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Free Throw

Free throw

Free throws or foul shots, in basketball, are attempts to score points unopposed from the free throw line (informally known as the charity stripe), and are generally awarded after a foul by the opposing team. Each free throw is worth one point, and normally more than one is awarded. The importance of free throws is nevertheless sometimes underestimated; games have been known to be decided on free throws, especially if the game was close. Teams who could have sealed the game on free throws can finish with an unsatisfyingly narrow win or even a loss because of failure behind the line.

When free throws are awarded

There are several situations when free throws can be awarded. The first and most common is when a player is fouled while in the act of shooting. If the foul causes him to miss the shot, he receives two free throws if he was shooting for two points or three free throws if he was shooting for three. If, despite the foul, the player still makes the shot he was attempting, the number of free throws is reduced to one, and the basket counts. This is known as a three-point or four-point play, depending on the value of the made basket, and happens most frequently (though still uncommon as a whole) during a drive to the basket. The second is when the fouling team is in the team foul penalty situation. This happens when, in a single period, they commit more than a set number of fouls (four in international and NBA basketball). Even if the player was not in act of shooting, two free throws are awarded no matter where or when the foul occurred. Exceptions are when the foul occurred while the offensive player was shooting, in which case it is treated like a normal shooting foul. The team foul penalty situation is slightly different in U.S. college basketball. Once a team has committed more than six fouls in a period, the fouled player shoots a one-and-one, in which the player must make the first free throw in order to get a chance to shoot a second. Starting with the tenth foul in a period, two free throws are awarded. The number of fouls that trigger a penalty is higher in college basketball because the periods are longer—two 20-minute halves, as opposed to quarters of 10 minutes in FIBA play or 12 minutes in the NBA. As in professional play, a foul in the act of shooting is treated as a normal shooting foul. If a player, coach, or team follower (for example doctor, statistician) shows poor sportmanship, e.g. extensive arguing with a referee, that person gets charged with a technical foul. If the technical foul was by a player on court, the opposing team is awarded one free throw; if it was by a coach or other person on the team bench, the opponents get awarded two free throws. The opposing team has an arbitrary choice of shooter, and is then awarded the possession of the ball after the free throws (therefore players do not line up for the rebound in such free throws). Finally, if a foul is extremely aggressive or did not show an attempt to play the ball, an unsportsmanlike (or in the NBA, flagrant) foul is charged against the player, and the opponent gets two free throws and possession of the ball afterwards. Fouls "off the ball" (fouls that do not occur on the shooter or near the ball) are handled like the second case above in most situations, however, in the NBA, when there are only 2 minutes left on the clock of either half, obvious off-ball fouls when the fouling team is over the limit are rewarded with one free throw and possession of the ball. It is therefore common for a losing team to purposely foul players such as Shaquille O'Neal, a dominant player but a terrible foul shooter, up until the 2 minute mark, and then play intense defense for the rest of the game. In international games this does not apply.

Procedure

Free throws are an organised process. The shooter takes his place behind the free throw line (4.5 metres or 15 feet from the basket). All other players must stand in their correct places until the ball leaves the shooter's hands: Three people from the defensive team and two people from the shooting team line up along the sides of the restricted area (keyhole, paint, lane). These players are normally the ones that rebound the ball. Three line up on one side and two on the other. A defensive player always takes the place closest to the basket. The remaining four players, two from each team, must remain behind the three point line and the free throw line extended (an imaginary line extended from the free throw line in both directions to the sidelines). Leaving their designated places before the ball leaves the shooter's hands, interfering with the ball, and (for the defensive team only) attempting to put off the shooter, are all violations. In addition, the shooter must release the ball within five seconds (ten in the NBA) and must not step on or over the free throw line until the ball touches the ring. A violation by the shooter cancels the free throw; a violation by the defensive team results in a substitute free throw if the shooter missed; a violation by the offensive team or a shot that completely misses the ring results in the loss of possession to the defensive team (only if it is on the last free throw). Category:Basketball terminology Category:Rules of basketball

Basketball

Basketball is a ball sport in which, under organized rules, two teams of five players each try to score points by throwing a ball through a hoop. It is primarily an indoor sport, played in a relatively small playing area, called the court. The speed and grace of the game, combined with the close proximity of the spectators to the action, make basketball an exciting spectator sport. Since its invention in 1891, it has developed and become a truly international sport.

History

Early basketball

Basketball is unique in that it was invented by one man, rather than evolving from a different sport. In 1891, Dr. James Naismith, a Canadian-born American minister on the faculty of a college for YMCA professionals (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, sought a vigorous indoor game to keep young men occupied during the long New England winters. Legend has it that, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules, and nailed a peach basket onto the gym wall. The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium on January 20 1892. Then, there were nine players on the court in a court just half the size of an NBA court. "Basket ball", the name suggested by one of his students, was popular from the beginning, and with its early adherents being dispatched to YMCAs throughout the United States, the game was soon played all over the country. Interestingly, while the YMCA was responsible for initially developing and spreading the game, within a decade, it discouraged the new sport, as rough play and rowdy crowds began to detract from the YMCA's primary mission. Other amateur sports clubs, colleges, and professional clubs quickly filled the void. In the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association (forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules of the game. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specially for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use.

College basketball and early leagues

Naismith himself was instrumental in establishing the college game, coaching at University of Kansas for six years before handing the reins to renowned coach Phog Allen. Naismith disciple Amos Alonzo Stagg brought basketball to the University of Chicago, while Adolph Rupp, a student of Naismith at Kansas, enjoyed great success as coach at the University of Kentucky. College leagues date back to the 1920s, and the first national championship tournament, the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in New York, followed in 1938. College basketball was rocked by gambling scandals from 1948-1951, when dozens of players from top teams were implicated in game fixing and point-shaving. Partially spurred by the association of the NIT with many of the cheaters, the NCAA national tournament surpassed the NIT in importance. Today, the NCAA tournament is rivaled only by the baseball World Series and the Super Bowl of American football in the American sports psyche. In the 1920s, there were hundreds of professional basketball teams in towns and cities all over the United States. There was little organization to the professional game, as players jumped from team to team, and teams played in armories and smoky dance halls. Leagues came and went, and barnstorming squads such as the New York Rens and the Original Celtics played up to two hundred games a year on their national tours.

