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KN

KN may stand for:
- Klein-Nishina Formula
- Kühne & Nagel
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea (NATO country code)
- Saint Kitts and Nevis (ISO 3166 country code) Kn may stand for:
- Knudsen number, in physics kn may stand for:
- Kannada language (ISO 639 alpha-2)
- Knot (speed), nautical miles per hour
- Kuna (currency) of Croatia kN may stand for:
- kilonewton, an SI unit of force ko:KN ja:KN

Klein-Nishina formula

The Klein-Nishina formula provides an accurate prediction of the angular distribution of x-rays and gamma-rays which are incident upon a single electron. The Klein-Nishina formula describes incoherent or Compton scatter.

More precisely, the Klein-Nishina formula provides the differential cross section with respect to solid angle of scatter, and it accounts for factors such as radiation pressure and relativistic quantum mechanics. For a photon of energy $E_\gamma$ , the differential cross section is:

\frac = 0.5 r_e^2 (P(E_\gamma,\theta) - P(E_\gamma,\theta)^2 \sin^2(\theta) + P(E_\gamma,\theta)^3)

where

\theta

is the angle of scatter;

r_e

is the classical electron radius;

m_e

is the mass of an electron; and

P(E_\gamma,\theta)

is the ratio of photon energy before and after the collision:

P(E_\gamma,\theta) = \frac

The value

d\sigma/d\Omega

is the probability that a photon will scatter into the solid angle defined by

d\Omega = 2 \pi \sin \theta d\theta

. The Klein-Nishina formula was derived in 1929 by Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina, and was one of the first results obtained from the study of quantum electrodynamics. Consideration of relativistic and quantum mechanical effects allowed development of an accurate equation for the scattering of radiation from a target electron. Previous to this derivation, the electron cross section had been classically derived by the British physicist and discoverer of the electron, J.J. Thomson. However, scattering experiments performed showed significant deviations from the results predicted by the Thomson cross section. Further scattering experiments performed agreed perfectly with the predictions of the Klein-Nishina formula. Note that if

E_\gamma << m_ec^2

\frac  \rightarrow

0 and the Klein-Nishina formula reduces to the classical Thomson expression. The final energy of the scattered photon,

E_\gamma'

, is entirely dependent upon scatter angle and the original photon energy, and so it can be computed without the use of the Klein-Nishina formula:

E_\gamma'(E_\gamma,\theta) = E_\gamma \cdot P(E_\gamma, \theta)

Category:Quantum field theory

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Korean: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; Hangul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, covering the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Locally, it is more commonly called Pukchosŏn (북조선, "North Chosŏn"). (See Names of Korea.) North Korea is bordered by three countries. To the south along the DMZ, it borders South Korea, with which it had formed a single nation until 1948. Its northern border is predominantly with the People's Republic of China. Russia shares a 19 km border along the Tumen River in the far northeast corner of the country.

History

Japanese rule of Korea ended after World War II in 1945. Korea was occupied by the Soviet Union north of the 38th Parallel and by the United States south of the 38th parallel, but the United States and the Soviet Union were unable to agree on implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea. This led in 1948 to the establishment of separate governments in the north and south, each claiming to be the legitimate government over all of Korea. Growing tensions between the governments in the north and south eventually led to the Korean War, when on June 25 1950 the (North) Korean People's Army crossed the 38th Parallel and attacked. The war continued until July 27 1953, when the United Nations Command and Korean People's Army and the Chinese People's Volunteers signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement. The demilitarized zone, or DMZ separated the two countries. North Korea was governed from 1948 by Kim Il Sung until his death on July 8, 1994. After his death, his son Kim Jong Il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party on October 8, 1997. In 1998, the legislature reconfirmed him as Chairman of the National Defence Commission and declared that position as the "highest office of state." International relations generally improved, and there was a historic North-South summit in June 2000. However, tensions with the United States recently increased when North Korea resumed its nuclear weapons program. During Kim Jong Il's rule in the mid to late 1990s, the country's economy declined significantly, and food shortages developed in many areas. According to aid groups, millions of people in rural areas starved to death due to famine, exacerbated by a collapse in the food distribution system [http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa240032004]. Large numbers of North Koreans illegally entered the People's Republic of China in search of food. Hwang Jang Yop, International Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party, defected to South Korea in 1997. See also: History of Korea, Division of Korea

