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Direct Free Kick

Direct free kick

A direct free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer) following a foul. Unlike an indirect free kick, a goal may be scored directly against the opposing side without the ball having first touched another player.

Award

A direct free kick is awarded to the opposing team when a player commits a penal foul, for example pushing or tripping an opponent. However, if the offence was committed within the fouling team's penalty area, the kick becomes a penalty kick.

Procedure

The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless that was within the fouled team's goal area, in which case it may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. The ball should be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.15 m) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the penalty area) until the ball is in play. The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area. A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick, but only against the opposing side (i.e. an own goal may not be scored). A player may be penalised for an offside offence direct from a direct free kick.

Infringements

Opposing players must retire the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card). It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick or penalty kick, as appropriate.

Strategy

Most teams have one or two designated free kick takers, depending on the distance from goal and the side of the field the free kick is to be taken from. The strategy may be to score a goal directly from the free kick, or to use the free kick as the beginning of a set play leading towards a goal scoring opportunity. Category:Football (soccer) laws

Indirect free kick

An indirect free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer). Unlike a direct free kick, a goal may not be scored directly from the kick.

Award

An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team when a player commits a foul other than a penal foul (e.g. dangerous play) or infringes certain technical requirements of the laws (e.g. touching the ball a second time following a restart). An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team when play is stopped to caution or send-off a player when no specific foul has occurred (e.g. when play is stopped to caution a player for dissenting the decision of the referee). Unlike a direct free kick, an offence punishable by an indirect free kick does not result in a penalty kick when it occurs in the penalty area, rather it continues to be taken as an indirect free kick.

Procedure

The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless that was within a goal area. An indirect free kick within the kicking team's goal area may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. An indirect free kick within the opposing team's goal area is taken from the goal area line parallel to the goal line (i.e. at least 6 yards from the goal line). The ball should be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.15m) from the ball (and also outside of the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the kicking team's penalty area) until the ball is in play. An exception to this is that opponents may be within 10 yards of the ball provided they are standing on their goal line between the goal posts. The ball becomes in play as soon as it is kicked and moves, unless the kick was taken from within the kicking team's penalty area, in which case it is in play once it has passed directly beyond the penalty area. A goal may not be scored directly from an indirect free kick, rather it must be touched by a second player before a goal can be scored. A player may be penalised for an offside offence direct from a direct free kick. The referee signals that a free kick is indirect by raising one arm until the ball has been touched a second time or has gone out of play.

Infringements

Penalty area (football)

The penalty area (colloquiallly also known as the 18-yard box or penalty box), is an area of an association football (soccer) field. It is rectangular and extends 18 yards (16.46 metres) to each side of the goal and 18 yards in front of it. Within the penalty area is the penalty spot (or penalty mark), which is 12 yards (11 metres) from the goal line, directly in-line with the centre of the goal. A penalty arc adjoins the penalty area, and encloses the area within ten yards from the penalty spot; it does not form part of the penalty area and is only of relevance during the taking of a penalty kick. Previously, penalty areas extended the width of the field, but were reduced to their current dimensions in 1901.

Functions

Fouls punishable by a direct free kick (i.e. handling the ball and most physical fouls), committed by the defensive team within the penalty area, may be penalised by a penalty kick. A penalty kick is taken from the penalty mark. The penalty area has other functions, including:
- Goalkeepers: The area delimiting the area in which a goalkeeper may legally handle the ball;
- Goal kicks: The ball is not in play until it has left the area, and opposing players must remain outside the area until this time;
- Defensive direct free kicks and indirect free kicks: Again, the ball is not in play until it has left the area, and opposing players must remain outside the area until this time;
- Taking of penalty kicks: players other than the kicker and the goalkeeper must remain outside the area (and also the penalty arc) until the kick has been taken.

