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Diary

Diary

: See Diary (novel) for the novel by Chuck Palahniuk and Diary (album) for an album by Sunny Day Real Estate A diary is a book for writing discrete entries arranged by date. It can be used for recording in advance of appointments and other planned activities, and/or for reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Such logs play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including governmental, business, and military records. Diaries run the spectrum from business notations, to listings of weather and daily personal events, through to inner exploration of the psyche, or a place to express one's deepest self. Some use the words "diary and "journal" interchangeably while others apply strict differences to journals, diaries and journaling - dated, undated, inner focused, outer focused, forced, etc. Some diarists think of their diaries as a special friend, even going so far as to name them. For example, Anne Frank called her diary "Kitty". There is a strong psychological effect of having an audience for one's self-expression, a personal space, or a "listener," even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself. More than 16,000 diaries have been published since book publishing began. See List of diarists. Additionally, the diary is a popular form for works of fiction. See List of fictional diaries.

History

The word diary comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance", from dies, "day" - more often in the plural form diaria). The word "journal" comes from the same root (diurnus = of the day) through "journey". The oldest extant diaries come from East Asian cultures, pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals being some of the oldest surviving specimens of this genre of writing. Sales of "page a day" diaries go back hundreds of years (Letts, for example, is over 200 years old). At first, most of these books were used as ledgers, or business books. Samuel Pepys is the earliest diarist that is well known today, although he had contemporaries who were also keeping diaries. (John Evelyn for one.) Pepys also was apparently at a turning point in diary history, for he took it beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Until, it seems, around the turn of the 20th century, with greater literacy and industrialization throughout the globe, particularly the Western world, diary writing was mostly limited to the members of the higher socio-economic classes. In the West, at least, a high proportion of historical and literary figures from the Renaissance to the 20th century seem to have kept a diary. (see list below) In the 1960s Tristine Rainer authored the book The New Diary. It was revolutionary in expanding awareness of diary-keeping as a literary genre. In the work she identified techniques that people use either spontaneously or have employed in their daily writing to explore themselves and their experience of the world in which they live. The idea, as expressed in the title, is that a diary is much more than a dry record of weather or daily events--it allows the writer to communicate deep and often spiritual realizations. One of the most tempting things about diaries is that writing one is accessible to anyone with pen and paper. No education is needed. One doesn't need to know how to spell or use grammar. Writing a diary is something some people are driven to do, often as a way to put their existence into perspective. Too often the modern Western stereotype is that diaries are written only by teenage girls. The onslaught of diaries sold in "cute" colors with locks and keys helped this illusion. Now, many people prefer the word "journal" so as to avoid this common misconception.

Diaries/Journals and Healing

In the 1980s and 1990s diaries or journals became fertile ground for therapy. Many books have been published about how to write a diary (for increasing "self-awareness," for "finding your true self," and for healing from any number of personal troubles, including physical illness and trauma). An entire culture has evolved around the practice of journaling. There are many techniques to be attempted. (Many of these techniques enjoyed their first mention in Tristine Rainer's book.)

Internet Diaries

As Internet access became commonly available, people naturally adopted it as yet another medium with which to chronicle their lives, with the added dimension of having an audience (negating, to some, the very definition of "diary"). Apart from the odd tangent on USENET and posts to proprietary forums on the earliest Internet service providers, the first online personal diary is believed to be that of Carolyn Burke, which debuted on the web in January 1995. The number of people publishing web journals grew quickly, but for some time the practice was limited to people who had both internet access and a familiarity with HTML. However, several diverse communities of web diarists eventually developed.

Blogs

Easy-to-use web-based services soon appeared to make online publishing easier. But the great explosion in personal storytelling came with the emergence of weblogs, also known as blogs. While the format was at first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread weblog tools were quickly seized upon to create web journals - albeit consisting of short, spontaneous entries rather than crafted essays. Further, the weblog community was more naturally comfortable with networking and linking, creating a thriving online community. Much like the web diarist community that came before, there were cliques and protests over a supposed A-list of authors. Like online journals, "personal weblogs" are frequently maligned in the broader web log community as a form of "navel gazing." Some weblog services are small and merely offer a way to publish one's writing, while others have become true communities offering opportunities for feedback and communication with fellow diarists. While many of the people using these online communities are presumed to be teenage girls and young people, (who perhaps see them as a way to keep their inner thoughts secret from their families while expressing and exploring their feelings and the experience of growing up), there is a fair amount of evidence that the stereotype is fading with the growing prevalence of journals and weblogs on the internet.

Online Services

Some "online diary" websites providers:
- [http://www.aeonity.com Aeonity]
- [http://www.bcz.com BCZ Blogs]
- Blogger
- [http://www.diarist.com Diarist]
- [http://www.diaryland.com Diaryland]
- [http://www.diary-x.com Diary-X]
- LiveJournal
- Xanga
- [http://www.hotdiary.com HotDiary]
- [http://www.monkeybard.com Monkeybard]
- [http://www.opendiary.com Open Diary]
- [http://www.travel-diaries.com Travel-Diaries]
- [http://www.healthdiaries.com Health Diaries]
- [http://www.diaryis.com Diary IS]
- [http://www.blogspot.com Blog Spot]
- [http://www.exteen.com Exteen]
- [http://www.storythai.com StoryThai]

External Links

- [http://www.yomanim.com A Site dedicated to Hebrew Novels and Short Stories which are written in a style of a diary(The meaning of the word Yomanim in Hebrew is Diaries)] Category:Books by type Category:Blogs ko:일기 ja:日記

Diary (novel)

Diary is a 2003 novel by American author Chuck Palahniuk. Told in the form of a coma diary, Diary tells the story of a painter living on an island dependant on tourism-generated income after her husband enters a coma after a failed attempt at suicide. Diary loosely falls into the modern horror genre of fiction, putting aside violence and shock tactics in favour of psychological scares and dark humour. Category:2003 books Category:Chuck Palahniuk books

Diary (album)

Diary is the first studio album from the emo band Sunny Day Real Estate.

Track Listing

#"Seven" - 4:45 #"In Circles" - 4:58 #"Song About An Angel" - 6:14 #"Round" - 4:09 #"47" - 4:34 #"The Blankets Were the Stars" - 5:27 #"Pheurton Skeurto" - 2:33 #"Shadows" - 4:46 #"48" - 4:46 #"Grendel" - 4:53 #"Sometimes" - 5:42

