part of the state. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 17,994. The 2004 census estimate is 18,677. It is recognized as one of the country's micropolitan areas, smaller towns which nevertheless function as significant economic hubs.

History

Tullahoma was founded in 1852 as a work camp along the new Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. Its name is taken from a local Native American language, probably Choctaw, but its exact meaning is uncertain. Consequently, it is one of the few towns in the world which shares its name with no other pla