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Double Barrelled Cannon

Double barrelled cannon

In 1862 John Gilleland, dentist, builder and mechanic, designed a double barreled cannon. This cannon is the only known double barreled cannon in existence. The cannon was cast in Athens, Georgia for a cost of $350. The two barrels have a divergence of 3 degrees, and the cannon was designed to shoot two cannon balls simultaneously connected with a chain to "mow the enemy down like scythe cuts wheat". Shooting cannon balls connected with a chain was commonly done in naval warfare, but these chain shots were fired from a single barrel. Gillelands invention, however, was a spectacular failure. Firing the cannons at exactly the same time was difficult due to the speed of the burning powder. On 22 April 1862 the cannon was tested for the first time. The cannon was aimed at a target of two upright poles, but the uneven explosion gave the connected balls a spinning movement in an off-center direction, destroying a cornfield and damaging some trees before the chain broke and one ball damaged a chimney and the other one killed a cow. It was reported that "the observers scattered as though the entire Yankee Army had been turned loose in that vicinity". Gilleland tried to promote his invention to the Confederate Army's arsenal in Augusta, Georgia, where it was found unfit for its purpose. Gilleland continued to try to promote his invention to other military leaders around Augusta, but failed to get anybody interested. Finally his contraption was used as a signal gun in Athens to warn against advancing Yankees in the American Civil War. On 27 July 1864 the cannon was fired after reports of several thousand Union soldiers approaching Monroe, Georgia. However, this report turned out to be false. The cannon disappeared in 1891 and was found again ten years later under a rock pile by a boy looking for lizards. Currently, the cannon is on display in front of the City Hall of Athens, Georgia. Category:Artillery

1862

1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-March

- January 1 - Britain annexes Lagos island in modern-day Nigeria
- January 10 - End of term for John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California. He is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford.
- January 30 - The first American ironclad warship, the USS Monitor is launched.
- February 1 - Julia Ward Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" is published for the first time (Atlantic Monthly).
- February 6 - American Civil War: Ulysses S. Grant gives the United States its first victory of the war, by capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee, known as the Battle of Fort Henry.
- February 15 - American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee and captures it the next day.
- February 22 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a six-year term as president of the Confederate States of America.
- March 8 - American Civil War: The iron-clad CSS Virginia (formerly USS Merrimack) is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia.
- March 9 - American Civil War: First battle between two ironclad warships USS Monitor v CSS Virginia
- March 13 American Civil War: The US federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
- March 28 - American Civil War: Battle of Glorieta Pass - In New Mexico Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico territory. The battle began on March 26.

April-May

- April 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Yorktown - The battle begins when Union forces under General George McClellan close in on the Confederate capital Richmond, Virginia.
- April 6 - American Civil War: In Tennessee, the Battle of Shiloh begins.
- April 7 - American Civil War: Battle of Shiloh - Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.
- May 2 - The California State Normal School (now "San Jose State") is created by an Act of the California Legislature.
- May 5 - Battle of Puebla, Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army; commemorated as the Cinco de Mayo.
- May 11 - American Civil War: The ironclad CSS Virginia is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia.
- May 15 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the United States Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed USDA).
- May 20 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.

June-July

- June 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Fair Oaks ends - Both sides claim victory.
- June 4 - American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for Union troops to take Memphis, Tennessee.
- June 6 - American Civil War: Battle of Memphis - Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee from the Confederates
- June 8 - American Civil War: Battle of Cross Keys - Confederate forces under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a Union assault on the James Peninsula led by General George McClellan.
- July 1 - Marriage of Princess Alice, second daughter of Queen Victoria to Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.
- July 1 - United States president Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.
- July 1 - Russian State Library is founded
- July 2 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land Grant Act into law, creating land-grant colleges to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.
- July 16 - American Civil War: David G. Farragut becomes the first United States Navy rear admiral.
- July 19 - American Civil War: Morgan's Raid - At Buffington Island in Ohio, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan's raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are captured while trying to escape across the Ohio River.
- July 23 - American Civil War: Henry W. Halleck takes command of the Union Army.

