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Downtown Cleveland

Downtown Cleveland

Downtown Cleveland, the industrial, cultural, and historic hub of Northeast Ohio, has experienced many changes over the years. A remarkable amount of investment in the area in the mid-1990s spurred a rebirth that continues to this day, with over $1 billion in capital projects slated to involve the downtown area over the next few years. Cleveland has experienced much residential emigration from the city to its surrounding suburbs, and Downtown Cleveland is currently one of the city's neighborhoods that is gaining population. Cleveland Cleveland

Public Square

Cleveland The heart of downtown and first settled area, Public Square was laid out by the city's founder, Moses Cleaveland before leaving in 1796 and has remained largely unchanged since that time. It consists of a large open space, cut into four quadrants by Ontario Street and Superior Avenue. Public Square is the symbolic heart of the city, and has hosted presidents, vast congregations of people, and recently, a free annual 4th of July concert by the Cleveland Orchestra. At one time Public Square was fenced off and inaccessible to vehicles. Public Square hosted the Perry Monument early in its history, which was a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's victory in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. The monument was dedicated in 1860, and placed in the center of Public Square. In 1892 it was moved out of the square, which by then had the fences removed after lobbying by commercial interests. Public Square is also home to the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which commemorates residents of Cuyahoga County who served in the Civil War. Notable buildings in public square include the Terminal Tower, home to Tower City Center, 200 Public Square - the former BP Building (renamed in 2005), as well as Key Tower, the tallest building in Cleveland and one of the tallest in the United States. Public Square is also home to the historic Old Stone Church, completed in 1855. The west side of Public Square was slated to become the headquarters of the Cleveland Trust Company, then called Ameritrust, but the project was cancelled after Ameritrust was purchased and merged into KeyBank, leaving that side of the square open to this day, with only a surface parking lot on the site.

Historic Warehouse District

Cleveland's first neighborhood, the Warehouse District, was originally a residential area, then changed to become a warehousing and shipping neighborhood, and has in recent times morphed into an entertainment, dining, and downtown living hub. The Warehouse District is the largest downtown neighborhood by population, and continues to grow with a vast assortment of shops, clubs, bars, and loft condos/apartments. This most recent transformation from empty, run-down warehouses to hip, happening clubs and restaurants is only the latest in a long life cycle for the historic area.

Historic Gateway District

the Warehouse District The Historic Gateway District was one of the first revitalized areas of downtown, thanks largely to the Gateway Project, which includes Jacobs Field and Quicken Loans Arena, home to the Cleveland Indians and Cleveland Cavaliers, as well as the AHL Cleveland Barons. The neighborhood includes retail, housing, and a large variety of restaurants. East 4th Street, an emerging downtown neighborhood, is home to Pickwick and Frolic, a comedy club/restaurant, as well as Cleveland's House of Blues, as well as other dining and entertainment options, retail, loft condominiums, and apartments. The Gateway District also houses the magnificent Cleveland Arcade, the first indoor shopping mall in the United States and a stunning display of period architecture.

Civic Center

Cleveland Arcade As its name suggests, the Civic Center district includes most of Cleveland's public buildings. City Hall is here, as is the City Police Headquarters and Jail. The Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas is located in this area as well. The Cleveland Convention Center is located here, and its exhibit facility is built underground. Other buildings in the district include the Cleveland Public Library main building, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, the Howard M. Metzenbaum U.S. Courthouse, and Cleveland Municipal Schools administration building. The Public Malls, Malls A, B, and C, also known as the Burnham Malls, serve as public green space and gardens fronting the lake.

Financial District

Cleveland's financial district consists of the areas around East 9th street, with a dense conglomeration of banks in the area. Ohio Savings Bank, National City, and a wide variety of law offices are headquartered in the financial district, as well as the skyscraper the Erieview Tower, part of the largely unbuilt Erieview revitalization project of the 1960s, with its attached mall, The Galleria, which was added to the Tower in the 1980s. The Plain Dealer, Cleveland's major daily newspaper, is headquarted here as well, and WKYC, the local NBC affiliate, recently built a new digital broadcast center on Lakeside Road on the eastern edge of downtown. Other stations headquarted here include WOIO, the CBS affiliate, and WUAB, the UPN affiliate. There is a large concentration of high-rise downtown housing in this area, largely concentrated in the East 12th Street area, with a major infill project set to begin in the 12th street area in the next year. The Financial District also serves as home to Cleveland's Catholic Cathedral, St. John Cathedral, the seat of its Catholic Diocese. A notable building in this area that currently sits vacant is the former Cleveland Trust Rotunda and Ameritrust Tower, which served as headquarters of The Cleveland Trust Company and its successor, Ameritrust, until their acquisition by KeyBank. The rotunda features a large stained glass window on its ceiling, and was recently purchased by Cuyahoga County, which is planning to reuse it as the centerpiece of the county's new combined administration center. The center will either refurbish and adapt the former Ameritrust Tower to its uses, or tear the building down and build a new tower that connects with the rotunda.

North Coast District

St. John Cathedral Home to Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Great Lakes Science Center, Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum and the USS Cod, North Coast Harbor is the tourist district of downtown Cleveland. The North Coast District is home to the city's port at present time, although there are long term plans in place to move the port west of the river and open up the area for housing and lakefront development. North Coast is also the former home of the infamous Cleveland Stadium, better known to some as the Mistake on the Lake. Cleveland Stadium was torn down after the former Cleveland Browns franchise left the city in 1995, and was replaced with Cleveland Browns Stadium, which serves as the home of the reborn football franchise. Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport is located east of the Rock Hall, and serves as a commuter and business airport that keeps traffic down at the larger Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, located west of downtown. Burke has been under study in past years as to whether its land would be more useful opened up to development, and no consensus has been reached on the issue. The district fronts Lake Erie on the north and also includes Voinovich Park and a fishing pier. Future plans for the city's lakefront include adding thousands of housing units, retail shops, a marina, and other amenities to north coast harbor, see "Lakefront Plan" below.

