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Domain Hack

Domain hack

A domain hack is an unconventional domain name that uses parts other than the SLD (second level domain) or third level domain to create the full title of the domain name. Typical domain names follow the structure of "example.com", where "example" is the SLD and "com" is the TLD (top level domain). A domain hack could be "examp.le", where "examp" is the SLD and "le" is the TLD (however this is an impossible example as "le" is not an existing TLD). A domain hack can be composed of more than just a domain name, and also make use of the server's file structure. Various structures such as "examp.le", "exam.ple", "ex.am.ple", "ex.am/ple", are all possible structures used to create domain hacks. One popular website featuring a domain hack is del.icio.us. The most popular and most sought after domain hacks are those that use only the SLD and TLD (top level domain) to contruct the full title, as shown by the "tit.le" example structure, above. However, a domain hack may use third level domains, fourth level domains, etc., and even directories/folders after the domain name to construct the title. A non-working, extreme, example of this would be http://do.ma.in/ha/ck/. More domain hacks are possible than one might assume due to the approximately 300 gTLDs and ccTLDs that exist all around the world.

Naming convention

The "hack" part of domain hack (and also "email hack") is meant in the computer programming sense, not the computer security sense. In other words, a domain hack is a hack of the domain name system in the sense that it makes it do something it was not intended to do. It is not a hack in the sense of an illegal security system hack.

History

On Monday, November 23 1992, inter.net was registered and is thought to be the first domain hack ever. On Friday, May 3 2002, icio.us was registered and eventually became del.icio.us, the most visited domain hack, with the appending of the "del" third level domain. On June 14 2005, Yahoo! acquired blo.gs[http://blo.gs/for-sale.php].

List of active or registered domain hacks

An incomplete list of currently active or registered domain hacks, sorted alphabetically ignoring the dots: A
- [http://ab.cd ab.cd] (parked)
- [http://adm.in adm.in] (parked)
- [http://albe.it albe.it] (parked)
- [http://amphibio.us amphibio.us]
- [http://assass.in assass.in]
- [http://a.vg/ a.vg] (blank) B
- [http://becau.se becau.se] (non-public)
- [http://blog.iamri.ch blog.iamri.ch]
- [http://blo.gs blo.gs]
- [http://bullshitt.in bullshitt.in] (parked)
- [http://bullypara.de bullypara.de]
- [http://burri.to burri.to] (parked) C
- [http://catpa.ws catpa.ws]
- [http://www.columni.st columni.st]
- [http://conte.ntio.us conte.ntio.us]
- [http://conscie.ntio.us conscie.ntio.us]
- [http://come.to come.to] (V3)
- [http://convert.it convert.it]
- [http://cryp.to cryp.to]
- [http://cr.yp.to cr.yp.to] D
- [http://databa.se databa.se]
- [http://del.icio.us del.icio.us]
- [http://doma.in doma.in] (parked)
- [http://dontclick.it dontclick.it] (flash required)
- [http://dren.ch dren.ch] E
- [http://edacio.us]
- [http://einste.in einste.in]
- [http://e.tc e.tc]
- [http://erdely.ma erdely.ma] ("Transylvania.today" in Hungarian) F
- [http://fa.gs fa.gs]
- [http://fi.gs fi.gs] (parked)
- [http://filecabi.net filecabi.net]
- [http://fir.st fir.st] (blank)
- [http://freespee.ch freespee.ch]
- [http://fuck.it fuck.it] (no server) G
- [http://gada.be gada.be]
- [http://gamecu.be gamecu.be] (parked?)
- [http://getit.at getit.at] (V3)
- [http://gh.etto.fa.bulo.us gh.etto.fa.bulo.us]
- [http://gm.tv gm.tv]
- [http://go.to go.to] (V3)
- [http://got.it got.it]
- [http://greenday-cyb.org greenday-cyb.org]
- [http://gul.li gul.li] H
- [http://hi.fi hi.fi]
- [http://hone.st hone.st]
- [http://how.to how.to] (V3) I
- [http://i.am i.am] (V3)
- [http://i.am/canadian i.am/canadian]
- [http://iamserio.us iamserio.us]
- [http://infote.ch infote.ch]
- [http://www.inter.net inter.net]
- [http://in.sectici.de in.sectici.de]
- [http://int.er.net int.er.net] (parked)
- [http://invalid.name invalid.name]
- [http://ita.ly ita.ly] J
- [http://jes.us jes.us]
- [http://jglo.be jglo.be] K
- [http://kev.in kev.in] L
- [http://la.st la.st] (parked)
- [http://last.fm/ last.fm] M
- [http://mic.ro mic.ro]
- [http://mov.ie mov.ie]
- [http://www.movi.es movi.es] N
- [http://na.no na.no] (no server) O
- [http://on.to on.to] (V3) P
- [http://page.to/come page.to/come]
- [http://place.to.be place.to.be]
- [http://pla.net pla.net] (parked)
- [http://plu.to plu.to] (blank)
- [http://podca.st podca.st]
- [http://populicio.us populicio.us]
- [http://prete.ntio.us prete.ntio.us]
- [http://p.ro p.ro]
- [http://pro.am pro.am] (parked)
- [http://www.prof.it prof.it] Q
- [http://quickly.to quickly.to] (V3) R
- [http://rab.in rab.in]
- [http://redirect.to redirect.to] (V3)
- [http://ridiculo.us ridiculo.us] (parked)
- [http://rome.ro rome.ro] S
- [http://sci.fi sci.fi]
- [http://sear.ch sear.ch]
- [http://seat.tl seat.tl] (no server)
- [http://sit.com sit.com] (blank)
- [http://stop.spamming.us stop.spamming.us] T
- [http://tech.ie tech.ie] (parked)
- [http://www.tech.no tech.no]
- [http://tele.com/ tele.com]
- [http://te.st te.st] (parked)
- [http://tetr.is tetr.is]
- [http://www.TrafficGeni.us]
- [http://trashbat.co.ck trashbat.co.ck] U
- [http://www.unfortu.net unfortu.net]
- [http://www.u.tv u.tv] V
- [http://viol.in viol.in] (parked)
- [http://ven.us ven.us] (parked) W
- [http://w3.to w3.to] (V3)
- [http://websear.ch websear.ch]
- [http://who.is who.is]
- [http://windo.ws windo.ws]
- [http://window.to window.to] (V3)
- [http://w.tf/ w.tf] (blank) X
- [http://xa.bi xa.bi]
- [http://xbo.cx/ xbo.cx] (blank) Y Z The above domain hacks are domain hacks only technically speaking. This list does not imply the above domain names intend to spell out the full words or title in which the TLD is a part of the word or title of the website.