August

- August 2 - American Civil War: Skirmish at Taberville, MO -Union forces force Confederate troops to march south, near Taberville, Missouri
- August 5 - American Civil War: Battle of Baton Rouge - Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.
- August 6 - American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad CSS Arkansas is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with the USS Essex near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
- August 9 - American Civil War: Battle of Cedar Mountain - At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.
- August 17 - Indian Wars: Lakota (Sioux) uprising begins in Minnesota as desperate Lakota attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They will be overwhelmed by the US military six weeks later.
- August 19 - Indian Wars: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily-defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.
- August 21 - The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.
- August 28-August 30 - American Civil War: Second Battle of Bull Run

September-October

- September 1 - American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly - Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away.
- September 2 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Second Bull Run.
- September 5 - American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia into Maryland.
- September 12 - American Civil War: Confederate capture a Union garrison in the Battle of Harpers Ferry.
- September 17 - Union forces defeat Confederate troops at the Battle of Antietam, in the bloodiest day in the American Civil War (with over 20,000 casualties).
- September 19 - American Civil War: Battle of Iuka - Union troops under General William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by General Sterling Price at Iuka, Mississippi
- September 22 - Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister of Prussia.
- September 22 – Emancipation Proclamation
- September 29 - Bismarck's "Blood and Iron" speech
- October 8 - American Civil War: Battle of Perryville - Union forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.
- October 11 - American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam, Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the north.
- October 25 - In New Granada, rebels troops of southern states defeat the government troops

November-December

- November 5 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln removes George McClellan as commander of the Union Army.
- November 5 - Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.
- November 14 - American Civil War: Union President Abraham Lincoln approves General Ambrose Burnside's plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia (this led to a dramatic Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13).
- November 28 - American Civil War: Battle of Cane Hill - Union troops led by General John Blunt push back Confederate forces commanded by General John Marmaduke into northwestern Arkansas' Boston Mountains.
- December 2 - First US Navy hospital ships enter service
- December 18 - General Order No. 11 is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant.
- December 26 – William D. Duly hangs 38 Dakota Sioux in Minnesota
- December 26-December 29 - American Civil War: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.
- December 30 - The USS Monitor sinks off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina
- December 31 - American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union (thus dividing Virginia in two); meanwhile, the Battle of Stones River is fought near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Undated

- Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun.
- The United States passes the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
- A smallpox epidemic in California.
- Bureau of Internal Revenue, forefunner of IRS, founded
- Francisco Solano López becomes Paraguayan dictator
- Donald McIntyre builds a property in northwest Queensland, which will later become the town of Julia Creek.

Ongoing Events

- The American Civil War (1861-1865)

Births

- January 15 - Loie Fuller, American dancer (d. 1928)
- January 24 - Edith Wharton, American writer (d. 1937)
- January 29 - Frederick Delius, English composer (d. 1934)
- February 4 - George Ernest Morrison, Australian adventurer and journalist (d. 1920)
- March 8 - George Frederick Phillips, Canadian-born military hero (d. 1904)
- March 12 - Jane Delano, American founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service (d. 1919)
- March 17 - Silvio Gesell, economist (d. 1930)
- March 28 - Aristide Briand, French politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1932)
- April 2 - Nicholas M. Butler, American president of Columbia University, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1947)
- April 26 - Edmund Charles Tarbell, American artist (d. 1938)
- May 15 - Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian dramatist and narrator (d. 1931)
- June 5 - Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
- June 7 - Philipp Lenard, Austrian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
- June 21 - Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince and historian (d. 1943)
- June 27 - May Irwin, Canadian actress and singer (d. 1938)
- July 2 - William Henry Bragg, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1942)
- July 14 - Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist (d. 1918)
- August 21 - Emilio Salgari, Italian writer (d. 1911)
- August 22 - Claude Debussy, French composer (d. 1918)
- August 29 - Andrew Fisher, fifth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1928)
- August 29 - Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- September 11 - O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)
- September 25 - Billy Hughes, seventh Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1952)
- October 3 - Johnny Briggs, English cricketer (d. 1902)
- October 19 - Auguste Lumière, French inventor (d. 1954)
- November 14 - George Washington Vanderbilt, American businessman (d. 1914)
- November 15 - Gerhart Hauptmann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1946)
- November 16 - Charles Turner, Australian cricketer (d. 1944)
- Billy Sunday American baseball player, evangelist, prohibitionist, (d. 1935)
- December 8 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (d. 1921)
- William E. Johnson, American leader of Anti-Saloon League (d. 1950)