Playhouse Square District

Home to the second largest theater district in the country, Playhouse Square Center is downtown's cultural heart. The State, Ohio, Allen, Hanna, and Palace theaters are located here. WVIZ/WCPN, Cleveland's public television and radio stations, are renovating an office building here into a downtown headquarters, to include high definition television studios, control rooms, radio studios, and performance space fronting Euclid Avenue. The building will be called the Idea Center, and is scheduled to open in the Fall of 2005.

Quadrangle District

The Quadrangle District is home to Cleveland State University, the city's large public university. Cleveland State has in past years been derided as an open enrollment commuter school, but has recently moved to dispel that belief. The university is embarking on a master plan to raise standards, enrollment, and rebuild its fortress-like campus. CSU wants to build a college town in the middle of downtown, including thousands of resident students in housing, retail and shops for them, restaurants, and other amenities currently sorely lacking in the Quadrangle. Additionally, CSU wants to partner with the city and other area stockholders to transfer technology research and other work the school does into startup companies and enterprises, improving the economy of the area and stimulating downtown life in the Quadrangle. As part of CSU, the Wolstein Center, formerly the CSU Convocation Center, is located in the Quadrangle District, and serves as the home of CSU Men's Basketball, as well as holds various concerts and special events throughout the year.

Flats District

Once the most popular nightlife district in Ohio, the flats have recently fallen on hard times. Though there is no one reason for the decay, most point to a series of drownings, beatings, and other unruly behavior that sullied the reputation of the nightlife district to most residents and outsiders. The Flats crowd migrated east to the Warehouse District, leaving the east bank to decay. The west bank of the flats, home to numerous restaurants, bars, and new housing continues to thrive. A local developer recently proposed demolishing the structures on the east bank and replacing them with a new mixed-use neighborhood. Demolition work is scheduled to begin in the fall of 2005, and the flats will be reborn once again. This is interesting in that the flats were actually the place Moses Cleaveland himself first landed when he founded the city, and thus the area is reclaiming its past heritage as a residential area.

New Developments and Projects

Euclid Corridor

the flats One of the city's major projects, the Euclid Corridor Project will introduce bus rapid transit (BRT) to the area. The project is a complete rebuild of Euclid Avenue from Public Square to University Circle, and will include bus-only lanes with center-median station boarding, priority signaling, and fast commute times. In addition to the transportation rebuild, the Euclid Corridor Project will also invest heavily in the streetscape of Euclid Avenue, with the aim of spurring investments in residential, retail, office, and mixed-use redevelopments. Construction of the $200 million dollar project has begun, with full service slated for 2008.

Avenue District

Cleveland is also getting its own higher income downtown district - the Avenue District. Located on the site of a current set of parking lots on East 12th Street, the development is slated to include over 400 condominiums, including lofts, penthouses, and townhomes, street-level retail, garage parking, and pedestrian friendly sidewalks and streets. The development is a project of Zaremba, Inc., and is scheduled to begin construction in the fall of 2005.

East 4th Street

University Circle MRN Ltd has bought most of the buildings along East 4th Street and is currently installing street retail such as high-end clothing, restaurants and coffee shops with outdoor seating, hundreds of loft apartments in the upper levels, and an upscale martini bar/bowling alley/restauraunt created by the founders of Gameworks, to be known as the Corner Alley. East 4th Street is home to Pickwick and Frolic and the Hilarities 4th Street Theatre, a comedy club / restaurant, and the House of Blues Cleveland, located in the former Woolworth's Building. Lola Bistro, a well-known local restaurant, will be opening on the street early in 2006, and an East Coast-style "ultralounge", known as View Nightclub, recently opened as well. MRN will be adding more apartments to the area in conjunction with the Corner Alley martini bar / bowling alley, with funding assistance from the City of Cleveland.

Lakefront

The Cleveland City Planning Commission recently completed plans for a lakefront revitalization to stimulate interest in Cleveland as a city to live in. These include thousands of housing units, retail shops, public parks, connections to the light rail waterfront line, an 18 hole golf course, office buildings, a boardwalk, and other amenities. Cleveland's current industrially-oriented lakefront is slated become a thing of the past, and a new, public-minded and recreational lakefront will rise in its place. The chief roadblock to the implementation of this plan is the relocation of the Port of Cleveland to an area west of the river, as well as the tearing out of State Route 2, better known as the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway, or simply the Shoreway. The Shoreway is a high speed expressway that currently blocks downtown from the lakefront, requiring pedestrians to cross bridges in just one or two spots. The Shoreway serves to cut off downtown from the lake, and is considered a relic of Cleveland's past that should be removed in order to reconnect downtown with its lakefront.

Convention Center

Cleveland is working on a long term replacement for its outdated and dilapidated convention center, currently located underground beneath Mall B, a grassy open space fronting the train tracks and North Coast District. Plans vary from replacing the current center beneath the mall to construction of an addition to Forest City-owned Tower City Center. Recent cost projections have put the underground site at an estimated cost of over $500 million dollars, which is well over what the city and county wish to pay. Forest City, who had pulled their Tower City site from consideration, have recently announced they would like it reconsidered as a potential spot. The site is considered a front runner as it would cost around $350 million to expand a convention center onto it, a closer number to what the city/county wish to spend.