US high school basketball

Before widespread school district consolidation, most US high schools were far smaller than their present day counterparts and during the first decades of the 20th century basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports, the popularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in many parts of America. Today, virtually every high school in the United States fields a basketball team in varsity competition, and its popularity remains high, both in rural areas where they carry the identification of the entire community, as well as at some larger schools known for their basketball teams where many players go on to participate at higher levels of competition after graduation. In the 2003-04 season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented their schools in interscholastic basketball competition, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations. The states of Indiana and Kentucky are particularly well known for their residents' devotion to high school basketball; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows high school basketball's depth of meaning to these rural communities.

National Basketball Association

Hoosiers In 1946, the National Basketball Association (NBA) was formed, organizing the top professional teams and leading to greater popularity of the professional game. An upstart organization, the American Basketball Association, emerged in 1967 and briefly threatened the NBA's dominance until the rival leagues merged in 1976. The NBA has featured many famous players, including George Mikan, the first dominating "big man"; ball-handling wizard Bob Cousy and defensive genius Bill Russell of the Boston Celtics; Wilt Chamberlain (who originally played for the barnstorming "Harlem Globetrotters"); all-around stars Oscar Robertson and Jerry West; more recent big men Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Bill Walton, playmaker John Stockton; and the three players who many credit with ushering the professional game to its highest level of popularity: Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, and Michael Jordan. The NBA-backed Women's National Basketball Association began play in 1997. As in the NBA, several marquee players (Sheryl Swoopes, Lisa Leslie, and Sue Bird among others) have helped the league improve its popularity and level of competition. Other professional women's basketball leagues in the United States have folded in part because of the success of the WNBA.

International basketball

Sue BirdThe International Basketball Federation was formed in 1932 by eight founding nations: Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organisation only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym, in French, was thus FIBA; the "A" standing for amateur. Basketball was first included in the Olympic Games in 1936, although a demonstration tournament was held back in 1904. This competition has usually been dominated by the United States, whose team has won all but three titles, the first loss in a controversial final game in Munich in 1972 against the Soviet Union. In 1950 the first World Championships for men were held in Argentina. Three years later, the first World Championships for women were held in Chile. Women's basketball was added to the Olympics in 1976, with teams such as Brazil and Australia rivaling the American squads. FIBA dropped the distinction between amateur and professional players in 1989, and in 1992, professional players played for the first time in the Olympic Games. The United States' dominance briefly resurfaced with the introduction of their Dream Team. However, with developing programs elsewhere, other national teams have now caught up with the United States. A team made entirely of NBA players finished sixth in the 2002 World Championships in Indianapolis, behind Serbia and Montenegro, Argentina, Germany, New Zealand and Spain. In the 2004 Olympics, the United States suffered its first Olympic loss while using professional players, falling to the Puerto Rican national basketball team and eventually came in third after Argentina and Italy. World-wide, basketball tournaments are held for all age levels, from five- to six-year-olds (called biddy-biddy), to high school, college, and the professional leagues. Tournaments are held at each level for both boys and girls. The global popularity of the sport is reflected in the nationalities represented in the NBA. Players from all over the globe can be found in NBA teams. Steve Nash, who won the 2005 NBA MVP award as the Most Valuable Player in the NBA, is a South African-born Canadian player. Dallas Mavericks superstar, Dirk Nowitzki, was born in Germany and plays for the German national team. The all-tournament team at the most recent World Basketball Championships, held in 2002 in Indianapolis, demonstrates the globalization of the game equally dramatically. The team featured Nowitzki, Peja Stojakovic of Serbia and Montenegro, Manu Ginobili of Argentina, Yao Ming of China, and Pero Cameron of New Zealand; all except Cameron were or became NBA players.

Rules and regulations

:Main article: Rules of basketball Measurements and time limits referred to in this section often vary between tournaments and organisations; international and NBA rules are used in this section. The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 meters (20 ft 5 in) from the basket in international games and 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) in NBA games. A successful free throw is worth one point.

Playing regulations

Games are played in four quarters of 10 (international) or 12 minutes (NBA). Fifteen minutes are allotted for a half-time break, and two minutes are allowed at the other breaks. Overtime periods are five minutes long. Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allotted is actual playing time; that is, the clock is stopped while the ball is not in play, for example when a violation or foul is committed or during free throws. Therefore, games generally take much longer; games of the length above realistically take around two hours. free throw A time-out is a clock stoppage requested by the coach of either team, during which he can talk to the team. A time-out lasts one minute in international basketball and either 60 seconds or 20 seconds in NBA basketball; time-outs can be extended to up to 100 seconds if a television commercial break is needed. The number of time-outs allowed in a game and in each period is limited, typically to five or six in a game. The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee, one or two umpires and the table officials. The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, player substitutions, team possession arrow (except in the NBA, Euroleague, and some amateur leagues), and the shot clock.

Equipment

Other than the ball, the only essential equipment in basketball is the court: a flat, rectangular surface with two baskets at opposite ends. At competitive levels, much more equipment may be needed, including clocks, scoresheets, scoreboards, foul markers, alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems. The men's ball's circumference is about 30 inches (76 cm) and weighs about 1 lb 5 oz (600 g). The women's ball's circumference is about 29 inches (730 cm) and weighs about 1 lb 3 oz (540 g). A regulation basketball court in international games is 28 by 15 meters (approx. 92 by 49 feet) and in the NBA is 94 by 50 feet (approx. 29 by 15 meters). Most courts are made of wood and have painted lines 2 inches (5 centimeters) wide to mark off the various sections. A basket and backboard hang over each end of the court. The basket consists of a cast-iron rim and a net, and is connected by supports to the backboard. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet (1.21 m) inside the endline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is generally considered mandatory for the rim to be the proper height. Even amateur players can detect a rim that is off by as little as a few inches, and practicing on a non-standard rim can cause a good shooter to lose the muscle memory necessary for a good shot.