Penalty Kick (football)

A penalty kick is a type of free kick in association football (soccer), taken from twelve yards (eleven metres) out from goal and with only the goalkeeper of the defending team between the penalty taker and the goal. A penalty kick is performed during normal play. Similar kicks are made in a 'penalty shootout' to determine who progresses after a tied match; though similar in procedure these are not penalty kicks and are governed by different rules: see Penalty shootout (football).

Award

A penalty kick may be awarded when a defending player commits a foul punishable by a direct free kick (a so-called penal foul) against an opponent, within their own penalty area (commonly known as "the box", "18 yard box" or "16 metre box"). Note that it is the location of the offence — and not the position of the ball — that defines whether a foul is punishable by a penalty kick or direct free kick, provided the ball is in play.

Procedure

The penalty kick is taken from the penalty mark, which is a midline spot 12 yards (11 metres) from the goal. The penalty kick taker must be clearly identified to the referee. All players other than the defending goalkeeper and the penalty taker must be outside the penalty area, behind the penalty mark, and at least ten yards from the ball (i.e. outside the penalty arc) until the ball is kicked. The goalkeeper must remain between the goalposts on the goal-line facing the ball until the ball is kicked, but may move from side to side along the goal-line. After the referee signals for the kick to be taken, the kicker must kick the ball in a forward direction (not necessarily at the goal, however this is almost always the case). The ball is in play once it has been kicked and moved, and from this point other players may enter the penalty area and play continues as normal, however most often a goal has already been scored. The penalty kick is a form of direct free kick, meaning that a goal may be scored directly from it. If a goal is not scored, play continues as usual. As with all free kicks, the kicker may not play the ball a second time, until it has been touched by another player, even after a rebound from the posts. However, a penalty kick is unusual in that, unlike general play, external interference directly after the kick has been taken may result in the kick being retaken (rather than the usual dropped-ball).

Infringements

Infractions of the penalty kick law (goalkeeper forward movement, encroaching into forbidden areas) by either team are dealt with using an advantage concept. Generally:
- For infractions by the defending team, should a goal be scored it stands, otherwise the kick is retaken.
- For infractions by the kicking team, should a goal be scored the kick is retaken, otherwise an indirect free kick is awarded against his side.
- For infractions by both teams, the kick is retaken.
- If the kicker plays the ball twice (including following up a rebound off the goalpost not touched by the goalkeeper), an indirect free kick is awarded against his side, as is usual for free kicks. The referee may also caution (yellow card) players for infringements of the penalty kick law, e.g. repeated encroaching into the penalty area. Note that in practice, most minor penalty kick infractions are not penalised. Other offences that occur during a penalty kick are dealt with in the usual way.

History

The invention of the penalty kick is credited to the goalkeeper and businessman William McCrum in 1890 in Milford, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. The Irish Football Association presented the idea to the International Football Association Board and finally after much debate, the board approved the idea on 2 June 1891. It was introduced in the 1891-92 season.

External links

- [http://www.fifa.ch/en/news/index/0,1464,22688,00.html?articleid=22688 FIFA article on the history of the penalty kick] Category:Football (soccer) laws Category:Football (soccer) terminology ja:ペナルティーキック (サッカー)

Offside law (football)

In association football (soccer), offside is covered by Law 11 of the Laws of the Game. Whilst the law may appear simple, its details and application can be complex.

Offside law

The application of the offside law is best considered in three steps: Offside position; Offside offence; and Offside sanction.

Offside position

A player is in an offside position if "he is nearer to his opponents' goal line than both the ball and the second last opponent", unless he is in his own half of the field of play when the ball is played forwards. A player level with the second last opponent is considered to be in an onside position. Note that the last two defenders can be either the goalkeeper and another defender, or two ordinary defenders. Also note that offside position is determined when the ball is touched/played forwards by a team-mate — a player's offside position status is not then altered by them or defenders running forwards or backwards. It is important to note that being in an offside position is not an offence in itself.