Others

515 Euclid Avenue, a parking garage that recently opened, is slated to become a 28+ story condominium tower in the future once demand is built. Tower City Center continues to attract downtown shoppers, and Forest City Enterprises says they are waiting for the downtown housing market to mature before it plans housing developments on its Scranton Peninsula. Riverview Hope, a project in Ohio City, will introduce hundreds of market rate housing units integrated with public housing along the river. Stonebridge, a new apartment and condominium development in the west bank of the Flats, is adding a new building and restaurant to its offerings. New housing condo/apartment projects are frequently announced, and Cleveland is projected to have a downtown population of over 20,000 in the near future.

External links

- [http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/lakefront/cpc.html Cleveland Lakefront Plan]
- [http://www.downtownclevelandpartnership.com/ Downtown Cleveland Partnership]
- [http://www.historicgateway.org/ Historic Gateway District]
- [http://www.thequadrangle.org/ The Quadrangle] Category:Cleveland neighborhoods

Northeast Ohio

Greater Cleveland is a nickname for the metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland in Ohio. Northeast Ohio refers to a similar but substantially larger area as described below. This article covers the area generally considered to be Greater Cleveland, but includes information on Northeast Ohio for comparative purposes. According to the 2000 Census, the five-county Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) consists of Cuyahoga County, Geauga County, Lake County, Lorain County, and Medina County, and has a population of 2,250,871. The larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area is the 14th largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States and includes the above counties, plus Ashtabula County, Portage County and Summit County, with a population of 2,945,831. Cleveland-Akron-Canton is the 16th largest Designated Market Area in the United States, according to Nielsen Media Research. However, the areas commonly understood as Greater Cleveland or Northeast Ohio are not precisely defined. Most often, Greater Cleveland is understood as referring to all of Cuyahoga County, and a number of surrounding communities. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor MSA covers most of this area and some smaller outlying communities. Northeast Ohio is commonly understood to be a larger region surrounding Greater Cleveland. Some consider it to include as many as 13 counties and the cities of Akron, Canton, Lorain, Elyria, Ashtabula, Youngstown and Warren. Northeast Ohio is home to approximately 4.5 million people, has a labor force of almost 2 million, and a gross regional product of more than US$134 billion. So to be clear: the areas commonly referred to as Greater Cleveland or Northeast Ohio are neither precisely the same as the Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor MSA nor the Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Counties

- Ashtabula County
- Cuyahoga County
- Geauga County
- Lake County
- Lorain County
- Medina County
- Portage County
- Summit County

Cities and villages

Business and industry

In 2004, Greater Cleveland served as the corporate headquarters of 11 Fortune 500 firms (shown with 2004 rankings and sales in billions below): [http://www.travelcleveland.com/About_Cleveland/Quality_of_Life/population_economy.asp]
- (#137 - $14.7) Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Akron)
- (#158 - $12.3) FirstEnergy (Akron)
- (#165 - $11.8) Progressive Insurance (Mayfield Village)
- (#206 - $9.5) National City Corporation (Cleveland)
- (#253 - $8.0) Eaton Corporation (Cleveland)
- (#291 - $6.4) Parker-Hannifin (Mayfield Heights)
- (#319 - $5.7) KeyCorp (Cleveland)
- (#333 - $5.4) Sherwin-Williams (Cleveland)
- (#405 - $5.0) OM Group Incorporated (Cleveland)
- (#426 - $4.0) International Steel Group (Richfield) (now part of Mittal Steel Company NV)
- (#444 - $3.7) Timken (Canton) Other large employers not on the Fortune 500 include:
- ($2.5) OfficeMax (Shaker Heights) ([http://www.suntimes.com/output/business/cst-fin-office16.html announced move] to Chicago on August 16 2005)
- ($2.0) American Greetings (Cleveland)
- ($1.6) Lubrizol (Wickliffe)
- ($1.1) Lincoln Electric (Cleveland)
- (?) Forest City Enterprises (Cleveland)
- (?) IMG (Cleveland)
- (?) Jones Day (Cleveland)
- (?) Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland)
- (?) Roadway Express (Akron)
- (?) Babcock & Wilcox (Barberton)
- (?) Diebold (Green)
- (?) Developers Diversified Realty Corporation (Beachwood) Also see [http://www.clevelandgrowth.com/pdf/factsheets/largest%20employers.pdf list of largest employers].

Colleges and universities

- Baldwin-Wallace College (Berea)
- Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland)
- Cleveland College of Jewish Studies (Beachwood)
- Cleveland Institute of Art (Cleveland)
- Cleveland Institute of Music (Cleveland)
- Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
- Cuyahoga Community College (Cleveland, Highland Hills, and Parma)
- John Carroll University (University Heights)
- Kent State University (Kent)
- Lake Erie College (Painesville)
- Lakeland Community College (Kirtland)
- Myers University (formerly Dyke College) (Cleveland)
- Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine (Rootstown)
- Notre Dame College (South Euclid)
- Oberlin College (Oberlin)
- Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine (Cleveland)
- University of Akron (Akron)
- Ursuline College (Pepper Pike)

Transportation

Airports

- Akron-Canton Regional Airport
- Akron Fulton International Airport
- Burke Lakefront Airport
- Cuyahoga County Airport
- Cleveland Hopkins International Airport

Highways

- I-71
- I-76
- I-77
- I-80/Ohio Turnpike
- I-90
- I-271
- I-480
- I-490

Highway notes

- I-271 and I-480 are the only two three-digit interstates in the nation to be multiplexed with each other. They run concurrent near Bedford Heights in Cuyahoga County.

Public transit

The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority operates a bus system and heavy and light rail in Cuyahoga County. Laketran serves Lake County, and Metro operates in Summit County.