Teams and uniforms

There are five players from each team on the court at any time. Teams can have up to seven substitutes. Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team, and other team followers such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers. basketball court For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a sleeveless tank top with a clearly visible number printed on both the front and back. Players also wear high-top sneakers that provide extra ankle support. Often, team names and players' names and sometimes sponsors are printed on the uniforms too. For FIBA-sanctioned international tournaments, only numbers from 4 to 15 may be used. This enables referees to signal players' numbers to the scorer's table using their fingers. For domestic and continental competitions in most organised basketball, including the NBA, but excuding NFHS and NCAA competition, any number from 1 to 99, as well as 0 or 00 (but not both), are permitted. In NFHS and NCAA competition, players are limited to 0 or 00 (not both), and any number from 1-5, 10-15, 20-25, 30-35, 40-45, and 50-55. In the state of Iowa for girls only, home players must wear odd numbers and visiting players must wear even numbers. No two players of the same team may wear the same number.

Violations

The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running). The ball must stay within the court, though it is not considered out-of-bounds until the ball touches the ground or someone who is touching the ground that is out-of-bounds. The last team to touch the ball before it travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball-handler may not move both feet while he is holding the ball and not dribbling, known as travelling, nor may he dribble with both hands or catch the ball in between dribbles, a violation called double-dribbling. A player's hand must remain on top of the ball while dribbling, failure to do so is known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball control in the front half of the court, may not return the ball to the backcourt. No player may kick the ball or strike it with his fist. A violation of these rules results in loss of possession, or, if committed by the defense, a reset of the shot clock. There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the ball past halfway (8 seconds in international and NBA), before attempting a shot (24 seconds), holding the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the restricted area (3 seconds -- in the NBA, this rule is for both offense and defense, as a defensive violation results in a free throw attempt). These rules are designed to reward good defense. No player may interfere with the ball or basket on its downward flight to the basket, or while it is on the ring (or, in the NBA, while it is directly above the basket), a violation known as goaltending. If a defensive player goaltends, the attempted shot is considered to have been successful. If a teammate of the shooter or dribbler goaltends, the basket is cancelled and the team loses possession.

Fouls

:Main articles: Personal foul, Technical foul An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through personal contact is illegal and is called a foul. These are most commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can be committed by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either receive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one or more free throws if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending on whether the shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw, which is attempted from a line 4.5 metres (15 feet) from the basket. There is some discretion with the referee when calling a foul — they consider if there was unfair advantage gained, for example, a player gained possession unfairly. This makes fouls sometimes controversial calls. Contact in basketball is unavoidable, and the calling of a foul can vary between games, leagues and even between referees. A player or coach who shows poor sportsmanship, for instance, by arguing with a referee or by fighting with another player, can be charged with a technical foul. The penalty involves free throws and varies between leagues; repeated incidents can result in disqualification. Blatant fouls with excessive contact or that are not an attempt to play the ball are called unsportsmanlike fouls (or flagrant fouls in the NBA, intentional fouls in the NCAA) and incur a harsher penalty; in some rare cases a disqualifying foul will require the player to leave the playing area. Effective in 2004, two unsportsmanlike fouls in a match resulted in a player being disqualified. If a team surpasses a preset limit of team fouls in a given period (quarter or half) – four for international and NBA games – the opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent defensive fouls for that period. In NCAA and US high school play, one free throw is awarded for a team's seventh foul in a half, with a second awarded either if he is successful on the first attempt, or on a team's tenth and subsequent foul in a half. If a player commits five fouls (including technical fouls) in one game (in a league where a game consists of four twelve-minute periods, including the NBA, six fouls), he is not allowed to participate for the rest of the game, and is described as having "fouled out". In the NBA, however, when a team is reduced to five players, once a player commits his sixth foul, he remains in the game, and one additional free-throw is awarded to the free-throw shooter in addition to any free throw attempts awarded for the foul. In the case of an offensive foul past the limit, one free throw is still awarded. A similar rule is used if a team reduced to five players has a player who must leave the game because of injury, as he must be replaced by the last player who left the game because of committing six fouls.

Common techniques and practice

Positions

During the first five decades of basketball's evolution, a player occupied one of three positions, as follows: two guards, two forwards, and one center. Since the 1980s, more specific positions have evolved, as follows: #Point guard #Shooting guard #Small forward #Power forward #Center On some occasions, teams will choose to use a three guard offense, replacing one of the forwards or the center with a third guard. The distinction in positions is important mainly in coaching; any of the 5 players may shoot, pass or otherwise take any legal action at any time.

Shooting

Center To shoot, the player holds the ball in both hands, with the shooting hand (usually the shooter's dominant hand) under the ball and the ball resting only on the top parts of the shooter's fingers, similar to a waiter carrying a tray. The ball is shot toward the target by extending the shooting arm and wrist in a half-arc until the fingers are pointing toward the floor. The ball rolls off the finger tips while the wrist completes a full downward flex motion. The shooting elbow is extended upward, starting its extension from approximately a 90 degree flex to nearly straight. Generally, the non-shooting hand and arm are not used in the shot, except to maintain the ball's position on the shooting hand. The two most common shots are the set shot and the jump shot. The jump shot is by far the most common, with the set shot used mainly for free throw attempts. The set shot is taken from a standing position, with neither foot leaving the floor during the shot. The jump shot is taken from a mid-air position: the player flexes at the knees and jumps before shooting near the top of the jump. The power of the jump shot comes from the legs, giving the player a much longer range, and also allowing the player to elevate over the defender to get a better look at the basket. After release, the ball should have a steady backspin, deadening the ball upon impact with the rim. The ideal trajectory of the shot is somewhat arguable, but generally coaches will profess proper arch. The ball should pass well above the hoop, depending on the length of the shot, and travel downward into the basket to create the best angle for success. Most players try to shoot directly into the basket, but certain situations may call for the shooter to use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket. The best shooters have great hand and eye coordination, excellent balance, and courage under pressure. Spotting a shooting opportunity is as important as basic technique; top players at the professional level rarely miss when given an unguarded look at the basket. Practice is a key element as well, of course. Many players will linger for hours after a practice session, taking hundreds of shots from various angles to perfect their technique.