Politics

North Korea's government is dominated by the Korean Workers' Party (KWP), to which 80 percent of government officials belong. The KWP follows and upholds the ideology of Juche (self-reliance), which originally grew out of Stalinism. Like the former Soviet Union, North Korea is dominated by a party bureaucracy that claims to represent the will of the people. The KWP replaced mentions of Marxism-Leninism in the North Korean constitution with Juche in 1977. Communist critics of the KWP deny that it is a communist state. Minor political parties exist, but they are subordinated to the KWP and do not oppose its rule. In practice the exact power structure of the country is somewhat unclear, although it is commonly accepted that the nation's regime is a totalitarian dictatorship. Nominally, the Premier is the head of government, but real power lies with Kim Jong Il (the son of the deceased Kim Il Sung), head of the KWP and the military. Kim holds several official titles, the most important being General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, Chairman of the National Defense Commission and Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. Within the country he is commonly known by the affectionate title of "Dear Leader". Similarly, his father, Kim Il Sung, held the title of "Great Leader." North Korea's 1972 constitution was amended in late 1992 and again in 1998. The 1998 constitution states that the late Kim Il Sung is "Eternal President of the Republic," and the post of president was abolished after his death. The Constitution gives much of the functions normally accorded to a head of state to the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium, whose president "represents the State" and receives credentials from foreign ambassadors. The government of the republic is led by the Prime Minister and, in theory, a super cabinet called the Central People's Committee (CPC), the government's top policymaking body. The CPC is headed by the President, who also nominates the other committee members. The CPC makes policy decisions and supervises the Cabinet, or State Administration Council (SAC). SAC is headed by a Premier and is the dominant administrative and executive agency. The parliament, the Supreme People's Assembly (Choego Inmin Hoeui), is the highest organ of state power. Its 687 members are elected every five years by popular vote. Usually it holds only two annual meetings, each lasting a few days, but it mostly ratifies decisions made by the ruling KWP (see rubberstamp (politics)). A standing committee elected by the Assembly performs legislative functions when the Assembly is not in session. See also: Foreign relations of North Korea, Military of North Korea, North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

Administrative divisions

North Korea and weapons of mass destruction As of 2005, North Korea consists of two Directly-Governed Cities (Chikhalsi; 직할시; 直轄市), three special regions with various designations, and nine Provinces (See provinces of Korea). (Names are romanized according to the McCune-Reischauer system as officially used in North Korea; the editor was also guided by the spellings used on the 2003 National Geographic map of Korea). For historical information, see provinces of Korea and special cities of Korea.

Directly-governed cities

- P'yŏngyang Directly-governed City (P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi; 평양 직할시; 平壤直轄市)
- Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong) Chikhalsi (라선 (라진-선봉) 직할시; 羅先 (羅津-先鋒) 直轄市)

Special regions

- Kaesŏng Industrial Region (Kaesŏng Kong-ŏp Chigu; 개성 공업 지구; 開城工業地區)
- Kŭmgangsan Tourist Region (Kŭmgangsan Kwangwang Chigu; 금강산 관광 지구; 金剛山觀光地區)
- Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region (Sinŭiju T'ŭkbyŏl Haengjŏnggu; 신의주 특별 행정구; 新義州特別行政區)

Provinces

- Chagang Province (Chagang-do; 자강도; 慈江道)
- North Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-pukto; 함경 북도; 咸鏡北道)
- South Hamgyŏng Province (Hamgyŏng-namdo; 함경 남도; 咸鏡南道)
- North Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-pukto; 황해 북도; 黃海北道)
- South Hwanghae Province (Hwanghae-namdo; 황해 남도; 黃海南道)
- Kangwŏn Province (Kangwŏndo; 강원도; 江原道)
- North P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-pukto; 평안 북도; 平安北道)
- South P'yŏngan Province (P'yŏngan-namdo; 평안 남도; 平安南道)
- Ryanggang Province (Ryanggang-do; 량강도; 兩江道--sometimes also spelled as 'Yanggang' in English)

Major cities

- Sinuiju
- Kaesong
- Nampho
- Chongjin
- Wonsan
- Hamhung - Hamnam
- Haeju
- Kanggye
- Hyesan See also Cities of North Korea

Geography

North Korea is on the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula that extends 1,100 km from the Asian mainland. North Korea shares its borders with three nations and two seas. To the west it borders the Yellow Sea and the Korea Bay and to the east it borders the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea). North Korea borders South Korea, China, and Russia. The highest point in Korea is the Paektu-san at 2,744 m and major rivers include the Tumen and the Yalu. The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called jangma, and winters that can be bitterly cold on occasion. North Korea's capital and largest city is P'yŏngyang; other major cities include Kaesŏng in the south, Sinŭiju in the northwest, Wŏnsan and Hamhŭng in the east and Ch'ŏngjin in the northeast. See also: Korean Peninsula

