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Corm

Corm

market]] A corm is a short, vertical, swollen underground stem of a plant (usually one of the monocots) that serves as a storage organ to enable the plant to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (estivation). A corm is typically surrounded by protective skins or tunics. Inside, a corm is mostly starch-containing parenchyma cells. Corms can be dug up and used to propagate or redistribute the plant (see, for example, taro). Externally, they are often similar in appearance to bulbs, and erroneously called by that name, but internally their solid tissue easily distinguishes them from bulbs, which are visibly layered. Cultivated plants that form corms include;
- Many plants of the family Iridaceae grown for their flowers, including Crocus, Gladiolus, Iris, and Montbretia
- Many plants of several families grown as root vegetables; see that article for a list.

Plant

- Land plants (embryophytes)
- Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)
- Marchantiophyta - liverworts
- Anthocerotophyta - hornworts
- Bryophyta - mosses
- Vascular plants (tracheophytes)
- Lycopodiophyta - clubmosses
- Equisetophyta - horsetails
- Pteridophyta - "true" ferns
- Psilotophyta - whisk ferns
- Ophioglossophyta - adderstongues
- Seed plants (spermatophytes)
- †Pteridospermatophyta - seed ferns
- Pinophyta - conifers
- Cycadophyta - cycads
- Ginkgophyta - ginkgo
- Gnetophyta - gnetae
- Magnoliophyta - flowering plants Magnoliophyta Plants are a major group of living things (about 300,000 species), including familiar organisms such as trees, flowers, herbs, and ferns. Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move or have sensory organs, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the Kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these are still often considered plants in many contexts. Indeed, any attempt to match "plant" with a single taxon is doomed to fail, because plant is a vaguely defined concept unrelated to the presumed phylogenic concepts on which modern taxonomy is based.

Embryophytes

:See main article at Embryophytes Most familiar are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. They include the vascular plants, plants with full systems of leaves, stems, and roots. They also include a few of their close relatives, often called bryophytes, of which mosses and liverworts are the most common. All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from green algae, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non-reproductive tissues. Bryophytes first appeared during the early Palaeozoic. They can only survive where moisture is available for significant periods, although some species are desiccation tolerant. Most species of bryophyte remain small throughout their life-cycle. This involves an alternation between two generations: a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte. The sporophyte is short-lived and remains dependent on its parent gametophyte. Vascular plants first appeared during the Silurian period, and by the Devonian had diversified and spread into many different land environments. They have a number of adaptations that allowed them to overcome the limitations of the bryophytes. These include a cuticle resistant to desiccation, and vascular tissues which transport water throughout the organism. In most the sporophyte acts as a separate individual, while the gametophyte remains small. Devonians (Pteridophyta) more closely allied to seed plants than they are to clubmosses (Lycopodiophyta)]] The first primitive seed plants, Pteridosperms (seed ferns) and Cordaites, both groups now extinct, appeared in the late Devonian and diversified through the Carboniferous, with further evolution through the Permian and Triassic periods. In these the gametophyte stage is completely reduced, and the sporophyte begins life inside an enclosure called a seed, which develops while on the parent plant, and with fertilisation by means of pollen grains. Whereas other vascular plants, such as ferns, reproduce by means of spores and so need moisture to develop, some seed plants can survive and reproduce in extremely arid conditions. Early seed plants are referred to as gymnosperms (naked seeds), as the seed embryo is not enclosed in a protective structure at pollination, with the pollen landing directly on the embryo. Four surviving groups remain widespread now, particularly the conifers, which are dominant trees in several biomes. The angiosperms, comprising the flowering plants, were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the Jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the Cretaceous. These differ in that the seed embryo is enclosed, so the pollen has to grow a tube to penetrate the protective seed coat; they are the predominant group of flora in most biomes today.

Algae and Fungi

The algae comprise several different groups of organisms that produce energy through photosynthesis. However, they are not classified within the kingdom plantae but in the kingdom protista instead. The most conspicuous are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that often closely resemble terrestrial plants, but as stated above are not plants, found among the green, red, and brown algae. These and other algal groups also include various single-celled creatures and forms that are simple collections of cells, without differentiated tissues. Many can move about, and some have even lost their ability to photosynthesize; when first discovered, these were considered as both plants and animals. Now they are considered neither, but protists. The embryophytes developed from green algae; the two are collectively referred to as the green plants or Viridiplantae. The kingdom Plantae is now usually taken to mean this monophyletic group, as shown above. With a few exceptions among the green algae, all such forms have cell walls containing cellulose and chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, and store food in the form of starch. They undergo closed mitosis without centrioles, and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. The same is true of the red algae, and the two groups are generally believed to have a common origin. In contrast, most other algae have chloroplasts with three or four membranes. They are not in general close relatives of the green plants, acquiring chloroplasts separately from ingested or symbiotic green and red algae. Unlike embryophytes and algae, fungi are not photosynthetic, but are saprophytes: they obtain their food by breaking down and absorbing surrounding materials. Most fungi are formed by microscopic tubes called hyphae, which may or may not be divided into cells but contain eukaryotic nuclei. Fruiting bodies, of which mushrooms are the most familiar, are actually only the reproductive structures of fungi. They are not related to any of the photosynthetic groups, but are close relatives of animals. Therefore, fungus has a kingdom of its own.

Importance

The photosynthesis and carbon fixation conducted by land plants and algae are the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all habitats. These processes also radically changed the composition of the Earth's atmosphere, which as a result contains a large proportion of oxygen. Animals and most other organisms are aerobic, relying on oxygen; those that do not are confined to relatively few, anaerobic environments. Much of human nutrition depends on cereals. Other plants that are eaten include fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. Some vascular plants, referred to as trees and shrubs, produce woody stems and are an important source of building material. A number of plants are used decoratively, including a variety of flowers.

Growth

It is a common misconception that most of the solid material in a plant is taken from the soil, when in fact almost all of it is actually taken from the air. Through a process known as photosynthesis, plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the air into simple sugars. These sugars are then used as building blocks and form the main structural component of the plant. Plants rely on soil primarily for water (in quantitative terms), but also obtain nitrogen, phosphorus and other crucial nutrients. phosphorus Simple plants like algae may have short life spans as individuals, but their populations are commonly seasonal. Other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern:
- Annual: live and reproduce within one growing season.
- Biennial: live for two growing seasons; usually reproduce in second year.
- Perennial: live for many growing seasons; continue to reproduce once mature. Among the vascular plants, perennials include both evergreens that keep their leaves the entire year, and deciduous plants which lose their leaves for some part. In temperate and boreal climates, they generally lose their leaves during the winter; many tropical plants lose their leaves during the dry season. The growth rate of plants is extremely variable. Some mosses grow less than 0.001 mm/h, while most trees grow 0.025-0.250 mm/h. Some climbing species, such as kudzu, which do not need to produce thick supportive tissue, may grow up to 12.5 mm/h.

Fossils

Plant fossils include roots, wood, leaves, seeds, fruit, pollen, spores, phytoliths, and amber (the fossilized resin produced by some plants). Fossil land plants are recorded in terrestrial, lacustrine, fluvial and nearshore marine sediments. Pollen, spores and algae (dinoflagellates and acritarchs) are used for dating sedimentary rock sequences. The remains of fossil plants are not as common as fossil animals, although plant fossils are locally abundant in many regions worldwide. Early fossils of these ancient plants show the individual cells within the plant tissue. The Devonian period also saw the evolution of what many believe to be the first modern tree, Archaeopteris. This fern-like tree combined a woody trunk with the fronds of a fern, but produced no seeds. Archaeopteris The Coal Measures are a major source of Palaeozoic plant fossils, with many groups of plants in existence at this time. The spoil heaps of coal mines are the best places to collect; coal itself is the remains of fossilised plants, though structural detail of the plant fossils is rarely visible in coal. In the Fossil Forest at Victoria Park in Glasgow, Scotland, the stumps of Lepidodendron trees are found in their original growth positions. The fossilized remains of conifer and angiosperm roots, stems and branches may be locally abundant in lake and inshore sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic and Caenozoic eras. Sequoia and its allies, magnolia, oak, and palms are often found. Petrified wood is common in some parts of the world, and is most frequently found in arid or desert areas were it is more readily exposed by erosion. Petrified wood is often heavily silicified (the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detail. Such specimens may be cut and polished using lapidary equipment. Fossil forests of petrified wood have been found in all continents. Fossils of seed ferns such as Glossopteris are widely distributed throughout several continents of the southern hemisphere, a fact that gave support to Alfred Wegener's early ideas regarding Continental drift theory.