Culture

Theater

Theaters

- Actors' Summit (Hudson) [http://actorssummit.org/]
- Beck Center (Lakewood) [http://www.lkwdpl.org/beck/]
- Cabaret Dada (Cleveland) [http://www.cabaretdada.com/]
- Cassidy Theater (Parma Heights) [http://www.parmaareachamber.org/newsevents.htm]
- Cleveland Play House (Cleveland) [http://www.clevelandplayhouse.com/]
- Cleveland Public Theater (Cleveland) [http://www.cptonline.org/]
- Dobama Theater (Cleveland Heights) [http://www.dobama.org/]
- Geauga Lyric Theater (Chardon) [http://www.geaugatheater.org/html/playbill.html]
- Huntington Playhouse (Bay Village) [http://www.huntingtonplayhouse.com/]
- Karamu House (Cleveland) [http://www.karamu.com/]
- Near West Theatre (Cleveland) [http://nearwesttheatre.org/]
- Olde Towne Hall Theatre (North Ridgeville) [http://www.oldetownehalltheatre.com/]
- Playhouse Square Center (Cleveland) [http://www.playhousesquare.com/]

Theatrical companies

- Bodwin Theater Company [http://bodwin_theatre.tripod.com/]
- Carousel Dinner Theater [http://carouseldinnertheatre.com/]
- Charenton Theatre Company [http://www.charenton.org/]
- Cleveland Shakespeare Festival [http://www.cleveshakes.org/]
- Cleveland Signstage Theatre [http://www.signstage.org/]
- Convergence-Continuum [http://www.convergence-continuum.org/]
- Dobama's Night Kitchen [http://www.nightkitchen.org/]
- Great Lakes Theater Festival [http://www.greatlakestheater.org/]
- Ground Floor Improv [http://www.pluggedincleveland.com/events/5723/ground-floor-improv-theater.html]
- The Group [http://www.geocities.com/thegrouplakewood/home.html/]
- Portage Lakes Players [http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Alley/5709/]
- The Public Squares [http://thepublicsquares.com/]
- Red Hen Productions [http://logan.com/redhen/]

Gay Community

- Lesbian/Gay Community Center of Greater Cleveland [http://www.lgcsc.org/]
- Wild Plum Queer Arts Project [http://www.lgcsc.org/wildplum.html]

Sports and recreation

Wild Plum Queer Arts Project]]Cleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Cleveland Barons (American Hockey League), and Cleveland Force (Major Indoor Soccer League). The Indians have two minor-league affiliates in the area, the AA Akron Aeros and the Single-A Lake County Captains, who play in Eastlake. The Cleveland Metroparks are a system of nature preserves that encircle the city.

Famous natives

External links

- [http://nodis.csuohio.edu/ Northern Ohio Data & Information Service]
- [http://www.ercnet.org/neohio/ Employer Resource Council site promoting NE Ohio]
- [http://www.teamneo.org/ Team NEO] Cleveland

1990s

The 1990s refers to the years 1990 to 1999; the last decade of the 20th Century. The 90s were marked with rapid progression of globalization and global capitalism following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. Key forces shaping the decade were the Gulf War; popularization of Personal Computer and Internet leading to the dot.com boom.

Events and trends

While optimism and hopes were high following the collapse of Communism, the backlash of the Cold War's effect was only beginning, precipitating the continuation of terrorism in Third World regions that were once the frontlines for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia. However, during the 1990s many First World economies such as the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and South Korea experienced steady economic growth for nearly the entire decade. The United Kingdom, after the recession of 1991-92 and Black Wednesday, experienced a run of 51 consecutive quarters of economic growth that stretched into the new millenium. Even less affluent nations such as Malaysia saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations also viewed the 90s decade as "a prosperous time", meaning that almost all of them rebounded after many years of failure. Some examples include Apple Computer's revival of power after being at the edge of bankruptcy, breakthroughs in many fields of technology that includes the Internet, virtual reality. Oil and Gas was discovered in many countries and Pope John Paul II's papacy reached its peak. Nevertheless, the 1990s brought tragic conflicts as well, like the Balkan Wars, the Rwandan genocide, the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia and the first Gulf War.

Criticism/Backlash of the Decade

Despite denials from various sociologists and media pundits, some feel that the 90s were an era of increasing materialism and growing hypocrisy continued from the 1980s. In general it could still be said that the mindset of the 1980s and 1990s were more or less the same. The 1990s are also widely critized for their controversial pop culture obsessed with gore, sex, violence, and language, along with the 2000s to a somewhat lesser extent. The 1990s nonetheless have a very positive receiving into the 2000s and are still considered quite "modern" even as of 2006, with many genres of media from the decade still being quite cool among youth during the 2000s as no great revolutions in pop culture have occurred for some time and only moderate backlash of the decade itself has yet occurred. Also, while not a criticism of the decade per se, some people see the 1990s as the beginning of the 21st Century rather than the end of the 20th Century in an abstract sense based on the fact that the Cold War, a definitive phoenomenon of the 20th Century, was over by about 1991 and the tech boom began to take off a couple years after, and very 21st Century events such as the rise of the Internet and other information technologies and the expansion of Islamic terrorism began to become prominent in the 1990s.