See also


- Email hack
- Domain name
- top-level domain
- Generic top-level domain
- Country code top-level domain

External links


- [http://xona.com/domainhacks/ Domain Hacks] - domain hack and email hack searching utility.
- [http://xona.com/domainhacks/suggest/ Domain Hacks Suggest] - 300,000+ domain hack suggestions, filtered by first letter, word length, and TLD.
- [http://xona.com/2004/11/03.html Domain Hacks & Email Hacks] - domain and email hacks explained.
- [http://www.v3.com/sub-domain-list.shtml V3 Free Sub Domains Options] - domain hack options for sub domains at V3.
- [http://frenchfragfactory.net/ozh/articles/non-dot-com-cool-domain-names/ Non Dot Com Cool Domain Names]
- [http://mamchenkov.net/wordpress/?p=9028 Domain hunting: 220,000+ domain ideas]
- [http://websear.ch/ Websear.ch] - web hosting with domain hack choices

Domain name

The term domain name has multiple meanings, all related to the Domain Name System (main article).
- a name that is entered into a computer (e.g. as part of a website or other URL, or an email address) and then looked up in the global [Domain Name System] which informs the computer of the IP address(es) with that name.
- the product that registrars provide to their customers.
- a name looked up in the DNS for other purposes. They are sometimes colloquially (and incorrectly) referred to by marketers as "web addresses". Domain names are Hostnames that provide rememberable names to stand in for numeric IP addresses. They allow for any service to move to a different location in the topology of the Internet (or another internet), which would then have a different IP address. Each string of letters, digits and hyphens between the dots is called a label in the parlance of the domain name system (DNS). Valid labels are subject to certain rules, which have relaxed over the course of time. Originally labels must start with a letter, and end with a letter or digit; any intervening characters may be letters, digits, or hyphens. Labels must be between 1 and 63 characters long (inclusive). Letters are ASCII A–Z and a–z; domain names are compared case-insensitively. Later it became permissible for labels to commence with a digit (but not for domain names to be entirely numeric), and for labels to contain internal underscores, but support for such domain names is uneven. These are the rules imposed by the way names are looked up ("resolved") by DNS. Some top level domains (see below) impose more rules, such as a longer minimum length, on some labels. Fully qualified names (FQDNs) are sometimes written with a final dot. Translating numeric addresses to alphabetical ones, domain names allow Internet users to localize and visit websites. Additionally since more than one IP address can be assigned to a domain name, and more than one domain name assigned to an IP address, one server can have multiple roles, and one role can be spread among multiple servers. One IP address can even be assigned to several servers, such as with anycast and hijacked IP space.

Examples

The following examples illustrates the difference between a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and a domain name: : URL: http://www.example.com/ : Domain name: www.example.com As a general rule, the IP address and the server name are interchangeable. For most internet services, the server will not have any way to know which was used. However, the explosion of interest in the web means that there are far more websites than servers. To accommodate this, the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) specifies that the client tells the server which name is being used. This way, one server with one IP address can provide different sites for different domain names. This feature is goes under the name virtual hosting and is commonly used by web hosts. For example, the server at 192.0.34.166 handles all of the following sites: : www.example.com : www.example.net : www.example.org

Top-level domains

Every domain name ends in a top-level domain (TLD) name, which is always either one of a small list of generic names (three or more characters), or a two characters territory code based on ISO-3166 (there are few exceptions and new codes are integrated case by case). Examples of (gTLD) extensions are:
- .com
- .net
- .org
- .biz
- .info
- .name
- .museum
- .travel
- .pro
- .aero
- .xxx (disapproved by ICANN) Examples of country code top-level domain (ccTLD) extensions are:
- .au
- .eu (not an ISO-3166 code, and not a country, but used anyway for the European Union. Scheduled to be launched December 7, 2005)
- .us
- .uk (not an ISO-3166 code, but used anyway)
- .br
- .fr
- .es
- .de
- .in
- .it
- .jp
- .ca
- .nz
- .su (not an existing country at the moment - Soviet Union, but used anyway)

Official assignment

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) has overall responsibility for managing the DNS. It controls the root domain, delegating control over each top-level domain to a domain name registry. For ccTLDs, the domain registry is typically controlled by the government of that country. ICANN has a consultation role in these domain registries but is in no position to regulate the terms and conditions of how a domain name is allocated or who allocates it in each of these country level domain registries. On the other hand, generic top-level domains (gTLDs) are governed directly under ICANN which means all terms and conditions are defined by ICANN with the cooperation of the gTLD registries. Domain names which are theoretically leased can be considered in the same way as real estate, due to a significant impact on online brand building, advertising, search engine optimization, etc.

Uses and abuses

As domain names became attractive to marketers, rather than just the technical audience for which they were originally intended, they began to be used in manners that in many cases did not fit in their intended structure. As originally planned, the structure of domain names followed a strict hierarchy in which the top level domain indicated the type of organization (commercial, governmental, etc.), and addresses would be nested down to third, fourth, or further levels to express complex structures, where, for instance, branches, departments, and subsidiaries of a parent organization would have addresses which were subdomains of the parent domain. Also, hostnames were intended to correspond to actual physical machines on the network, generally with only one name per machine. However, once the World Wide Web became popular, site operators frequently wished to have memorable addresses, regardless of whether they fit properly in the structure; thus, since the .com domain was the most popular and memorable, even noncommercial sites would often get addresses under it, and sites of all sorts wished to have second-level domain registrations even if they were parts of a larger entity where a logical subdomain would have made sense (e.g., abcnews.com instead of news.abc.com). A website found at http://www.example.org will often be advertised without the "http://", and in most cases can be reached by just typing "example.org" into a web browser. In the case of a .com, the website can sometimes be reached by just typing "example" (depending on browser versions and configuration settings, which vary in how they interpret incomplete addresses). With "virtual hosting", often many domain names would point to the same physical server. The popularity of domain names also led to uses which were regarded as abusive by established companies with trademark rights; this was known as cybersquatting, in which somebody took a name that resembled a trademark in order to profit from traffic to that address. To combat this, various laws and policies were enacted to allow abusive registrations to be forcibly transferred, but these were sometimes themselves abused by overzealous companies committing reverse domain hijacking against domain users who had legitimate grounds to hold their names, such as their being generic words as well as trademarks in a particular context, or their use in the context of fan or protest sites with free speech rights of their own.

Generic domain names — problems arising out of unregulated name selection

Within a particular top-level domain, parties are generally free to select an unallocated domain name as their own on a first come, first served basis. For generic or commonly used names, this may sometimes lead to the use of a domain name which is inaccurate or misleading. This problem can be seen with regard to the ownership or control of domain names for a generic product or service. By way of illustration, there has been tremendous growth in the number and size of literary festivals around the world in recent years. In this context, currently a generic domain name such as literary.org is available to the first literary festival organisation which is able to obtain registration, even if the festival in question is very young or obscure. Some critics would argue that there is greater amenity in reserving such domain names for the use of, for example, a regional or umbrella grouping of festivals. Related issues may also arise in relation to non-commercial domain names.