Distribution

References and further reading

- Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8.
- Raven, Peter H., Evert, Ray F., & Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of Plants (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
- Taylor, Thomas N. & Taylor, Edith L. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-651589-4.

External links

- [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Green_plants&contgroup=Eukaryotes Tree of Life]
- Chaw, S.-M. et al. [http://mbe.library.arizona.edu/data/1997/1401/7chaw.pdf Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences (pdf file)] Molec. Biol. Evol. 14 (1): 56-68. 1997.
- [http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/phylogeny/cronq88.html Interactive Cronquist classification]

Botanical and vegetation databases

- [http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North America and others)]
- [http://plants.usda.gov/ United States of America]
- [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html Flora Europaea]
- [http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/databases/ Australia]
- [http://davesgarden.com/pdb/ 'Dave's Garden' horticultural plant database]
- [http://www.chilebosque.cl Chilean plants at Chilebosque] Category:Plants Category:Plant_taxonomy zh-min-nan:Si̍t-bu̍t ko:식물 ms:Tumbuhan ja:植物 simple:Plant th:พืช

Monocotyledon

Base Monocots:

- Acorus
- Alismatales
- Asparagales
- Dioscoreales
- Liliales
- Pandanales
- Family Petrosaviaceae Commelinids:

- Arecales
- Commelinales
- Poales
- Zingiberales
- Family Dasypogonaceae The Monocotyledons or monocots are an extremely important group of flowering plants, dominating great parts of the earth and with many economically important plants. The largest monocot family is the Orchidaceae (orchids), with very complex (and striking) flowers, for highly specific insect pollination. The second largest and perhaps more notable family, the Poaceae or Gramineae (true grasses), have evolved in another direction, becoming highly specialized for wind pollination. Grasses produce small flowers, which may be gathered in highly visible plumes (inflorescences).

Name, characters

The traditional scientific name for this group is Monocotyledones, although recently, e.g. in the Cronquist system, it has been called Liliopsida (class, based on Lilium). As the monocots are a group above the rank of family there is a free choice of name; Article 16 of the ICBN allows either a descriptive name or a name based on a generic name. The traditional name Monocotyledones (some prefer Monocotyledoneae) derives from the fact that most members of this group have one cotyledon, or embryonic leaf, in their seeds. This as opposed to the (traditional) Dicotyledones which typically have two cotyledons. From a diagnostic point of view the number of cotyledons is neither a particularly handy nor reliable character. Nevertheless, monocots are a distinctive group. One of the most noticeable traits is that a monocot's flower is trimerous, with the flower parts in threes or in multiples of three. For example, a monocot's flower could have three, six, or nine petals. Many monocots also have leaves with parallel veins.

Compared to the former Dicotyledons

The schoolbooks have told generations of people that monocotyledons differ from the rest of the flowering plants (formerly named "dicotyledons") as stated below. Obviously that was only a broad sketch, not be taken literally: Seeds: The embryo of the monocot has one cotyledon while the embryo of the dicot has two. Flowers: The flower parts in monocots are multiples of three while in dicots are multiples of four or five. Stems: In monocots, the stem vascular bundles are scattered, while in dicots they are in a ring. Pollen: In monocots, pollen has one furrow or pore while in dicots they have three. Roots: The roots are adventitious in monocots, while in dicots they develop from the radicle. Leaves: In monocots, the major leaf veins are parallel, while in dicots they are reticulated.

Taxonomy

The monocots are considered to form a monophyletic group arising early in the history of the flowering plants. The earliest fossils presumed to be monocot remains date from the early Cretaceous period. The APG II classification System, developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, recognises "monocots" as one of the two biggest groups in the Angiosperms (flowering plants), the other being the "eudicots", the remnant sometimes being called the "palaeodicots". Within the monocots, the APG II system recognizes ten orders of monocots and two families not yet assigned to any order, and divides these among the Base Monocots and Commelinids:
- Base Monocots
- Family Petrosaviaceae
- Acorales
- Alismatales
- Asparagales
- Dioscoreales
- Liliales
- Pandanales
- Commelinids
- Family Dasypogonaceae
- Arecales
- Commelinales
- Poales
- Zingiberales

References and external links

- Chase MW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Rudall PJ, Fay MF, Hahn WJ, Sullivan S, Joseph J, Molvray M, Kores PJ, Givnish TJ, Sytsma KJ, Pires JC (2000). Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. In: Wilson KL, Morrison DA, eds. Monocots: Systematics and Evolution.. CSIRO, Melbourne. 3-16. ISBN 0643064370
- [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Monocotyledons&contgroup=Euangiosperms Tree of Life Web Project: Monocotyledons] Category: botanical nomenclature category: plant taxonomy ko:외떡잎식물 ja:単子葉植物 th:พืชใบเลี้ยงเดี่ยว

Storage organ

A storage organ is a part of a plant specifically modified for storage of energy (generally in the form of carbohydrates) or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores. Underground storage organs and the plants that bear them are sometimes called geophytes. In common parlance, underground storage organs may be generically called roots, tubers, or bulbs, but to the botanist these are specific, technical terms, which apply only more narrowly:
- True roots:
- Tuberous root
- Storage taproot
- Modified stems:
- Corm
- Tuber
- Rhizome
- Pseudobulb
- Others:
- Storage hypocotyl
- Bulb Storage organs used for food may be generically called root vegetables, although this phrase should not be taken to imply that the class only includes true roots. Category:Botany

Estivation

Estivation or aestivation (from Latin aestas, summer) is a state of dormancy similar to hibernation. Animals that estivate spend a summer inactive and insulated against heat to avoid the potentially harmful effects of the season. Some animals, including the California red-legged frog, may estivate to conserve energy when their food and water supply is low. California red-legged frog Other animals that estivate include salamanders and lungfishes. The lungfish estivates by burying itself in the mud formed at the surface of a dried up lake. In this state, the lungfish can survive for many years. Other animals estivate in their burrow and wait for autumn to come. Category:Physiology

Parenchyma

Etymology: From the Greek παρα- para, alongside or beside, + εγχνμα enchyma, an infusion.

In animals

The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body (i.e. the nephrons of the kidney, the alveoli of the lungs, the white and red pulp of the spleen). This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the supporting tissue of organs.