Technology

Internet]
- The Pentium processor is developed by Intel.
- Microsoft introduces Windows 95 to the market, which gained immediate popularity.
- Explosive growth of the Internet, decrease in the cost of computers and other technology.
- Advancements with computer modems, ISDN, cable modems and DSL lead to faster connection to the Internet.
- The development of web browsers such as Netscape and Internet Explorer makes surfing the World Wide Web easier and more user friendly.
- The Java programming language is developed by Sun Microsystems.
- Businesses begin E-commerce websites; companies such as Amazon.com, eBay, AOL, and Yahoo! grew rapidly on the Internet.
- Cell phones burst in popularity and decrease in size, becoming a necessity for modern life.
- Pagers and PDAs become popular communication tools.
- E-mail becomes popular; as a result Microsoft acquires the popular Hotmail.com.
- Year 2000 problem (commonly known as Y2K).
- Microsoft Windows operating system becomes virtually ubiquitous on IBM PCs.
- Development of free operating system Linux is started.
- Breakthrough of compact disc technology, introduced in the 1980s, later branching into DVD.

Science

DVD]
- Detection of extrasolar planets orbiting stars other than the sun.
- The cloning of Dolly the sheep is achieved.
- Human Genome Project begun.
- DNA identification of individuals finds wide application in criminal law.
- Hubble Space Telescope launched in 1990; revolutionizes astronomy.
- Protease inhibitors introduced allowing HAART therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.
- NASA's spacecraft Pathfinder lands on Mars and deploys a small roving vehicle, Sojourner, that analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.
- The Hale-Bopp comet swings past the sun for the first time in 4,200 years.
- Development of biodegradable products, replacing products made from styrofoam; advanced methods for recycling of waste products (such as paper, glass, aluminum) are developed.
- Genetically engineered crops are developed for commercial use.
- Discovery of dark matter, dark energy, and brown dwarves, and first confirmation of black holes.
- The Galileo probe orbits Jupiter, studying the planet and its moons extensively.

War, peace, and politics

Jupiter] Jupiter]
- Reunification of Germany on October 3 1990.
- End of apartheid in South Africa (1990) and election of ANC government of Nelson Mandela.
- Gulf War (resulting from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait) and United Nations embargo on Iraq in 1991.
- North Yemen and South Yemen merge to form Yemen (1991).
- Break up of the Soviet Union in 1991 - the end of the Cold War, United States as sole world superpower.
- The bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 by an explosive-filled van leads to awareness of international terrorism as a rising threat.
- Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia (1993).
- European Union is declared in 1992.
- Military actions in Somalia in 1993 lead to questions of the United States' role as a policing officer of the world. (see also, Black Hawk Down).
- Rwandan genocide kills one million people, in 1994.
- The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the Mani Pulite investigations of 1994.
- Peace process begins in Northern Ireland in 1995
- Balkan war in former Yugoslavia in 1995.
- A decade of women presidents in the Republic of Ireland.
- The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997.
- U.S. Congressman Newt Gingrich crafts his manifesto "Contract with America", leading his Republican Party to become the controlling majority in the U.S. House of Representatives.
- U.S. president Bill Clinton's sex scandal with Monica Lewinsky and his impeachment trial in 1998, which lasts the entire year.
- Anti-globalization protests.
- The Second Congo War start in 1998 in central Africa and includes 5 different cultures and 7 different nations. It goes on until 2002.
- In May 1999, Pakistan sends troops covertly to occupy strategic peaks in Kashmir. A month later the Kargil War with India results in a political fiasco for Nawaz Sharif, followed by a military withdrawal to the Line of Control. The incident leads to a military coup in October in which the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif is ousted by Army Chief Pervez Musharraf.
- Portugal hands sovereignty of Macau to the People's Republic of China on December 20, 1999.

Economics

- Development of GATT, the World Trade Organization and other global economic institutions.
- The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which phases out trade barriers between the United States, Mexico and Canada is signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
- After 1992 the booming of the US stock market, in reference to which Alan Greenspan coined the memorable phrase "irrational exuberance", which eventually stretched into the dot-com boom / dot-com bubble.
- Financial crisis hits East and Southeast Asia in 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development. See East Asian Tigers.

Culture

Trends/Various

- The Gay 1990s The 1990s saw an increase in gay visibility. Tv shows like thirtysomething,My So called Life and Ellen featured gay characters, Movies like The Birdcage,In and Out and Kiss Me Guido saw mainstream sucess, and celebrities like K.D Lang and George Michael coming out of the closet. Even President Bill Clinton generally held a pro gay rights viewpoint.
- Douglas Coupland publishes the novel Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture, popularizing the term Generation X as the name of the generation born in the late 1960s and early 1970s (then college-age).
- Reality television explodes on MTV with the popularity of The Real World (1992-); along with Road Rules (1995-), Real World/Road Rules Challenge (1998), and Real World reunions, these shows remained popular throughout the 1990s.
- Video games become more advanced, but still a far cry from the systems of the 2000s. The more influential game systems of the Nineties include the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Sony Playstation, and the Sega Dreamcast.
- Extreme sports reached a new height in popularity, and by 1995, were given their own annual tournament on US cable network ESPN, the X-Games.
- Black becomes a dominant color in fashion, among several dark colors (see Goth, The Matrix, and Regis Philbin).
- Dogma 95 becomes the leading European artistic film movement by the end of the decade.
- Professional wrestling became extremely popular. After scandals and near bankruptcy due to competition from World Championship Wrestling (WCW), the World Wrestling Federation was repackaged more edgier and realistic. Superstars such as Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Rock, Mick Foley, Steve Borden (Sting), Bill Goldberg, Raven, Sabu and others became household names. At the same time, Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) led wrestling's entry into edgier angles.
- Recreational sports such as rock climbing, mountain biking, sky diving, snowboarding, mountain climbing, bungee jumping, in-line skating, kayaking and rowing become hugely popular.
- Extended alcohol sales are implemented to reduce alcohol abuse.
- The 1990s remains a somewhat "cool" decade into the 2000s as many aspects of the 90s continue to be important into the next decade, see New Nineties.