Unconventional domain names

Due to the rarity of one-word dot-com domain names, many unconventional domain names, domain hacks, have been gaining popularity. They make use of the top-level domain as an integral part of the website's title. Two of the most visited domain hack websites are del.icio.us and blo.gs, which spell out 'delicious' and 'blogs', respectively. Some unconventional domain names are also used to create email hacks. Non-working examples that spell 'James' are j@m.es and j@mes.com, which use the domain names m.es (of Spain's .es) and mes.com.

Commercial resale of domain names

An economic effect of the widespread usage of domain names has been the resale market for generic domain names that has sprung up in the last decade. Certain domains, especially those related to business, gambling, pornography, and other commercially lucrative fields have become very much in demand to corporations and entrepreneurs due to their intrinsic value in attracting clients. In fact, the most expensive internet domain name to date, according to Guinness World Records, is business.com which was resold in 1999 for $7.5 million. Another high value domain name, sex.com, was stolen from its rightful owner by means of a forged transfer instruction via fax. During the height of the dot-com era, the domain was earning millions of dollars per month in advertising revenue from the large influx of visitors that arrived daily. Two long-running US lawsuits resulted, one against the thief and one against the domain registrar VeriSign[http://www.wired.com/news/business/0,1367,63142,00.html]. In one of the cases, the judge found in favor of the plaintiff, leading to an unprecendented ruling that classified domain names as property, granting them the same legal protections. In 1999, Microsoft traded the valuable name Bob.com for the name Windows2000.com which was the name of their new operating system.[http://www.theregister.com/1999/11/11/windows2000_com_owner_sells_domain/] One of the reasons for the value of domain names is that even without advertising or marketing, they attract clients seeking services and products who simply type in the generic name. Furthermore, generic domain names such as Rent.com or Books.com are extremely easy for potential customers to remember, increasing the probability that they become repeat customers or regular clients. Although the current domain market is nowhere as strong as it was during the dot-com heyday, it remains strong and is currently experiencing solid growth again. Annually tens of millions of dollars change hands due to the resale of domains. Large numbers of registered domain names lapse and are deleted each year. On average 25,000 domain names drop (are deleted) every day.

Caveat Emptor

Care should always be exercised when registering a domain name: DNS is case-insensitive and the modern trend of words run together with intercapping can be misinterpreted when converted to lowercase. Who Represents, a database of artists and agents, chose http://www.whorepresents.com; Experts Exchange, the programmers' site, famously had http://www.expertsexchange.com; Pen Island unwisely chose http://www.penisland.net; a therapists' network thought http://www.therapistfinder.com looked good and of course the Italian power company PowerGen Italia became http://www.powergenitalia.com. Fortunately the dash is allowable in DNS, a fact possibly unknown to those organisations listed above. DNS is case-insensitive, so CAMFT's website can be advertised as http://www.TherapistFinder.com (instead of http://www.therapistfinder.com).

See also


- Uniform Resource Locator
- webpage
- website
- World Wide Web
- cname
- domain hack
- Free domain names

External links


- [http://www.dnjournal.com/ Domain Name Journal] - Covering the Domain Name Industry with Profiles and News.
- [http://www.domainnamewire.com/ Domain Name Wire] - Latest news about Domain Name Industry, domain sales, and legal issues.
- [http://www.gobin.info/domainname/ Domain Name Universe] - List of all existing Domain Name Registries, global Domain Name Search, Latest news.
- [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/std/std13.html STD 13/RFC 1034], Domain Names—Concepts and Facilities, an Internet Protocol Standard.
- [http://www.icann.org/ ICANN] - Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.
- [http://www.icann.org/udrp/udrp.htm UDRP], Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy.
- [http://www.internic.net/ Internic.net], public information regarding Internet domain name registration services.
- [http://lifeofawebsite.com/begin/country-specific-domains.php List of Country Specific Domains]
- [http://www.circleid.com/ CircleID], Community discussions on TLDs and Internet infrastructure.
- [http://xona.com/domainhacks/ Domain Hacks] - unconventional domain name search utility
- The authoritative definition is that given in
  - RFC 1032 - Domain administrators guide
  - RFC 1033 - Domain administrators operations guide
  - RFC 1034 - Domain names - concepts and facilities
  - RFC 1035 - Domain names - implementation and specification Category:Domain Name System Category:InternetCategory:Information technology Category:Identifiers als:Domäne (Internet) ja:ドメイン名

Second level domain

In the Domain Name System (DNS) hierarchy, a second-level domain is a domain that is directly below a top-level domain (TLD). For example, in www.district125.k12.il.us, il is the second-level domain of the us TLD. Second-level domains commonly refer to the organization that registered the domain name with a domain name registrar or ccTLD registrar. Some TLDs introduce a second-level hierarchy that indicates the type of organization registered under it. For example, in the .uk TLD a college or other academic institution would register under .ac.uk, while companies would register under .co.uk. Possibly the most unusual officially sanctioned second-level domain is geek.nz which has been available in New Zealand since Tuesday 26 August 2003.

See also


- Domain Name System
- Top-level domain
- Subdomain
- Country code top-level domain
- Single-letter second-level domains Second-level domain

Del.icio.us

del.icio.us is a social bookmarking, social software web service for storing and sharing web bookmarks. The site came online in late 2003 and was developed by Joshua Schachter, co-maintainer of Memepool. According to [http://del.icio.us/doc/about del.icio.us/doc/about]: :"del.icio.us is a social bookmarks manager. It allows you to easily add sites you like to your personal collection of links, to categorize those sites with keywords, and to share your collection not only between your own browsers and machines, but also with others." Everything posted to del.icio.us can be made publicly viewable; it was not originally intended to be a tool for storing private bookmark collections. Many people use del.icio.us to publish "linkblogs" on their weblogs. del.icio.us uses a non-hierarchical keyword categorization system where users can tag each of their bookmarks with a number of freely chosen keywords (cf. folksonomy). A combined view of everyone's bookmarks with a given tag is available; for instance, the URL "http://del.icio.us/tag/wiki" displays all of the most recent links tagged "wiki". Its collective nature also makes it possible to view bookmarks added by similar-minded users. The emphasis on recent additions makes it a convenient mechanism for propagating Internet memes and trends. del.icio.us has a simple HTML interface with human readable URLs, as well as a REST API and RSS feeds for web syndication. Use of the service is currently free. The source code of the site is not available, but entered data is freely downloadable through [http://del.icio.us/doc/api the API]. del.icio.us was aided in its rise to popularity by its unconventional domain name. de.lirio.us is an open source clone of del.icio.us. Bookmark spam is currently a problem in [http://del.icio.us/popular/ del.icio.us/popular] as there's no way to trust users and fake users can easily be created thus putting spam links in the most popular URLs. del.icio.us was [http://www.searchenginejournal.com/index.php?p=2642 acquired by] Yahoo! on Friday, December 9, 2005.