Book

:This page is about bound sheets of paper. For the graph theory concept, see Book (graph theory). For the musical theater meaning, see Book (musical theater). A book is a collection of leaves of paper, parchment or other material, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale. A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm. A book may be studied by students in the form of a book report. It may also be covered by a professional writer as a book review to introduce a new book.
History
book review.]] The oral account (word of mouth, tradition, hearsay) is the oldest carrier of messages and stories. When writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations, clay tablets or parchment scrolls were used as, for example, in the library of Alexandria. Scrolls were later phased out in favor of the codex, a bound book with pages and a spine, the form of most books today. The codex was invented in the first few centuries A.D. or earlier. Some have said that Julius Caesar invented the first codex during the Gallic Wars. He would issue scrolls folded up accordion style and use the "pages" as reference points. Before the invention and adoption of the printing press, almost all books were copied by hand, which made books comparatively expensive and rare. During the early Middle Ages, when only churches, universities, and rich noblemen could typically afford books, they were often chained to a bookshelf or a desk to prevent theft. The first books used parchment or vellum (calf skin) for the pages, which was later replaced with paper. In the mid 15th century books began to be produced by block printing in western Europe (the technique had been known in the East centuries earlier). In block printing, a relief image of an entire page was carved out of wood. It could then be inked and used to reproduce many copies of that page. Creating an entire book, however, was a painstaking process, requiring a hand-carved block for each page. Also, the wood blocks were not terribly durable and could easily wear out or crack. The oldest dated book printed by the method of block printing is The Diamond Sutra. There is a wood block printed copy in the British Library which, although not the earliest example of block printing, is the earliest example which bears an actual date. It was found in 1907 by the archaeologist Sir Marc Aurel Stein in a walled-up cave near Dunhuang, in northwest China. The colophon, at the inner end, reads: Reverently [caused to be] made for universal free distribution by Wang Jie on behalf of his two parents on the 13th of the 4th moon of the 9th year of Xiantong [i.e. 11th May, CE 868 ]. The Chinese inventor Pi Sheng made moveable type of earthenware circa 1045, but we have no surviving examples of his printing. He embedded the characters, face up, in a shallow tray lined with warm wax. He laid a board across them and pressed it down until all the characters were at exactly the same level. When the wax cooled he used his letter tray to print whole pages. It was not until Johann Gutenberg popularized the printing press with metal moveable type in the 15th century that books started to be affordable and widely available. This upset the status quo, leading to remarks such as "The printing press will allow books to get into the hands of people who have no business reading books." It is estimated that in Europe about 1,000 various books were created per year before the invention of the printing press. With the rise of printing in the fifteenth century, books were published in limited numbers and were quite valuable. The need to protect these precious commodities was evident. One of the earliest references to the use of bookmarks was in 1584 when the Queen's Printer, Christopher Barker, presented Queen Elizabeth I with a fringed silk bookmark. Common bookmarks in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were narrow silk ribbons bound into the book at the top of the spine and extended below the lower edge of the page. The first detachable bookmarks began appearing in the 1850's and were made from silk or embroidered fabrics. Not until the 1880's, did paper and other materials become more common. The following centuries were spent on improving both the printing press and the conditions for freedom of the press through the gradual relaxation of restrictive censorship laws. See also intellectual property, public domain, copyright. In mid-20th century, Europe book production has risen to over 200,000 titles per year.
Structure of book
Depending of book's purpose or type (i.e. Encyclopedia , Dictionary, Textbook, Monograph) structure could vary, but some common (traditional) structural parts of the book usually are: #Book cover (hard or soft, fancy-looking, with illustration) #Title page (shows title and author, often with small illustration or icon) #Metrics page #(sometimes - dedication page) #Table of contents #Preface #Text of contents of that book #Index (publishing) #Back cover (hard or soft, fancy-looking, with illustration)
Conservation issues
In the mid-19th century, papers made from pulp (cellulose, wood) were introduced because it was cheaper than cloth-based papers (i.e. vellum or parchment). Pulp based paper made cheap novels, cheap school text books and cheap books of all kinds available to the general public. This paved the way for huge leaps in the rate of literacy in industrialised nations and eased the spread of information during the Second Industrial Revolution. However, this pulp paper contained acid that causes a sort of slow fires that eventually destroys the paper from within. Earlier techniques for making paper used limestone rollers which neutralized the acid in the pulp. Libraries today have to consider mass deacidification of their older collections. Books printed from 1850-1950 are at risk; more recent books are often printed on acid-free or alkaline paper. The proper care of books takes into account the possibility of chemical changes to the cover and text. Books are best stored in reduced lighting, definitely out of direct sunlight, at cool temperatures, and at moderate humidity. Books, especially heavy ones, need the support of surrounding volumes to maintain their shape. It is desirable for that reason to group books by size.
Collections of books
alkaline Maintaining a library used to be the privilege of princes, the wealthy, monasteries and other religious institutions, and universities. The growth of a public library system in the United States started in the late 19th century and was much helped by donations from Andrew Carnegie. This reflected classes in a society: The poor or the middle class had to share most books through a public library or by other means while the rich could afford to have a private library built into their homes. The advent of paperback books in the 20th century led to an explosion of popular publishing. Paperback books made owning books affordable for many people. Paperback books often included works from genres that had previously been published mostly in pulp magazines. As a result of the low cost of such books and the spread of bookstores filled with them (in addition to the creation of a smaller market of extremely cheap used paperbacks) owning a private library ceased to be a status symbol for the rich. While a small collection of books, or one to be used by a small number of people, can be stored in any way convenient to the owners, a large or public collection requires a catalogue and some means of consulting it. Often codes or other marks have to be added to the books to speed the process of relating them to the catalogue and their correct shelf position. Where these identify a volume uniquely, they are referred to as "call numbers". In large libraries this call number is usually based on a Library classification system. The call number is placed inside the book and on the spine of the book, normally a short distance before the bottom, in accordance with institutional or national standards such as ANSI/NISO Z39.41 - 1997. This short (7 pages) standard also establishes the correct way to place information (such as the title or the name of the author) on book spines and on "shelvable" book-like objects such as containers for DVDs, video tapes and software. In library and booksellers' catalogues, it is common to include an abbreviation such as "Crown 8vo" to indicate the paper size from which the book is made. When rows of books are lined on a bookshelf, bookends are sometimes needed to keep them from slanting.
Keeping track of books
One of the earliest and most widely known systems of cataloguing books is the Dewey Decimal System. This system has fallen out of use in some places, mainly because of a Eurocentric bias and other difficulties applying the system to modern libraries. However, it is still used by most public libraries in America. Another popular classification system is the Library of Congress system, which is more popular in university libraries. All books of the world are said to constitute the Gutenberg Galaxy, or, to use a term coined by eBook author Rick Sutcliffe in the early 1980s, the Metalibrary. For the entire 20th century most librarians concerned with offering proper library services to the public (or a smaller subset such as students) worried about keeping track of the books being added yearly to the Gutenberg Galaxy. Through a global society called the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) they devised a series of tools such as the International Standard Book Description or ISBD. Besides, each book is specified by a International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is unique to every book produced by participating publishers, world wide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. It has four parts. The first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a checksum or a check digit and can take values from 0-9 and X (10). The EAN Barcodes numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for Bookland and calculating a new check digit. Many government publishers, in industrial countries as well as in developing countries, do not participate fully in the ISBN system. They often produce books which do not have ISBNs. In certain industrialized countries large classes of commercial books, such as novels, textbooks and other non-fiction books, are nearly always given ISBNs by publishers, thus giving the illusion to many customers that the ISBN is an international and complete system, with no exceptions.
Transition to digital format
The term e-book (electronic book) in the broad sense is an amount of information like a conventional book, but in digital form. It is made available through internet, CD-ROM, etc. In the popular press the term eBook sometimes refers to a device such as the Sony Librie EBR-1000EP, which is meant to read the digital form and present it to a human being. Throughout the 20th century, libraries have faced an ever-increasing rate of publishing, sometimes called an information explosion. The advent of electronic publishing and the Internet means that much new information is not printed in paper books, but is made available online e.g. through a digital library, on CD-ROM, or in the form of e-books. On the other hand, though books are nowadays produced using a digital version of the content, for most books such a version is not available to the public (i.e. neither in the library nor on internet), and there is no decline in the rate of paper publishing. There is an effort, however, to convert books that are in the public domain into a digital medium for unlimited redistribution and infinite availability. The effort is spearheaded by Project Gutenberg combined with Distributed Proofreaders. There have also been new developments in the process of publishing books. Technologies such as print on demand have made it easier for less known authors to make their work available to a larger audience.
Related articles and lists