Economy

Korean Peninsula North Korea's economy has stagnated since the 1970s. The government refuses to release economic data, hence limiting the amount of reliable information available. Publicly owned industry produces nearly all manufactured goods. The government continues to focus on heavy military industry. The government is [http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcnorthkorea.htm estimated] to spend around 25% (2005) of the nation's GDP on the military. The 1990s saw a series of natural disasters, political mismanagement crises and corruption scandals. This, along with the collapse of the Soviet bloc; has caused significant economic disruption. The agricultural outlook is poor, and some food products are deliberately diverted away from citizens and into the military. The combined effects of a reclusive regime, serious fertilizer shortages, and structural constraints — such as little arable land and a short growing season — have resulted in a shortfall of staple grain output of more than 1 million tons from what the country needs to meet internationally-accepted minimum requirements. [http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2005/s1479934.htm Recent evidence] suggests serious food shortages. North Korea has previously (and may in the future) received international food and fuel aid from China, South Korea, and the United States in exchange for promises not to develop nuclear weapons. In June 2005, the U.S. announced that it would give 50,000 metric tons of food aid to North Korea. The United States gave North Korea 50,000 tons in 2004 and 100,000 tons in 2003. On 19 September 2005, North Korea was promised food and fuel aid (among other things) from South Korea, the U.S., Japan, Russia, and China in exchange for abandoning its nuclear weapons program and rejoining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It remains to be seen if this exchange will actually occur. The agreement was less than one day old before issues arose with its implementation. In July 2002, North Korea started experimenting with capitalism in the Kaesŏng Industrial Region. A small number of other areas have been designated as Special Administrative Regions, including Sinŭiju along the China-North Korea border. Mainland China and South Korea are the biggest trade partners of North Korea, with trade with China increasing 38% to $1.02 billion in 2003, and trade with South Korea increasing 12% to $724 million in 2003. It is reported that the number of mobile phones in P'yŏngyang rose from only 3,000 in 2002 to approximately 20,000 during 2004. As of June 2004, however, mobile phones became forbidden again. A small amount of capitalistic elements are gradually spreading from the trial area, including a number of advertising billboards along certain highways. Recent visitors have reported that the amount of open-air farmer markets have increased in Kaesong, P'yŏngyang, as well as the China-North Korea border, bypassing the food rationing system. See also: List of North Korean companies, Communications in North Korea, Transportation in North Korea

Human rights

[http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-prk/index Amnesty International] and other human rights organizations accuse North Korea of having one of the worst human rights records of any nation, severely restricting most freedoms, including freedom of speech and freedom of movement, both inside the country and abroad. Japanese television aired what it said was [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4397847/ footage of a prison camp]. The U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea believes these camps hold between 150,000 and 200,000 inmates, and published a defector statement that pregnant women inside these camps reputedly either have forced abortions or the newborn child is killed ([http://ncafe.com/northkorea/SunOkLeeTestimony_w_llus.pdf] [PDF], [http://hrnk.org/hiddengulag/toc.html]). In some of the camps, former inmates say the annual mortality rate approaches 25% ([http://www.hrnk.org], [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3071466]). A former prison guard and army intelligence officer [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/this_world/3436701.stm told the BBC] that in one camp, chemical weapons were tested on prisoners in a gas chamber. None of these claims can be verified, as North Korea denies them and does not grant entry to independent human rights observers. Less often discussed are the human rights implications of North Korea's famine, which killed between 600,000 ([http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2003/11.13/13-koreaeat.html]) and 3.5 million people ([http://217.29.194.251/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=335007FE-29B7-4E69-B88BBDF0379FFE1A&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html&CFID=5514940&CFTOKEN=15148554] ), mostly during the 1990 s ([http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9808/19/nkorea.famine]). By 1999, food and development aid reduced famine deaths, but North Korea's continuing nuclear program led to a decline in foreign aid. In the spring of 2005, the World Food Program reported that famine conditions were in imminent danger of returning to North Korea ([http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4072280.stm]), and the government was reported to have mobilized millions of city-dwellers to help rice farmers ([http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20810F6345D0C728CDDAF0894DD404482]).