Deaths

- January 10 - Samuel Colt, American firearms inventor (b. 1814)
- January 18 - John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (b. 1790)
- February 7 - Prosper Meniere, French scientist (b. 1799)
- April 10 - W.H.L. Wallace, American Civil War general (b. 1821)
- May 6 - Henry David Thoreau, American author and philosopher (b. 1817)
- July 24 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (b. 1782)
- August 10 - Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (b. 1829)
- November 13 - Ludwig Uhland, German poet (b. 1787)
- December 18 - Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (b. 1766)
- John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1780) Category:1862 ko:1862년 ms:1862 simple:1862 th:พ.ศ. 2405

Athens, Georgia

Athens or Athens-Clarke County is a city located in Clarke County, Georgia, U.S., in the northeastern part of the state, just off of Georgia 316. As of the 2000 census, the consolidated city-county (including all unincorporated areas in Clarke County except Winterville) had a total population of 100,266, although this does not include all of the college students with temporary residences. It is home to the University of Georgia, a major educational institution in the South and a football powerhouse in the Southeastern Conference. The city was particularly known for its music scene in the 1980s, being home to such bands as R.E.M., The B-52's, Love Tractor, and Widespread Panic. Other notable local residents have included Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author Deborah Blum and acclaimed film actress Kim Basinger. Also home to such notables as the only remaining of two double barrelled cannons produced during the American Civil War and the "Tree That Owns Itself".

History

In the late 18th century, a trading settlement on the banks of the Oconee River called Cedar Shoals stood where Athens is located today. On January 27, 1785, the Georgia General Assembly granted a charter by Abraham Baldwin for the University of Georgia as the first state-supported university. Sixteen years later, in 1801, a committee from the university's board of trustees selected a site for the university on a hill above Cedar Shoals in what was then Jackson County. On July 25, John Milledge, one of the trustees and later governor of Georgia, bought 633 acres (2.6 km²) from Daniel Easley and donated it to the university. Milledge named the surrounding area Athens after the city that was home to the academy of Plato and Aristotle in ancient Greece. The first building built was named Franklin College in honor of Ben Franklin and is now called Old College. The town grew as lots adjacent to the college were sold to raise money for the additional construction of the school. By the time the first class graduated from the University in 1804, Athens consisted of three homes, three stores and a few other buildings facing Front Street, now known as Broad Street. Ben Franklin Athens officially became a town in December 1806 with a government made up of a three-member commission. The university continued to grow, but so did the town, with cotton mills fueling the industrial and commercial development. Athens became known as the "Manchester of the South" after the city in England known for its mills. In 1841, railroad lines were laid through Athens, expanding the commercial development and connecting the city with Atlanta to the west and Greenville, South Carolina to the north. During the American Civil War, William T. Sherman's Union army concentrated on Atlanta, cutting off the rail lines to prevent Athens from resupplying the besieged city. After burning Atlanta, the Union army largely ignored Athens in the March to the Sea, instead turning southeast to Savannah, Georgia. During Reconstruction, Athens continued to grow. The form of government changed to a mayor-council government with a new city charter on August 24, 1872 with Captain Henry Beusse as the first mayor of Athens. Freed slaves moved to the city, many attracted by the new centers for education such as the Freedman's Bureau. This new population was served by three black newpapers - the Athens Blade, the Athens Clipper, and the Progressive Era. As Athens became a more populous city in the 1880s, city services and improvements were undertaken. The Athens Police Department was founded in 1881 and public schools opened in fall of 1886. Telephone service was introduced in 1882 by the Bell Telephone Company. Transportation improvements were also introduced with a street paving program beginning in 1885 and streetcars, pulled by mules, in 1888. By its centennial in 1901, Athens was a much-changed city. A new city hall was completed in 1904. An African-American middle class and professional class had grown around the corner of Washington and Hull Streets, known as the "Hot Corner." The theater at the Morton Building hosted movies and performances by well-known black musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, and Duke Ellington. Athens got its first tall building in 1908 with the seven-story Southern Mutual Insurance Company building. During World War II, the U.S. Navy built new buildings and paved runways to serve as a training facility for naval pilots. In 1961, Athens witnessed part of the Civil Rights movement when Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first two black students to enter the University of Georgia. The Athens music scene grew in the early 1970s with the 40 Watt Club and Ravenstone, a regionally popular band sometimes called "one of the godfathers of Athens rock," and later during the 1980s with R.E.M. and the B-52's scoring breakout hits. Athens became a unified government with Clarke County, Georgia in 1990.