- Author
- Bookbinding
- Bookselling
- List of books by title
- List of books by author
- List of books by genre or type
- List of books by award or notoriety
- List of books by year of publication
- List of banned books
- List of fictional books
- Metasearch engine sites search multiple online bookstore sites. Some require separate searches for new or used books.
- Addall.com
- BookFinder.com
- Online bookstores
- Abebooks
- Alibris
- Amazon.com
- Biblio.com
- BibliOZ
- Barnes & Noble
- Borders
- Powell's City of Books
- Book Sense
- Thriftbooks
Online book databases and lists

- The Internet Book Database of Fiction
- Internet Book List
- ISBNdb.com, books database built from libraries data
External links

- [http://headlesschicken.ca/eng204/ The History & Future of the Book - course syllabus & extensive bibliography]
- [http://www.thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/search/books_authors/index.jsp The Book Standard Books & Authors Database]
- Category:Documents ja:本 simple:Book tokipona:lipu toki

Writing

Writing may refer to two activities: the inscribing of characters on a medium, with the intention of forming words and other constructs that represent language or record information, and the creation of material to be conveyed through written language. (There are some exceptions; for example, the use of a typewriter to record language is generally called typing, rather than writing.) Writing refers to both activities equally, and both activities may often occur simultaneously.

Methods for recording information

Logographies

A logogram is a written character which represents a word or morpheme. The vast array of logograms needed to write a language, and the many years required to learn them, are the major disadvantage of the logographic systems over alphabetic systems. However, the efficiency of reading logographic writing once it is learned is a major advantage. No writing system is wholly logographic. All have phonetic components as well as logograms ("logosyllabic" components in the case of Chinese, cuneiform, and Mayan, where a glyph may stand for a morpheme, a syllable, or both; "logoconsonantal" in the case of hieroglyphs), and many have an ideographic component (Chinese "radicals", hieroglyphic "determiners".) For example, in Mayan, the glyph for "fin", pronounced ka, was used to represent the syllable ka whenever clarification was needed. However, such phonetic elements complement the logographic elements, rather than vice versa. The main logographic system in use today is Chinese, used with some modification for various languages of China, Japanese, and, to a lesser extent, Korean in South Korea. Another is the classical Yi script.
Syllabaries
A syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent (or approximate) syllables. A glyph in a syllabary typically represents a consonant followed by a vowel, or just a vowel alone, though in some scripts more complex syllables (such as consonant-vowel-consonant, or consonant-consonant-vowel) may have dedicated glyphs. Phonetically related syllables are not so indicated in the script. For instance, the syllable ka may look nothing like the syllable ki, nor will syllables with the same vowels be similar. Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, such as Japanese. Other languages that use syllabic writing include the Linear B script for Mycenaean Greek; Cherokee; Ndjuka, an English-based creole of Surinam; and the Vai script of Liberia. Most logographic systems have a strong syllabic component.
Alphabets
An alphabet is a small set of symbols, each of which roughly represents or historically represented a phoneme of the language. In a perfectly phonological alphabet, the phonemes and letters would correspond perfectly in two directions: a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling. As languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language. In most of the alphabets of the Mid-East, only consonants are indicated, or vowels may be indicated with optional diacritics. Such systems are called abjads. In other, vowels are indicated through diacritics or modification of the shape of the consonant. These are called abugidas. Some abugidas, such as Ethiopic and Cree, are learned by children as syllabaries, and are often called "syllabics". However, unlike true syllabaries, there is not an independent glyph for each syllable. Sometimes the term "alphabet" is restricted to systems with separate letters for consonants and vowels, such as the Latin alphabet.
Featural scripts
A featural script notates the building blocks of the phonemes that make up a language. For instance, all sounds pronounced with the lips ("labial" sounds) may have some element in common. In the Latin alphabet, this is accidentally the case with the letters b and p; however, labial m is completely dissimilar, and the similar-looking q is not labial. In Korean Hangul, however, all four labial consonants are based on the same basic element. However, in practice, Korean is learned by children as an ordinary alphabet, and the featural elements tend to pass unnoticed. Another featural script is SignWriting, the most popular writing system for many sign languages, where the shapes and movements of the hands and face are represented iconically. Featural scripts are also common in fictional or invented systems, such as Tolkien's Tengwar.
Historical significance of writing systems
Historians draw a distinction between prehistory and history, with history defined by the advent of writing. The cave paintings and petroglyphs of prehistoric peoples can be considered precursors of writing, but are not considered writing because they did not represent language directly. Writing systems always develop and change based on the needs of the people who use them. Sometimes the shape, orientation and meaning of individual signs also changes over time. By tracing the development of a script it is possible to learn about the needs of the people who used the script as well as how it changed over time.
Tools
(see methods of representing text)
Writing in Historical Cultures

Mesopotamia
The original Mesopotamian writing system was initially derived from a system of clay tokens used to represent commodities. By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolved into a method of keeping accounts, using imprints of a wedge-shaped stylus (hence the term cuneiform), atfirst only for numbers, and finally a general purpose writing system, initially used to represent Sumerian. This writing system was originally a logographic writing system, but had begun to evolve phonetic elements by the 29th century BC. By the 26th century BC, this script had been adapted to another Mesopotamian language, Akkadian, and from there to others such as Hurrian, and Hittite. Scripts similar in appearance to this writing system include those for Ugaritic and Old Persian.
Egypt
The earliest known hieroglyphic inscriptions are the Narmer Palette, dating to c.3200 BC, and several recent discoveries that may be slightly older, though the glyphs were based on a much older artistic tradition. The hieroglyphic script was logographic with phonetic adjuncts that included an effective alphabet. Writing was very important in maintaining the Egyptian empire, and literacy was concentrated among an educated elite of scribes. Only people from certain backgrounds were allowed to train to become scribes, in the service of temple, pharaonic, and military authorities. The hieroglyph system was always difficult to learn, but in later centuries was purposefully made even more so, as this preserved the scribes' status. The world's oldest known alphabet was developed in central Egypt around 2000 BC from a hieroglyphic prototype, and over the next 500 years spread to Palestine and eventually to the rest of the world.
Phoenician writing system and descendents
The Phoenician writing system was adapted from the Proto-Caananite script in around the 11th century BC, which in turn borrowed ideas from Egyptian hieroglyphics. This writing system was an abjad - that is, a writing system in which only consonants are represented. This script was adapted by the Greeks, who adapted certain consonantal signs to represent their vowels. This alphabet in turn was adapted by various peoples to write their own language, resulting in the Etruscan alphabet, and its own descendents, such as the Latin alphabet and Runes. Other descendents from the Greek alphabet include the Cyrillic alphabet, used to write Russian, among others. The Phoenician system was also adapted into the Aramaic script, from which the Hebrew script and also that of Arabic are descended.
China
In China historians have found out a lot about the early Chinese dynasties from the written documents left behind. From the Shang Dynasty most of this writing has survived on bones or bronze implements. Markings on turtle shells have been carbon-dated to around 1,500 BC. Historians have found that the type of media used had an effect on what the writing was documenting and how it was used.
Indus Valley
The Indus Valley script is one of the most fascinating and mysterious aspects of ancient Indian culture as it has not yet been deciphered. Although we have many example of the Indus script, without true understanding of how the script works and what the inscriptions say, it is impossible to understand the importance of writing in the pre-Indo-European Harappan Civilization.
Elsewhere
Many other systems have been developed independently, e.g. the complex Mayan writing; Etruscan is still not deciphered despite a fairly large corpus of material (mainly Latin and Greek).
Creation of text or information