Demographics

North Korea's population is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogenous in the world, with very small Chinese and Japanese communities as the only non-Korean indigenous minorities. Most others are temporary residents, mostly being Russians and other East Europeans, Chinese, and Vietnamese. The Korean language is not a member of a wider linguistic family, though links to Japanese and Altaic languages are being considered. The Korean writing system, Hangul, was invented in the 15th century by King Se Jong the Great to replace the system of Chinese characters, known in Korea as Hanja, which are no longer officially in use in the North. North Korea continues to use the McCune-Reischauer romanization of Korean, in contrast to the South's revised version.

Religion

Religious activity is suppressed by the officially atheist state, especially Protestantism, which is seen as closely connected to the U.S. North Korea shares with South Korea a Buddhist and Confucianist heritage and recent history of Christian and Chondogyo ("Heavenly Way") movements. Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity before the Korean War. Today two state-sanctioned churches exist, which Christian advocates allege are mere show-cases for foreigners. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4431321.stm]

Culture

There is a vast personality cult around Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, and much of North Korea's literature, popular music, theater, and film glorify the two men. In July 2004, the Complex of Koguryo Tombs was the first site in North Korea to be included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage. See also: Culture of Korea, Korean cuisine, Music of Korea, Public holidays in North Korea

Tourism

In principle, any person is allowed to travel to North Korea, and among those who actually go through the complex application process, almost no one is refused entry by North Korea. Visitors are not allowed to travel outside designated tour areas without their Korean guides. Accounts of travels throughout the region can be found in the external links section. Tourists are not permitted on passports from the United States, although exceptions have been made in 1995, 2002 and 2005. Citizens of South Korea require special government permission from both governments to enter North Korea. In 2002, the area around Mount Kŭmgang, a scenic mountain close to the South Korea border, has been designated as a special tourist destination (Kŭmgangsan Tourist Region), where South Korean citizens do not need special permissions. Tours run by private companies bring thousands of South Koreans to Mount Kŭmgang every year. In July 2005 the South Korean company Hyundai Group came to an agreement with the North Korean government to open up more areas to tourism, including Mount Paektu and Kaesong.

Miscellaneous topics

- Korean friendship association
- Kimjongilia (national flower)

References

# Kang Chol-Hwan, The Aquariums of Pyongyang (New York: Basic Books, 2001) 146.

External links

-
- [http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=19 "Think Again: The Korea Crisis"] from Foreign Policy Magazine
- [http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-institutions_government/north_korea_2686.jsp A gulag with nukes: inside North Korea] by Jasper Becker
- [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fg-extreme11nov11,0,899396.story?track=hpmostemailedlink Bizarre Trip of a Lifetime] from the Los Angeles Times, about a group of American "extreme travelers" who visited North Korea in the fall of 2005

North Korean organizations

- Chongryon

Links associated with North Korean government

- [http://www.korea-dpr.com/library/201.pdf Kim Il Sung]: 10 Point programme for reunification of the country
- [http://www.korea-dpr.com/ korea-dpr.com] - Website officially associated with North Korea. (Maintained from a Texas server by the Korean Friendship Association.)
- [http://www.kcckp.net/en/ Naenara] ("My country," in Korean) DPRK's Official Web Portal
- [http://www.kcna.co.jp The Korean Central News Agency, The DPRK's news service.]

Web sites about North Korea

- [http://www.seoultrain.com "Seoul Train" documentary] A critically acclaimed PBS documentary on North Korean refugees (Incite Productions)
- [http://www.nkzone.org/nkzone North Korean Zone], a blog dealing with news related to North Korea]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/kn.html CIA World Factbook - North Korea]
- [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kptoc.html Library of Congress - Country Studies: North Korea] - data as of June 1993
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1131421.stm BBC News - Country Profile: North Korea]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/asia_pac_unseen_north_korea/html/1.stm BBC News - In pictures: Unseen North Korea]
- [http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/0,2759,331519,00.html Guardian Unlimited - Special Report: North and South Korea]
- [http://www.simonbone.com/myohyang.html Happy Birthday, North Korea] - detailed account of travel to 3 sanctioned areas
- [http://uk.geocities.com/hkgalbert/kpmap.htm Korean Tourist Map]
- [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317916/us559898/us559967/us559991/ LookSmart - North Korea] directory category
- [http://www.nkzone.org/nkzone NKzone] - discussions and information exchange on North Korea
- [http://mapage.noos.fr/jeejee/north_korea.html North Korea Resources] - background news and analysis of North Korea
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/North_Korea/ Open Directory Project - North Korea] directory category
- [http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/ Pyongyang Metro System Unofficial Web Site - 1]
- [http://www.koryogroup.com Tours / Tourism page of North Korea, with links to other North Korea related sites]
- [http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/la-fg-chongjin4jul04,1,1445590.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Trading Ideals for Sustenance] Second part of Los Angeles Times expose on changing North Korean life (July 4, 2005)
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Countries/Korea__North/ Yahoo! - North Korea] directory category
- [http://news.yahoo.com/fc?cid=34&tmpl=fc&in=World&cat=North_Korea Yahoo! News - Full Coverage: North Korea]
- [http://times.discovery.com/convergence/insidenorthkorea/video/video.html Children of a Secret State]: Human rights of children in North Korea (Discovery Channel)
- [http://www.voanews.com/english/north_korea_reporters_notebook.cfm North Korea: A Reporter's Notebook] — Luis Ramirez (Voice of America)