Passing

A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step forward to increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy. One of the most basic passes is the chest pass. The ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the receiver's chest. This has the advantage that it takes the least time to complete, as the passer tries to pass as directly straight as possible. Another type of pass is the bounce pass. In this pass, the ball bounces about two-thirds of the way from the passer. Like the chest pass, it is passed from the passer's chest to the receiver's chest, and it is passed as directly as possible, for example, there should be no downward motion of the ball between the bounce and the time the receiver catches it. In this way, it is completed in the smallest amount of time possible for this pass. It does take longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is more difficult for the opposing team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation). Thus, in crowded moments, or to pass the ball around a defender, this pass is often used. The overhead pass is used to pass the ball over a defender. The ball is passed from behind the passer's head, coming over it and aiming for around the chin of the receiver. This pass is also a fairly direct pass and can cover more distance than a chest pass. A pass is not necessarily always between two players a distance from each other; sometimes a clever cut by a team-mate can mean that a pass is to a team-mate who is in motion but at the time of passing next to the passer. The most important aspect of a good pass is that it is difficult for the defense to intercept. For this reason, large arc-shaped passes are almost always avoided and cross-court passes, called skip passes, are only used in certain situations.

Dribbling

Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball continuously. When a player dribbles, he or she pushes the ball down towards the ground, rather than patting it, because this ensures greater control. When dribbling past an opponent, the dribbler should dribble with the hand furthest from the player. It is therefore important for a basketballer to be able to dribble confidently with both hands. In this way, the defender will not be able to get to the ball without getting past the dribbler. Also, the dribble will be lowered so that its movement is more frequent. The dribble is also lowered when switching hands. This is because, when switching the hand that is dribbling, the ball travels in front of the player making it easier to steal. Alternatively, to switch hands, a player can dribble between his legs or behind his back. It is common for beginners to dribble into a difficult position. A player should not have to watch the ball while he is dribbling. The pushing motion means that he knows where the ball is without having to see it; and a player's peripheral vision can also track the ball. By not having to focus on the ball, a player can look for team mates or scoring opportunities, as well as steer themself away from the danger of someone stealing the ball from them.

Height

Being tall is a clear advantage in basketball. At the professional level, most male participants are above 1.90 meters (6 ft 3 in) and most women are above 1.70 meters (5 ft 7 in). Guards, for whom physical coordination and ballhandling skill are of paramount importance, tend to be the smallest players, though they can occasionally be quite tall. The shortest player ever in the NBA is Muggsy Bogues at 1.60 meters (5 ft 3 in). Forwards in the men's professional leagues are almost all 2 meters (6 ft 6 in) or taller. Most centers, and a few forwards, are over 2.1 meters (6 ft 10.5 in) tall. The tallest players ever in the NBA, Manute Bol and Gheorghe Muresan, are 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in). Currently, the tallest NBA player is Yao Ming, who stands at 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in), although Yao has been recently reported to be 2.30 m barefoot and 2.34 m (7 ft 8 in) in basketball shoes. At the US college level, most men are at least 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and women 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). The smallest high school players are usually 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) in boys' play and 5 feet (1.52 m) in girl's play. Some shorter players experience success at the pro level. Anthony "Spud" Webb stood just 5 feet 7 inches (1.70 m) tall, but had an amazing 42 inch (1.07 m) vertical leap, and played for 12 years in the NBA, even winning the 1986 NBA Slam Dunk Contest.

Variations and similar games

There are some variations of basketball played in informal settings. In street (also known as 'pickup' or 'streetball') games, an arbitrary number of points by one team is set as the game's end point. Free throws are not used, and fouls are called, by the fouled player, only when a violation is flagrant or prevents a score. Fouls are almost always called by the player with the ball; off-ball fouls or fouls called by the defense are frowned upon unless the foul committed is especially egregious. Full court games usually only commence if there are ten players. For smaller groups of people, the game is usually played in a half-court setting. In half court games, only one basket is used, with the requirement that the ball be "cleared" - passed or dribbled behind the three-point line - whenever possession of the ball changes. A "make-it-take-it" convention, informally known as "buckets" or "winners out", is followed in some regions, whereby the scoring team retains possession of the ball. Because free throws are not generally used, baskets made in pick-up games generally count as one point. However, some courts have begun to add the three-point goal to their pick-up scenario. Some courts keep scores inside the three-point goal as one point and scores beyond it two, while others use standard basketball scoring rules: two points for scores inside the three-point goal and three points for scores outside. Both full court and half court games require an even number of players so that each team has an equal number of players. There exist, however, games for odd number of players. Twenty-one is a game that can be played with two or more players. Each player has his own score, with the winner being the first to reach twenty-one. The game begins with one of the players starting with the ball, with the objective of scoring. All other players attempt to stop the score. On a missed shot, the rebounder clears the ball by dribbling it beyond the three-point line. Whenever a basket is scored, that player receives two points and goes to the free-throw line, where each made shot tacks on another point to their score. Common variations include:
- Having the first made free throw in the game worth two points, while all others are worth just one
- Limiting a player to no more than three made free throws in a row. Upon the third consecutive free throw, the player must start with the ball and try to score a regular basket with the others playing defense.
- Having scores from behind the three-point line count as three points
- Resetting a players score back to zero if they end up with exactly thirteen points
- Resetting a players score back to zero or thirteen if their score exceeds twenty-one. This can happen if they have twenty points and are at the free throw line and miss their free throw. Since the minimum number of points they can henceforth get is two, once they hit twenty-two points rather than winning their score is reset to a lower value. Another common, less athletic game for smaller groups of players is H-O-R-S-E. In this game, players shoot in a particular order. To start, the first shooter may shoot from anywhere on the court. If they miss, the second player gets to shoot from anywhere on the court. If they make their shot, however, the second person must make the same shot made by the first; if the second player misses, they get a "letter" from the word "horse". The next player may shoot from anywhere they please. If, however, the second player makes the shot of the first, the third player must make the same shot, and so on, until the shooting cycles back to the first, in which he may take a new shot. A player is knocked out of the game once they have missed five shots, spelling out the word "horse". Oftentimes, the shots in H-O-R-S-E are trick shots that are rarely, if ever, taken in a real game. Spin-offs from basketball include baseketball, which has some elements of baseball, korfball, which was born in the Netherlands and is played by mixed teams, netball, which was informally called "women's basketball" but now includes men's teams, slamball, and ringball. 21 basketball, Horse, and Around the world are popular variants.

Further reading


- The Meaning of Sports by Michael Mandelbaum (Public Affairs, ISBN 1-58648-252-1).