Creativity
In order to write a creative essay or short story, there are several tools that you can employ: dialogue (conversation and your thoughts) sensory imagery (the five senses and your feelings) dialect concrete details (as opposed to abstract ideas) literary devices (such as similes, metaphors, personification, hyperbole, and understatement)
Author

Critiques
Writers will often search out others to evaluate or critique their work. This can give the writer a better product in the end. To this end, many writers join writing circles, often found at local libraries or bookstores. With the evolution of the internet, writing circles have started to go [http://www.dragonfly-publishing.com/members/index.php online].
See also

- author
- boustrophedon text
- calligraphy
- communication
- creative writing
- decipherment
- interactive fiction
- linguistics
- literacy
- manuscript
- orthography
- pencil
- printing
- publishing
- speech
- graphonomics
- word processing
- writer
- writing slate
- writing systems
- List of writers' conferences
Further reading

- A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia, edited by Anne-Marie Christin, [http://www.flammarion.com/groupe/ Flammarion] (in French, hardcover: 408 pages, 2002, ISBN 2080108875)
- [http://www.lichtensteiger.de/methoden.html Das "Anrennen gegen die Grenzen der Sprache" Diskussion mit Roland Barthes, André Breton, Gilles Deleuze & Raymond Federman] by Ralph Lichtensteiger
- [http://www.authorssociety.org/ By writers for writers Authors Society.org]
- [http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html Origins of writing on AncientScripts.com]
- [http://www.delmar.edu/engl/instruct/stomlin/1301int/lessons/language/history.htm History of Writing]
- [http://www.writing.com/ Writing.Com: Online Writing]: A site for writers to exchange feedback ;ERIC Digests
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/writing.htm Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom]
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/development.htm Writing Development]
- [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/views.htm Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years]
- ja:筆記 simple:Writing

Anne Frank

Annelies Marie "Anne" Frank (June 12 1929 – ca. March 1945) was a German Jewish girl who wrote a diary while in hiding with her family and four friends in Amsterdam during the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II. Her family had moved to Amsterdam after the Nazis gained power in Germany but were trapped when the Nazi occupation extended into The Netherlands. As persecutions against the Jewish population increased, the family went into hiding in July 1942 in hidden rooms in Otto Frank's office building. After two years in hiding, the group was betrayed and transported to the concentration camp system where Anne died of typhus (in Bergen-Belsen) within days of her sister, Margot, in February or March 1945. Her father, Otto, the only survivor of the group, returned to Amsterdam after the war ended, to find that her diary had been saved. Convinced that it was a unique record he took action to have it published. The diary was given to Anne Frank for her thirteenth birthday and chronicles the events of her life from June 12 1942 until its final entry of August 1 1944. It was eventually translated from its original Dutch into many languages and became one of the world's most widely read books. There have also been many theatrical productions, and an opera, based on the diary. Described as the work of a mature and insightful mind, it provides an intimate examination of daily life under Nazi occupation; through her writing, Anne Frank has become one of the most renowned and discussed of the Holocaust victims.

Early life

Holocaust Anne Frank was born on June 12 1929 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, the second daughter of Otto Heinrich Frank (May 12 1889–August 19 1980) and Edith Holländer (January 16 1900–January 6 1945). Margot Frank (February 16 1926–March 1945) was her sister. The family lived in an assimilated community of Jewish and non-Jewish citizens, and the children grew up with Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish friends. The Franks were Reform Jews, observing many of the traditions of Judaism. Edith Frank was the more devout parent, while Otto Frank was interested in scholarly pursuits and had an extensive library; both parents encouraged the children to read. On March 13 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt for the municipal council, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Anti-Semitic demonstrations occurred almost immediately, and the Franks began to fear what would happen to them if they remained in Germany. Later in the year, Edith and the children went to Aachen, where they stayed with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto Frank remained in Frankfurt, but after receiving an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to organise the business and to arrange accommodation for his family. Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works, a company which sold the fruit extract pectin, and found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in an Amsterdam suburb. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and the two girls were enrolled in the Montessori school. Margot demonstrated ability in arithmetic, and Anne showed aptitude for reading and writing. They were also recognized as highly distinct personalities, Margot being well mannered, reserved, and studious, while Anne was outspoken, energetic, and extroverted. In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company in partnership with Hermann van Pels, a butcher, who had fled Osnabrück in Germany with his family. In 1939 Edith's mother came to live with the Franks, and remained with them until her death in January 1942. In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, and the occupation government began to persecute Jews by the implementation of restrictive and discriminatory laws, and the mandatory registration and segregation of Jews soon followed. Margot and Anne were excelling in their studies and had a large number of friends, but with the introduction of a decree that Jewish children could only attend Jewish schools, they were enrolled at the Jewish Lyceum.

The period chronicled in the diary

Before going into hiding

Lyceum For her thirteenth birthday on June 12 1942, Anne received a small notebook which she had pointed out to her father in a shop window a few days earlier. Although it was an autograph book, bound with red-and-white checkered cloth and with a small lock on the front, Anne had already decided she would use it as a diary. She began writing in it almost immediately, describing herself, her family and friends, her school life, boys she flirted with and the places she liked to visit in her neighbourhood. While these early entries demonstrate that in many ways her life was that of a typical schoolgirl, she also refers to changes that had taken place since the German occupation. Some references are seemingly casual and not emphasized. However in some entries Anne provides more detail of the oppression that was steadily increasing. For instance, she wrote about the yellow star which all Jews were forced to wear in public and she listed some of the restrictions and persecutions that had encroached into the lives of Amsterdam's Jewish population. In July 1942, Margot Frank received a call-up notice from the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordering her to report for relocation to a work camp. Anne was then told of a plan that Otto had formulated with his most trusted employees, and which Edith and Margot had been aware of for a short time. The family was to go into hiding in rooms above and behind the company's premises on the Prinsengracht, a street along one of Amsterdam's canals.