Offside offence

A player in an offside position is only committing an offside offence if, "at the moment the ball touches or is played by one of his team", the player is in the referee's opinion involved in active play by: interfering with play; interfering with an opponent; or gaining an advantage by being in that position. Determining whether a play is in "active play" can be complex. A player is not committing an offside offence if the player receives the ball directly from a throw-in, goal kick or corner kick. FIFA issued new guidelines for interpreting the offside law in 2003 and these were incorporated in law 11 in July 2005. The new wording seeks to more precisely define the three cases as follows:
- Interfering with play means playing or touching the ball passed or touched by a teammate.
- Interfering with an opponent means preventing an opponent from playing or being able to play the ball by clearly obstructing the opponent's line of vision or movements or making a gesture or movement which, in the opinion of the referee, deceives or distracts an opponent.
- Gaining an advantage by being in an offside position means playing a ball that rebounds to him off a post or crossbar or playing a ball that rebounds to him off an opponent having been in an offside position. The interpretation of these new definitions was still proving controversial in September 2005, largely over what movements a player in an offside position can make without being judged to be interfering with an opponent.

Offside sanction

The sanction for an offside offence is an indirect free kick to the opposing team, from where the offence occurred.

Officiating

In enforcing this law, the referee depends greatly on his assistant referee, who generally keeps in line with the second last defender in his relevant end (exact positioning techniques are more complex). The assistant referees' task with regards to off-side can be difficult, as they need to keep up with attacks and counter attacks, consider which players are in an offside position when the ball is played (often from the other end of the field), and then determine whether the offside positioned players become involved in active play. The risk of false judgement is further enhanced by the foreshortening effect, which occurs when the distance between attacking player and the assistant referee is significantly different from the distance to the defending player, and the assistant referee is not directly in line with the defender. The difficulty of off-side officiating is often underestimated by spectators. Trying to judge if a player is level with an opponent at the moment the ball is kicked is not easy: if an attacker and a defender are running in opposite directions, they can be two metres apart in a tenth of a second.

History

It is often assumed that the offside law is a recent addition to combat "goal scrounging" or "cherry picking", where attacking players hang around near the opposing goal in case the ball gets kicked upfield, but in fact it dates back to the early years of the game, and was much stricter in the past than it is today. A player was "off his side" if he was standing in front of the ball (compare with the current offside law in rugby—a game descended from the same roots), that is, between the ball and the opponent's goal. This was by no means universal —the original Sheffield F.C. rules had no offside, and players known as "kick throughs" were positioned permanently near the opponents' goal. In 1848, HC Malden held a meeting at his Trinity College, Cambridge rooms, that addressed the problem. Representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury attended, each bringing their own set of rules. They sat down a little after 4pm and by five to midnight had drafted what is thought to be the first set of "Cambridge Rules". Malden is quoted as saying how "very satisfactorily they worked". Unfortunately no copy of these 1848 rules exists today, but they are thought to have included laws governing throw-ins, goal-kicks, halfway line markings, re-starts, and the disallowing of holding and pushing. They even allowed for a string to be used as a cross bar. Slowly, as these rules were tried, tested, written and re-written over the following years, a revised set of Cambridge Rules was drawn up in 1856. A copy of these rules, thought to be the oldest set still in existence, can be found in the Shrewsbury School library. As football developed in the 1860s and 1870s, the offside law proved the biggest argument between the clubs. Sheffield got rid of the "kick throughs" by amending their laws so that one member of the defending side was required between a forward player and the opponent's goal; the Football Association also compromised slightly and adopted the Cambridge idea of three. Finally, Sheffield came into line with the F.A., and "three players" were the rule until 1925. The change to "two players" rule led to an immediate increase in goal scoring. 4,700 goals were scored in 1,848 Football League games in 1924/25. It rose to 6,373 goals (from the same number of games) in 1925/26. In 1990 the law was amended to consider an attacker to be onside if level with the second last opponent. This change was part of a general movement by the game's authorities to make the rules more conducive to attacking football and help the game to flow more freely.