References


- NBA.com. [http://www.nba.com/analysis/rules_index.html Official rules of the NBA]
- Reimer, Anthony (June 2005). "FIBA vs North American Rules Comparison". FIBA Assist 14, p. 40.
- International Basketball Federation (September 2004). Official Basketball Rules.

See also


- Basketball at the Summer Olympics
- Women's National Basketball Association
- Basketball World Championship
- NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship
- NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship
- International Basketball Federation
- National Basketball Association
- Basketball Hall of Fame
- Rules of basketball
- Basketball moves
- Triangle offense
- Zone defense
- Man-to-man defense
- Springfield, Massachusetts +
- Violence in sports
- List of defunct sports leagues

External links


- [http://www.nbajunkie.com NBA Junkie] wiki focused on basketball
- [http://www.centercourthoops.com CenterCourt Hoops] Basketball -- News and Discussion
- [http://www.freebasketball.netfirms.com Basketball fundamentals and streetball history] Official site
- [http://www.basketball-plays-and-tips.com/encyclopedia Basketball Plays, Drills and Fundamentals] Resource for coaches and players
- [http://www.nba.com NBA.com] Official site
- [http://www.playcoed.com Play Coed Basketball] Men's & Coed Hoops
- [http://www.nbawire.com NBA Basketball News]
- [http://www.bballin.com BBALLIN 1 on 1 and 3 on 3 Basketball Leagues] Official site
- [http://www.insidehoops.com InsideHoops.com]
- [http://www.hoopsstats.com Hoopsstats.com]
- [http://www.fiba.com International Basketball Federation]
- [http://www.northstarbasketball.com Northstar Basketball] Official site
- [http://www.hoopaddicts.com/modules.php?name=Forums Hoop Addicts discussion forum]
- [http://www.nbawire.com/cgi-bin/yabb/YaBB.cgi NBA Message Boards]
- [http://www.googul.net/modules/zmagazine/article.php?articleid=1 Googul.net - The Origins Of Basketball]
- [http://games.espn.go.com/vgm Gatorade Virtual GM]
- [http://www.summerproleague.com NBA Summer Ball]
- [http://www.basketball-overseas.com Basketball Overseas USA & Europe]
- [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/papr:@FILREQ(@field(TITLE+@od1(Basket+ball,+Missouri+Valley+College++))+@FIELD(COLLID+workleis)) Movie of girls playing basketball at Missouri Valley College, circa 1904]
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Recreation/Sports/Basketball/ Basketball] from Yahoo!
- [http://www.pepere.org/flash_games/3_points_challenge.php?lang=1 Flash basketball three points demonstration]
- [http://www.basketball-oasis.com Basketball Oasis - basketball directory]
- [http://www.ep2005.co.yu/ Eurobasket 2005]
- [http://www.basketball.net.au Basketball Australia]
- [http://www.sacredhoops.com youth basketball]
- [http://www.quad4x.net/cswebpage/2_3zone.html 2-3 Zone Defense - most common zone used]
- [http://www.theatlasgames.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=60&Itemid=45/ Atlas Games Basketball Competition]
- [http://www.cnbasketball.com/ Chinese basketball] Category:Ball games ko:농구 ja:バスケットボール simple:Basketball

Personal foul

In basketball, a personal foul is a breach of the rules that concerns illegal personal contact with an opponent. It is the most common type of foul in basketball. A contact foul involving excessive or unjustified contact is classed as an unsportsmanlike (or in the NBA, flagrant) foul.

History

The concept of a foul goes back to the very beginning of basketball in 1891, when in his original 13 rules, James Naismith defined a foul as:
- running with the ball,
- holding the ball with the arms or body,
- striking the ball with the fist,
- shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. Only the fourth definition remains. Running with the ball and striking it with the fist have since become violations; and holding the ball with the arms or body is no longer prohibited, though players rarely do so anyway. The original penalty was, on a player's second foul, he would be disqualified until the next successful goal without substitution. Before long, free throws were introduced, originally worth three points each, then becoming one. In 1924, a player was made to shoot his own free throws. The definition of a foul has since developed into what is outlined in the principles section below.

Principles

Personal contact in a game does not necessarily constitute a personal foul. The player who fouls must put himself at an advantage or his opponent at a disadvantage. The official makes this decision, though sometimes calls can be controversial or even incorrect. Unless otherwise stated, the principles outlined in this section apply to both the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the NBA. In the NBA, the term "assessed with a foul" instead of "charged with a foul" is used.

Cylinder principle

FIBA uses the cylinder principle to determine if contact was illegal. The concept is that a player may not extend his limbs or bend his body in a way that is not normal. In this system there is an imaginary cylinder occupied by each player. The cylinder is limited to
- The front by the palms of the hands,
- The rear by the buttocks, and
- The sides by the outside edge of the arms and legs. The arms are not allowed to be further in front than the feet, and should be bent at the elbows so that the forearms and hands are raised. The cylinder extends from the floor to the ceiling (so the player can jump and remain in his cylinder). A player can occupy any cylinder not already occupied by the opponent. The cylinder he occupies is protected, that is, no-one else is allowed to step or reach into it. If there is a breach of this principle, then there is a possible foul, which the official may or may not penalise after deciding if it placed the opponent at a disadvantage. The NBA does not use the cylinder principle to judge contact; it only says that a player may not bend or reach in a position that is not normal (and that a player many not push, hold, and so on.)

Elements of time and distance

The elements of time and distance are the principles regarding the reaction time and distance of another person, for example, a player can not suddenly step in front of a sprinting player even if the cylinder was not occupied at the time. They apply only on players who do not have the ball; they do not apply on the ball carrier. Another example of the elements of time and distance is when a player sets a screen directly behind a player: the player would not physically be able to react to the screen in enough time to avoid it.

Charging and blocking

Charging and blocking are the most controversial foul calls in basketball. Charging is defined as illegal contact by pushing or moving into another player's torso. Blocking is illegal contact which impedes the progress of an opponent. Sometimes, however, it can be difficult to see which player in a charging/blocking situation is at fault. In "charging/blocking situations" the offensive player is charging and the defensive player is blocking (but that is not to say charging is only committed by offensive players and so on.) It is generally accepted that if the defense
- was still, or moving sideways or backwards but not forwards, when contact occurred
- took a legal guarding position before the contact, that is, one with both feet on the floor
- was hit on the torso (as opposed to the arm or leg)
- respected the elements of time and distance if it did not involve a dribbling player then the offensive player was at fault and should be charged with a charging foul. Charging/blocking situations almost always occur with a player who is dribbling the ball (and the player who is guarding him).