Music

- Grunge music, popularized by Nirvana, big from the fall of 1991 through 1994 but influential to rock up to 2005 (see Post-Grunge), Grunge movement followed by the Britpop movement of about 1995 to 1997 which was in turn followed by numetal.
- Teen pop held over from the late 1980s popular into 1990, returns with Backstreet Boys and Spice Girls in latter third of the decade
- Radiohead comes to be one of the most critically and commercially loved bands since The Beatles. Two of their albums, The Bends and Ok Computer top lists at the end of the decade.
- Rap music gains widespread mainstream acceptance throughout the decade, starting with the success of MC Hammer, Public Enemy and Vanilla Ice around 1989-91 and ending with hip-hop inspired by Puff Daddy, Dr. Dre and Eminem c. 1997-99. By 1999 hip hop had definitely passed rock and roll in popularity.
- Music festivals such as Lollapalooza became popular; a fusing of genres from alternative rock, rap, punk rock and garage bands.
- Rock music begins to be referred to as "alternative" as it is originated in 1980s underground rock and 1970s punk and begins to lose popularity to hip hop.
- Trance, techno and electronica music becomes widely popular at rave parties in Europe/USA and in pop culture, particularly later in the decade. The drug Ecstasy, (aka MDMA or 'X') is popularized by rave culture.
- 1980s backlash, beginning in about 1991 and lasting into the 2000s. During most of the 1990s anything "Eighties" was considered to be ultimately uncool.
- Music becomes more profane, by end of decade a Parental Advisory sticker becomes acceptable rather than controversial.
- In America, country music becomes more mainstream with popular chart topping artist such as Garth Brooks, Shania Twain, LeAnn Rimes, Faith Hill, and Tim McGraw. The trend decreases somewhat in the 2000s.

Television

- Japanimation becomes popular in the United States in the late 1990s with shows Pokemon, Dragonball Z, and Cowboy Bebop.
- Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers gains popularity with kids in the mid 90s; leading to entire Power Rangers series. Barney and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles also popular
- MTV moves away from music videos and into original television shows such as The Real World, which is cited as the inspiration for the Reality TV boom of the 2000s.
- Cartoons aimed at an adult audience become popular. Among the most successful are The Simpsons (1989-), Ren & Stimpy (1991-1995), Beavis and Butt-head (1993-1997), South Park (1997-), King of the Hill (1997-), and Family Guy (1999-2002, 2005-).
- Television networks increase programs aimed at twenty- and thirty-somethings. Some of the popular are Beverly Hills 90210 (1990-2000), Melrose Place (1992-1999), Party of Five (1994-2000), Ally McBeal (1997-2002), Friends (1994-2004), and Seinfeld (1989-1998).
- Notable television sitcoms aimed at the teen/preteen market include Boy Meets World (1993-2000), Full House (1987-1995), Family Matters (1989-1998), and Third Rock From The Sun (1996-2001), among many others.
- Major 1990s slang words/phrases, mostly related to hip hop include "homie", "phat", "da bomb", "Audi 5000", "tight", "word to your mother", "Talk to the hand", "You go girl!", and "Wasssuppp!"

Other significant events

Talk to the hand]
- The massive global human impact on the environment, which first garnered attention in the 60s, was widely acknowledged.
- Divorce and scandal rocked the British Royal House of Windsor.
- The assassination of Selena Quintanilla.
- Sex and violence in the media increase, especially in the late part of the decade. Profanity in music reaches peak in the late 90s.
- O.J. Simpson's trial, described in the media as the "trial of the century".
- You go, girl! becomes a popular phrase in the media as feminism is more widely accepted and publicised in the media with The Spice Girls, the WNBA, women's boxing, Sex and the City and others showcasing modern femininity.
- The Vieques controversy.
- The Oklahoma City Bombing, the bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168.
- The Waco massacre prompts a nationwide debate in the U.S. about the freedom of association right of the Michigan Militia, Montana Militia and other radical groups.
- Crime levels in the U.S. peak in 1991, begin to fall afterwards to the lowest levels since the late 1960s at end of decade.
- Drug use in the U.S. reaches an all-time low in 1992 before increasing, reaching its peak in 1997 before declining again.
- Princess Diana dies in a car accident in 1997. Debates of accident vs assassination rage.
- Mother Teresa, the Roman Catholic nun who won the Nobel Peace Prize, dies at age 87.
- 21-year-old Golfer Tiger Woods wins the Masters Tournament by a record 12 strokes; becoming the youngest and first African-American to win the Masters.
- The Omagh bombing in Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland which kills 29 civilians (including a woman pregnant with twins) and injures hundreds more.
- John F. Kennedy, Jr., his wife Carolyn Bessette and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of Martha's Vineyard.
- American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France in 1999, less than two years after battling testicular cancer.
- Beer keg registration becomes popular public policy in U.S.