Web sites criticizing North Korea

- [http://freekorea.blogspot.com One Free Korea] - Blog focusing on human rights conditions in North Korea
- [http://times.hankooki.com/special/special_edition1_list.htm Another Korea] - Background stories on North Korea
- [http://www.soonoklee.org/freenk.cgi Soon Ok Lee project] - website calling for Christian solidarity with Korean refugees.
- [http://www.dailynk.com/english/index.php Daily NK] - North Korea focused daily online newspaper
- [http://www.chosunjournal.com/ ChosunJournal] - website focused on DPRK human rights
- [http://nkhumanrights.or.kr/NKHR_new/index_eng_new.htm Citizens' Alliance for North Korean Human Rights] - Witness accounts of refugees Category:East Asian countries zh-min-nan:Tiâu-sián ko:조선민주주의인민공화국 ms:Korea Utara ja:朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 simple:North Korea th:ประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ

Saint Kitts and Nevis

The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, located in the Leeward Islands is a unitary island nation in the Caribbean, and the smallest nation in the Western Hemisphere. The capital-city and government for the federated state, is mainly on the larger island of, Saint Kitts (formerly named: Saint Christopher). The smaller state of Nevis (formerly named: Nuestra Señora de las Nieves) lies about 3km southeast of Saint Kitts. Historically the British dependency of Anguilla was also a part of this union, which was then known collectively as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla. Given that Saint Kitts and Nevis are geographically within the Leeward Islands, they are relatively close to a cluster of several other islands. To the north-north west lies the islands of Saint Eustatius, Saba, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin. To the north-east lies Antigua and Barbuda, and to the south-east lies Montserrat.

History

Main article: History of Saint Kitts and Nevis Originally colonies of the United Kingdom, Saint Kitts and Nevis along with Anguilla, became an associated state with full internal autonomy in 1967. Anguilla rebelled and was allowed to secede in 1971. St. Kitts and Nevis achieved independence in 1983. In August 1998, a vote in Nevis on a referendum to separate from St. Kitts fell short of the two-thirds majority needed. In late September 1998, Hurricane Georges caused approximately $445 million in damages and limited GDP growth for the year. Alexander Hamilton, the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, was born on Nevis and spent his childhood there and on the island of St. Croix.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Saint Kitts and Nevis The country is an independent Commonwealth Realm with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state, represented in St. Kitts and Nevis by a governor general, who acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and the cabinet. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party of the house, and the cabinet conducts affairs of state. St. Kitts and Nevis has a unicameral legislature, known as the National Assembly. It is comprised of fourteen members - eleven elected representatives - three of whom are from the island of Nevis - and three members who are appointed by the Governor-General. The three appointed members are known as Senators, with two being appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, and one on the advice of the leader of the opposition. Though they are referred to as Senators, they do not form a separate house of parliament, as in some other countries. Both representatives and senators serve five-year terms. The prime minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Parliament. Saint Kitts and Nevis are a full & participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

Parishes

There are fourteen parishes:
- Christ Church Nichola Town
- Saint Anne Sandy Point
- Saint George Basseterre
- Saint George Gingerland - N
- Saint James Windward - N
- Saint John Capisterre
- Saint John Figtree - N
- Saint Mary Cayon
- Saint Paul Capisterre
- Saint Paul Charlestown - N
- Saint Peter Basseterre
- Saint Thomas Lowland - N
- Saint Thomas Middle Island
- Trinity Palmetto Point
- N - denotes a parish on the island of Nevis.