In plants

Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells that make up the bulk of most nonwoody structures, although sometimes their cell walls can be lignified. Parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and pericycle in a root or shoot constitute the cortex, and are used for storage of food. Parenchyma cells within the center of the root or shoot constitute the pith. Category:Tissues Category: plant anatomy

Bulb

:For other senses of this word, see bulb (disambiguation). bulb (disambiguation) A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that are used as food storage organs by a dormant plant. Other types of storage organs (such as corms, rhizomes, and tubers) are sometimes erroneously referred to as bulbs. The correct term for plants that form underground storage organs, including bulbs as well as tubers and corms, is geophyte. A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse conditions. The leaf bases may overlap and surround the center of the bulb as with lilies, or may completely surround the inner regions of the bulb, as with the onion. A modified stem forms the base of the bulb, and plant growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base, and new stems and leaves from the upper side. Plants that form true bulbs are all monocotyledons, and include:
- Onion, garlic, and other alliums, family Alliaceae.
- Lily, tulip, and many other members of the lily family Liliaceae.
- Amaryllis, Hippeastrum, Narcissus, and other members of the amaryllis family Amaryllidaceae.
- Some species of Iris, family Iridaceae. Some epiphytic orchids (family Orchidaceae) form bulb-like, above-ground storage organs called pseudobulbs. Some lilies form small bulbs called bulbils in their leaf axils. Several members of the onion family, Alliaceae, including Allium sativum (garlic), form bulbils in their flower heads, sometimes as the flowers fade, or even instead of the flowers. The so-called "Tree Onion" (Allium cepa var. proliferum) forms small onions which are large enough for pickling. pickling pickling Category:Botany Category:Plant morphology ja:球根

Iridaceae

Many, see text Iridaceae is a family of plants in Order Asparagales, taking its name from the Irises. It includes a number of other well known cultivated plants, such as the Freesia and the Crocus. Members of this family are perennials, with a bulb, corm or rhizome. The plants grow erect, and have leaves that are generally grass-like, with a sharp central fold. Up to 80 genera have been recognised in the family, with a total of around 1500 species, world wide. The Afrotropic ecozone, and in particular South Africa, have the greatest diversity of genera. The spice saffron comes from the stigma of the saffron crocus, Crocus sativus.

Taxonomy

- Subfamily Crocoideae
- Subfamily Iridoideae
- tribe Irideae
- tribe Mariceae
- tribe Sisyrinchieae
- tribe Tigridieae
- Subfamily Isophysidoideae
- Subfamily Ixioideae
- tribe Ixieae
- tribe Pillansieae
- tribe Watsonieae
- Subfamily Nivenioideae

Genera

- Ainea
- Alophia
- Anapalina
- Anomatheca
- Antholyza
- Aristea
- Babiana, Baboon Flower
- Barnardiella
- Belamcanda
- Bobartia
- Calydorea, Violet-lily
- Cardenanthus
- Chasmanthe, African cornflag
- Cipura
- Cobana
- Crocosmia, Montbretia
- Crocus
- Cypella
- Devia
- Dierama, Fairy-wand
- Dietes, Fortnight Lily, African Iris
- Diplarrhena
- Duthiastrum
- Eleutherine
- Ennealophus
- Eurynotia
- Eustylis
- Ferraria
- Fosteria
- Freesia
- Galaxia
- Geissorhiza
- Gelasine
- Geosiris
- Gladiolus
- Gynandriris
- Herbertia
- Hermodactylus
- Hesperantha
- Hesperoxiphion
- Hexaglottis
- Homeria
- Homoglossum
- Hypoxis
- Iris
- Isophysis
- Ixia, African cornlily
- Kelissa
- Klattia
- Lapeirousia
- Larentia
- Lethia
- Libertia
- Mastigostyla
- Melasphaerula
- Micranthus
- Moraea
- Nemastylis
- Neomarica
- Nivenia
- Olsynium, Grasswidow
- Onira
- Orthrosanthus
- Pardanthopsis
- Patersonia
- Pillansia
- Pseudotrimezia
- Radinosiphon
- Rheome
- Roggeveldia
- Romulea
- Salpingostylis
- Savannosiphon
- Schizostylis
- Sessilanthera
- Sessilistigma
- Sisyrinchium, Blue-eyed Grass, Yellow-eyed Grass
- Solenomelus
- Sparaxis, Wandflower, Harlequin Flower
- Sphenostigma
- Sympa
- Syringodea
- Tapeina
- Thereianthus
- Tigridia Tiger Flower, Mexican Shell Flower
- Trimezia
- Tritonia
- Tritoniopsis
- Tucma
- Watsonia, Bugle-lily
- Witsenia
- Zygotritonia

Reference

- Peter Goldblatt, Ph.D - Phylogeny and classification of Iridaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 607–627. 1990. Category:Plant families Category:Asparagales

Gladiolus

About 260, see text Gladiolus (from Latin, the diminutive of gladius, a sword), sometimes called the sword lily, is a genus of flowering plants, iris family (Iridaceae). The genus Gladiolus contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to sub-Saharan Africa, mostly South Africa. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of Gladiolus endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce. These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate climates. They grow from rounded, symmetrical corms, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics. Their stems are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved leaves, enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a cataphyll. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section. The fragrant flower spikes are large and one-sided, with secund, bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery, green bracts. The sepals and the petals are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three stamens. The outer three tepals are narrower. The perianth is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three filiform, spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex. The ovary is 3-locular with oblong or globose capsules, containing many, winged brown, longitudinally dehiscent seeds. These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red. The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued anthrophorine bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by sunbirds, noctuid and sphingid moths, long-tongued flies and several others. Gladioli are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Large Yellow Underwing. They make very good cut flowers. However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the wind if left on the plant. Gladioli (the plural form of the word) have been extensively hybridized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups are obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus. The stage character Dame Edna Everage, has adopted the gladiolus as her trademark flower; the flowers often appear in her publicity photos and stage appearances.