People

World leaders

- Prime Minister Bob Hawke (Australia)
- Prime Minister Paul Keating (Australia)
- Prime Minister John Howard (Australia)
- President Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (Brazil)
- President Itamar Franco (Brazil)
- President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (Brazil)
- Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (Canada)
- Prime Minister Kim Campbell (Canada)
- Prime Minister Jean Chrétien (Canada)
- "Paramount Leader" Deng Xiaoping (People's Republic of China)
- President Jiang Zemin (People's Republic of China)
- President Lee Teng-hui (Republic of China on Taiwan)
- President Franjo Tuđman (Croatia)
- Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (Denmark)
- President Hosni Mubarak (Egypt)
- President François Mitterrand (France)
- President Jacques Chirac (France)
- Chancellor Helmut Kohl (Germany)
- Chancellor Gerhard Schröder (Germany)
- Governor David Clive Wilson (Hong Kong (under British rule))
- Governor Christopher Francis Patten (Hong Kong (under British rule))
- Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China)
- Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (India)
- President Mohammad Khatami (Iran)
- President Saddam Hussein (Iraq)
- Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Israel)
- Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (Israel)
- Emperor Akihito (Japan)
- Governor Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira (Macau (under Portuguese rule))
- Chief Executive Edmund Ho (Macau, People's Republic of China)
- President Yasser Arafat (Palestinian Authority)
- Pope Pope John Paul II
- President Corazon Aquino (Philippines)
- President Fidel Ramos (Philippines)
- President Joseph Estrada (Philippines)
- Prime Minister Mike Moore (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Jim Bolger (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Jenny Shipley (New Zealand)
- Prime Minister Helen Clark (New Zealand)
- President Ion Iliescu (Romania)
- President Emil Constantinescu (Romania)
- President Boris Yeltsin (Russia)
- Taoiseach Charles Haughey (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach Albert Reynolds (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach John Bruton (Republic of Ireland)
- Taoiseach Bertie Ahern (Republic of Ireland)
- President Boris Yeltsin (Russia)
- President Wee Kim Wee (Singapore)
- President Ong Teng Cheong (Singapore)
- President Sellapan Ramanathan (Singapore)
- President Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa)
- President Nelson Mandela (South Africa)
- President Kim Dae-jung (South Korea)
- President Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)
- King Juan Carlos I (Spain)
- President Felipe González (Spain)
- President José María Aznar (Spain)
- Queen Elizabeth II (United Kingdom et al.)
- Prime Minister John Major (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Tony Blair (United Kingdom)
- President George H.W. Bush (United States)
- President Bill Clinton (United States)
- President Slobodan Milošević (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

Entertainers

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia] Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- 2pac
- Ace of Base
- Adam Sandler
- Aaliyah
- Alice in Chains
- Alanis Morrissette (Jagged Little Pill)
- Annie Lennox
- Anthony Hopkins (The Silence of the Lambs, Titus)
- Ashley Judd
- Beavis and Butt-Head
- Ben Affleck (Good Will Hunting)
- Bill Hicks
- Billy Bob Thornton
- Boyz II Men
- Bret Hart
- Britney Spears
- Bruce Willis (the Die Hard series, Pulp Fiction)
- Mariah Carey
- Dana Carvey (Wayne's World)
- Dean Cain
- Carmen Electra
- Christina Aguilera
- Cuba Gooding Jr (Boyz N the Hood, Jerry Maguire)
- Amy Grant
- Dave Matthews Band
- Demi Moore (Ghost, Striptease, A Few Good Men)
- Denzel Washington ( Malcolm X, Mo' Better Blues, Philadelphia)
- Destiny's Child (Destiny's Child, The Writing's On The Wall)
- Ellen DeGeneres (Ellen)
- Elizabeth Berkley (Saved by the Bell, Showgirls)
- Eurythmics
- Friends
- Courtney Cox
- Jennifer Aniston
- Lisa Kudrow
- Matt LeBlanc
- Matthew Perry
- David Schwimmer
- The Fugees
- Green Day (Dookie, Nimrod)
- Gwyneth Paltrow (Shakespeare in Love, The Talented Mr. Ripley, Se7en)
- Liam Gallagher of Oasis
- Noel Gallagher of Oasis
- Teri Hatcher
- Whitney Houston (The Bodyguard, Waiting to Exhale)
- Halle Berry (Introducing Dorothy Dandridge,Bullworth)
- Hanson
- Harrison Ford
- Helen Hunt (Mad About You, Twister, As Good as It Gets)
- Hootie & The Blowfish
- Jack Nicholson
- Jerry Seinfeld (Seinfeld)
- Jerry Springer
- Jim Carrey (Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, The Mask)
- Julia Roberts (Pretty Woman, Notting Hill)
- Kate Winslet (Titanic)
- Keanu Reeves (The Matrix)
- Kurt Cobain
- Leonardo DiCaprio (Titanic)
- Liam Neeson
- Macaulay Culkin (Home Alone)
- The Undertaker
- Martin Lawrence (House Party, Martin, Bad Boys)
- Mary J Blige (What's the 411?)
- Matt Damon (Good Will Hunting)
- Meg Ryan
- Mel Gibson (Braveheart)
- Michael Jackson
- Michael Keaton
- Michelle Pfeiffer (The Age of Innocence, Batman Returns)
- Mike Myers (Wayne's World, Saturday Night Live, Austin Powers)
- Mira Sorvino
- Nicole Kidman (My Life, Eyes Wide Shut)
- Notorious B.I.G.
- Nirvana
- Oasis
- Phil Collins
- Pamela Anderson (Baywatch)
- Pearl Jam
- "Image:Princesymbol.png" The artist formerly known as Prince
- Queen Latifah (Living Single, Set It Off)
- Quentin Tarantino (Pulp Fiction)
- Ralph Fiennes (Schindler's List, The English Patient)
- Jeri Ryan (Star Trek: Voyager)
- Samuel L. Jackson (Goodfellas, Pulp Fiction)
- Sandra Bullock (Speed, A Time to Kill)
- Shawn Michaels
- Spice Girls
- Stone Cold Steve Austin
- Tim Burton (Edward Scissorhands, Batman Returns)
- Tiffani-Amber Thiessen (Saved by the Bell, Beverly Hills 90210 )
- TLC (Lisa "Left-Eye" Lopes, T-Boz, Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas)
- Tom Hanks (Forrest Gump, Saving Private Ryan, Philadelphia, Toy Story, The Green Mile)
- Toni Braxton ( Toni Braxton (album) )
- U2 (Achtung Baby)
- Uma Thurman (Pulp Fiction)
- Whoopi Goldberg (Sister Act, Ghost, Ghosts of Mississippi, Hollywood Squares)
- Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel Air, Men In Black)