Geography

Nevis Main article: Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis The country has two main islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis. The highest peak is Mount Liamuiga, which tops at 1 156 m.
- List of cities in Saint Kitts and Nevis

Economy

Main article: Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis was the last sugar monoculture in the Eastern Caribbean. Faced with a sugar industry that was finding it increasingly difficult to earn a profit, the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis embarked on a program to diversify the agricultural sector and stimulate the development of other sectors of the economy.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Saint Kitts and Nevis As of July 2000, there were 38 819 inhabitants; their average life expectancy was 70.73 years. Emigration has historically been very high, and the population is about 25% lower than at its peak of about 51,100 in 1960.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- J'ouvert

Miscellaneous topics

- Communications in Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Foreign relations of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Military of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Transportation in Saint Kitts and Nevis

External links

Government

- [http://www.stkittsnevis.net/index2.html St. Kitts & Nevis] - Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis official website
- [http://www.skbfinancialservices.com/ Ministry of Finance] - of the Saint Kitts & Nevis Federation
- [http://www.nevisfinance.com/ Nevis Ministry of Finance] - for the Nevis Island Administration

Directories

- [http://www.sknvibes.com/ SKNVibes.com] Online

Tourism

-
- [http://www.stkittstourism.kn/ Saint Kitts Tourism Authority] - Official Site
- The [http://www.nevisisland.com/ Nevis Tourism Authority] - Official Site

Other

- [http://www.uwichill.edu.bb/bnccde/sk&n/index.html Hosted at the University of the West Indies] - Acticles and materials on Nevis secession Category:Caribbean countries Category:CARICOM member states
- Category:Monarchies zh-min-nan:Sèng Kitts kap Nevis ko:세인트키츠 네비스 ja:セントクリストファー・ネイビス

Kannada language

Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ; also, less commonly, Kanarese) is one of the major Dravidian languages of southern India. Speakers of its various dialects number roughly 40 million people. It is the state language of Karnataka, one of the four southern states in India. It is written using the Kannada script.

History

Perhaps being the oldest language next to Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Tamil, Kannada country and language have a rich heritage. 'Kavirajamarga' of king Nripatunga Amoghavarsha of the Rashtrakuta dynasty(9th century A.D.) is believed to be the earliest literary work in Kannada (Ref: History of Kannada literature, Dr. Jyothsna Kamat). The first record on Kannada language is traced to Emperor Ashoka's Brahmagiri edict dated 230 BC. The development of Kannada as a distinct language from a proto-Dravidian language is probably impossible to date. However, the written tradition of this language is around 1500-1600 years based on the archeological evidences. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other Dravidian languages. During later centuries, Kannada, along with Telugu, has been highly influenced by Sanskrit vocabulary and literary styles. Kannada is a highly inflected language with three genders (masculine, feminine, neutral or common) and two numbers (singular, plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things.

Dialects

There is also a sharp distinction between the spoken and written forms of the language. Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region. The written form is more or less constant throughout Karnataka, however. The ethnologue identifies about 20 dialects of Kannada. Notable of them are Kunda (spoken exclusively in Kundapura), Havyaka (spoken mainly by Havyaka Brahmanas of Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Sagara, and Udupi districts), Are Bhashe (spoken mainly in Sullia region of Dakshina Kannada), Soliga Kannada, Badaga Kannada, Gulbarga Kannada and Dharavada Kannada, Chitradurga Kannada.....

Classification

The written Kannada language has come under various religious and social influences in its 1600 years of known existence. Linguists generally divide the written form into four broad categories.
- Poorvada Halegannada (Pre-ancient Kananda) : This is the language of Halmidi scripture thought to be from fourth or fifth century.
- Halegannada (Ancient Kannada) : From ninth century CE onwards, until fourteenth century Kannada works were classified under 'Ancient Kannada'. In this period Kannada developed into a matured language. Mostly Jain and Saivite poets produced works in this period.
- Nadugannada ( Middle Kannada) : In this period Brahmanical Hinduism had a great influence on Kannada. A Kannada grammar based on Sanskrit grammar was developed by Keshiraja Bhatta. Language itself Sanskritized to a large extent. Non-brahmin Hindu saints like Kanakadasa also produced devotional poems in this period.
- Hosagannada ( Modern Kannada) : The Kannada works produced by the end of nineteenth century and later are classified under Hosagannada or Modern Kannada. However, till the beginning of twentieth century there were Kannada literary works that could still be classified under Middle Kannada. Most notable among them is poet Muddana's works. Sometimes, his works were described as the 'dawn of Modern Kannada'. Generally, linguists treat Indira Bai or Saddharma Vijayavu by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary work in Modern Kannada. Modern Kannada in twentieth century has been influenced by many movements. Notable among them are Navodaya, Navya, Dalita/Bandaya. Gulvadi Venkata Raya

Geographic distribution

Kannada is mainly spoken in Karnataka in India, and to a good extent in the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and in Kerala. There are significant Kannada speaking populations in the United States and the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent in Canada and Australia.