Species

The genus Gladiolus has been divided in several sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.
- Gladiolus abbreviatus Andrews
- Gladiolus acuminatus F. Bol.
- Gladiolus aequinoctialis Herb.
- Gladiolus alatus L. (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus aleppicus Boiss. var. aleppicus
- Gladiolus anatolicus
- Gladiolus andringitrae Goldblatt
- Gladiolus angustus L. (sect. Blandus) : Long-tubed Painted Lady
- Gladiolus antandroyi Goldblatt
- Gladiolus antholyzoides Baker
- Gladiolus appendiculatus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus aquamontanus Goldblatt & Vlok
- Gladiolus arcuatus Klatt
- Gladiolus atropurpureus Baker
- Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss.
- Gladiolus aurantiacus Klatt
- Gladiolus aureus Baker : Golden Gladiolus
- Gladiolus bellus C. H. Wright
- Gladiolus benguellensis Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus bilineatus G. J. Lewis
- Gladiolus boehmii Vaupel (1882)
- Gladiolus bojeri (Baker) Goldblatt
- Gladiolus brachylimbus Baker (1893)
- Gladiolus brachyphyllus F. Bolus or Bolus f.
- Gladiolus brevifolius Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius)
- Gladiolus brevitubus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus buckerveldii (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
- Gladiolus bullatus Thunb. ex G. Lewis : Caledon Bluebell
- Gladiolus caeruleus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus calcaratus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus calcicola Goldblatt
- Gladiolus callianthus Mosais : Abyssinian Gladiolus Dame Edna Everage
- Gladiolus canaliculatus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus candidus (Rendle) Goldblatt
- Gladiolus cardinalis Curtis (sect. Blandus)
- Gladiolus carinatus Aiton
- Gladiolus carmineus C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) : Cliff Lily
- Gladiolus carneus (sect. Blandus) : Large Painted Lady
- Gladiolus caryophyllaceus (Burm. f.) Poiret
- Gladiolus cataractarum Oberm.
- Gladiolus caucasicus Herb.
- Gladiolus ceresianus L. Bolus
- Gladiolus citrinus Klatt
- Gladiolus x colvillei : Colville's Gladiolus
- Gladiolus communis L. (sect. Gladiolus) : Cornflag (type species)
- Gladiolus communis subsp. byzantinus (sect. Gladiolus)
- Gladiolus communis subsp. communis (sect. Gladiolus)
- Gladiolus conrathii Baker (1898)
- Gladiolus crassifolius Baker
- Gladiolus crispulatus L. Bolus
- Gladiolus cruentus T. Moore (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus curtifolius Marais
- Gladiolus cuspidatus
- Gladiolus cylindraceus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus cymbarius Baker
- Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus debilis Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) : Small Painted Lady Dame Edna Everage
- Gladiolus decaryi Goldblatt
- Gladiolus decipiens Vaupel
- Gladiolus decoratus Baker
- Gladiolus densiflorus Baker
- Gladiolus deserticolus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus dolomiticus Oberm.
- Gladiolus dracocephalus Hook.f.
- Gladiolus dregei Klatt
- Gladiolus dubius
- Gladiolus dzavakheticus
- Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm.
- Gladiolus edulis Burchell ex Ker Gawler
- Gladiolus elliotii Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus emiliae L. Bolus
- Gladiolus engysiphon G. Lewis
- Gladiolus equitans Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus erectiflorus Baker
- Gladiolus exiguus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus flanaganii Baker : : Suicide Gladiolus
- Gladiolus floribundus Jacq.
- Gladiolus fourcadei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
- Gladiolus ×gandavensis (sect. Ophiolyza) [= G. dalenii × G. oppositiflorus]
- Gladiolus garnierii Klatt
- Gladiolus geardii L. Bolus
- Gladiolus goetzii Harms
- Gladiolus gracilis Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) : Reed Bells
- Gladiolus gracillimus Baker
- Gladiolus grandiflorus (sect. Blandus)
- Gladiolus gregarius Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
- Gladiolus griseus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus gueinzii Kunze
- Gladiolus guthriei F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)
- Gladiolus halophilus
- Gladiolus harmsianus Vaupel Dame Edna Everage
- Gladiolus heterolobus Vaupel
- Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) : Small Pink Afrikaner
- Gladiolus hollandii L. Bolus
- Gladiolus horombensis Goldblatt
- Gladiolus huillensis (Welw. ex Baker) Goldblatt
- Gladiolus hyalinus Jacq.
- Gladiolus illyricus W.D.J.Koch
- Gladiolus imbricatus
- Gladiolus inandensis Baker
- Gladiolus incospicuus Baker
- Gladiolus inflatus Thunb.
- Gladiolus inflexus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus insolens Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus intonsus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus invenustus G. J. Lewis
- Gladiolus involutus (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus iroensis (A. Chev.) Marais
- Gladiolus italicus P. Mill. (sect. Gladiolus) : Italian Gladiolus
- Gladiolus johnstoni Baker (s. d.)
- Gladiolus jonquilliodorus Ecklon ex G. Lewis
- Gladiolus junodi Baker
- Gladiolus kamiesbergensis G. Lewis
- Gladiolus karendensis Baker
- Gladiolus katubensis De Wild.
- Gladiolus klattianus Hutch.
- Gladiolus kotschyanus Boiss.
- Gladiolus kubangensis Harms
- Gladiolus lapeirousioides Goldblatt
- Gladiolus laxiflorus Baker
- Gladiolus lemoinei
- Gladiolus leptosiphon Bolus f.
- Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus linearifolius Vaupel
- Gladiolus linearis N.E.Br.
- Gladiolus longanus Harms
- Gladiolus longicollis Baker (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus longicollis subsp. longicollis (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus longicollis subsp. platypetalus (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus loteniensis Hilliard & Burtt
- Gladiolus louiseae L. Bolus
- Gladiolus lundaensis Goldblatt
- Gladiolus luteus Lam.
- Gladiolus lyalinus
- Gladiolus macneilii Oberm.
- Gladiolus macowani Baker
- Gladiolus macowanii Baker (s. d.)
- Gladiolus macrospathus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus maculatus Sweet
- Gladiolus magnificus (Harms) Goldblatt
- Gladiolus malangensis Baker (1879)
- Gladiolus malvinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus marlothii G. Lewis
- Gladiolus martleyi L. Bolus (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus meliusculus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus melleri Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus micranthus Baker (1901)
- Gladiolus microcarpus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus microsiphon Baker
- Gladiolus milleri Ker Gawler
- Gladiolus mirus Vaupel
- Gladiolus monticola G. Lewis ex Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus mortonius (sect. Densiflorus)
- Gladiolus mostertiae L. Bolus
- Gladiolus muenzneri F. Vaup
- Gladiolus murielae (sect. Acidanthera)
- Gladiolus natalensis (Eckl.) Hook.
- Gladiolus nerineoides G. Lewis
- Gladiolus newii Baker
- Gladiolus nigromontanus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus niveus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus nyasicus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus oatesii Rolfe
- Gladiolus ochroleucus Baker (sect. Densiflorus)
- Gladiolus odoratus L. Bolus
- Gladiolus oliganthus Baker
- Gladiolus oppositiflorus Herbert (sect. Ophiolyza)
- Gladiolus orchidiflorus Andrews (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus oreocharis Schltr.
- Gladiolus pallidus Baker
- Gladiolus paludosus Baker
- Gladiolus palustris : Marsh Gladiolus
- Gladiolus papilio Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus) : Goldblotch Gladiolus
- Gladiolus pappei Baker (sect. Blandus)
- Gladiolus pardalinus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus parvulus Schltr.
- Gladiolus patersoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
- Gladiolus pavonia Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus permeabilis Delaroche (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus perrieri Goldblatt
- Gladiolus persicus Boiss.
- Gladiolus pillansii G. Lewis
- Gladiolus pole-evansii Verd.
- Gladiolus praecostatus
- Gladiolus praelongitubus G. J. Lewis
- Gladiolus pretoriensis Kuntze
- Gladiolus priorii (N. E. Br.) Goldblatt & De Vos
- Gladiolus prismatosiphon Schltr.
- Gladiolus pritzelii Diels
- Gladiolus psittacinus
- Gladiolus psittacinus Hook.
- Gladiolus puberulus Vaupel
- Gladiolus pubigerus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus pulchellus Klatt
- Gladiolus pulcherrimus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus punctulatus Schrank
- Gladiolus pusillus
- Gladiolus quadrangularis (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
- Gladiolus quadrangulus (Delaroche) Barnard
- Gladiolus ramosus
- Gladiolus recurvus (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus rehmannii Baker
- Gladiolus remotifolius Baker
- Gladiolus rigidifolius Baker
- Gladiolus robertsoniae F. Bolus or Bolus f.
- Gladiolus rogersii Baker
- Gladiolus roseovenosus Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus rubellus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus rudis Lichtst. ex Roem. & Schult.
- Gladiolus rupicola F. Vaupel
- Gladiolus saccatus (Klatt) Goldblatt & M.P. de Vos
- Gladiolus salteri G. Lewis
- Gladiolus saundersii Hook. f. : Saunders' Gladiolus, Lesotho Lily
- Gladiolus schlechteri Baker
- Gladiolus schweinfurthii Baker
- Gladiolus scullyi Baker
- Gladiolus serapiiflorus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus serenjensis Goldblatt
- Gladiolus sericeovillosus Hook. f.
- Gladiolus serpenticola Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus somalensis
- Gladiolus speciosus Thunb.
- Gladiolus spectabilis Baker (s. d.)
- Gladiolus splendens ((Sweet)) Herbert
- Gladiolus stefaniae Oberm.
- Gladiolus stellatus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus subcaeruleus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus sufflavus (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
- Gladiolus sulcatus Goldblatt
- Gladiolus taubertianus Schltr.
- Gladiolus tenellus Ecklon
- Gladiolus tenuis
- Gladiolus teretifolius Goldblatt & De Vos
- Gladiolus trichonemifolius (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus tristis (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus tristis var. concolor (Salisb.) Baker : Ever-flowering Gladiolus
- Gladiolus tritoniaeformis
- Gladiolus tritoniiformis Kuntze
- Gladiolus uitenhagensis Goldblatt & Vlok
- Gladiolus undulatus L. (sect. Blandus) : Waved-flowered Gladiolus
- Gladiolus unguiculatus Baker
- Gladiolus usambarensis Marais ex Goldblatt
- Gladiolus uysiae L. Bolus ex G. Lewis
- Gladiolus vaginatus F. Bolus or Bolus f. (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus validissimus Vaupel
- Gladiolus vandermerwei (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
- Gladiolus varius F. Bolus or Bolus f.
- Gladiolus velutinus De Wild.
- Gladiolus venustus G. Lewis (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus vernus Oberm.
- Gladiolus vinoso-maculatus Kies
- Gladiolus violaceo-lineatus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus virescens Thunb. (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus viridiflorus G. Lewis
- Gladiolus viridis Aiton
- Gladiolus watermeyeri (sect. Hebea)
- Gladiolus watsonioides Baker
- Gladiolus watsonius Thunb. (sect. Homoglossum)
- Gladiolus woodii Baker
- Gladiolus zimbabweensis Goldblatt

Cultivation

In temperate zones, the corms should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a frost-free place, and replanted in spring. Plants are propagated either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from seed; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size.