Geography

1990 Athens is located at 33°57'19" North, 83°22'59" West (33.955464, -83.383245). According to the United States Census Bureau, the balance has a total area of 306.2 km² (118.2 mi²). 305.0 km² (117.8 mi²) of it is land and 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.41% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 100,266 people, 39,239 households, and 19,344 families residing in the city. The population density is 328.8/km² (851.5/mi²). There are 41,633 housing units at an average density of 136.5/km² (353.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 64.71% White, 27.37% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 3.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.11% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. 6.39% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 39,239 households out of which 22.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% are married couples living together, 13.3% have a female householder with no husband present, and 50.7% are non-families. 29.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 5.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 2.95. In the city the population is spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 31.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 25 years. For every 100 females there are 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 93.4 males. The median income for a household in the city is $28,118, and the median income for a family is $41,407. Males have a median income of $30,359 versus $23,039 for females. The per capita income for the balance is $17,103. 28.6% of the population and 15.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.2% of those under the age of 18 and 13.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://www.visitathensga.com/ Athens Convention & Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.libs.uga.edu/athens/ University of Georgia Libraries: On Athens-Clarke County]
- [http://www.onlineathens.com/ OnlineAthens: Athens, Georgia News]
- [http://www.flagpole.com/ Flagpole Magazine (Athens' Alt-Weekly)]
- [http://www.athensclarkecounty.com/ Athens-Clarke County: Unified City/County Government] Category:Cities in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:University towns Category:Clarke County, Georgia

22 April

April 22 is the 112th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (113th in leap years). There are 253 days remaining.

