:: wikimiki.org ::

Menagerie

Menagerie

:For other uses of the term Zoo, see Zoo (disambiguation). A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where animals are restricted within artificial environments and exhibited to the public. The first zoos were private menageries, usually belonging to kings. King Charles I started a zoo with a large python snake as the main attraction. The first public zoological garden was created in Vienna in 1752, when the Habsburg Emperors decided to grant public access to the former privately-owned Schönbrunn Palace menagerie, now called Tiergarten Schönbrunn. After the French Revolution, the Paris zoo was opened to the public. Over time, the mission of zoos has shifted from simply displaying animals for the wonderment of the public, to scientific study, and, later, to breeding them, and in particular maintaining populations of animals that are endangered or even extinct in the wild. The first scientific zoological garden in the modern world was founded in London in 1828 by the Zoological Society of London. It was opened to the public in the same year, as a way of funding its scientific work. Londoners soon shortened "zoological gardens" to "zoo." It was the Zoological Society of London, too, which was to be the first to create an open wild animal park, with the establishment of the Whipsnade Wild Animal Park on the Chiltern Hills in 1926. The famous naturalist Charles Darwin enjoyed visiting the London Zoo in order to observe the behaviour of its animals. The first live gorilla to be exhibited there created quite a sensation and reportedly influenced some of Darwin's thinking on evolution and on emotions and intelligence in non-human primates. Some highly developed zoos harbor research groups, which have extremely valuable initiatives in the preservation of endangered species, in the study and reproduction of rare animals (such as white tigers), in the discovery of new techniques for maintaining animals in captivity and feeding them, in veterinary medicine of exotic species, and so on. Most modern zoos keep animals in enclosures that attempt to replicate their natural habitats. Many zoos now have special buildings for nocturnal animals, with dim red lighting during the day, so the animals will be active when visitors are there, and bright lights at night to ensure that they sleep. Special climate conditions are created for animals living in radical environments, such as penguins. Special enclosures for birds, insects, fishes and other aquatic life forms have also been developed and are used in many zoos. A petting zoo (also called children's farms or children's zoos) features a combination of domestic animals and some wild species that are docile enough to touch and feed. Petting zoos are extremely popular with small children. In order to ensure the animals' health, the food is supplied by the zoo, either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby. In addition to independent petting zoos , many general zoos contain one. Sometimes monkeys are not separated from the public, e.g. in the Apenheul Zoo in Apeldoorn. Peafowl are also frequently allowed to roam free in zoos. Most large cities in the world have zoos, though of drastically varying size and quality. Modern zoos are very dynamic, and are always breeding animals, promoting conservation, and building new exhibits. Major zoos are important tourist attractions, sufficiently so that governments may underwrite or subsidize the zoo's operating expenses. Public funding of zoos is also justified by their educational value, and they are a common destination for school field trips. Even so, many zoos have signs that provide little more information than an animal’s species, diet, and natural range. Most zoo funding primarily comes from donations and entrance fees. Zoos vary in size and quality—from drive-through parks to small roadside menageries with concrete slabs and iron bars. Birds’ wings may be clipped so that they cannot fly, and many animals who live in large herds or family groups in nature are kept alone or in small groups. Natural hunting and mating behaviors are virtually eliminated by regulated feeding and breeding regimens. More than 135 million people visit zoos in the United States and Canada every year, but most zoos operate at a loss and must find ways to cut costs or add gimmicks that will attract visitors. The Wall Street Journal reported that “nearly half of the country’s zoos are facing cutbacks this year … [a]ttendance, meanwhile, is down about 3% nationwide.”

External links

- [http://www.zoo-talk.com Zoo-talk] features zoo and animal news from all over the world Category:Landmarks Category:Zoology ja:動物園 simple:Zoo

Animal

:For the Muppet Show character, see Animal (Muppet). For the professional wrestler, see Joseph Laurinaitis.