Screening

A screen is an attempt by an offensive player to stop a defensive player from guarding an offensive player. It can be worked very effectively; John Stockton and Karl Malone were well known for their screen and roll plays. The screener stands in the path of the defensive player in the hope that he will inadvertently crash into him, thus leaving the screener's team-mate free to run. However if the screener is moving when contact occurs, or he did not respect the elements of time and distance, or he initiated contact, he is charged with illegal screening, which is a type of blocking foul.

Airborne Player

An airborne player, whether he lands on the same or a different spot to that where he took off, has the right to land uninterrupted. A player who moves into the path of an airborne player is charged with a blocking foul.

Dribbling Player

In the NBA, a player who is dribbling the ball is not permitted to attempt to dribble past a defensive player where there is not enough space. Examples of this are when he tries to dribble between a defensive player and either a boundary or another defensive player. If there is space to put his head and shoulders past the defender then the defensive player is responsible. While this rule is not in FIBA's rules, any contact caused by the dribbler will still be penalized accordingly.

Personal fouls other than charging and blocking

; Pushing : contact which attempts to force a player to move ; Holding : contact which attempts to interferes with a player's freedom of movement ; Reaching : contact which is the result of a player reaching outside of his cylinder with his hands

Penalties

The general penalty for a foul is a foul entered on the scoresheet against the offender, and possession of the ball for the other team to pass inbounds from the out-of-bounds point nearest to the foul. Depending on when and where the foul occurs, however, other penalties may apply. In some cases free throws may be awarded to the other team. This happens when either the foul was on a player who was in the act of shooting, or when the fouling team is in the team foul penalty situation for committing too many fouls. The article on free throws provides a more detailed analysis. If, in one game, a player commits five fouls (or six in the NBA), including technical and unsportsmanlike (or flagrant) fouls, they must be substituted and may not participate for the rest of the game.

References


- International Basketball Federation (June 2004). [http://www.fiba.com/pages/en/aboutfiba/downloads/rules.asp Official Basketball Rules 2004].
- National Basketball Association. [http://www.nba.com/analysis/rules_index.html Official Rules of the National Basketball Association]. Retrieved Oct. 28, 2004. Category:Basketball terminology Category:Rules of basketball

Offense

Offense (AmE) or offence (CwE) may refer to:
- Offense (law), a violation of the penal law
- Offense (sports)
- Offense (etiquette), an untasteful thought, emotion, action or other behaviour

Technical foul

In basketball, a technical foul is one that is called for violations of the rules other than normal (but illegal) contact which occurs during the usual course of play. Many violations can result in the call of a technical foul. One of the most common is the use of profane language toward an official or another player. This can be called on either players who are currently active in the play of the game, or seated on a team's bench. It can also be assessed to a coach or even another person associated with the team in an official capacity such as a trainer or an equipment manager. Additionally, coaches or players can be assessed a technical foul for arguing an official's call too loudly, too long, or too vehemently, even if no profanity is involved. Other offenses can result in technical fouls, such as fighting or offering to fight, illegal substitutions, deliberately wasting time such as throwing the ball into the stands for no reason or batting a made shot away from the goal so that the team scoring it can have more time to get into position on defense, and truly "technical" issues such as uniform violations. Additionally, home teams can be assessed technicals on their crowd for excessive use of artificial noise or for dangerous offenses such as throwing items (particularly ice) onto the court. Usually a fight results in "double technicals", a technical foul on both teams. In college basketball and lower divisions, the punishment for technical fouls has been increased over the years. Initially, the opposing team was awarded one free throw. This was later increased to one free throw and the retention of possession of the ball. For a while, "bench technicals" assessed on a coach or non-active player were considered more serious and resulted in the award of two shots; now this is the case for all technical fouls at most levels. Also, technical fouls are now counted in most leagues toward the number of fouls a player can be allowed prior to his being disqualified, or "fouling out". In the NBA, the penalty remains simply one free throw for the opposing team. In the NBA, an illegal defensive formation is a technical foul charged on the team. Until 1980, a coach could be disqualified for three such violations in a game, and until 2001, a zone defense was forbidden. Currently, an illegal defense technical foul is charged towards a team if a player stands in the restricted area for more than three seconds (called "defensive three seconds" in current NBA rules). Under no circumstances shall any player or coach be disqualified for such a technical foul. One of the most famous technical fouls ever assessed was called on Chris Webber of the University of Michigan late in the 1993 NCAA championship game. Down by two points to North Carolina with only seconds remaining, Webber called for a time out when the team had already used all of their allotted time outs. The resulting penalties ended any hopes Michigan had of claiming the championship. Another instance of a famous technical foul occurred in the 2000/2001 NBA season where Rasheed Wallace of the Portland Trailblazers, the league's leader in technical fouls, was charged with a technical foul for simply looking at a referree. Category:Basketball terminology Category:Rules of basketball

Shaquille O'Neal

Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal (born March 6, 1972 in Newark, New Jersey), or Shaq as he is popularly known, is known as one of the National Basketball Association's most dominant basketball players. O'Neal first played for the Orlando Magic, later signed with the Los Angeles Lakers, and now plays for the Miami Heat. At 7 ft 1 in (2.16 m), 340 pounds (154 kg) and U.S. shoe size 22, he is famous for his physical stature. He has several nicknames, most of which he conferred upon himself, such as "the Diesel", "the Big Aristotle", "Superman", and most recently after earning his MBA, "Doctor Shaq". Heralded since he entered the league at 20 years of age, his 13-year career has no doubt been one of the most impressive stints of any player in NBA history, prompting many to consider O'Neal one of the greatest centers to ever play the game.

Childhood

O'Neal was named "Shaquille Rashaun" ("Little Warrior" in Arabic) by his biological father, Joseph Toney. However, he is not close to his biological father; one of his songs, "Biological Didn't Bother", explains his feelings. He once pulled a prank at military school by setting the fire alarm off and he had to wait until his step-father picked him up at the police station, and beat him. His mother, Lucille O'Neal Harrison, would marry U.S. Army sergeant Phillip Harrison (whom Shaq considers his father figure) shortly after Shaquille's birth. Shaq spent some of his childhood in Germany in Wildflecken, Bavaria, where his stepfather Harrison was stationed with the U.S. Army. It was there that he learned to play basketball. O'Neal fractured both of his wrists while climbing between two trees, trying to imitate Spider-Man, his comic strip favorite, and sometimes explains that this is why he makes less than half of his free throws.