Events

- 1500 - Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
- 1509 - Henry VIII ascends the throne of England after the death of his father.
- 1529 - Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal along a line 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
- 1836 - Texas Revolution: A day after the Battle of San Jacinto forces under Texas General Sam Houston capture Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Grierson's Raid begins – troops under Union Colonel Benjamin Grierson attack central Mississippi.
- 1864 - The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act which mandates that the inscription "In God We Trust" be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.
- 1889 - Oklahoma land rush: President Benjamin Harrison opens the Unassigned Lands in what is now central Oklahoma to white settlement.
- 1898 - Spanish-American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS Nashville captures a Spanish merchant ship.
- 1913 - Pravda, the "voice" of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, begins publications in Saint Petersburg.
- 1914 - Babe Ruth, age 19, pitches his first professional game for the minor league Baltimore Orioles.
- 1915 - The use of poison gas in World War I escalates when chlorine gas is released as a chemical weapon in the Second Battle of Ypres.
- 1930 - The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.
- 1943 - Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of LSD.
- 1944 - World War II: Operation Persecution initiated – Allied forces land in the Hollandia area of New Guinea.
- 1945 - World War II: After learning that Soviet forces have taken Eberswalde without a fight, Adolf Hitler admits defeat in his underground bunker and states that suicide is his only recourse.
- 1946 - The first installment of the popular Japanese comic strip, Sazae-san, is published in the Fukunichi Shimbun.
- 1954 - Red Scare: Army-McCarthy Hearings begin.
- 1964 - The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair opens for its first season.
- 1970 - First Earth Day celebrated.
- 1971 - John Kerry, dressed in combat fatigues, testifies on his views of the Vietnam War before the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee
- 1972 - Vietnam War: Increased American bombing in Vietnam prompts antiwar protests in New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
- 1975 - Barbara Walters signs a five-year $5 million contract with the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), becoming the highest paid television newsperson.
- 1978 - The Blues Brothers make their first appearance on Saturday Night Live.
- 1979 - Brent Mydland performs his first show with the Grateful Dead at Spartan Stadium, San Jose.
- 1993 - In Washington, DC, the Holocaust Memorial Museum is dedicated.
- 1993 - The web browser Mosaic version 1.0 is released.
- 1996 - Cisco Systems acquires StrataCom for $4B
- 1997 - Haouch Khemisti massacre in Algeria; 93 villagers killed.
- 1997 - A 126-day hostage crisis at the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima, Peru ends after government commandos storm and capture the building, rescuing 71 hostages. One hostage dies of a heart attack, two soldiers are killed from rebel fire, and all 14 rebels are slain.
- 2000 - In a predawn raid, federal agents seize six-year-old Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida.
- 2000 - The Big Number Change takes place in the United Kingdom.
- 2004 - Two fuel trains collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing up to 150 people.
- 2005 - Mordechai Vanunu installed as Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow.

Births

- 1451 - Queen Isabella of Castile and Leon (d. 1504)
- 1550 - Edward de Vere, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (d. 1604)
- 1610 - Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691)
- 1658 - Giuseppe Torelli, Italian composer (d. 1709)
- 1690 - John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, English statesman (d. 1763)
- 1692 - James Stirling, Scottish mathematician (d. 1770)
- 1707 - Henry Fielding, English author (d. 1754)
- 1711 - Eleazar Wheelock, American founder of Dartmouth College (d. 1779)
- 1724 - Immanuel Kant, German philosopher (d. 1804)
- 1766 - Madame de Staël, French author (d. 1817)
- 1812 - Solomon Caesar Malan, British orientalist (d. 1894)
- 1840 - Odilon Redon, French painter (d. 1916)
- 1852 - Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1912)
- 1854 - Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1943)
- 1870 (N.S.) - Vladimir Lenin, Russian revolutionary (d. 1924)
- 1873 - Ellen Glasgow, American author (d. 1945)
- 1876 - Robert Bárány, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1936)
- 1876 - Georg Lurich, Estonian wrestler (d. 1920)
- 1881 - Alexander Kerensky, Russian politician (d. 1970)
- 1884 - Otto Rank, Austrian psychologist (d. 1939)
- 1891 - Harold Jeffreys, English astronomer (d. 1989)
- 1899 - Vladimir Nabokov, Russian writer (d. 1977)
- 1904 - Robert Oppenheimer, American physicist (d. 1967)
- 1906 - Eddie Albert, American actor (d. 2005)
- 1906 - Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Westrobothnia, second in line to the Swedish throne (d. 1946)
- 1907 - Ivan Efremov, Russian paleontologist and author (d. 1972)
- 1909 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1910 - Norman Steenrod, American mathematician (d. 1971)
- 1912 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953)
- 1914 - Jan de Hartog, Dutch writer (d. 2002)
- 1916 - Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999)
- 1918 - Mickey Vernon, baseball player
- 1919 - Donald J. Cram, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
- 1922 - Charles Mingus, American musician (d. 1979)
- 1922 - Wolf V. Vishniac, American microbiologist (d. 1973)
- 1923 - Bettie Page, American model
- 1923 - Aaron Spelling, American television producer and writer
- 1926 - Charlotte Rae, American actress
- 1926 - James Stirling, British architect (d. 1992)
- 1935 - Paul Chambers, American jazz bassist (d. 1969)
- 1936 - Glen Campbell, American musician
- 1937 - Jack Nicholson, American actor
- 1937 - Jack Nitzsche, American composer and arranger (d. 2000)
- 1939 - Jason Miller, American actor (d. 2001)
- 1943 - Louise Glück, American poet
- 1944 - Steve Fossett, American adventurer
- 1946 - John Waters, American film writer and director
- 1950 - Peter Frampton, British musician
- 1952 - Marilyn Chambers, American actress
- 1958 - Ken Olandt, American actor
- 1959 - Catherine Mary Stewart, Canadian actress
- 1959 - Ryan Stiles, Canadian-born actor and comedian
- 1962 - Jeff Minter, British video game programmer
- 1967 - Sheryl Lee, American actress
- 1974 - Shavo Odadjian, Armenian-born bassist (System of a Down)
- 1975 - Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (d. 1999)
- 1977 - Andruw Jones, baseball player
- 1981 - Ken Dorsey, American football player
- 1982 - Kaká, Brazilian footballer
- 1983 - Matt Jones, American football player