- Porifera (sponges)
- Ctenophora (comb jellies)
- Cnidaria (coral, jellyfish, anenomes)
- Placozoa (trichoplax)
- Subregnum Bilateria (bilateral symmetry)
- Acoelomorpha (basal)
- Orthonectida (flatworms, echinoderms, etc.)
- Rhombozoa (dicyemids)
- Myxozoa (slime animals)
- Superphylum Deuterostomia (blastopore becomes anus)
- Chordata (vertebrates, etc.)
- Hemichordata (acorn worms)
- Echinodermata (starfish, urchins)
- Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
- Superphylum Ecdysozoa (shed exoskeleton)
- Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
- Loricifera
- Priapulida (priapulid worms)
- Nematoda (roundworms)
- Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
- Onychophora (velvet worms)
- Tardigrada (water bears)
- Arthropoda (insects, etc.)
- Superphylum Platyzoa
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs)
- Rotifera (rotifers)
- Acanthocephala (acanthocephalans)
- Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
- Micrognathozoa (limnognathia)
- Cycliophora (pandora)
- Superphylum Lophotrochozoa (trochophore larvae / lophophores)
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
- Nemertea (ribbon worms)
- Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
- Ectoprocta (moss animals)
- Entoprocta (goblet worms)
- Brachiopoda (brachipods)
- Mollusca (mollusks)
- Annelida (segmented worms) Animals are a major group of organisms, classified as the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. In general they are multicellular, capable of locomotion and responsive to their environment, and feed by consuming other organisms. Their body plan becomes fixed as they develop, usually early on in their development as embryos, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on. Along with sponges, gastropods, emus, dolphins and all other animals, Homo sapiens sapiens meet all the criteria above for membership in the group of organisms known as animals and they do not meet the criteria of the other groups. Some humans often consider themselves separate from animals, not on the grounds of biology, but through the use of "other contexts". Whilst self-delusion may be a unique characteristic of the human species it is not cause for exclusion from the Kingdom Animalia. The name animal comes from the Latin word animal, of which animalia is the plural, and ultimately from anima, meaning vital breath or soul.

Characteristics

Aristotle divided the living world between animals and plants, and this was followed by Carolus Linnaeus in the first hierarchical classification. Since then biologists have begun emphasizing evolutionary relationships, and so these groups have been restricted somewhat. For instance, microscopic protozoa were originally considered animals because they move, but are now treated separately. Kingdom Animalia has several characteristics that set it apart from other living things. First, animals are eukaryotic. This separates them from the Kingdom Monera. Second, animals are multicellular, which separates them from Kingdom Protista. Third, they are heterotrophic, setting them apart from Kingdom Plantae and several plant-like protists. Finally, Kingdom Animalia consists of organisms without cell walls, which makes it unique compared to Kingdom Plantae, algae, and Kingdom Fungi.

Structure

With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges (Phylum Porifera), animals have bodies differentiated into separate tissues. These include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and a nervous system, which sends and processes signals. There is also typically an internal digestive chamber, with one or two openings. Animals with this sort of organization are called metazoans, or eumetazoans when the former is used for animals in general. All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms like plants and fungi have cells held in place by cell walls, so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Reproduction and development

Nearly all animals undergo some form of sexual reproduction. Adults are diploid or occasionally polyploid. They have a few specialized reproductive cells, which undergo meiosis to produce smaller motile spermatozoa or larger non-motile ova. These fuse to form zygotes, which develop into new individuals. Many animals are also capable of asexual reproduction. This may take place through parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, or in some cases through fragmentation. A zygote initially develops into a hollow sphere, called a blastula, which undergoes rearrangement and differentiation. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location and develop into a new sponge. In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more complicated rearrangement. It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber, and two separate germ layers - an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm. In most cases, a mesoderm also develops between them. These germ layers then differentiate to form tissues and organs. Animals grow by indirectly using the energy of sunlight. Plants use this energy to turn air into simple sugars using a process known as photosynthesis. These sugars are then used as the building blocks which allow the plant to grow. When animals eat these plants (or eat other animals which have eaten plants), the sugars produced by the plant are used by the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion. This process is known as glycolysis.

Origin and fossil record

Animals are generally considered to have evolved from flagellate protozoa. Their closest living relatives are the choanoflagellates, collared flagellates that have the same structure as certain sponge cells do. Molecular studies place them in a supergroup called the opisthokonts, which also include the fungi and a few small parasitic protists. The name comes from the posterior location of the flagellum in motile cells, such as most animal sperm, whereas other eukaryotes tend to have anterior flagella. The first fossils that might represent animals appear towards the end of the Precambrian, around 600 million years ago, and are known as the Vendian biota. These are difficult to relate to later fossils, however. Some may represent precursors of modern phyla, but they may be separate groups, and it is possible they are not really animals at all. Aside from them, most animal phyla with known phyla make a more or less simultaneous appearance during the Cambrian period, about 570 million years ago. It is still disputed whether this event, called the Cambrian explosion, represents a rapid divergence between different groups or a change in conditions that made fossilization possible.