Basketball career

Louisiana State University

He first gained national attention as a star at Robert G. Cole Junior-Senior High School in San Antonio, Texas. He became High School Player of the Year during his playing years there. As a young man, he attended Louisiana State University to study and graduate with a bachelor degree in business. While on LSU's basketball team, he was a two-time first team All-American, two-time Southeastern Conference player of the year, and the national player of the year in 1991. Dale Brown, LSU's coach at that time, states that he first met Shaq while he was visiting Germany, and mistook the then-13 year old for one of the soldiers.

Orlando Magic

He was the first player selected overall in the 1992 NBA Draft by the Orlando Magic and helped the team to a commendable 41 wins that year, missing the playoffs by one game. He further raised his fame that year with two infamous dunks which broke the supports holding the basket and backboard, both on national television: the first coming against the Phoenix Suns, the second against the New Jersey Nets. In 1994-1995, O'Neal and Anfernee (Penny) Hardaway helped their team reach the NBA Finals, but were swept in four games by the Houston Rockets.

Los Angeles Lakers

After the 1995-1996 season, O'Neal left Orlando to join the Los Angeles Lakers for an unprecedented seven year $120 million contract. He and teammate Kobe Bryant created one of the most effective guard-center combinations in NBA history, although their relationship was a tenous one and the two feuded with each other frequently in public and private. Regardless, the two (coached by Phil Jackson) enjoyed tremendous success on the court, as O'Neal and Bryant led the Los Angeles Lakers to three consecutive NBA titles (2000, 2001, 2002). Shaq was named MVP of the NBA Finals all three times and has the highest scoring average for a center in Finals history. He was also voted the 1999-2000 regular season Most Valuable Player, almost becoming the first unanimous MVP in NBA history. At the beginning of the 2003-04 season, O'Neal announced he sought an extension to his contract. Laker management, however, was hesitant to meet his demands. The Lakers offered O'Neal a contract in February 2004 (according to the book Madmen's Ball by Mark Heisler) to remain the highest-paid player in the league but O'Neal refused. After the Lakers were defeated by the Detroit Pistons in the NBA Finals, O'Neal was angered by comments made by Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak regarding his future with the club, and promptly demanded a trade. O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom, Brian Grant, and Caron Butler.

Miami Heat

On July 14 2004, Shaq was officially traded to the Miami Heat for Caron Butler, Lamar Odom, Brian Grant and a first-round draft pick. The trade was immediately considered one of the most important in sports history, with analysts uncertain that one man could replace so many of Miami's key players. However, Shaq's new-look Heat surpassed all expectations, easily claiming the best record in the Eastern Conference. Those he was traded for failed to even lead the Lakers to the playoffs. Many pundits compared the Lakers trade of Shaq to the Boston Red Sox trade of Babe Ruth, referring to their dismal following season as "The Curse of the Shaq-bino". He narrowly lost the 2004-2005 MVP award to Phoenix Suns guard Steve Nash in one of the closest votes in history. Despite being hobbled by a deep thigh bruise, Shaq lead the Heat to the Eastern Conference Finals and a Game 7 against the defending champion Detroit Pistons, losing by a narrow margin. In August 2005, O'Neal signed an 5-year-extension with the Heat for 100 million dollars. Whereas critics denounced this extension as overpaying an aging player, supporters laud the Heat staff for landing probably the most dominant player in the NBA for "only" $20 million a year, in a period where mediocre or constantly injured players like Keith Van Horn, Jalen Rose, Derek Anderson, Allan Houston or Brian Grant earn almost the same amount. By signing this contract, O'Neal contradicted his earlier comment of him never taking a pay cut in the interests of the team. He would have received $30 million this season but took a pay cut of $10 million a year to help the Heat make trades for better players. In game two of the 2005-2006 season, Shaq injured his right ankle and was out for 18 games.

Accolades


- O'Neal has been selected to the All-Star Game every year since his rookie season in 1993 (except for the 1999 lockout season, in which the game was not held).
- Is a three time NBA-Finals MVP (2000-2002)
- He has received All-NBA-Defensive honors in 2000, 2001 and 2003, though he has never been a first-team selection.
- O'Neal was a key member of the 1994 World Championship and 1996 Olympic basketball team, which won gold.
- He has been selected by the NBA as one of the "50 Greatest Basketballers" in 1996. He was the youngest member of this list.
- In 2005, O'Neal became the first player in NBA history to average over 20 points and 10 rebounds per game for 13 seasons.
- O'Neal has earned All-NBA-Team honors in 11 of his 13 seasons.
- He also was awarded the MVP in the 1999-00 season and in the 2003-04 All-Star game.
- O'Neal has a business degree from LSU. At LSU there is a lodge called the "Shaquille O'Neal Lodge," which is part of the Cook Conference Center.
- On June 25, 2005 O'Neal earned his MBA from the University of Phoenix. O'Neal was ranked #9 in SLAM Magazine's Top 75 NBA Players of all time in 2003.

Strengths and weaknesses

O'Neal is a physically exceptional player. His 7'1"/320-lb frame gives him enormous power, and for a man of that size, he is quick and very explosive. His "drop step," in which he posts up a defender, turns around and powers past him for a slam dunk, has proven virtually unstoppable. In addition, he is a talented and stylish passer, and an effective defender. His dominating physical presence inside the paint has caused dramatic changes in many teams' offensive and defensive strategies that can be seen over the course of his career. On the other hand, O'Neal is one of the worst free-throw shooters in the NBA. His lifetime average is an abysmally low 53.1%. In hope of exploiting Shaq's poor foul shooting, opponents often commit intentional fouls on Shaq, a tactic known as "Hack-a-Shaq"; this technique was invented and coined by former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson. In perspective, abysmal free-throw shooting is common among NBA big-men, and is a trait shared by other greats such as Wilt Chamberlain. Also, Shaq's free-throw average in the last two minutes of the game is better than his overall average. His other weakness is his weight. O'Neal usually shows up to training camp overweight. During his last few years with the Lakers he weighed around 350 lb (160 kg). When O'Neal was overweight he was prone to many injuries, especially on his big right toe. Many feel that Shaq's star power in the NBA causes referees to turn a blind eye to some of his minor rule infractions. Many claim that his awkward shooting stance and general forward motion cause him to violate Rule 10, Section I-d, a rarely-enforced rule stating that the shooter cannot cross the plane of the free throw line until the ball has touched the basket ring or backboard. On the other hand, O'Neal's defenders claim that because of his enormous size, officials allow him to take more physical abuse than other players. For several years, O'Neal has suffered from arthritis in his right big toe, due to more than a decade of running, jumping and dunking with his 320 lb (145 kg) frame.