External link

- [http://www.gbif.net/portal/ecat_browser.jsp?taxonKey=246285 Taxonomy of Gladiolus in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal]

Reference

- Peter Goldblatt (1996)- A monograph of the genus Gladiolus in tropical Africa (83 species) (Timber Press)
- Peter Goldblatt, J.C. Manning (1998)- Gladiolus in southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, including 144 watercolor paintings; (Fernwood Press, Cape Town) Category:Asparagales ja:グラジオラス

Iris (plant)

See text. Iris is a genus of flowering plants with showy flowers which takes its name from the Latin word for rainbow, referring to the wide variety of flower colors found among the many species as well as countless garden cultivars. While Iris is the scientific name for the genus, 'iris' is also very widely used as a common name and refers to all Iris as well as several closely-related genera. Iris is also applied to a subdivision within the genus. genus

Description

There are many species of Iris, widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. Their habitats are very varied and range from cold regions into the grassy slopes, meadowlands, stream banks and deserts of Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa, Asia and across North America. Elevation is of not much importance. These are perennial herbs growing from creeping rhizomes (rhizomatous irises), or, in drier climates, from bulbs (bulbous irises). They have long, erect, flowering stems. These may be simple or branched, solid or hollow. These stalks may be flattened or have a circular transverse section. There are 3 - 10 basal, sword-shaped leaves growing in dense clumps. The inflorescences are fan-shaped and contain 1 or more symmetrical, six-lobed, slightly fragrant flowers. These grow on a pedicel or lack a footstalk. The three sepals are spreading or droop downwards. They expand from their narrow base into a broader limb (= expanded portion), often adorned with lines or dots. The three, sometimes reduced, petals stand upright, partly behind the sepal bases. Some smaller iris species have all six lobes pointing straight outwards. The sepals and the petals differ from each other. They are united at their base into a floral tube, that lies above the ovary. The styles divide towards the apex into petaloid branches (see : pollination). The most commonly found garden iris is the bearded variety, sometimes referred to as German Iris. Various wild forms and naturally occurring hybrids of Iris pallida and I. variegata form the basis of most all modern hybrid bearded iris. Median forms of bearded iris [intermediate bearded (IB), miniature tall bearded (MTB), etc] are derived from crosses between tall and dwarf varieties. Other iris types commonly found in garden are I. siberica and its hybrids (Siberian irises) and I. ensata and its hybrids (Japanese irises).

Cultivation

The bearded iris variety is for the most part the easiest to cultivate and the most easily propagated. They have become very popular in the garden. They grow in any good free garden soil, the smaller and more delicate species needing only the aid of turfy ingredients, either peaty or loamy, to keep it light and open in texture. The earliest to bloom are the dwarf forms of Iris pumila, which blossom during March, April and May; and during the latter month and the following one most of the larger growing 'tall bearded' varieties, such as I. germanica, florentina, pallida, variegata, amoena, flavescens, sambucina, neglecta, ruthenica and their modern hybrids, produce their flowers. Iris unguicularis (or stylosa) is a remarkable winter flowering species from Algeria, with sky-blue flowers blotched with yellow, produced (in the Northern Hemisphere) at irregular intervals from November to March, the bleakest period of the year. Many other smaller species of bulbous iris, being liable to perish from excess of moisture, should have a well-drained bed of good but porous soil made up for them, in some sunny spot, and in winter should be protected by a 6-in, covering of half-decayed leaves or fresh coco-fibre refuse. To this set belong milifolia, junonia, danfordiae, reichenbachii and others which flower as early as February and March. The cushion irises are somewhat fastidious growers, and to be successful with them they must be planted rather shallow in very gritty well-drained soil. They should not be disturbed in the autumn, and after the leaves have withered the roots should be protected from heavy rains until growth starts again naturaily. Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria Algeria

Pollination

The iris flower is of special interest as an example of the relation between flowering plants and pollinating insects. The shape of the flower and the position of the pollen-receiving and stigmatic surfaces on the outer petals form a landing-stage for a flying insect, which in probing the perianth for nectar, will first come in contact of perianth, three with the stigmatic stamens in one whorl surface which is borne and an ovary formed of three carpels. The shelf-like transverse projection on the inner whorl under side of the stamens, which is beneath the over-arching style arm below the stigma, so that the insect comes in contact with its pollen-covered surface only after passing the stigma, while in backing out of the flower it will come in contact only with the non-receptive lower face of the stigma. Thus, an insect bearing pollen from one flower, will in entering a second, deposit the pollen on the stigma, while in backing out of a flower, the pollen which it bears will not be rubbed off on the stigma of the same flower.

Taxonomic issues

Up to 300 species have been placed in the genus Iris. Modern classifications, starting with W. R. Dykes' 1913 book, have subdivided them. Dykes referred to the major subgroupings as sections, but later authors have generally called them subgenera, while essentially retaining his groupings. Like some older sources, the influential classification by G. I. Rodionenko removed some groups (particularly the bulbous irises) to separate genera, but even if this is done the genus remains large and several subgenera, sections and/or subsections are recognised within it. The major subgenera widely recognised are:
- Iris: bearded irises, growing from rhizomes.
- Limniris: beardless irises, growing from rhizomes.
- Xiphium, sometimes treated as genus Xiphion, the main group of bulbous irises.
- Nepalensis, sometimes treated as genus Junopsis; also bulbous.
- Scorpiris, sometimes treated as genus Juno; also bulbous.
- Hermodactyloides, sometimes treated as genus Iridodictyum, including the small Iris reticulata and some other similar species; also bulbous. Some authors regard the Snake's Head Iris as lying outside genus Iris, and classify it as Hermodactylus tuberosus. Among the lower level subgroupings usually recognised is Oncocyclus, a section or subsection within subgenus Iris, containing the cushion irises or Royal irises. These constitute a magnificent group of plants remarkable for their large, showy and beautifully marked flowers. Between 30 and 60 species are classified in this section, depending on the authority. Compared with other irises the cushion varieties are scantily furnished with narrow sickle shaped leaves and the blossoms are usually borne singly on the stalks. The best-known kinds are atrofusca, barnumae, bismarckiana, gatesi, heylandiana, iberica, haynei, mariae, meda, paradoxa, sari, sofarana and susiana; the last-named being popularly called the "mourning iris" owing to the dark silver appearance of its huge flowers. A closely allied group to the cushion irises are those known as Regelia, also within subgenus Iris, of which korolkowli, leichtlinii and vega are the best known. Some magnificent hybrids have been raised between these two groups, and a hardier and more easily grown race of garden irises has been produced under the name of regelio-cyclus. They are best planted in September or October in warm sunny positions, the rhizomes being lifted the following July after the leaves have withered.