External links


- [http://del.icio.us/ del.icio.us]
- [http://del.icio.us/help del.icio.us/help] - All about del.icio.us
- [http://www.beelerspace.com/index.php?p=890 Us.ef.ul] - A beginner's guide to The Next Big Thing
- [http://lists.del.icio.us/pipermail/discuss/ The delicious-discuss archives]
- [http://pchere.blogspot.com/2005/02/absolutely-delicious-complete-tool.html Absolutely Del.icio.us] - Complete Tool Collection
- [http://skindelicious.blogspot.com/ skin.del.icio.us] - A del.icio.us skin for Firefox
- [http://del.icio.us/toolbar/ del.icio.us toolbar] for Firefox
- [http://dietrich.ganx4.com/foxylicious/ Foxylicious] - A Firefox extension that syncs your del.icio.us bookmarks into your browser bookmarks
- [http://del.icio.us/help/activechannel Internet Explorer Active Channel] - automatically import your tags into Internet Explorer's favorites and keep them updated
- [http://www.bunnyhug.net/blog/projects/deliciousupdater/ BUD (Bunnyhug Updater del.icio.us)] - Import your del.icio.us bookmarks to Internet Explorer
- [http://hybernaut.com/bdv/delicious-import.html Del.icio.us import script] - A Perl script which will import a Netscape style bookmarks file into del.icio.us
- [http://www.scifihifi.com/cocoalicious/ Cocoalicious] - A Cocoa del.icio.us Client for Mac OS X
- [http://www.tumultco.com/blog/index.php?p=21 del.icio.us Smart Tagging Plugin] for WordPress
- [http://del.icio.us/tag del.icio.us/tag] - A list of most popular tags
- [http://del.icio.us/popular del.icio.us/popular] - Today's popular items
- [http://populicio.us/ populicio.us] - Del.icio.us popular sites.
- [http://sandbox.sourcelabs.com/livemarks LiveMarks] - An AJAX application that dynamically loads recently popular bookmarks
- [http://opencontent.org/oishii/ oishii! - ephemeral pheromonal del.icio.us-ness] "kind of a del.icio.us mini-zeitgeist"
- [http://tools.waglo.com/durl Durl], an RSS feed for del.icio.us URL queries
- [http://www.awriterz.org/etcetc/delicioussurf del.icio.us surf] allows "channelsurfing" of del.icio.us posts by specifying a tag or user
- [http://dailymashup.com/ Daily Mashup] A daily zeitgeist of popular things fuled by del.icio.us, furl, flickr, and Yahoo news
- [http://de.lirio.us/ de.lirio.us] - An open-source clone of del.icio.us. The content is licensed under a Creative Commons License
- [http://sourceforge.net/projects/sabrosus sa.bros.us] - An open-source del.icio.us substitute in Spanish
- [http://collabrank.web.cse.unsw.edu.au/del.icio.us/ CollaborativeRank] - del.icio.us search engine Category:Community websites Category:Social networking Category:Yahoo! th:Del.icio.us

Top-level domain

A top-level domain (TLD) is the last part of an Internet domain name; that is, the letters which follow the final 'dot' of any URL. For example, in the domain name wikipedia.org, the top-level domain is org (or ORG, as domain names are not case-sensitive). The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) currently classifies top-level domains into three types:
- country code top-level domains (ccTLD): Used by a country or a dependent territory. It is two letters long, for example jp for Japan.
- generic top-level domain (gTLD): Used (at least in theory) by a particular class of organizations (for example, com for commercial organizations). It is three or more letters long. Most gTLDs are available for use worldwide, but for historical reasons gov and mil are restricted to the government and military, respectively, of the USA.
- infrastructure top-level domain: The top-level domain arpa is the only one. A full list of currently existing TLDs can be found at the list of Internet top-level domains.

Historical TLDs

A nato TLD was added in the late 1980s by the NIC for the use of NATO, who felt that none of the then existing TLDs adequately reflected their status as an international organization. Soon after this addition, however, the NIC created the int TLD for the use of international organizations, and convinced NATO to use nato.int instead. However, the nato TLD, although no longer used, was not deleted until July 1996. In the past the Internet was just one of many wide-area computer networks. Computers not connected to the Internet, but connected to another network such as Bitnet or UUCP, could generally exchange e-mail with the Internet via e-mail gateways. When used on the Internet, addresses on these networks were often placed under pseudo-domains such as bitnet and uucp; however these pseudo-domains were not real top-level domains and did not exist in DNS. Most of these networks have long since ceased to exist, and although UUCP still gets significant use in parts of the world where Internet infrastructure has not yet become well-established, it subsequently transitioned to using Internet domain names, so pseudo-domains now largely survive as historical relics.

Reserved TLDs

RFC 2606 reserves the following four top-level domain names for various purposes, with the intention that these should never become actual TLDs in the global DNS:
- example — reserved for use in examples
- invalid — reserved for use in obviously invalid domain names
- localhost — reserved to avoid conflict with the traditional use of localhost
- test — reserved for use in tests

TLDs in alternative roots

Alternative DNS roots have their own sets of TLDs. See that article for details.

See also


- Domain name
- Second-level domain
- List of Internet top-level domains
- Country code top-level domain

References


- Addressing the World: National Identity and Internet Country Code Domains, edited by Erica Schlesinger Wass (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, ISBN 0742528103) [http://www.addressingtheworld.info], examines connections between cultures and their ccTLDs.
- Ruling the Root by Milton Mueller (MIT Press, 2001, ISBN 0262134128) [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?sid=5BA098F1-E04D-4D4D-98EE-4BF1DDA75B9C&ttype=2&tid=8809], discusses TLDs and domain name policy more generally. Category:Domain Name System Category:Internet governance IANA Category:Top-level domains ko:최상위 도메인 ja:トップレベルドメイン th:โดเมนระดับบนสุด

GTLDs

A generic top-level domain (gTLD) is a top-level domain used (at least in theory) by a particular class of organization. These are three or more letters long, and are named for the type of organization that they represent (for example, .com for commercial organizations). The following gTLDs currently exist (as does .arpa, which is sometimes considered a gTLD):
- .aero - for the air transport industry
- .biz - for business use
- .cat - for Catalan language/culture
- .com - for commercial organizations, but unrestricted
- .coop - for cooperatives
- .edu - for educational establishments
- .gov - for governments and their agencies in the United States
- .info - for informational sites, but unrestricted
- .int - for international organizations established by treaty
- .jobs - for employment-related sites
- .mil - for the U.S. military
- .museum - for museums
- .name - for families and individuals
- .net - originally for network infrastructures, now unrestricted
- .org - originally for organizations not clearly falling within the other gTLDs, now unrestricted
- .pro - for certain professions
- .travel - for travel agents, airlines, hoteliers, tourism bureaus, etc.
- .xxx - for sexually-explicit "adult entertainment" sites The following gTLDs are in the process of being approved, and may be added to the root nameservers in the near future:
- .asia - for the Asian community
- .mobi - for sites catering to mobile devices
- .post - for postal services
- .tel - for services involving connections between the telephone network and the Internet