Deaths

- 296 - Pope Caius
- 536 - Pope Agapetus I
- 1592 - Bartolomeo Ammanati, Italian architect and sculptor (b. 1511)
- 1672 - Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet (b. 1598)
- 1699 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (b. 1646)
- 1758 - Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (b. 1686)
- 1778 - James Hargreaves, English weaver, carpenter, and inventor (b. 1720)
- 1806 - Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (stabbed) (b. 1763)
- 1833 - Richard Trevithick, English inventor (b. 1771)
- 1892 - Edouard Lalo, French composer (b. 1823)
- 1896 - Thomas Meik, British civil engineer (b. 1812)
- 1908 - Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1836)
- 1925 - André Caplet, French composer (b. 1878)
- 1930 - Jeppe Aakjaer, Danish poet and novelist

1862

1862 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).

Events

January-March

April-May

June-July

August

September-October

November-December

Undated

Ongoing Events

- The American Civil War (1861-1865)

Births

Deaths

Confederate States of America

:For other meanings of confederate and confederacy, see confederacy (disambiguation) The Confederate States of America—also referred to as the Confederate States, CSA, the Confederacy and Dixie (colloquially)—was a splinter nation off the United States of America that existed between 1861 and 1865. It was located in North America, occupying the south-eastern portions of the current United States. As its existence was contested by the United States for the whole of its short-lived history, there was never a definitive delineation of Confederate States' northern boundary. Its southern land boundary was with Mexico. It was otherwise bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. For most of its life the Confederacy was engaged in the Civil War against the Union forces, mostly in defense. However, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee, also made limited incursions into Union territory.