Offside trap

The offside trap is a defensive tactic. When an attacking player is making a run up the field with a team-mate ready to kick the ball up to him, the defenders will move up-field in order to put the attacker behind them just before the ball is kicked, hence putting the attacker in an offside position when the ball is kicked. Defenders using this tactic often attempt to bring an attacker's potential offside status to the attention of the assistant referee, typically by shouting or raising their arm. The use of the trap is often derided as making for boring football. However, it can be a risky strategy; if the offside trap fails, the attacking players will have an almost clear run towards the goal. The 2005 rule changes have made it even more perilous as a tactic. One of the best-known defenders to employ the offside trap was Billy McCracken of Newcastle United. It is claimed his play pressured officials to modify the laws in 1925, reducing the required number of defenders between the attacker and the goal line from three to two.

External links

- [http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/Laws11_01.htm Laws of the Game - Offside]
- http://www.burtrandworld.co.uk/offside-rule.php
- [http://mysite.freeserve.com/corshamref/sub/offhist.htm Detailed history of the offside law]
- [http://www.fifa.com/en/laws/flash/start.html Flash Animation detailing the Offside law] Category:Football (soccer) laws Category:Football (soccer) terminology

Yellow card

A yellow card is used in many sports as a means of cautioning a player regarding their conduct, or indicating that a player is to receive a certain level of punishment.

Association football

In association football (soccer), a yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned. The player's details are then (traditionally) recorded by the referee in a small notebook; hence a caution is also known as a booking. A player who has been cautioned may continue playing in the game. However, a player who receives a second caution in a match is sent off (and shown first the yellow card again, and then a red card), meaning that he must leave the field immediately, take no further part in the game, and that he may not be replaced. Law XII of the Laws of the Game (which are set by the International Football Association Board and used by FIFA) lists the categories of offences that may result in a caution. Broadly these are: #Unsporting behaviour #Dissent by word or action #Persistently infringing the Laws of the Game #Delaying the restart of play #Failing to respect the required distance of a corner kick or free kick #Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission #Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee’s permission Note that these are very broad categories, and the referee has a very large degree of discretion as to whether an act constitutes a cautionable offence. Other Laws may specify circumstances under which a caution should be given, and numerous directives to referees also provide guidance. Whilst a player who has been cautioned may continue to play in a game, many football jurisdictions have off-field penalties for players who accumulate a certain number of cautions in a season, tournament or phase of a tournament. Typically these take the form of a suspension from playing in their team's next game after that number of cautions has been reached. Such off-field penalties are determined by the competition's rules, and not by the Laws of the Game. Yellow and red cards were first introduced in the game by British referee Ken Aston and its first major use was in the 1970 World Cup. The system of cautioning and sending-off existed prior to 1970; however, the use of coloured cards allows referees to convey their intentions directly regardless of the language spoken. The cards were only made mandatory at all levels in 1992.

Other sports

Yellow cards are also in use in other sports, such as women's lacrosse, field hockey, rugby union, rugby league in many countries, and handball. In both rugby codes, a player shown a yellow card is suspended from the game for 10 minutes (colloquially termed being sent to the sin bin). The Mixed Martial Arts promotion PRIDE also uses yellow and red cards, but a fighter can be shown two yellow cards without being disqualified, not one.

Other usage

- A World Health Organization Yellow Card, or Carte Jaune is an international certificate of vaccination, containing records of immunizations and vaccinations, dated and certified by the physicians who administered them. It is presented to immigration authorities with one's passport, upon entering countries which are quarantined by reason of disease.
- The term yellow card has become a colloquial expression suggesting a warning or last chance.
- Yellowcard is as a punk rock band founded in 1997, known for the hit single "Ocean Avenue".
- When a player of Final Fantasy Tactics Advance breaks a Law in an engagement, on the first offense the Judge will give the player a yellow card, indicating that the character will be subject to some punishment relative to the severity of the Law-breaking.