Examples of Iris species

- Iris albicans, known as the white flag iris or the cemetery iris, has been cultivated since ancient times and may be the oldest iris in cultivation. Collected by Lange in 1860, it has been in cultivation since at least 1300 BC. Originating from Yemen and Saudi Arabia, it appears in a wall painting of the Botantical Garden of Tuthmosis III in the Temple of Amun at Karnak in ancient Thebes dated around 1426 BC. It grows to 12-24" (30-60 cm) tall and is fragrant.
- The Douglas Iris, Iris douglasiana, is a common wildflower of the coasts of California and southern Oregon.
- Iris florentina (often misspelled Iris fiorentina), with white or pale-blue flowers, is a native of the south of Europe. Modern authorities treat it as a subspecies, Iris germanica florentina, of I. germanica. It is the source of the violet-scented orris root used in perfumery. From the flowers of Iris florentina a pigment, the "verdelis," "vert d'iris," or iris-green, formerly used by miniature painters, was prepared by maceration, the fluid being left to putrefy, when chalk or alum was added.
- Iris foetidissima, the Fetid Iris, gladdon or roastbeef plant, the Xyris or stinking gladdon of Gerard, is a native of England south of Durham and also of Ireland, southern Europe and North Africa. Its flowers are usually of a dull, leaden-blue color; the capsules, which remain attached to the plant throughout the winter, are 2 to 3 in. long; and the seeds scarlet. When bruised this species emits a peculiar and disagreeable odor.
- Iris germanica of central Europe, "the most common purple Fleur de Luce" of Ray, is the large common blue iris of gardens, the bearded iris or fleur de luce and probably the Illyrian iris of the ancients.
- Iris orienii Orjen iris, a close relative to Iris pallida. An endemic alpine species with white flowers found in the karst mountain Orjen in Montenegro. It is very rare and protected.
- Iris pallida Dalmatian iris, Sweet iris : native to the Illyrian coast (former Yugoslavia) but widley naturalized elsewhere. Iris pallida is cultivated for extraction of essential oils from its rhizome orris root. Prefers rocky places in the mediterranean and submediterranean zone and reaches sometimes montane regions at its southern range in Montenegro. Four varieties (regularly described as separate species) are recognized with one possible new alpine species having white flowers. The variety with deep purplish flowers from Northern Italy and the Slovenian alps is called Iris cengialti.
- Iris pseudacorus, the Yellow Flag or Yellow Iris, is common in Britain on river-banks, and in marshes and ditches. It is called the "water-flag" or "bastard floure de-luce" by John Gerard, who remarks that "although it be a water plant of nature, yet being planted in gardens it prospereth well." Its flowers appear in June and July, and are of a golden-yellow color. The leaves are from 2 to 4 ft. long, and half an inch to an inch broad. Towards the latter part of the year they are eaten by cattle. The seeds are numerous and pale-brown; they have been recommended when roasted as a substitute for coffee, of which, however, they have not the properties. The astringent rhizome has diuretic, purgative and emetic properties, and may, it is said, be used for dyeing black, and in the place of galls for ink-making. This iris has been placed on 'noxious weed' lists in some parts of the world for its invasive habits in wetland situations.
- Iris reichenbachii Reichenbach iris is a small bearded alpine iris from the Balkan peninsula. Specimens from the west Balkans are much smaller than those from Greece and the eastern Balkans.
- Iris reticulata and Iris persica, both of which are fragrant, are also great favorites with florists.
- Iris versicolor, or Blue Flag, is indigenous to North America, and yields "iridin," a powerful hepatic stimulant.
- Iris xiphium, the Spanish Iris and
- Iris xiphioides, the English Iris. Despite the common name of I xiphioides, both are of Spanish origin, and have very showy flowers, so they are popular with gardeners and florists. They are among the hardier bulbous irises, and can be grown in northern Europe. They require to be planted in thoroughly drained beds in very light open soil, moderately enriched, and should have a rather sheltered position. Both these present a long series of beautiful varieties of the most diverse colours, flowering in May, June and July, the smaller Spanish iris being the earlier of the two.