Groups of animals

The sponges (Porifera) diverged from other animals early. As mentioned, they lack the complex organization found in most other phyla. Their cells are differentiated, but not organized into distinct tissues. Sponges are sessile and typically feed by drawing in water through pores all over the body, which is supported by a skeleton typically divided into spicules. The extinct Archaeocyatha, which have fused skeletons, may represent sponges or a separate phylum. Among the eumetazoan phyla, two are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single opening, which serves as both the mouth and the anus. These are the Cnidaria, which include anemones, corals, and jellyfish, and the Ctenophora or comb jellies. Both have distinct tissues, but they are not organized into organs. There are only two main germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm, with only scattered cells between them. As such, these animals are sometimes called diploblastic. The tiny phylum Placozoa is similar, but individuals do not have a permanent digestive chamber. The remaining animals form a monophyletic group called the Bilateria. For the most part, they are bilaterally symmetric, and often have a specialized head with feeding and sensory organs. The body is triploblastic, i.e. all three germ layers are well-developed, and tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is also an internal body cavity called a coelom or pseudocoelom. There are exceptions to each of these characteristics, however - for instance adult echinoderms are radially symmetric, and certain parasitic worms have extremely simplified body structures. Genetic studies have considerably changed our understanding of the relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to four major lineages: # Deuterostomes # Ecdysozoa # Platyzoa # Lophotrochozoa In addition to these, there are a few small groups of bilaterians with relatively similar structure that appear to have diverged before these major groups. These include the Acoelomorpha, Rhombozoa, and Orthonectida. The Myxozoa, single-celled parasites that were originally considered Protozoa, are now believed to have developed from the Bilateria as well.

Deuterostomes

Deuterostomes differ from the other Bilateria, called protostomes, in several ways. In both cases there is a complete digestive tract. However, in protostomes the initial opening (the archenteron) develops into the mouth, and an anus forms separately. In deuterostomes this is reversed. In most protostomes cells simply fill in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm, called schizocoelous development, but in deuterostomes it forms through evagination of the endoderm, called enterocoelic pouching. Deuterostomes also have a dorsal, rather than a ventral, nerve chord and their embryos undergo different cleavage. All this suggests the deuterostomes and protostomes are separate, monophyletic lineages. The main phyla of deuterostomes are the Echinodermata and Chordata. The former are radially symmetric and exclusively marine, such as sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. The latter are dominated by the vertebrates, animals with backbones. These include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. In addition to these, the deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata or acorn worms. Although they are not especially prominent today, the important fossil graptolites may belong to this group. The Chaetognatha or arrow worms may also be deuterostomes, but this is less certain.

Ecdysozoa

The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after the common trait of growth by moulting or ecdysis. The largest animal phylum belongs here, the Arthropoda, including insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All these organisms have a body divided into repeating segments, typically with paired appendages. Two smaller phyla, the Onychophora and Tardigrada, are close relatives of the arthropods and share these traits. The ecdysozoans also include the Nematoda or roundworms, the second largest animal phylum. Roundworms are typically microscopic, and occur in nearly every environment where there is water. A number are important parasites. Smaller phyla related to them are the Nematomorpha or horsehair worms, which are visible to the unaided eye, and the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera, which are all microscopic. These groups have a reduced coelom, called a pseudocoelom. The remaining two groups of protostomes are sometimes grouped together as the Spiralia, since in both embryos develop with spiral cleavage.

Platyzoa

The Platyzoa include the phylum Platyhelminthes, the flatworms. These were originally considered some of the most primitive Bilateria, but it now appears they developed from more complex ancestors. A number of parasites are included in this group, such as the flukes and tapeworms. Flatworms lack a coelom, as do their closest relatives, the microscopic Gastrotricha. The other platyzoan phyla are microscopic and pseudocoelomate. The most prominent are the Rotifera or rotifers, which are common in aqueous environments. They also include the Acanthocephala or spiny-headed worms, the Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and possibly the Cycliophora. These groups share the presence of complex jaws, from which they are called the Gnathifera.

Lophotrochozoa

The Lophotrochozoa include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida. The former includes animals such as snails, clams, and squids, and the latter comprises the segmented worms, such as earthworms and leeches. These two groups have long been considered close relatives because of the common presence of trochophore larvae, but the annelids were considered closer to the arthropods, because they are both segmented. Now this is generally considered convergent evolution, owing to many morphological and genetic differences between the two phyla. The Lophotrochozoa also include the Nemertea or ribbon worms, the Sipuncula, and several phyla that have a fan of cilia around the mouth, called a lophophore. These were traditionally grouped together as the lophophorates, but it now appears they are paraphyletic, some closer to the Nemertea and some to the Mollusca and Annelida. They include the Brachiopoda or lamp shells, which are prominent in the fossil record, the Entoprocta, the Phoronida, and possibly the Ectoprocta or moss animals.