Life in the Achterhuis

canal On July 5 1942, the family moved into the hiding place. Their apartment was left in a state of disarray to create the impression that they had left suddenly, and Otto Frank left a note that hinted they were going to Switzerland. As Jews were not allowed to use public transport they walked several kilometres from their home, with each of them wearing several layers of clothing as they did not dare to be seen carrying luggage. The Achterhuis (a Dutch word denoting the rear part of a house, translated as the "Secret Annexe" in English editions of the diary) was a three-story space at the rear of the building that was entered from a landing above the Opekta offices. Two small rooms, with an adjoining bathroom and toilet, were on the first level, and above that a large open room, with a small room beside it. From this smaller room, a ladder led to the attic. The door to the Achterhuis was later covered by a bookcase to ensure it remained undiscovered. The main building, situated a block from the Westerkerk, was nondescript, old and typical of buildings in the western quarters of Amsterdam. Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding, and with Gies' husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, were their "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. They provided the only contact between the outside world and the occupants of the house, and they kept them informed of war news and political developments. They catered for all of their needs, ensured their safety and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Anne wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that if caught they could face the death penalty for sheltering Jews. In late July, the Franks were joined by the van Pels family: Hermann, Auguste, and 16-year-old Peter, and then in November by Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the family. Anne wrote of her pleasure at having new people to talk to, but tensions quickly developed within the group forced to live in such confined conditions. After sharing her room with Pfeffer, she found him to be insufferable, and she clashed with Auguste van Pels, whom she regarded as foolish. Her relationship with her mother was strained, and Anne wrote that they had little in common as her mother was too remote. Although she sometimes argued with Margot, she wrote of an unexpected bond that had developed between them, but she remained closest emotionally to her father. Some time later, after first dismissing the shy and awkward Peter van Pels, she recognised a kinship with him and the two entered a romance. Anne spent most of her time reading and studying, while continuing to write and edit her diary. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she also wrote about her feelings, beliefs and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in God, and how she defined human nature. She continued writing regularly until her final entry of August 1, 1944.

Arrest and concentration camps

On the morning of August 4, 1944, the Achterhuis was stormed by the Grüne Polizei following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified [http://www.niod.nl/annefrank/Who%20betrayed%20Anne%20Frank.pdf]. Led by Schutzstaffel Oberscharführer Karl Silberbauer of the Sicherheitsdienst, the group included at least three members of the Security Police. The occupants were loaded into trucks and taken for interrogation. Victor Kugler and Johannes Kleiman were taken away and subsequently jailed, but Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl were allowed to go. They later returned to the Achterhuis, where they found Anne's papers strewn on the floor. They collected them, as well as several family photograph albums, and Gies resolved to return them to Anne after the war. The members of the household were taken to the camp at Westerbork. Ostensibly a transit camp, by this time more than 100,000 Jews had passed through it, and on September 2, the group was deported on what would be the last transport from Westerbork to the Auschwitz concentration camp. They arrived after a three days' journey, and were separated by gender, with the men and women never to see each other again. Of the 1019 passengers, 549 people – including all children under the age of fifteen years – were selected and sent directly to the gas chambers where they were killed. Anne had turned fifteen three months earlier and was spared, and although everyone from the Achterhuis survived this selection, Anne believed her father had been killed. gas chamber With the other females not selected for immediate death, Anne was forced to strip naked to be disinfected, had her head shaved and was tattooed with an identifying number on her arm. By day the women were used as slave labour, and by night were crowded into freezing barracks. Disease was rampant and before long Anne's skin became badly infected by scabies. On October 28, selections began for women to be relocated to Bergen-Belsen. More than 8,000 women, including Anne and Margot Frank and Auguste van Pels, were transported, but Edith Frank was left behind. Tents were erected to accommodate the influx of prisoners, Anne and Margot among them, and as the population rose, the death toll due to disease increased rapidly. Anne was briefly reunited with two friends, Hanneli Goslar (named "Lies" in the diary) and Nanette Blitz, who both survived the war. They said that Anne, naked but for a piece of blanket, explained she was infested with lice and had thrown her clothes away. They described her as bald, emaciated and shivering but although ill herself, she told them that she was more concerned about Margot, whose illness seemed to be more severe. Goslar and Blitz did not see Margot who remained in her bunk, too weak to walk. Anne said they were alone as both of their parents were dead. In March 1945, a typhus epidemic spread through the camp killing an estimated 17,000 prisoners. Witnesses later testified that Margot fell from her bunk in her weakened state and was killed by the shock, and that a few days later Anne also died. They estimated that this occurred a few weeks before the camp was liberated by British troops on April 15 1945, and although the exact dates were not recorded, it is generally accepted to have been between the end of February and the middle of March. After the war, it was estimated that of the 110,000 Jews deported from the Netherlands during the Nazi occupation, only 5,000 survived. The individual fates of the other occupants of the Achterhuis, their helpers, and other people associated with Anne Frank, are discussed further. See article: People associated with Anne Frank.

The Diary of A Young Girl

Publication of the diary

People associated with Anne Frank Otto Frank survived and returned to Amsterdam. He was informed that his wife had died, but he also learnt that his daughters had been transferred to Bergen-Belsen, and he remained hopeful that they had survived. In July 1945, the Red Cross confirmed the deaths of Anne and Margot and it was only then that Miep Gies gave him the diary. He read it and later commented that he had not realised Anne had kept such an accurate and well-written record of their time together. Moved by her repeated wish to be an author, he began to consider having it published. When asked many years later to recall his first reaction he said simply, "I never knew my little Anne was so deep". Anne's diary began as a private expression of her thoughts and she wrote several times that she would never allow anyone to read it. She candidly described her life, her family and companions, and their situation, while beginning to recognise her ambition to write fiction for publication. In the spring of 1944, she heard a radio broadcast by Gerrit Bolkestein—a member of the Dutch government in exile—who said that when the war ended, he would create a public record of the Dutch people's oppression under German occupation. He mentioned the publication of letters and diaries, and Anne decided to submit her work when the time came. She began editing her writing, removing sections and rewriting others, with the view to publication. Her original notebook was supplemented by additional notebooks and loose-leaf sheets of paper. She created pseudonyms for the members of the household and the helpers. The van Pels family became Hermann, Petronella, and Peter van Daan, and Fritz Pfeffer became Albert Düssell. Otto Frank used her original diary, known as "version A", and her edited version, known as "version B", to produce the first version for publication. He removed certain passages, most notably those which referred to his wife in unflattering terms, and sections that discussed Anne's growing sexuality. Although he restored the true identities of his own family, he retained all of the other pseudonyms. He gave the diary to the historian Anne Romein, who tried unsuccessfully to have it published. She then gave it to her husband Jan Romein, who wrote an article about it, titled "Kinderstem" ("A Child's Voice"), published in the newspaper Het Parool on April 3, 1946. He wrote that the diary "stammered out in a child's voice, embodies all the hideousness of fascism, more so than all the evidence at Nuremberg put together" [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?pid=112&lid=2]. His article attracted attention from publishers, and the diary was published in 1947, followed by a second run in 1950. The first American edition was published in 1952 under the title Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. A play based upon the diary, by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, premiered in New York City on October 5 1955, and later won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It was followed by the 1959 movie The Diary of Anne Frank, which was a critical and commercial success. Over the years the popularity of the diary grew, and in many schools, particularly in the United States, it was included as part of the curriculum, introducing Anne Frank to new generations of readers. In 1986, a critical edition of the diary was published [http://www.riod.nl/engels/Institute%20publications1.html]. It compared her original entries with her father's edited versions, and included discussion relating its authentication, and historical information relating to the family. In 1999, Cornelis Suijk—a former director of the Anne Frank Foundation and president of the U.S. Center for Holocaust Education Foundation—announced that he was in the possession of five pages that had been removed by Otto Frank from the diary prior to publication; Suijk claimed that Otto Frank gave these pages to him shortly before his death in 1980. The missing diary entries contain critical remarks by Anne Frank about her parents' strained marriage, and shows Anne's lack of affection for her mother [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?PID=432&LID=2]. Some controversy ensued when Suijk claimed publishing rights over the five pages and intended to sell them to raise money for his U.S. Foundation. The Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, the formal owner of the manuscript, demanded the pages to be handed over. In 2000 the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science agreed to donate US$300,000 to Suijk's Foundation, and the pages were returned in 2001 [http://www.minocw.nl/english_oud/press/2001-005.html]. Since then, they have been included in new editions of the diary.