Species

hepatic
- Iris acoroides Spach
- Iris acutiloba C.A.Mey.
- Iris albertii Regel
- Iris albicans Lange
- Iris albomarginata R.C.Foster
- Iris aphylla L. : Stool Iris
- Iris arctica
- Iris arenaria
- Iris assadiana Chaudhary, Kirkw. & C. Weymouth
- Iris astrachanica Rodionenko
- Iris atrofusca
- Iris atropurpurea
- Iris attica
- Iris aucheri (Baker) Sealy
- Iris aurea Lindl.
- Iris bakeriana Foster
- Iris benacensis A.Kern..
- Iris biflora
- Iris bismarckiana
- Iris bloudowii Ledeb.
- Iris boissieri Henriq
- Iris bracteata S. Wats. : Siskiyou Iris
- Iris brandzae Prodan
- Iris brevicaulis Raf. : Zigzag Iris
- Iris bucharica Foster
- Iris bulleyana Dykes
- Iris buriensis Lem. Iris bismarckiana
- Iris calcarea Dinsm.
- Iris camillae
- Iris carthaliniae Fomin
- Iris caucasica
- Iris cengialti Ambros.
- Iris cespitosa
- Iris chamae
- Iris chrysographes Dykes
- Iris chrysophoenicia
- Iris chrysophylla T.J. Howell : Yellowleaf Iris
- Iris clarkei Bak.
- Iris confusa Sealy
- Iris cretensis Janka
- Iris cristata Ait. : Crested Iris, Dwarf Crested Iris
- Iris croatica Horv.
- Iris crocea Jacquem. ex R. C. Foster
- Iris cycloglossa Wendelbo
- Iris cypriana Foster & Baker
- Iris daenensis Kotschy ex Baker
- Iris danfordiae (Baker) Boiss.
- Iris decora Wall.
- Iris delavayi Micheli
- Iris demetrii Achv. & Mirzoeva Iris bismarckiana
- Iris dichotoma Pall.
- Iris douglasiana Herbert : Douglas Iris
- Iris douglasiana var. major
- Iris douglasiana var. oregonensis
- Iris edomensis
- Iris ensata Thunb. : Russian Iris
- Iris ewbankiana Foster
- Iris fernaldii R.C. Foster : Fernald’s Iris
- Iris filifolia Boiss.
- Iris flavescens Delile : Lemon-yellow Iris
- Iris flavispina
- Iris foetidissima L. : Stinking Iris
- Iris forrestii Dykes
- Iris fosteriana Aitch. & Baker
- Iris fulva Ker-Gawl. : Copper Iris
- Iris fulvala Dykes
- Iris gatesii Foster
- Iris germanica L. : German Iris
- Iris germanica var. florentina : German Iris
- Iris giganticaerulea Small : Giant Blue Iris
- Iris glockiana O. Schwarz
- Iris gracilipes A.Gray
- Iris graeberiana Tubergen ex Sealy
- Iris graminea
- Iris grant-duffii
- Iris halophila
- Iris hartwegii Baker : Hartweg’s Iris
- Iris hartwegii ssp. australis : Rainbow Iris
- Iris hartwegii ssp. columbiana : Rainbow Iris
- Iris hartwegii ssp. hartwegii : Rainbow Iris
- Iris hartwegii ssp. pinetorum : Rainbow Iris
- Iris haynei
- Iris hermona
- Iris hexagona Walt. : Dixie Iris
- Iris hexagona var. flexicaulis : Dixie Iris
- Iris hexagona var. hexagona : Dixie Iris
- Iris hexagona var. savannarum : Savanna Iris
- Iris hirsuta
- Iris histrio
- Iris histrioides (G. F. Wilson) S. Arn.
- Iris hoogiana Dykes
- Iris hookeriana Fost.
- Iris humilis Georgi
- Iris iberica Hoffm.
- Iris iliensis Poljakov
- Iris illyrica Tomm.
- Iris imbricata Lindl.
- Iris innominata Henderson : Del Norte Country Iris
- Iris italica Parl.
- Iris japonica
- Iris juncea Poir.
- Iris junonia Schott ex Kotschy
- Iris kamaonensis Wall.
- Iris kemaonensis
- Iris kerneriana Asch. & Sint.
- Iris klattii Kem.-Nath.
- Iris koreana Nakai
- Iris korolkowii Regel
- Iris lactea
- Iris lacustris Nutt. : Dwarf Lake Iris
- Iris laevigata Fisch. : Rabbitear Iris
- Iris landsaleana
- Iris latifolia Mill.
- Iris lazica Albov
- Iris loczyi Kanitz
- Iris longipetiolata
- Iris longiscapa Ledeb.
- Iris lorea
- Iris lortetii
- Iris lurida Aiton
- Iris lusitanica Ker Gawl.
- Iris lutescens Lam. : Crimean Iris
- Iris maackii Maxim.
- Iris macrosiphon Torr. : Bowltube Iris,Bowl-tubed Iris, Ground Iris
- Iris magnifica Vved.
- Iris mandshurica Maxim.
- Iris mariae
- Iris marsica I. Ricci & Colas.
- Iris melitta Janka
- Iris mesopotamica : Mesopotamian Iris
- Iris milesii Foster
- Iris missouriensis Nutt. : Rocky Mountain Iris, Wild Iris, Western Blue Flag
- Iris macrosiphon
- Iris monnieri DC.
- Iris munzii R.C. Foster : Munz’s Iris
- Iris musulmanica Fomin
- Iris nelsonii Randolph : Abbeville iris
- Iris nertschinskia
- Iris notha M. Bieb.
- Iris nusairiensis Monterode
- Iris odaesanensis
- Iris orientalis P. Mill. : Yellowband Iris
- Iris palaestina
- Iris pallida Lam. : Sweet Iris
- Iris pamphylica Hedge
- Iris paradoxa Steven
- Iris perrieri Simonet ex P. Fourn.
- Iris persica L.
- Iris petrana
- Iris planifolia
- Iris polakii Stapf
- Iris pontica
- Iris prismatica Pursh ex Ker-Gawl. : Slender Blue Iris
- Iris pseudacorus L. : Pale-yellow Iris, Yellow Iris
- Iris pseudocaucasica Grossh.
- Iris pumila L.
- Iris purdyi Eastw. : Purdy’s Iris
- Iris purpureobractea B. Mathew & T. Baytop
- Iris reginae Horvat & M. D. Horvat
- Iris regis-uzziae
- Iris reichenbachii Heuff.
- Iris reticulata
- Iris robusta E. Anders. : Robust Iris
- Iris rosenbachiana
- Iris rudskyi J. & M. Horv.
- Iris ruthenica Ker Gawler
- Iris sambucina L.
- Iris sancti-cyrii Rouss. : Sanctimonious Iris
- Iris sanguinea Hornem. ex Donn : Japanese Iris
- Iris sari Schott ex Baker
- Iris scariosa
- Iris schachtii Markgr.
- Iris serotina Willk. in Willk. & Lange
- Iris setosa Pallas ex Link : Beachhead Iris
- Iris setosa var. canadensis : Canada Beachhead Iris
- Iris setosa var. interior : Wild Flag
- Iris setosa var. setosa : Beachhead Iris
- Iris sibirica L. : Siberian Iris
- Iris sikkimensis Dykes
- Iris sindjarensis Boiss. & Hausskn.
- Iris sintenisii Janka
- Iris sisyrhinchum
- Iris sogdiana Bunge
- Iris songarica Schrenk
- Iris speciosa Terracino
- Iris spuria L. : Seashore Iris, Wild Iris
- Iris stolonifera Maxim.
- Iris stylosa
- Iris suaveolens Boiss. & Reut.
- Iris subbiflora Brot.
- Iris suworowii Regel
- Iris taite
- Iris taochia Woronow ex Grossh.
- Iris tectorum Maxim. : Wall Iris, Wild Iris
- Iris tenax Dougl. ex Lindl. : Toughleaf Iris, Wild Iris
- Iris tenax ssp. klamathensis : Klamath Iris, Wild Iris
- Iris tenax ssp. tenax : Toughleaf Iris, Tough-leaved Iris, Wild Iris
- Iris tenuifolia Pall.
- Iris tenuis S. Wats. : Clackamas Iris
- Iris tenuissima Dykes : Longtube Iris
- Iris tenuissima ssp. purdyiformis : Lontube Iris
- Iris tenuissima ssp. tenuissima Longtube Iris
- Iris thompsonii R.C. Foster : Thompson’s Iris
- Iris thunbergii C. E. Lundstr.
- Iris tingitana Boiss. & Reut. : Morocco Iris
- Iris tridentata Pursh : Savanna Iris
- Iris unguicularis Poir.
- Iris uniflora
- Iris variegata L. : Hungarian Iris
- Iris vartanii
- Iris verna L. : Dwarf Violet Iris
- Iris verna var. smalliana : : Dwarf Violet iris
- Iris verna var. verna : Dwarf Violet Iris
- Iris versicolor L. : Harlequin Blueflag
- Iris vicaria
- Iris vinicolor Small (pro sp.) : Vinicolor Iris, Winecolor Iris
- Iris virginica L. : Virginia Iris
- Iris virginica var. shrevei : Shreve’s Iris
- Iris virginica var. virginica : Virginia Iris
- Iris wattii Baker ex Hook.f.
- Iris wilsonii C. H. Wright
- Iris winogradowii Fomin
- Iris xiphioides Ehrh.
- Iris xiphium L. : Spanish Iris.

References

- Dykes, W. R. (1913). The genus Iris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rodionenko, G. I. (1961). The genus Iris L.. Moscow and Leningrad.
- Species Group of the British Iris Society (1996) - A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation; Cambridge University Press; ISBN 0521440742 (a comprehensive, up-to-date survey of Iris)

External links

- [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/iris/index.html A web site devoted to Irises], by David Payne-Joyce; includes plates from Dykes (1913).
- [http://www.irises.org/ The American Iris Society]
- [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu:8080/flora/browse.do?flora_id=1&taxon_id=116503&key_no=1 Treatment of Irises in the online Flora of North America]
- [http://www.gbif.net/portal/ecat_browser.jsp?taxonKey=282369&countryKey=0&resourceKey=0&showIncertae=false&nextTask=ecat_browser.jsp taxonomy in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal]
- [http://www.hips-roots.com/ Historic Iris Preservation Society] Category:Asparagales Category:Flowers ja:アヤメ

Montbretia

see text Crocosmia J. E. Planchon 1851, is a small genus of perennial species in the iris family Iridaceae, native to grasslands in the Cape region (South Africa). They are now grown worldwide, and more than 400 cultivars have been produced. Some hybrids have become invasive species. invasive species The name is derived from the Greek words krokos (saffron) and osme (smell), referring to the saffron-like scent, when dried flowers are dipped in water. They are evergreen or deciduous perennial herbs, that grow from basal underground corms. The basal, alternate leaves are cauline (meaning, belonging to the stem) and distichous (meaning, growing in two vertical ranks). The leaves are linear or lanceolate. The blades are parallel-veined. The margin is entire. They have colourful inflorescences of 4 to 20 vivid red and orange subopposite flowers on a divaricately branched stem. The terminal inflorescence can have the form of a cyme or a raceme. These flower from early summer well into fall. The flowers are sessile on a flexuose arched spike. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic. All stamens have an equal length. The style branches are apically forked. They are pollinated by insects, birds (hummingbirds) or by the wind. The dehiscent capsules are shorter than wide. Crocosmia are winter-hardy in warm temperate regions. They can be propagated through division, removing offsets from the corm in spring. They are commonly known in the United States as coppertips or falling stars, and in Britain as montbretia. Other names, for hybrids and cultivars, include antholyza, and curtonus.