Official status

Australia Kannada is one of the 22 official languages of India and is the official language of the state of Karnataka.

Kannada script

The language has 52 letters phonemic and according to academic profile 49 letters are present in Kannada language. These 49 letters are divided into two groups: Swaragalu (15 letters) and "Vyanjanagalu" (34 letters), similar to the vowels and consonants of English, respectively. The character set is almost identical to that of other Indian languages. The script itself, derived from brahmi script, is fairly complicated like most other languages of India owing to the occurrence of various combinations of "half-letters", or symbols that attach to various letters in a manner similar to diacritical marks (such as aigüe, grave, and cédille marks) in the Romance languages. The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the 52 characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form compound characters (ottaksharas). Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one syllable, as opposed to one phoneme in languages like English. The script of Kannada is also used in other languages such as Tulu, Kodava Thakk and Konkani.

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha (based on ITRANS) and Nudi, the government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada transliteration.

Unicode

Extinct Kannada Letters

Until thirteenth century, Kannada literary works employed letters 'rh', 'lh(zh)', whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present day Malayalam. Tamil is supposed to exhibit only 'lh' and not 'rh'. The later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ(ra) and ಳ(La) respectively. Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana(consonant)?) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'(Again this has its equivalent in Malayalam). The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in mostly coastal Karnataka(especially, Dakshina Kannada district) Kannada works. Now hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನ್(consonant n).

The Dictionary

A German priest Reverend Ferdinand Kittel composed the first Kannada dictionary consisting of more than 70,000 words.

External links

;General
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=KJV Ethnolouge report for Kannada]
- [http://brahmi.sourceforge.net/docs/KannadaComputing.html Description of the Kannada language]
- [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm History of Kannada Language and Literature]
- [http://www.hpnadig.net/blog/index.php/archives/2004/10/25/more-kannada-websites-on-the-net/ List of Kannada websites on the Internet] ;Learning Resources
- [http://learning.sampada.net/ Kannada Learning Center]
- [http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kulki/kannada/varna.html Learn Kannada (with audio)]
- [http://www.bangalorebest.com/discoverbangalore/learnkanada/index.asp Learn Kannada]
- [http://www.udupipages.com/pages/kanada1.html Basic sentences in Kannada]
- [http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/kannada.html Indian Language Converter] A means to transliterate from romanized English to Unicode Kannada Category:Abugida writing systems Category:Dravidian languages Category:Languages of India ja:カンナダ語

Knot (speed)

A knot is a unit of speed, abbreviated kt or kn. It is not an SI unit. It is accepted (although discouraged) for use with the SI. It is used around the world for maritime and aviation purposes.

Definition

1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hour = 1.852 km/h. This is the definition used in most, if not all, modern circumstances.

Conversions

1 knot is equivalent to:
- 0.51444 m/s
- 1.852 km/h
- 1.15 mi/h

Origin

In some sailing ships, speed was measured by casting the chip log from the stern. The log was relatively immobile, and attached by line to a reel. Some sources suggest that knots placed at a distance of 47 feet 3 inches (14.4018 m) passed through a sailor's fingers, while another used a 28 second sandglass to time the operation. The knot count would be reported and used in the sailing master's dead reckoning and navigation. This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, or 1851.66 m/h. The difference from the accepted value today is a bit less than 0.02%.

Discussion

Because a knot is defined as a nautical mile/hour, the expression "knots per hour" is considered incorrect as a unit of speed, since this suggests (nautical mile/hour²), which would be a measure of acceleration.

Terms

- KTAS is "knots true airspeed", a measure of an aircraft's true airspeed through the air
- KIAS is "knots indicated airspeed", meaning the airspeed shown on the airspeed indicator
- KCAS is "knots calibrated airspeed", or indicated airspeed corrected for position error
- KEAS is "knots equivalent airspeed", which is calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility effects.