Praise for Anne Frank and the Diary

In her introduction to the diary's first American edition, Eleanor Roosevelt described it as "one of the wisest and most moving commentaries on war and its impact on human beings that I have ever read". The Soviet writer Ilya Ehrenburg later said: "one voice speaks for six million—the voice not of a sage or a poet but of an ordinary little girl." [http://www.edwardsly.com/franka.htm] As Anne Frank's stature as both a writer and humanist has grown, she has been discussed specifically as a symbol of the Holocaust and more broadly as a representative of persecution. Hillary Rodham Clinton, in her acceptance speech for an Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Award in 1994, read from Anne Frank's diary and spoke of her "awakening us to the folly of indifference and the terrible toll it takes on our young," which Clinton related to contemporary events in Sarajevo, Somalia and Rwanda [http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/other/1994-04-14-first-lady-remarks-elie-wiesel-humanitarian-awards.html]. After receiving a humanitarian award from the Anne Frank Foundation in 1994, Nelson Mandela addressed a crowd in Johannesburg, saying he had read Anne Frank's diary while in prison and "derived much encouragement from it." He likened her struggle against Nazism to his struggle against apartheid, drawing a parallel between the two philosophies with the comment "because these beliefs are patently false, and because they were, and will always be, challenged by the likes of Anne Frank, they are bound to fail." [http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1994/sp940815.html] apartheid.]] In her closing message in Melissa Müller's biography of Anne Frank, Miep Gies attempted to dispel what she felt was a growing misconception that "Anne symbolizes the six million victims of the Holocaust", writing: "Anne's life and death were her own individual fate, an individual fate that happened six million times over. Anne cannot, and should not, stand for the many individuals whom the Nazis robbed of their lives... But her fate helps us grasp the immense loss the world suffered because of the Holocaust." The diary has also been praised for its literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, the dramatist Meyer Levin – who worked with Otto Frank on a dramatisation of the diary shortly after its publication [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n2_v46/ai_19680329] – praised it for "sustaining the tension of a well-constructed novel" [http://www.edwardsly.com/franka.htm], while the poet John Berryman wrote that it was a unique depiction, not merely of adolescence but of "the mysterious, fundamental process of a child becoming an adult as it is actually happening" [http://www.edwardsly.com/franka.htm]. Her biographer Melissa Müller said that she wrote "in a precise, confident, economical style stunning in its honesty". Her writing is largely a study of characters, and she examines every person in her circle with a shrewd, uncompromising eye. She is occasionally cruel and often biased, particularly in her depictions of Fritz Pfeffer and of her own mother, and Müller explains that she channelled the "normal mood swings of adolescence" into her writing. Her examination of herself and her surroundings is sustained over a lengthy period of time in an introspective, analytical and highly self critical manner, and in moments of frustration she relates the battle being fought within herself between the "good Anne" she wants to be, and the "bad Anne" she believes herself to be. Otto Frank recalled his publisher explaining why he thought the diary has been so widely read, with the comment "he said that the diary encompasses so many areas of life that each reader can find something that moves him personally".

Denials and legal action

Efforts have been made to discredit the diary since its publication, and since the mid 1970s Holocaust denier David Irving has been consistent in his assertion that the diary is not genuine [http://www2.ca.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/f/frank.anne/Kuttner-rebuts-deniers]. Continued public statements made by such Holocaust deniers prompted Teresien da Silva to comment on behalf of Anne Frank House in 1999, "for many right-wing extremists (Anne) proves to be an obstacle. Her personal testimony of the persecution of the Jews and her death in a concentration camp are blocking the way to a rehabilitation of national socialism". Since the 1950s Holocaust denial has been a criminal offence in several European countries, including Germany, and the law has been used to prevent a rise in neo-Nazi activity. In 1959 Otto Frank took legal action in Lübeck against Lothar Stielau, a school teacher and former Hitler Youth member who published a school paper that described the diary as a forgery. The court examined the diary, and in 1960 found it to be genuine. Stielau recanted his earlier statement, and Otto Frank did not pursue the case any further. In 1958, Simon Wiesenthal was challenged by a group of protesters at a performance of The Diary of Anne Frank in Vienna who asserted that Anne Frank had never existed, and who told Wiesenthal to prove her existence by finding the man who had arrested her. He began searching for Karl Silberbauer and found him in 1963. When interviewed, Silberbauer readily admitted his role, and identifed Anne Frank from a photograph as one of the people arrested. He provided a full account of events and recalled emptying a briefcase full of papers onto the floor. His statement corroborated the version of events that had previously been presented by witnesses such as Otto Frank. In 1976 Otto Frank took action against Heinz Roth of Frankfurt, who published pamphlets stating the diary was a forgery. The judge ruled that if he published further statements he would be subjected to a 500,000 Deutschmark fine and a six months' jail sentence. Two cases were dismissed by German courts in 1978 and 1979 on the grounds of freedom of speech, as the complaint was not filed by an "injured party". The court ruled in each case that if a further complaint was made by an injured party, such as Otto Frank, a charge of slander could follow. The controversy reached its peak with the arrest and trial of two neo-Nazis, Ernst Römer and Edgar Geiss, who were tried and found guilty of producing and distributing literature denouncing the diary as a forgery, following a complaint by Otto Frank. During their appeal, a team of historians examined the documents in consultation with Otto Frank, and determined them to be genuine. In 1978, as part of an appeal of the cases won against Römer and Geiss, the German Criminal Court Laboratory, the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) was asked to examine the kind of paper and the types of ink used in the manuscript of the diary. Although its findings indicated that ink with which the diary was written had been in use during the war, the BKA also concluded that "the later corrections made on the loose-leaf pages were written in part in black, green and blue ballpoint pen," though the BKA did not give any specific details about these alleged ballpoint corrections. Deniers of the authenticity of the diary focussed in particular on this statement, as ballpoint pens did not become widely available until after the end of the Second World War. In 1986 the Dutch "Gerechtelijk Laboratorium" (State Forensic Science Laboratory) in Rijswijk conducted another extensive technical examination of the manuscript. Though the BKA was invited by the "Gerechtelijk Laboratorium" to indicate where on the loose-leaf pages it had found the "ballpoint corrections", the BKA was unable to point out a single example. The "Gerechtelijk Laboratorium" itself found only two slips of paper in ballpoint ink which had been inserted in Anne Frank's loose leaf manuscript. The Revised Critical Edition of the Diary of Anne Frank (published 2003) reproduces images (pages 167-171) of the two slips of paper, and in the chapter summarising the findings of the State Forensic Science Laboratory which analysed the materials, ink and handwriting in the manuscripts of Anne Frank, H.J.J. Hardy writes on the matter:

The only ballpoint writing was found on two loose scraps of paper included among the loose sheets. Figures VI-I-I and 3 show the way in which these scraps of paper had been inserted into the relevant plastic folders. As far as the factual contents of the diary are concerned the ballpoint writings have no significance whatsoever. Morever, the handwriting on the scraps of paper and in the diary differs strikingly.(page 167)

A footnote on this page adds:

The Hamburg psychologist and court-appointed handwriting expert Hans Ockleman stated in a letter to the Anne Frank Fonds dated September 27 1987 that his mother, Mrs Dorothea Ockleman wrote the ballpoint texts in question when she collaborated with Mrs Minna Becker in investigating the diaries.

With Otto Frank's death in 1980, the original diary, including letters and loose sheets, had been willed to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation, who commissioned a forensic study of the diary through the Netherlands Ministry of Justice in 1986. They examined the handwriting against known exemplars and found that they matched, and determined that the paper, glue and ink were readily available during the time the diary was said to have been written. Their final determination was that the diary is authentic. On March 23, 1990, the Hamburg Regional Court confirmed its authenticity. Nevertheless, Holocaust deniers have been persistent in their claims that the diaries were forged. In 1991 Robert Faurisson and Siegfried Verbeke produced a booklet titled: The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach. It claimed that Otto Frank wrote the diary, based on assertions that the diary contained several contradictions, that hiding in the Achterhuis would have been impossible, and that the style and handwriting of Anne Frank were not those of a teenager. In December 1993, the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam and the Anne Frank Fonds in Basle instigated a civil law suit in order to prohibit the further distribution of The Diary of Anne Frank: A Critical Approach in the Netherlands. On December 9, 1998, the Amsterdam District Court ruled in favour of the claimants, forbade any further denial of the authenticity of the diary and unsolicited distribution of publications to that effect, and imposed a penalty of 25,000-guilders per infringement.[http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?PID=426&LID=2]

Legacy

Siegfried Verbeke On May 3, 1957, a group of citizens including Otto Frank established the Anne Frank Foundation in an effort to save the Prinsengracht building from demolition and to make it accessible to the public. Otto Frank insisted that the aim of the foundation would be to foster contact and communication between young people of different cultures, religions or racial backgrounds, and to oppose intolerance and racial discrimination. The Anne Frank House opened on May 3, 1960. It consists of the Opekta warehouse and offices and the Achterhuis, all unfurnished so that visitors can walk freely through the rooms. Some personal relics of the former occupants remain, such as movie star photographs glued by Anne to a wall, a section of wallpaper on which Otto Frank marked the height of his growing daughters, and a map on the wall where he recorded the advance of the Allied Forces, all now protected behind Perspex sheets. From the small room which was once home to Peter van Pels, a walkway connects the building to its neighbours, also purchased by the Foundation. These other buildings are used to house the diary, as well as changing exhibits that chronicle different aspects of the Holocaust and more contemporary examinations of racial intolerance in various parts of the world. It has become one of Amsterdam's main tourist attractions, and is visited by more than half a million people each year. In 1963, Otto Frank and his second wife Elfriede Geiringer-Markovits set up the Anne Frank Fonds as a charitable foundation, based in Basel, Switzerland. The Fonds raises money to donate to causes "as it sees fit". Upon his death, Otto willed the diary's copyright to the Fonds, on the proviso that the first 80,000 Swiss francs in income each year was to be distributed to his heirs, and any income above this figure was to be retained by the Fonds to use for whatever projects its administrators considered worthy. It provides funding for the medical treatment of the Righteous Among the Nations on a yearly basis. It has aimed to educate young people against racism and has loaned some of Anne Frank's papers to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. for an exhibition in 2003. Its annual report of the same year gave some indication of its effort to contribute on a global level, with its support of projects in Germany, Israel, India, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States [http://www.annefrank.ch/content/page-1.asp?PortLink=209&UnLnk=40&ConType=1&Lev=2&PortalId=99&RecordId=87].

References

- Anne Frank Fonds (2003). [http://www.annefrank.ch/content/page-1.asp?PortLink=209&UnLnk=40&ConType=1&Lev=2&PortalId=99&RecordId=87 Annual Report 2003]. Retrieved February 9, 2005.
- Barnouw, David & van der Stroom, Gerrold (2003). [http://www.niod.nl/annefrank/Who%20betrayed%20Anne%20Frank.pdf Who betrayed Anne Frank?] Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. Retrieved February 8, 2005.
- Clinton, Hillary Rodham (April 14, 1994). "[http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/other/1994-04-14-first-lady-remarks-elie-wiesel-humanitarian-awards.html Remarks by the First Lady, Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Awards, New York City]". Speech. Retrieved January 30, 2005.
- Edward, Silvia (undated). "[http://www.edwardsly.com/franka.htm Anne Frank (Annelies Marie Frank)]". Retrieved January 30, 2005.
- Frank, Anne; Massotty, Susan (translation); Frank, Otto H. & Pressler, Mirjam (editors) (1995). The Diary of a Young Girl - The Definitive Edition. Doubleday. ISBN 0553296981
- Lee, Carol Ann (2000). The Biography of Anne Frank - Roses from the Earth. Viking. ISBN 0708991742.
- Michaelsen, Jacob B. (1997). "[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n2_v46/ai_19680329 Remembering Anne Frank]". findarticle.com. Retrieved January 30, 2005.
- Müller, Melissa; Kimber, Rita & Kimber, Robert (translators); With a note from Miep Gies (2000). Anne Frank - The Biography. Metropolitan books. ISBN 0747545235.
- Mandela, Nelson (August 15, 1994). [http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/mandela/1994/sp940815.html Address by President Nelson Mandela at the Johannesburg opening of the Anne Frank exhibition at the Museum Africa]. Speech. Retrieved January 30, 2005.
- van der Rol, Ruud; Verhoeven, Rian (for the Anne Frank House); Quindlen, Anna (Introduction); Langham, Tony & Peters, Plym (translation) (1995). Anne Frank - Beyond the Diary - A Photographic Remembrance. Puffin. ISBN 0140369260.
- Romein, Jan (April 3, 1946). [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?pid=112&lid=2 Facsimile of newpaper Het Parool, first article published about the diary]. Retrieved January 30, 2005
- da Silva, Theresien (for the Anne Frank House) (1999). [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?PID=426&LID=2 "Denial of the Authenticity of the Diary" discussing legal action taken against holocaust deniers]. Retrieved February 5, 2005.