History

The Confederate States were formed on February 4, 1861, by six Southern slave states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana) after confirmation of the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. Jefferson Davis was selected as its first President the next day. Texas joined the Confederacy on March 2 and then replaced its governor, Sam Houston, when he refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. These seven states seceded ¹ from the United States and took control of military/naval installations, ports, and custom houses within their boundaries, triggering the American Civil War. A month after the Confederacy was formed, on March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called the secession "legally void". He stated he had no intent to invade southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property and collection of various federal taxes, duties and imposts. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union. On April 12 South Carolina troops fired upon the Federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina until the troops surrendered. Following the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for all remaining states in the Union to send troops to recapture Sumter and other forts, defend the capital, and preserve the Union. Most Northerners believed that a quick victory for the Union would crush the nascent rebellion, and so Lincoln only called for volunteers for 90 days. This resulted in four more states voting to secede: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy for a total of 11. Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia The government of Kentucky remained in the Union after a short-lived attempt at neutrality, but a rival faction from that state was also accepted as members of the Confederacy. A more complex situation surrounds the Missouri Secession, but in any event Missouri was also considered a member of the Confederate States. The number of Confederate states is thus sometimes considered to be 13. The five tribal governments of the Indian Territory—which became Oklahoma in 1907—also mainly supported the Confederacy. The southern part of New Mexico Territory (including parts of the Gadsden Purchase) joined with the Confederacy as Arizona Territory. These first settlers petitioned the Confederate government for annexation of their lands, prompting an expedition in which territory south of the 34th parallel was governed by the Confederacy. Arizona troops were also officially recognized within the armies of the Confederacy. Preceding his New Mexico Campaign, General Sibley issued a proclamation to the people of New Mexico his intentions of taking possession of the territory in the name of the Confederate States. Confederate troops briefly occupied the territorial capital of Santa Fe between March 13 and April 8, 1862. Not all jurisdictions where slavery was still legal joined the Confederacy. In 1861 martial law was declared in Maryland (the state which borders the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., on three sides) to block attempts at secession. Delaware, also a slave state, never considered secession, nor did the capital of the U.S., Washington, D.C.. In 1861, during the war, a unionist rump legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the United States in 1863 as the state of West Virginia, with a constitution that would have gradually abolished slavery[http://www.ls.net/~newriver/va/vasecesh.htm]. Similar attempts to secede from the Confederacy in parts of other states (notably in eastern Tennessee) were held in check by Confederacy declarations of martial law[http://www.aotc.net/Marxen.htm][http://web.utk.edu/~jharvey2/kville%20before%20siege.htm]. The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by General Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 is generally taken as the end of the Confederate States. President Davis was captured at Irwinville, Georgia on May 10 and the remaining Confederate armies surrendered by June 1865. The last Confederate flag was hauled down on CSS Shenandoah on November 6, 1865.

Government and politics

Constitution

1865 The Confederate States Constitution provides much insight into the motivations for secession from the Union. Based to a certain extent on both the Articles of Confederation and on the United States Constitution, it reflected a stronger philosophy of states' rights, curtailing the power of the central authority, and also contained explicit protection of the institution of slavery, though international slave trading was prohibited. It differed from the US Constitution chiefly by addressing the grievances of the secessionist states against the federal government of the United States. For example, the Confederate government was prohibited from instituting protective tariffs, making southern ports more attractive to international traders. Prior to the declarations of secession, most southerners regarded protective tariffs as a measure that enriched the northern states at the expense of the south. The Confederate government was also prohibited from using revenues collected in one state for funding internal improvements in another state. At the same time, however, much of the Confederate constitution was a word-for-word duplicate of the US one. At the drafting of the Constitution of the Confederacy, a few radical proposals such as allowing only slave states to join and the reinstatement of the Atlantic slave trade were turned down. The Constitution specifically did not include a provision allowing states to secede, since the southerners considered this to be a right intrinsic to a sovereign state which the United States Constitution had not required them to renounce, and thus including it as such would have weakened their original argument for secession. The President of the Confederacy was to be elected to a six-year term and could not be reelected. The only president was Jefferson Davis; the Confederacy was defeated by the federal government before he completed his term. One unique power granted to the Confederate president was the ability to subject a bill to a line item veto, a power held by some state governors. The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two thirds majorities that are required in the US Congress. Printed currency in the forms of bills and stamps was authorized and put into circulation, although by the individual states in the Confederacy's name. The government considered issuing Confederate coinage. Plans, dies and 4 "proofs" were created, but a lack of bullion prevented any public coinage. Although the preamble refers to "each State acting in its sovereign and independent character", it also refers to the formation of a "permanent federal government". Also, although slavery was protected in the constitution, it also prohibited the importation of new slaves from outside the Confederacy (except from slaveholding states or territories of the United States).

Capital

US Congress The capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, from February 4, 1861, until

Double barrelled cannon

1862

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Athens, Georgia

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22 April

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1862

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Confederate States of America

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