Films

See also: 1990s in film

Books & Literature

Sports figures

Public square

A town square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings. In Western culture, it typically consists of a park or plaza in front of the original county courthouse or town hall. Italian piazzas are typically surrounded by arcades. Most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a fountain, well, monument, or statue. Many of those with fountains are actually named Fountain Square. In urban planning, a city square is a planned open area in a city, usually or originally rectangular in shape. Some city squares are large enough that they act as a sort of "national square."
- Red Square in Moscow was the scene of many military parades, while Palace Square in St Petersburg was the setting of revolutionary protests.
- Similarly, Beijing's Tiananmen Square was the scene of both national parades and protests.
- John-F.-Kennedy-Platz (formerly Rudolph-Wilde-Platz) was the site of the West Berlin town hall and John F. Kennedy's famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech.
- New York City's Times Square and Washington, D.C.'s National Mall often fill this role for the United States.
- Trafalgar Square and Piccadilly Circus (a circular city "square") in London do the same for Great Britain. In some cities, especially in New England in the U.S., the term "square" is applied to a commercial area (e.g., Central Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). In the Boston area, it is used by municipalities to designate an intersection in honor of a local resident (usually a member of the military or police officer killed in the line of duty).

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh "square" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre. Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the London squares category.

Gallery of town and city squares

Image:Largeviewtimessquare.jpg|Times Square, New York City, USA Image:Centenary Square, Birmingham.jpg|Centenary Square, Birmingham, England Image:Chamberlain Square, Birmingham.jpg|Chamberlain Square, Birmingham, England Image:Town Hall Square Rothenburg.jpg|Town Hall Square, Rothenburg Image:Cuba-Trinidad-central square.jpg|Central Square, Trinidad, Cuba Image:Market square in nottingham.jpg|Market Square, Nottingham, England Image:Farragut square from southeast.jpg|Farragut Square Image:Stpeteskyline.jpg|St Isaac's Square, St Petersburg Image:Petersburg-square.jpg|Palace Square Image:Red square kremlin.jpg|Red Square Image:Strastnaya.jpg|Strastnaya Square Image:Lubyanka_1895.jpg|Lubyanka Square Image:Zagreb.tomislav.square.j1.jpg|Tomislav Square, Zagreb Image:Imam Square, Isfahan Iran.jpg|Imam Square, Isfahan, Iran Image:Skanderbeg Square in Tirana.jpg|Skanderbeg Square, Tirana Image:200401-beijing-tianan-square-overview.jpg|Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China Image:Zagreb.preradovic.square.j1.jpg|Preradovic Square|Zagreb Image:Jelacic Square.jpg|Jelacic Square Image:Paternoster Square.jpg|Paternoster Square Image:Bremen.square.750pix.jpg|Bremen Square, Bremen, Germany Image:Mons Square.jpg|Mons Square Image:Brasov square.jpg|Brasov Square Image:Mansfield Square.jpg|Mansfield Square Image:Suhbataar square n mausoleum.jpg|Suhbataar Square Image:Christchurch-CathedralSquare.jpg|Cathedral Square Image:Kyiv mainsquare.jpg|Maidan Nezalezhnosti Image:Czechia, Jicin, Wallenstein's square.jpg|Wallenstein's Square Image:Stuttgart Schlossplatz.jpg|Stuttgart Schlossplatz Image:Barcelonaplazareal.jpg|Barcelona Plazareal Image:Siena plaza.jpg|Siena Plaza Image:Eberswalde-marktplatz.jpg|Eberswalde Marketplatz Image:PalmerstonNorth.jpg|Palmerston North Image:AmsterdamDamsquar.jpg|Damsquar, Amsterdam Image:Kazimierz rynek.JPG|Kazimierz Rynek Image:Hungary-Pecs Main Place.jpg|Pecs Main Place, Hungary Image:Toulouse-plaza.jpg|Toulouse Plaza Image:Taunton Green.jpg|Taunton Green, Taunton, Massachusetts, USA Category:Buildings and structures Category:Urban studies and planning
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Moses Cleaveland

The City of Cleveland, Ohio was named after Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor of the Connecticut Land Company. He was born in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut on January 29th, 1754. In 1777, he graduated Yale where he studied law. He returned to his native town and began his own practice. In 1779, Moses Cleaveland was commissioned captain of a company of sappers and miners. He served as the captain of the group for several years until he eventually resumed his legal practice. He was known as a very energetic person with high ability. He was elected to the legislature several times and in 1796 was commissioned brigadier-general of militia. He was a shareholder in the Connecticut Land Company, which had purchased for $1,200,000 from the state government of Connecticut the land in northeastern Ohio reserved to Connecticut by Congress, known at its first settlement as New Connecticut, and in later times as the Western Reserve. He was approached by the directors of the company in May, 1796 and asked to lead the survey of the tract and the location of purchases. He was also responsible for the negotiations with the Indians living on the land. In June, 1796 he set out from Schenectady, New York. His party include fifty people including six surveyors, a physician, a chaplain, a boatman, thirty-seven employees, a few emigrants and two women who accompanied their husbands. Some journeyed by land with the horses and cattle, while the main body went in boats up the Mohawk, down the Oswego, along the shore of Lake Ontario, and up Niagara River, carrying their boats over the long