Media personality

Shaq is generally liked by the media for his playful tone in interviews and generally eloquent manner in comparison to other athletes. He has been called "the Big Aristotle", a name that was self-given, for his composure and insights during these interviews. Shaq's humorous and sometimes incendiary comments fueled the LA Lakers long standing rivalry with the Sacramento Kings; Shaq frequently referred to the Sacramento team as the "Queens". Shaq also received some media flak for mocking the Chinese language when interviewed about newcomer center Yao Ming, but he was able to downplay the media attention to the event. During the 2005 NBA playoffs, Shaq lamented of his poor play due to injury as being comparable to Erick Dampier, a Dallas Mavericks center that had failed to score a single point in one of their recent games. The quip was not responded to malevolently, but inspired countless citations and references by announcers during those playoffs. On May 24, 2005, when Brian Hill was re-announced as head coach of his former team, the Orlando Magic, Shaq was quoted as saying, "It's good that he's back. When I buy the team [Magic] in three years, he'll be working for me." Whether or not this will raise speculation of Shaq's life after playing basketball remains to be seen. [http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sports/orl-sptmagicreact25052505may25,0,553128.story?coll=orl-sports-headlines] He is very vocal with the media, and often jabs at his former Laker teammate, Kobe Bryant. In the summer of 2005, when asked about Kobe, he responded, "I'm sorry, who?" and went on about not being familiar with that name. Shaq was once a spokesperson for Radio Shack. In one of its commercials, he snapped his fingers and changed the spelling to "Radio Shaq". Shaq appeared on the Season 5 finale of Punk'd, MTV's celebrity prank show. He has also appeared in many other shows such as Saturday Night Live.

Private life

O'Neal married his long-time girlfriend, Shaunie Nelson, on December 26, 2002; they have 3 children: Shareef Rashaun, Amirah Sanaa, and Shaquir Rashaun. He also has a daughter, Taahirah, by ex-girlfriend Arnetta Yardbourgh. O'Neal, whose mother is a Baptist and step-father a Muslim, has not formally announced affiliation with a specific faith. However, he has been linked to Louis Farrakhan, leader of the Nation of Islam.

Police aspirations

Off court, Shaq has maintained a high level of interest in the workings of the police department, and has become personally involved in law enforcement. O'Neal went through the police academy in Los Angeles, and became a reserve officer with the L.A. Port Police. In March 2005 he was given an honorary U.S. Deputy Marshal title and named the spokesman for the Safe Surfin' foundation; he will serve an honorary role on the task force of the same name, which tracks down sexual predators who target children on the Internet.[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/basketball/nba/specials/playoffs/2005/05/25/shaq/index.html?cnn=yes] Upon his trade to Miami, Shaq began training to become a Miami Beach reserve officer; on December 8, 2005, Shaq was sworn in as a reserve officer (he elected a private ceremony so not to distract the other officers from their special moment). Shaq has expressed an interest in working with the special victims detective unit, to stop crimes against children; he stated that he does not simply want to be involved in "photo ops" but wants to "get down and dirty" and make arrests. [http://msn.foxsports.com/nba/story/5153626]

Filmography


- Blue Chips (1993), with teammate Anfernee Hardaway and Nick Nolte
- Kazaam (1996)
- Good Burger (1997)
- Steel (1997)
- Freddy Got Fingered (2001)
- TV commercials:
  - Nestlé Crunch
  - Chattem Icy Hot Sleeve and Icy Hot Back Patch
- TV shows:
  - Shaquille (2005), reality show ESPN

Discography


- Shaq Diesel (1993)
- Shaq Fu - Da Return (1994)
- The Best of Shaquille O'Neal (1996)
- You Can't Stop the Reign (1996)
- Respect (1998)
- Presents His Superfriends, Vol. 1 (2001, Unreleased)

Television and video game appearances


- Shaq appeared in a coin-operated video game called NBA Jam.
- Shaq starred in Shaq Fu, a fighting game for the SNES and Genesis.
- Shaq has appeared on the MTV show Punk'd. Also, He has been featured in an episode of MTV's Jackass, where he had been humping Wee Man.
- Shaq has appeared on the animated series Static Shock, as a cameo.
- Shaq appeared in an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm, bedridden after Larry David tripped him while stretching.
- Shaq appear in Ready 2 Rumble Boxing: Round 2 as a playable boxer.

External links


- [http://www.shaq.com/ Shaq's Official Site]
- [http://www.nba.com/playerfile/shaquille_oneal/index.html Shaq's NBA Player Page]
-
- [http://espn.go.com/nba/news/2003/0110/1490645.html Shaq says mock accent was used jokingly] - Shaq's response to controversy over Chinese accent comments on ESPN (January 10, 2003)
- [http://www.usmarshals.gov/district/va-w/news/chron/2005/030305.htm There's a new Marshal in town...and his name is Shaq] from the US Marshals Service (March 3, 2005)
- [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2005/basketball/nba/specials/playoffs/2005/05/25/shaq/index.html Going undercover: Shaq helps task force track Internet sex predators] from Sports Illustrated (May 25, 2005)
- [http://www.sheriffshaq.com/ Sheriff Shaq Site]
- [http://www.hoopsvibe.com/nba/nba_players/shaquille_o_neal-ar21120.html Shaq player profile including wallpapers and forum] O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille O'Neal, Shaquille ja:シャキール・オニール

Category:Basketball terminology

Terminology Category:Sports terminology ja:Category:バスケットボール用語

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