History

When generic top-level domains were first implemented, in January 1985, there were six:
- .com
- .edu
- .gov
- .net
- .org
- .mil While .net was not listed in the original RFC document describing the domain name system, it was added by the time the first group of names were implemented. The .com, .net, and .org gTLDs, despite their original different uses, are now in practice open for use by anybody for any purpose. In November 1988, another gTLD was introduced, .int. This gTLD was introduced in response to NATO's request for a domain name which adequately reflected its character as an international organization. It is also used for some Internet infrastructure databases, such as .ip6.int, the IPv6 equivalent of .in-addr.arpa. However, in May 2000, the Internet Architecture Board proposed to close the .int domain to new infrastructure databases. All future such databases would be created in .arpa (a legacy of the pre-TLD system), and existing ones would move to .arpa wherever feasible. By the mid-1990s there was pressure for more gTLDs to be introduced. Jon Postel, as head of IANA, invited applications from interested parties [http://www.gtld-mou.org/gtld-discuss/mail-archive/00990.html]. In early 1995, Postel created "Draft Postel", an Internet draft containing the procedures to create new domain name registries and new TLDs. Draft Postel created a number of small committees to approve the new TLDs. Because of the increasing interest, a number of large organizations took over the process under the Internet Society's umbrella. This second attempt involved the setting up of a temporary organization called the International Ad Hoc Committee (IAHC). On February 4 1997, the IAHC issued a report ignoring the Draft Postel recommendations and instead recommended the introduction of seven new gTLDs (.arts, .firm, .info, .nom, .rec, .store, and .web). However, progress on this stalled after the U.S. government intervened and nothing ever came of it. In October 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) formed to take over the task of managing domain names. After a call for proposals (August 15, 2000) and a brief period of public consultation, ICANN announced on November 16, 2000 its selection of the following seven new gTLDs:
- .aero
- .biz
- .coop
- .info
- .museum
- .name
- .pro These new gTLDs started to come into use in June 2001, and by the end of that year all except .pro existed, with .biz, .info and .museum already in full operation. .name and .coop became fully operational in January 2002, and .aero followed later in the year. .pro became a gTLD in May 2002, but did not become fully operational until June 2004. ICANN is adding further gTLDs, starting with a set of sponsored top-level domains (like the previous .aero, .coop, and .museum). The application period for these lasted from 15 December 2003 until 16 March 2004, and resulted in ten applications. As of June 2005, ICANN had announced the approval in principle of several new TLDs, with details still being worked out and implementation still in the future:
- .cat
- .jobs
- .mobi
- .post
- .tel
- .travel
- .xxx Proposals for .asia and .mail were still under consideration. There was also a second proposal for .tel.

External links


- [http://www.iana.org/gtld/gtld.htm IANA's gTLDs information page] Category:Top-level domains

Hack

Hack may mean:
- Hack (technology slang) is a slang term in the jargon file which has a number of meanings depending on context, including a joke, a programming exploit, or a commercial software break-in.
- Hacking, disambiguation.
- Hack writer, a writer for hire, paid to express others' thoughts and opinions. In British English, it also refers to Journalists of dubious talent.
- Party hack, a derogatory term for an unscrupulous individual of questionable competency, whose political position comes by virtue of a devout party loyalty.
- A horse, an especially an old and tired one, used for driving or riding; sometimes one such for hire.
- Hackney carriage, slang for a taxicab, or by derivation the driver thereof.
- Hack (computer game), a roguelike computer game using ASCII graphics.
- Hack (album), by Information Society.
- Hack (radio program), the Triple J current affairs radio program.
- Hack (television series), a television series on CBS.
- Roof and tunnel hacking is a form of urban exploration mostly at educational institutions.
- The goal of the game hacky sack.
- A piece of equipment in the sport of curling.
- Project .hack, a multimedia franchise.
- A clam hack, a small spading fork with a short, bent handle used to harvest clams.
- A billhook (some UK dialects).
- Someone named Hack, from the List of people by name.
- A person who is not very good at something is sometimes referred to as a "hack."
- At Oxford University, one who leads a politically active life in the Oxford Union, OUCA or OUSU, used particularly with negative connotations to imply over-ambition.
- A creative practical joke, the most famous examples of which are Caltech and MIT; and also between Caltech and MIT.
- Lifehacks

Computer programming

Computer programming (often simply programming) is the craft of implementing one or more interrelated abstract algorithms using a particular programming language to produce a concrete computer program. Programming has elements of art, science, mathematics, and engineering.

Programming languages

Main article: programming language A programmer writes source code in a particular programming language. Different programming languages support different styles of programming (called programming paradigms). Part of the art of programming is selecting one of the programming languages best suited for the task at hand. Different programming languages require different levels of detail to be handled by the programmer when implementing algorithms, often resulting in a compromise between ease of use and performance (a trade-off between "programmer time" and "computer time"). The only programming language a computer can directly execute is machine language (sometimes called "machine code"). Originally all programmers worked out every detail of the machine code, but this is hardly ever done anymore. Instead, programmers write source code, and a computer (running a compiler, an interpreter or occasionally an assembler) translates it through one or more translation steps to fill in all the details, before the final machine code is executed on the target computer. Even when complete low-level control of the target computer is required, programmers write assembly language, whose instructions are mnemonic one-to-one transcriptions of the corresponding machine language instructions. In some languages, an interpretable p-code binary (or byte-code) is generated, rather than machine language. Bytecode is used in the popular Java programming language by Sun Microsystems as well as Microsoft's recent .NET family of languages and Visual Basic previous to the .NET version.

Software development

Main article: software engineering Software is a mass noun for computer programs and data. The accompanying documentation and software license are also considered an essential part of the software, even though they don't involve any actual coding. Creating software involves:
- Requirements Analysis
- Specification
- Design and Architecture
- Coding
- Compilation
- Testing
- Documentation
- Maintenance See software engineering for more details.

External links


- [http://www.techbooksforfree.com/ Programming books available for free download]
- [http://www.techbookreport.com/ProgIndex.html TechBookReport] - reviews of books on all aspects of computer programming - including programming language tutorials, best practices, methodologies etc
- [http://www.gamemaker.nl/ Game Maker] Category:Programming ko:프로그래밍 ja:プログラミング



November 23

November 23 is the 327th day of the year (328th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 38 days remaining.