Species

- Crocosmia ambongensis
- Crocosmia aurea
- Crocosmia cinnabarina
- Crocosmia fucata (Namaqualand, Cape region)
- Crocosmia maculata
- Crocosmia masoniorum
- Crocosmia mathewsiana
- Crocosmia paniculata
- Crocosmia pauciflora
- Crocosmia pearsei
- Crocosmia pottsii

Natural hybrids

- Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora : montbretia
- Crocosmia x crocosmoides
- Crocosmia x latifolia

Reference

Peter Goldblatt, John Manning, Gary Dunlop, Auriol Batten - Crocosmia and Chasmanthe (Royal Horticultural Society Plant Collector Guide) Category:Asparagales ja:モントブレチア

Rhizome

In botany, a rhizome is a usually-underground, horizontal stem of a plant that often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. They are also referred to as creeping rootstalks, or rootstocks. A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but exists above ground, sprouting from an existing stem. Many plants have rhizomes that serve to spread the plant by vegetative reproduction. Examples are asparagus and Lily of the valley. The spreading stems of ferns are also called rhizomes. A tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ. They are typically high in starch. An example is the common potato.

Rhizome metaphors

Carl Jung used the term "rhizome", also calling it a "myzel", to emphasize the invisible and underground nature of life: :Life has always seemed to me like a plant that lives on its rhizome. Its true life is invisible, hidden in the rhizome. The part that appears above the ground lasts only a single summer. Then it withers away—an ephemeral apparition. When we think of the unending growth and decay of life and civilizations, we cannot escape the impression of absolute nullity. Yet I have never lost the sense of something that lives and endures beneath the eternal flux. What we see is blossom, which passes. The rhizome remains. (Prologue from "Memories, Dreams, Reflections") Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari used the term "rhizome" to describe theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. Jeff Vail has used it to describe a non-hierarchical structure for society.

Tuber

:For the fungal genus, see Truffle. A tuber is a part of a rhizome thickened for use as a storage organ. It is usually, though not always, subterranean, such as a potato. This modified stem forms at the end of a lateral branch. Axillary buds are located at the nodes. When the buds develop, adventitious roots and rhizomes form below them. This should not be confused with a tuberous root such as a sweet potato or Dahlia, which is a similarly swollen root.

Rozdzielczość monitora

Rozdzielczość ekranu - jeden z parametrów trybu wyświetlania, parametr określający ilość pikseli obrazu wyświetlanych na ekranie w bieżącym trybie pracy monitora komputerowego, telewizora a także każdego innego wyświetlacza, którego obraz budowany jest z pikseli. Rozdzielczość wyraża się w postaci ilości pikseli w poziomie i w pionie. Pojęcie rozdzielczości ekranu jest dość mylące, gdyż tak naprawdę nie jest to rozdzielczość wyświetlacza, lecz rozdzielczość obrazu na tym wyświetlaczu, a w większości urządzeń bieżący tryb wyświetlania można regulować skokowo wewnątrz określonego zakresu, którego granice, jak i poszczególne dostępne rozdzielczości powiązane są z budową urządzenia wyświetlająego, budową karty graficznej, wielkością pamięci na tej karcie oraz oprogramowaniem (sterownik karty, system operacyjny). Odczucie zmiany wielkości obrazu w miarę wzrostu rozdzielczości jest wywołane tym, że zazwyczaj stałe elementy interfejsu systemu operacyjnego, takie jak ramki, ikonki etc. mają stałą wielkość w pikselach. Dla telewizorów analogowych, rozdzielczość jest związana z przepustowością sygnału luminancji i jest określany w "liniach", jako największa liczba naprzemiennych białych i czarnych pionowych pasków które mogą być wyświetlone wszerz ekranu bez nakładania się na siebie. Czasami linie są liczone na szerokości równej wysokości obrazu, zamiast na całej szerokości. To powoduje powstanie dwóch miar rozdzielczości poziomej, co może powodować nieporozumienia. Rozdzielczość pionowa, podobnie jak w urządzeniach cyfrowych, jest liczbą poziomych linii na obrazie. Obecnie, standardowymi rozdzielczościami są 640×480 (VGA, Video Graphics Array), 800×600 (SVGA, Super VGA), oraz 1024×768 (XGA/XVGA, eXtended czyli rozszerzona). Niektórzy użytkownicy, szczególnie programów CAD oraz gracze, używają rozdzielczości 1600×1200 (UXGA, Ultra-eXtended) lub wyższych, jeżeli mają odpowiedni sprzęt. Kiedy rozdzielczość wyświetlania jest zbyt duża w stosunku do możliwości monitora lub wyświetlacza, niektóre systemy tworzą wirtualny ekran, który może być przewijany "pod" fizycznym ekranem. Dla telewizji cyfrowej i HDTV, typowe rozdzielczości pionowe to 720 lub 1080 linii. Rozdzielczość 640×480, wprowadzona przez IBM PS/2 VGA i MCGA (multi-color), zintegrowane karty graficzne, stała się standardem od 1990 do 1997 roku, częściowo dzięki swoim proporcjom 4:3. 800×600 była standardową rozdzielczością od roku 1998 do chwili obecnej, ale 1024×768 szybko staje się nowym standardem rozdzielczości, szczególnie że również zachowuje proporcje 4:3. Wiele stron internetowych i produktów multimedialnych jest zaprojektowanych dla rozdzielczości 1024×768. Większość współczesnych gier wypuszczonych w erze grafiki 128-bitowej, takich jak SimCity 4, w ogóle nie pozwala na używanie rozdzielczości 640×480. Windows XP zostało zaprojektowane do pracy w rozdzielczości co najmniej 800×600 (ale jest możliwa praca trybie zgodności z 640×480). Dla monitorów 15" i 17" (381 mm i 432 mm), rozdzielczość 1024×768 jest standardem, natomiast dla monitorów 19" zaleca się 1280×1024. Dobre monitory 21" (533 mm) zazwyczaj potrafią wyświetlać obraz w rozdzielczości 1600×1200. Są także szerokie monitory 24" (610 mm), które często będą w stanie pracować w rozdzielczości poziomej 1900 pikseli lub większej. Kategoria:Sprzęt komputerowy

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Sásánovci
Dynastie Sásánovců vládla v Persii v letech 224 až 651.

Seznam perských králů z dynastie Sásánovců

- Ardašír I. (224 - 240/241)
- Šápúr I. (

Dílo

Byl ovlivněn svými novinářskými počátky a studiem sociologie. Pro jeho díla je typická kritika americké společnosti a lidí toužící po kariéře a penězích. Jeho kritika je založena na tvrzení, že peníze

Corm

See also

Plant

Embryophytes

Algae and Fungi

Importance

Growth

Fossils

Distribution

References and further reading

See also

External links

Botanical and vegetation databases

Monocotyledon

Name, characters

Compared to the former Dicotyledons

Taxonomy

References and external links

Storage organ

Estivation

Parenchyma

In animals

In plants

Bulb

Iridaceae

Taxonomy

Genera

Reference

Gladiolus

Species

Cultivation

External link

Reference

Iris (plant)

Description

Cultivation

Pollination

Taxonomic issues

Examples of Iris species

Species

References

External links

Montbretia

Species

Natural hybrids

Reference

Rhizome

Rhizome metaphors

Further reading and discussion

Tuber

See also

Rozdzielczość monitora

Seznam perských králů z dynastie Sásánovců

Dílo