Indirect free kick

An indirect free kick is a method of restarting play in a game of association football (soccer). Unlike a direct free kick, a goal may not be scored directly from the kick.

Award

Procedure

Infringements

Penalty Kick (football)

Award

Procedure

Infringements

History

External links

Dialog processing

A dialog system is a computer system intended to converse with a human. Dialog systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, face configurations, body positions, emotions, and other modes for communicative intent on both the input and output channel. Architectures for dialog systems vary, but an architecture for a typical spoken dialog system is shown in the figure below. What does and does not constitute a dialog system may be debatable. The typical GUI wizard does engage in some sort of dialog, but it includes very few of the common dialog system components, and dialog state is trivial.

Components

There are many different architectures for dialog systems. What sets of components are included in a dialog system, and how those components divide up responsibilities differs from system to system. Principle to any dialog system is the dialog manager, which is a component or set of components that manages the state of the dialog.
- dialog manager
- interaction manager
- input recognizer/decoder
- automatic speech recognizer
- gesture recognizer
- handwriting recognizer
- parser
- confidence annotator
- multi-modal fusion
- output generator
- natural language generater
- gesture generater
- layout engine
- muti-modal fission
- output renderer
- text-to-speech engine
- talking head
- robot or avatar In addition to the components above, which a part of the dialog system proper, there are often other components involved. These other components are common to many computer systems.
- real (or virtual) world event detection
- operating system
- messaging layer
- database
- logging
- i/o devices
- high-level [[control system]]
- [[machine learning facilities

Types of Systems

Dialog systems fall into many categories, the following is a list of such catagories along a few dimentions. Many of the following catagories overlap and the distinctions may not be well established.
- by device
- telephone-based systems
- pda systems
- in-car systems
- robot systems
- desktop/laptop systems
- native
- in-browser systems
- in-virtual machine
- in-virtual environment
- robots
- by UI/modality
- text-based
- spoken language
- graphical user interface
- multi-modal
- by style/initiative
- command-based
- menu-driven
- natural langauge
- [http://fife.speech.cs.cmu.edu/usi/ speech graffiti]
- computer-initiative
- user-initiative
- mixed-initiative
- task-based
- plan-based
- collaborative
- turn-based
- event-based
- by application
- information service
- command-and-control
- entertainment]]
- education/tutorial
- edutainment
- reminder systems
- companion systems
- heathcare
- eldercare
- assistive/access systems

Implementations

Toolkits and Architectures

- Olympus
- Ariadne
- The [http://www.speech.cs.cmu.edu/usi/ Universal Speech Interface]
- [http://midiki.sourceforge.net Midikit]
- [http://www.ling.gu.se/projekt/trindi/trindikit/ TRINDIKIT]
- VXML
- [http://cafe.bevocal.com/ BeVocal Café]
- [https://studio.tellme.com/ Tellme. Studio]
- AIML
- SALT

Notable Systems

See http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dbohus/SDS/, http://www.ling.gu.se/~sl/dialogue_links.html, and http://www.disc2.dk/tools/opSLDSs.html.

Academics

The study of dialog systems is commonly considered a branch of human-computer interaction, although its origins are generally rooted in the automatic speech recognition community. Current trends are putting more research emphasis on aspects of psychology and linguistics.