Events


- 1499 - Pretender to the throne Perkin Warbeck is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London. He had invaded England in 1497, claiming to be the lost son of King Edward IV of England.
- 1644 - Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga begins - Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.
- 1869 - In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper Cutty Sark is launched - one of the last clippers ever to be built, and the only one still surviving to this day.
- 1876 - Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain.
- 1890 - King William III of the Netherlands dies without a male heir and a special law is passed to allow his daughter Princess Wilhelmina to become Queen.
- 1903 - Colorado Governor James Peabody sends the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike.
- 1934 - An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lay well within Ethiopian territory. This leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- 1936 - The first edition of Life is published.
- 1943 - The Deutsche Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg is destroyed. It will eventually be rebuilt in 1961 and be called the Deutsche Oper Berlin.
- 1954 - For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the peak it reached just before the 1929 crash.
- 1955 - The Cocos Islands are transferred from the control of the United Kingdom to Australia.
- 1958 - Have Gun, Will Travel debuts on radio.
- 1959 - General Charles de Gaulle, President of France, declares in a speech in Strasbourg his vision for a "Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals."
- 1960 - The long-running serial, Ma Perkins, airs its last episode on CBS radio.
- 1963 - The first episode of the science fiction television series Doctor Who debuts on the BBC.
- 1971 - The People's Republic of China is given Taiwan's seat on the United Nations Security Council. (See China and the United Nations)
- 1979 - In Dublin, Ireland, Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten.
- 1980 - A series of earthquakes in southern Italy kills approximately 4,800 people.
- 1981 - Iran-Contra scandal: Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), giving the Central Intelligence Agency the authority to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
- 1984 - Boston College quarterback Doug Flutie throws a game-winning 48-yard Hail Mary pass to Gerard Phelan to defeat the University of Miami Hurricanes 45-41. It is one of the most famous plays in American college football history.
- 1985 - Gunmen hijack EgyptAir Flight 648 while en route from Athens to Cairo. When the plane lands in Malta, Egyptian commandos storm the hijacked jetliner, but 60 people die in the raid.
- 1991 - Queen frontman Freddie Mercury publicly announces that he has AIDS. He dies the next day.
- 1993 - Rachel Whiteread wins both the £20,000 Turner Prize award for best British modern artist and the £40,000 K Foundation art award for the worst artist of the year.
- 1996 - Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes after running out of fuel off the coast of Comoros into the Indian Ocean, killing 127.
- 1996 - The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization, as Angola.
- 2003 - Beleaguered Georgian president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over flawed elections.
- 2003 - Berkeley Breathed begins the comic strip Opus.
- 2005 - Jessica Simpson and Nick Lachey announce their separation after months of speculation that their marriage was kaput.

Births


- 912 - Otto I the Great, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 973)
- 1221 - King Alfonso X of Castile (d. 1284)
- 1402 - Jean de Dunois, French soldier (d. 1468)
- 1417 - William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)
- 1553 - Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist (d. 1617)
- 1616 - John Wallis, English mathematician (d. 1703)
- 1632 - Jean Mabillon, French palaeographer and diplomat (d. 1707)
- 1641 - Anthonie Heinsius, Dutch statesman (d. 1720)
- 1705 - Thomas Birch, English historian (d. 1766)
- 1715 - Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (d. 1799)
- 1719 - Spranger Barry, Irish actor (d. 1777)
- 1749 - Edward Rutledge, U.S. statesman (d. 1800)
- 1760 - François-Noël Babeuf, French revolutionary (d. 1797)
- 1804 - Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (d. 1869)
- 1820 - Isaac Todhunter, British mathematician (d. 1884)
- 1837 - Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)
- 1860 - Billy the Kid, American bandit (d. 1881)
- 1860 - Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1925)
- 1869 - Valdemar Poulsen, Danish engineer (d. 1942)
- 1875 - Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian literary critic and politician (d. 1933)
- 1876 - Manuel de Falla, Spanish composer (d. 1946)
- 1887 - Eduardo Corrochio, Spanish-born dancer (d. 1943)
- 1887 - Boris Karloff, British actor (d. 1969)
- 1888 - Harpo Marx, American comedian (d. 1964)
- 1890 - El Lissitzky, Russian artist and architect (d. 1941)
- 1892 - Erté, French artist (d. 1990)
- 1897 - Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Indian writer (d. 1999)
- 1902 - Victor Jory, Canadian actor (d. 1982)
- 1907 - Lars Leksell, Swedish physician (d. 1986)
- 1909 - Nigel Tranter, British historian and writer (d. 2000)
- 1920 - Paul Celan, Romanian-born German poet (d. 1970)
- 1921 - Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (d. 1960)
- 1922 - Manuel Fraga Iribarne, president of Spanish Galicia
- 1923 - R.L. Burnside, American musician (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Billy Haughton, American harness driver and trainer (d. 1986)
- 1924 - Colin Macmillan Turnbull, British-born anthropologist (d. 1994)
- 1925 - José Napoleón Duarte, President of El Salvador (d. 1990)
- 1926 - Sathya Sai Baba, Indian "God-man", widely believed to be Avatar of the age
- 1931 - Dervla Murphy, Irish traveller and author
- 1933 - Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer
- 1934 - Robert Towne, American writer, director, producer, and actor
- 1935 - Vladislav Volkov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- 1941 - Franco Nero, Italian actor
- 1943 - Andrew Goodman, American civil rights activist (d. 1964)
- 1943 - Sue Nicholls (The Honourable Susan Frances Harmer Nicholls), British actress
- 1944 - Joe Eszterhas, Hungarian-born film producer and writer
- 1944 - James Toback, American writer and director
- 1945 - Steve Landesberg, American actor
- 1953 - Francis Cabrel, French singer
- 1954 - Bruce Hornsby, American musician
- 1955 - Steven Brust, American author
- 1955 - Ludovico Einaudi, Italian composer and pianist
- 1956 - Steve Harvey, American actor and comedian
- 1959 - Maxwell Caulfield, British actor
- 1959 - Dominique Dunne, American actress (d. 1982)
- 1968 - Hamid Hassani, Iranian lexicographer
- 1970 - Zoë Ball, British television and radio presenter
- 1974 - Jamie Sharper, American football player
- 1975 - Dan Portnoy, American Comedian, Innovator
- 1977 - Myriam Boileau, Canadian diver