External links

- [http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter4/4-1.html Official SI website: Table 8. Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Their use is not encouraged.]
- [http://www.ex.ac.uk/trol/scol/ccspeed.htm Conversion Calculator for Units of SPEED] Category:Navigation Category:Units of velocity ja:ノット (単位)

Kuna (currency)

Kuna is the name of the currency used in Croatia. Currency code is HRK. One kuna equals 100 lipa. One euro equals around 7.5 kuna (as of 2004). The word kuna means "marten" in Croatian, while the word lipa means "linden". It has no relation to the various currencies named "koruna"; it is based on the use of marten pelts as units of value in medieval trading. The kuna was introduced in June 1994 after the transitional period following Croatian independence in the early 1990s during which the Yugoslav dinar was replaced with a Croatian dinar. The exchange rate between dinar and kuna was one thousand to one. The choice of the name kuna was controversial, not least among the Serbs in Croatia, as the only entity that had used this currency name before was the Fascist puppet Independent State of Croatia during World War II. The Croatian government defended its choice with claims of historical use of marten pelts, while its detractors saw it as a move suggesting modern Croatia's continuity with the prior extremist regime. The kuna is handled by the Croatian National Bank and minted by the Croatian Monetary Institute.

Currency in circulation

Coins

- 1 lipa
- head: maize
- 2 lipe
- head: vitis vinifera
- 5 lipa
- head: oak
- 10 lipa
- head: tobacco
- 20 lipa
- head: olive
- 50 lipa
- head: degenia velebitica
- 1 kn
- head: nightingale
- 2 kn
- head: tuna fish
- 5 kn
- head: brown bear

Banknotes

- 5 kn
- front: Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan
- back: Varaždin
- 10 kn
- front: Juraj Dobrila
- back: Arena colosseum in Pula
- 20 kn
- front: Josip Jelačić
- back: Vukovar
- 50 kn
- front: Ivan Gundulić
- back: Dubrovnik
- 100 kn
- front: Ivan Mažuranić
- back: Rijeka
- 200 kn
- front: Stjepan Radić
- back: Osijek
- 500 kn
- front: Marko Marulić
- back: Split
- 1000 kn
- front: Ante Starčević
- back: Statue of king Tomislav

Current kuna exchange rates

- At Yahoo! Finance: [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=AUD&to=HRK&submit=Convert AUD] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=INR&to=HRK&submit=Convert CHF] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=EUR&to=HRK&submit=Convert EUR] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=GBP&to=HRK&submit=Convert GBP] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=NZD&to=HRK&submit=Convert JPY] | [http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=USD&to=HRK&submit=Convert USD]
- [http://www.hnb.hr/tecajn/htecajn.htm Croatian National Bank exchange rates]

External link

- [http://www.banknotes.com/hr.htm Croatian Kuna]
- [http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/enovcan.htm Paper Kunas in Croatian National Bank] Category:European currencies Kuna Kuna ja:クーナ

Ko Kŏn

Goh Kun (born January 2, 1938) is a South Korean politician. He served as Prime Minister of South Korea from 1997 to 1998 and from 2003 to 2004. In his more recent term, assumed the role of interim head of state from March 12, 2004, following President Roh Moo-Hyun's impeachment, to May 14, 2004 when the South Korean Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision and restored Roh's powers as president. He was a minister during the 1980s, and then Mayor of Seoul from 1988 to 1990(appointed) and in 1999(elected). Goh resigned from the office of Prime Minister on May 24, 2004 after refusing to comply with the President's request to replace cabinet members. He is known as a solid, hardworking civil servant. One of Goh Kun's nicknames is "Mr. Stability," reflecting his ability to survive changes of government and other political upheavals.

Демин, Лев Степанович

right Лев Степанович Дёмин (11 января 1926 – 18 декабря 1998) — русский космонавт.

См. также

- Союз-15

Ссылки

- http://www.peoples.ru/military/cosmos/demin/ Категория:Космонавты Категория:Персоналии по алфавиту Категория:Родившиеся 11 января Категория:Родившиеся в 1926 Категория:Умершие 18 декабря Категория:Умершие в 1998

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Kannada script

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The Dictionary

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External links

Knot (speed)

Definition

Conversions

Origin

Discussion

Terms

External links

Kuna (currency)

Currency in circulation

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Banknotes

Current kuna exchange rates

See also

External link

Ko Kŏn

See also

Демин, Лев Степанович

См. также

Ссылки

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