External links

- [http://www.annefrank.org/ Anne Frank House]
- [http://www.annefrank.org/content.asp?PID=475&LID=2 Anne Frank House – only known film footage of Anne Frank (requires Quicktime Player)]
- [http://www.annefrank.ch/ Anne Frank Fonds]
- [http://www.annefrank.com/ Anne Frank Center, USA]
- [http://www.geocities.com/afdiary/ A study of Anne Frank, her diary and the people around her]
- [http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/af/htmlsite/ Exhibition "Unfinished Story" at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]
- [http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/ The Holocaust Chronicle]
- [http://annefrank.o-f.com/ Anne Frank and her betrayal]
- [http://www.twoop.com/people/archives/2005/10/anne_frank.html Anne Frank] Timeline Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne Frank, Anne ko:안네 프랑크 ja:アンネ・フランク simple:Anne Frank

List of diarists

This is a list of diarists.
- James Agate, writer and critic
- Louisa May Alcott, novelist
- Isaac Ambrose, Puritan
- Henri-Frederic Amiel, philosopher, poet, and critic
- Martha Ballard, midwife and healer
- W. N. P. Barbellion, sufferer of multiple sclerosis
- Marie Bashkirtseff (1858–1884), painter and sculptor
- Libby Beaman
- Tony Benn, British politician
- Arnold Bennett, novelist
- Stanley Booth, chronicled his personal experiences with music personalities of the 1960s and 1970s
- James Boswell, chronicler of Samuel Johnson
- Fanny Burney, novelist
- Jim Carroll, author, poet, and musician
- Mary Chesnut, described life in South Carolina during the American Civil War
- Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's foreign minister
- Richard Crossman, British politician and writer
- George Bubb Dodington, British politician and nobleman
- Edward Robb Ellis, writer and reporter
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, writer
- John Evelyn, writer and gardener
- Anne Frank, hid from the Nazis during World War II
- Max Frisch, German writer
- Buckminster Fuller, designer and engineer
- Charlotte Forten Grimké, abolitionist and women's rights activist
- Philip Henslowe, Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur
- Etty Hillesum, young Jewish victim of Nazi Germany
- Alice James, sister of Henry James and William James: lived in England during the 1880s and 1890s
- Carolina Maria de Jesus, Brazilian slum survivor
- Frida Kahlo, painter
- Francis Kilvert, described rural Victorian life
- William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canadian prime minister
- Victor Klemperer, professor of literature, described life as a Jew under the Nazis
- Selma Lagerlöf, first female winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
- Thomas Mann, German novelist and winnner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
- Anne Morrow Lindbergh, wife of the aviator, kept diaries her whole life and describes in detail what the family experienced as a result of the kidnapping of their child
- Katherine Mansfield, author
- Matsuo Basho, haiku and renga poet also known for his travel diaries
- Michinaga, 11th century de facto Japanese ruler
- Helena Morley (1880–1970), described life as a teenage girl in the Brazilian town of Diamantina during the 1890s
- Roger Morrice, Puritan minister and political journalist
- Arthur Munby, Victorian poet, barrister, and solicitor
- Anaïs Nin, lover of Henry Miller, pornographer and poet: also known for her erotica
- Joe Orton, playwright
- Samuel Pepys, civil servant
- Sylvia Plath, poet
- Ned Rorem, composer
- Henry Rollins, singer for Black Flag
- May Sarton, poet and novelist
- Siegfried Sassoon, poet and author
- Sir Walter Scott, novelist
- George Bernard Shaw, Nobel Prize-winning playwright
- Emily Shore
- George Templeton Strong (1820–1875), New York lawyer
- Hester Thrale (1740–1821), author, friend and confidante of Samuel Johnson
- Sophia Tolstoy
- Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva, poet and writer
- Cosima Wagner, daughter of Franz Liszt, second wife of Richard Wagner
- Richard Wagner, composer
- Opal Whiteley
- Kenneth Williams, comic actor
- Edmund Wilson, writer and critic
- Wilford Woodruff, fourth President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Virginia Woolf, author and feminist
- Dorothy Wordsworth, poet, sister of William Wordsworth
- Zina D. H. Young, third President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Fake diaries

- Hitler Diaries

External links

- The Virtual Yesterday Diary Database Project: http://www.vyes.org
- Exploratoria: http://www.exploratoria.com
- Diarists

List of fictional diaries

This is a list of works of fiction written in diary format:
- Bridget Jones's Diary by Helen Fielding
- Diary of a Madman by Nikolai Gogol
- Diary of a Nobody by George and Weedon Grossmith
- For Love or Money by Michael J. Ritchie
- From the Files of Madison Finn series by Laura Dower
- Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loos
- Alice, I Think by Susan Juby
- Memoirs of Miss Sidney Bidulph by Frances Sheridan
- Pamela by Samuel Richardson
- The Color Purple by Alice Walker
- The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
- The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot
- The Adrian Mole series by Sue Townsend
- The Amazing Days of Abby Hayes series by Anne Mazer
- Catherine Called Birdy by Karen Cushman
- The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe
- The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky
- The Debt to Pleasure by John Lanchester
- Journal of the Plague Year by Daniel Defoe
- Hadrian's Memoirs by Marguerite Yourcenar
- Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes
- Sloppy Firsts by Megan McCafferty
- The Georgia Nicolson by Louise Rennison

Diaries appearing in fiction

- 500 year diary, kept by the Doctor in the television series Doctor Who
- Tom Riddle's diary in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling
- Superman's giant-sized diary kept at his Fortress of Solitude

Hoaxes

- Hitler Diaries by Konrad Kujau
- Go Ask Alice by Beatrice Sparks
- Confessions of a Dangerous Mind by Chuck Barris
- The Education of Little Tree<

Diary

History

Diaries/Journals and Healing

Internet Diaries

Blogs

Online Services

See also

External Links

Diary (novel)

Diary (album)

Track Listing

Book

History

Structure of book

Conservation issues

Collections of books

Keeping track of books

Transition to digital format

Related articles and lists

Online book databases and lists

External links

Writing

Methods for recording information

Logographies

Syllabaries

Alphabets

Featural scripts

Historical significance of writing systems

Tools

Writing in Historical Cultures

Mesopotamia

Egypt

Phoenician writing system and descendents

China

Indus Valley

Elsewhere

Creation of text or information

Creativity

Author

Critiques

See also

Further reading

Anne Frank

Early life

The period chronicled in the diary

Before going into hiding

Life in the Achterhuis

Arrest and concentration camps

The Diary of A Young Girl

Publication of the diary

Praise for Anne Frank and the Diary

Denials and legal action

Legacy

See also

Related topics

Holocaust and World War II related

Anne Frank in popular culture

References

Further reading

External links

List of diarists

Fake diaries

External links

List of fictional diaries

Diaries appearing in fiction

Hoaxes