Topics

- human-computer interaction
- linguistics
- computational linguistics
- discourse analysis
- pragmatics
- semantics
- parsing
- grounding
- language modeling
- multi-modal fusion
- multi-modal fission
- spoken language understanding
- psychology
- psycholinguistics
- human communication
- automatic speech recognition
- text-to-speech
- error handling
- dialog management
- affective dialog
- user modeling
- dialog engineering
- embodied communication

Conferences

- [http://www.sigdial.org SIGdial]
- The [http://www.yrrsds.org/ Young Researchers Roundtable on Spoken Dialog Systems]

Related Conferences

- Interspeech
- The International Conference on Multi-modal Interaction (ICMI)
- The Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
- The American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)
- Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI)
- Computer Human Interaction (CHI)
- The North American Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)
- SemDial
- The International Workshop on Robot and Human Interaction (ROMAN)
- Human Robot Interaction (HRI)
- Interact
- Text, Speech, and Discourse (TSD)
- Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)
- Human Language Technology (HLT)
- The International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI)
- The International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)
- Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding (ASRU)

Related Journals

While there are no journals devoted specifically to dialog systems, there are a number of related journals that often have dialog systems articles.
- ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing
- Computers, Speech, and Language
- Journal of Cognitive Systems Research
- IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
- Computational Linguistics
- Cognitive Science
- International Journal of Speech Technology
- User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
- Natural Language Engineering
- [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07475632 Computers in Human Behavior]
- ACM Transactions on Computer Human Interacion

Books

- [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=xqmvOeytlMUC&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=dialog+system&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Ddialog%2Bsystem&sig=BODsEvTwD7oYISdVmOy3fJ02OJA Dialogue Processing in Spoken Language Systems]
- [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=PI_n2EcJfT0C&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=dialog+system&prev=http://books.google.com/books%3Fq%3Ddialog%2Bsystem&sig=SwpjY2uYJbTUl-KUXPfT3589qIQ Voice User Interface Design]
- [http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&q=dialogue+system&btnG=Search Spoken Dialogue Technology: Towards the Conversational Interface]

Vybrané plevele

- ambrózie pelyňkolistá
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Bramborníček hnědý
Bramborníček hnědý (Saxicola rubetra) je pták o něco menší než vrabec domácí s hnědou hlavou, širokým bílým proužkem přes oko a světle rezavě hnědou spodní stranou těla. Kořen a vnější strany ocasu jsou bílé. Na křídlech má samec bílou křídelní skvrnu. Samice nemá křídelní skvrnu, je celkově matověji zbarvená, mláďata jsou na svrchní straně těla a hrudi skvrnitá. Sedává rád na vyčnívajících keřích. Hlas - vábení je mlaskavé „tek tek“, zpěv je kr

Saxicola rubetra
Bramborníček hnědý (Saxicola rubetra) je pták o něco menší než vrabec domácí s hnědou hlavou, širokým bílým proužkem přes oko a světle rezavě hnědou spodní stranou těla. Kořen a vnější strany ocasu jsou bílé. Na křídlech má samec bílou křídelní skvrnu. Samice nemá křídelní skvrnu, je celkově matověji zbarvená, mláďata jsou na svrchní straně těla a hrudi skvrnitá. Sedává rád na vyčnívajících keřích. Hlas - vábení je mlaskavé „tek tek“, zpěv je kr

Arnika
Tento článek pojednává o rostlině. O občanském sdružení Arnika se píše zde. Prha chlumní, též prha arnika resp. arnika (Arnica montana) je vytrvalá bylina s plazivým oddenkem, chudě větvenou lodyhou, s listy v přízemní růžici přisedlými, celokrajnými, na lodyze s 1-3 páry list�

Direct free kick

Award

Procedure

Infringements

Strategy

Indirect free kick

Award

Procedure

Infringements

Penalty area (football)

Functions

See also

Penalty Kick (football)

Award

Procedure

Infringements

History

External links

Offside law (football)

Offside law

Offside position

Offside offence

Offside sanction

Officiating

History

Offside trap

External links

Yellow card

Association football

Other sports

Other usage

See also

Indirect free kick

Award

Procedure

Infringements

Penalty Kick (football)

Award

Procedure

Infringements

History

External links

Dialog processing

Components

Types of Systems

Implementations

Toolkits and Architectures

Notable Systems

Academics

Topics

Conferences

Related Conferences

Related Journals

Books

See Also

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