Deaths


- 1407 - Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)
- 1457 - King Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1440)
- 1499 - Perkin Warbeck, Flemish imposter (b. 1474)
- 1503 - Margaret of York, wife of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1446)
- 1572 - Agnolo di Cosimo, Italian artist and poet (b. 1503)
- 1585 - Thomas Tallis, English composer (b. 1505)
- 1616 - Richard Hakluyt, English writer (b. 1552)
- 1682 - Claude Lorrain, French painter (b. 1604)
- 1763 - Friedrich Graf von Seckendorf, German soldier (b. 1673)
- 1783 - Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (b. 1714)
- 1803 - Roger Newdigate, British politician (b. 1719)
- 1804 - Richard Graves, British writer (b. 1715)
- 1807 - Jean-François Rewbell, French politician (b. 1747)
- 1814 - Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States of America (b. 1744)
- 1833 - Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, French marshal (b. 1762)
- 1890 - King William III of the Netherlands (b. 1817)
- 1902 - Walter Reed, American bacteriologist (b. 1851)
- 1923 - Urmuz, Romanian writer (b. 1883)
- 1937 - Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1858)
- 1966 - Sean O'Kelly, President of Ireland (b. 1882)
- 1973 - Sessue Hayakawa, Japanese actor (b. 1889)
- 1974 - Cornelius Ryan, Irish-born author (b. 1920)
- 1979 - Merle Oberon, British actress (b. 1911)
- 1979 - Judee Sill, American musician and songwriter (b. 1944)
- 1990 - Roald Dahl, British author (b. 1916)
- 1991 - Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
- 1992 - Roy Acuff, American musician (b. 1903)
- 1992 - Jean-François Thiriart, Belgian politician (b. 1922)
- 1995 - Louis Malle, French director (b. 1932)
- 1995 - Junior Walker, American musician (b. 1931)
- 2002 - Roberto Matta, Chilean painter (b. 1911)
- 2004 - Pete Franklin, American talk radio host (b. 1928)
- 2005 - Frank Gatski, Pro Football Hall of Fame center

Holidays and observances


- R.C. Saints - Pope Clement I, Saint Columban
- Bahá'í Faith - Feast of Qawl (Speech) - First day of the 14th month of the Bahá'í Calendar
- Georgia - St George's Day
- Japan - Kinro kansha no hi (Labour Thanksgiving Day)
- Slovenia - Rudolf Maister Day

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/23 BBC: On This Day] ---- November 22 - November 24 - October 23 - December 23 -- listing of all days ko:11월 23일 ms:23 November ja:11月23日 simple:November 23 th:23 พฤศจิกายน

May 3

May 3 is the 123rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (124th in leap years). There are 242 days remaining.

Events


- 1494 - Christopher Columbus first spots Jamaica.
- 1791 - The May Constitution of Poland (first modern constitution in Europe) is proclaimed by the Polish Diet.
- 1808 - Finnish War: Sweden loses the fortress of Sveaborg to Russia.
- 1808 - Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who rose up on May 2 are fired upon near Príncipe Pío hill.
- 1810 - Lord Byron swims the Hellespont.
- 1849 - The May Uprising in Dresden begins - the last of the German revolutions of 1848.
- 1860 - Charles XV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
- 1867 - The Hudson's Bay Company gives up all claims to Vancouver Island.
- 1933 - Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to head the United States Mint.
- 1937 - Gone with the Wind, a novel by Margaret Mitchell, wins the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
- 1945 - World War II: Sinking of the floating-jails Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland by the RAF in the Lübeck Bay.
- 1946 - World War II: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East begins in Tokyo against 28 Japanese military and government officials accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
- 1947 - New post-war Japanese constitution goes into effect.
- 1951 - London's Royal Festival Hall opens.
- 1951 - The United States Senate Armed Services and Foreign Relations Committees begin their closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.
- 1952 - U.S. lieutenant colonels Joseph O. Fletcher and William P. Benedict land a plane at the geographic North Pole.
- 1956 - The judo World Championships are first held.
- 1957 - Walter O'Malley, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, agrees to move the team from Brooklyn, New York, to Los Angeles, California.
- 1960 - The Off-Broadway musical comedy, The Fantasticks, opens in New York City's Greenwich Village, eventually becoming the longest-running musical of all time.
- 1971 - All Things Considered, National Public Radio's flagship news program, broadcasts for the first time.
- 1974 - The Portuguese Democratic Labour Party is founded in Portugal.
- 1980 - The Communist Party of Togo is founded.
- 1986 - In Bergen, Norway, Sandra Kim wins the thirty-first Eurovision Song Contest for Belgium singing "J'aime la vie" ("I love life").
- 1991 - The Declaration of Windhoek is signed.
- 1991 - The last episode of the soap opera Dallas airs.
- 1997 - In Dublin, Ireland, Katrina and the Waves win the forty-second Eurovision Song Contest for the United Kingdom singing "Love Shine a Light".
- 1999 - Oklahoma City is slammed by an F5 tornado. The tornado was part of a storm system that produces 66 tornadoes. The Oklahoma City tornado kills 42 people and injures 665, and causes $1 billion in damage. (see The Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak)
- 1999 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time in its history at 11,014.70.
- 2000 - Datapoint, the company that commissioned the Intel 8008 microprocessor, declares Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
- 2000 - The sport of Geocaching begins with the first cache placed and the coordinates from a GPS are posted on Usenet.
- Constantine III, Byzantine Emperor (d. 641)
- 1415 - Cecily Neville, mother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1495)
- 1428 - Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)
- 1446 - Margaret of York, wife of Charles I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1503)
- 1469 - Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian historian and political author (d. 1527)
- 1662 - Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, German architect (d. 1736)
- 1695 - Henri Pitot, French engineer (d. 1771)
- 1713 - Alexis Clairault, French mathematician (d. 1765)
- 1761 - August von Kotzebue, German dramatist (d. 1819)
- 1826 - Charles, Crown Prince of Sweden-Norway (d. 1872)
- 1835 - Alfred Austin, English poet (d. 1913)
- 1844 - Richard D'Oyly Carte, English theatrical impresario (d. 1901)
- 1849 - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1929)
- 1859 - Andy Adams, American author (d. 1935)
- 1860 - John Scott Haldane, Scottish physiologist (d. 1936)
- 1861 - Emmett Dalton, American outlaw (d. 1937)
- 1867 - J.T. Hearne, English cricketer (d. 1944)
- 1874 - François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (d. 1934)
- 1877 - Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925)
- 1886 - Marcel Dupré, French composer (d. 1971)
- 1888 - Beulah Bondi, American actress (d. 1981)
- 1892 - George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- 1893 - Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Cornelius Van Til, philosopher and Christian apologist (d. 1987)
- 1898 - Golda Meir, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1978)
- 1902 - Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1984)
- 1903 - Bing Crosby, American singer (d. 1977)
- 1905 - Sebastian Shaw, English actor (d. 1994)
- 1906 - Anna E. Roosevelt, American radio personality (d. 1975)
- 1906 - Mary Astor, American actress (d. 1987)
- 1912 - Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980)
- 1913 - William Inge, American playwright (d. 1973)
- 1915 - Stu Hart, Canadian professional wrestler and trainer (d. 2003)
- 1919 - Betty Comden, American lyricist (d. 2002)
- 1919 - John Cullen Murphy, American comic strip artist (d. 2004)
- 1919 - Pete Seeger, American folk singer
- 1921 - Joe Ames, American singer
- 1921 - Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (d. 1989)
- 1923 - Ralph Hall, American politician
- 1928 - Dave Dudley, American singer (d. 2003)
- 1933 - James Brown, American singer
- 1933 - Steven Weinberg, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1937 - Frankie Valli, American singer
- 1945 - Davey Lopes, baseball player and coach
- 1946 - Silvino Francisco, South African snooker player
- 1947 - Doug Henning, Canadian magician (d. 2000)
- 1950 - Howard Ashman, American lyricist (d. 1991)
- 1950 - Mary Hopkin, Welsh singer
- 1951 - Christopher Cross, American musician
- 1951 - Tatyana Tolstaya, Russian writer
- 1952 - Allan Wells, British athlete
- 1955 - David Hookes, Australian cricketer (d. 2004)
- 1959 - Uma Bharati, Indian politician
- 1959 - Ben Elton, British comedian and author
- 1962 - Anders Graneheim, Swedish bodybuilder
- 1966 - Darren Morgan, Welsh snooker player
- 1972 - Celeste, American actress
- 1975 - Maksim Mrvica, Croatian pianist

Deaths


- 1152 - Matilda of Boulogne, queen of Stephen of England
- 1160 - Peter Lombard, Italian scholar and bishop
- 1294 - John I, Duke of Brabant
- 1481 - Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1432)
- 1598 - Anna Guarini, Italian singer (b. 1563)
- 1606 - Henry Garnet, English Jesuit missionary (b. 1555)
- 1622 - Pedro Páez, Spanish Jesuit missionary (b. 1564)
- 1679 - James Sharp, English archbishop (assassinated) (b. 1613)
- 1693 - Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, French courtier (b. 1607)
- 1704 - Heinrich Ignaz Biber, Bohemian composer (b. 1644)
- 1724 - John Leverett the Younger, American President of Harvard (b. 1662)
- 1750 - John Willison, Scottish minister and writer (b. 1680)
- 1752 - Samuel Ogle, British provincial Governor of Maryland
- 1758 - Pope Benedict XIV (b. 1675)
- 1763 - George Psalmanazar, British imposter
- 1764 - Francesco Algarotti, Italian philosopher (b. 1712)
- 1779 - John Winthrop, American astronomer (b. 1714)
- 1793 - Martin Gerbert, German theologian and historian (b. 1720)
- 1839 - Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (b. 1771)
- 1856 - Adolphe Charles Adam, French composer (b. 1803)
- 1942 - Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1873)
- 1958 - Frank Foster, English cricketer (b. 1889)
- 1987 - Dalida, French singer (b. 1933)
- 1988 - Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, Russian mathematician (b. 1908)
- 1988 - Milt Caniff, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- 1991 - Jerzy Kosinski, Polish-born writer (b. 1933)
- 1994 - Ezra Taft Benson, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1899)
- 2002 - Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, British politician (b. 1910)
- 2003 - Suzy Parker, American actress (b. 1932)
- 2004 - Anthony Ainley, British actor (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances


- National Teacher Day in the United States
- World Press Freedom Day
- Constitution Day in Poland and Japan
- Roman Catholicism- Feast of the Finding of the Holy Cross (often called the Feast of the Invention of the True Cross)
- Feast day of the following saints in the Roman Catholic Church
  - Saints Eventius, Theodulus, and Alexander (martyrs of 119)
  - Emily Bicchiere (1238 - 1314)
  - Antonia and Alexander (martyrs of 313)
  - Saint Juvenal (d. 376)
  - Ausfrid (c. 1008)
- Israel - Yom Ha'atzma'ut (Israeli Independence Day) for 2006: (the observed date of this national holiday is determined by the Jewish Calendar).

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/3 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050503.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- May 2 - May 4 - April 3 - June 3 – listing of all days ko:5월 3일 ms:3 Mei ja:5月3日 simple:May 3 th:3 พฤษภาคม

Del.icio.us

del.icio.us is a social bookmarking, social software web service for storing and sharing web bookmarks. The site came online in late 2003 and was developed by Joshua Schachter, co-maintainer of Memepool. According to [http://del.icio.us/doc/about del.icio.us/doc/about]: :"del.icio.us is a social bookmarks manager. It allows you to easily add sites you like to your personal collection of links, to categorize those sites with keywords, and to share your collection not only between your own browsers and machines, but also with others." Everything posted to del.icio.us can be made publicly viewable; it was not originally intended to be a tool for storing private bookmark collections. Many people use del.icio.us to publish "linkblogs" on their weblogs. del.icio.us uses a non-hierarchical keyword categorization system where users can tag each of their bookmarks with a number of freely chosen keywords (cf. folksonomy). A combined view of everyone's bookmarks with a given tag is available; for instance, the URL "http://del.icio.us/tag/wiki" displays all of the most recent links tagged "wiki". Its collective nature also makes it possible to view bookmarks added by similar-minded users. The emphasis on recent additions makes it a convenient mechanism for propagating Internet memes and trends. del.icio.us has a simple HTML interface with human readable URLs, as well as a REST API and RSS feeds for web syndication. Use of the service is currently free. The source code of the site is not available, but entered data is freely downloadable through [http://del.icio.us/doc/api the API]. del.icio.us was aided in its rise to popularity by its unconventional domain name. de.lirio.us is an open source clone of del.icio.us. Bookmark spam is currently a problem in [http://del.icio.us/popular/ del.icio.us/popular] as there's no way to trust users and fake users can easily be created thus putting spam links in the most popular URLs. del.icio.us was [http://www.searchenginejournal.com/index.php?p=2642 acquired by] Yahoo! on Friday, December 9, 2005.

External links


- [http://del.icio.us/ del.icio.us]
- [http://del.icio.us/help del.icio.us/help] - All about del.icio.us
- [http://www.beelerspace.com/index.php?p=890 Us.ef.ul] - A beginner's guide to The Next Big Thing
- [http://lists.del.icio.us/pipermail/discuss/ The delicious-discuss archives]
- [http://pchere.blogspot.com/2005/02/absolutely-delicious-complete-tool.html Absolutely Del.icio.us] - Complete Tool Collection
- [http://skindelicious.blogspot.com/ skin.del.icio.us] - A del.icio.us skin for Firefox
- [http://del.icio.us/toolbar/ del.icio.us toolbar] for Firefox
- [http://dietrich.ganx4.com/foxylicious/ Foxylicious] - A Firefox extension that syncs your del.icio.us bookmarks into your browser bookmarks
- [http://del.icio.us/help/activechannel Internet Explorer Active Channel] - automatically import your tags into Internet Explorer's favorites and keep them updated
- [http://www.bunnyhug.net/blog/projects/deliciousupdater/ BUD (Bunnyhug Updater del.icio.us)] - Import your del.icio.us bookmarks to Internet Explorer
- [http://hybernaut.com/bdv/delicious-import.html Del.icio.us import script] - A Perl script which will import a Netscape style bookmarks file into del.icio.us
- [http://www.scifihifi.com/cocoalicious/ Cocoalicious] - A