History of classification

In Linnaeus' original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, the Chordata, whereas the various other forms have been separated out. The above lists represent our current understanding of the group, though there is some variation from source to source.

Usage of the word animal

In everyday usage animal refers to any member of the animal kingdom that is not a human being, and sometimes excludes insects (although including such arthropods as crabs). This confusion stems primarily from the familiarity with zoo animals, farm animals and pets, not from an analytical distinction between insects, humans and the rest of the animal kingdom.

Examples

Some well-known types of animals, listed by their common names:
- alpaca, ant, antelope, badger, bat, bear, bee, beetle, bird, bison, butterfly, cat, chicken, cockroach, coral, cow, deer, dinosaur, dog, dolphin, earthworm, elephant, elk, fish, fly, fox, frog, giraffe, goat, gorilla, hippopotamus, horse, human, iguana, jellyfish, kangaroo, lion, lizard, llama, lynx, monkey, mouse, nightingale, octopus, owl, ox, parrot, penguin, pig, quail, rabbit, rat, rhinoceros, salamander, scorpion, seahorse, shark, sheep, sloth, snake, spider, squid, starfish, tiger, turtle, urial, vole, whale, wolf, yak, zebra

References

External links

- [http://www.animool.com/animals/index.jsp Animals Search Engine]
- [http://www.wikianimals.com wikianimals.com] - Documenting the animal kingdom
- [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Animals&contgroup=Eukaryotes Tree of Life]
- [http://www.arkive.org A Multimedia Database of Various UK or Endangered Species]
- [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~wakefield/animals.html Animals and Birds Names] - Large table of words: animal, collective, male, female, young, & home
- [http://www273.pair.com/med/words/animal_adjectives.htm English Animal Adjectives]
- [http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/ballc/animals/animals.html Sounds of the World's Animals] - animal sounds in many languages
- [http://www.findsounds.com/ FindSounds - Search the Web for Sounds] - sound files including animal sound files
- [http://www.australianfauna.com/ Australian Animals]
- [http://www.animalreviews.com AnimalReviews] - animals reviewed and evaluated
- [http://animals.timduru.org/ The animal photo archive] - Photos of animals
- [http://www.wildlife-photo.org Photo gallery of animals pictures from the entire world.]
- [http://www.wildlife-photo.org/birds_list.htm Birds Name Check List in Latin, English, Russian and Hebrew.]
- [http://www.wildanimalsonline.com Wild Animals Online] - an online encyclopedia of wild animals - facts, photos Category:Animals zh-min-nan:Tōng-bu̍t ko:동물 ms:Haiwan ja:動物 simple:Animal th:สัตว์

Menagerie

External links

- [http://www.zoo-talk.com Zoo-talk] features zoo and animal news from all over the world Category:Landmarks Category:Zoology ja:動物園 simple:Zoo

Kings

- The word "Kings" is the plural of "king", a male ruler. See Monarch.
- Kings are also two Old Testament books (in the Bible). See Books of Kings.
- In addition, Kings (or King's Cup) is a very popular drinking game involving actions based on draws from a standard set of playing cards. See Kings (drinking game).
- The Los Angeles Kings is an NHL team based in Los Angeles, California.
- The Sacramento Kings is an NBA team based in Sacramento, California.
- Kings Corners is a card game.
- Kings County, Nova Scotia
- Kings (electoral district)
- Kings is one of the five boroughs of New York City (Brooklyn).
- Kings is the name for a string of supermarkets in northern New Jersey.

Python

:This article is about the animal. For the programming language, see Python programming language
Aspidites melanocephalus
Aspidites ramsayi
Python anchietae
Python breitensteini
Python brongersmai
Python molurus
Python regius
Python reticulatus
Python sebae
Python timoriensis Python is the common name for the Boidae Family of nonvenomous constricting snakes—specifically the subfamily Pythonidae. It is also the scientific name for a specific genus of snakes of the family Pythonidae. Pythons live in India, the East Indies, Africa, and Australia. Generally pythons range in size from less than 5m to 6m metres (15 to 20 feet) in length. They are among the longest species of snake in the world; the Reticulated Python can reach lengths of up to 10 meters (35 feet) and is the longest. Pythons are constrictors, and feed on birds and small mammals, killing them by literally squeezing them to death. They coil themselves up around their prey, tighten, but merely squeeze hard enough to stop the prey's breathing and/or blood circulation. Large pythons usually would eat something about the size of a house cat, but 100 pound (45 kg) wild boar are eaten as well. They swallow their prey whole, and take several days to fully digest it. Despite their intimidating size and muscular power, they are generally not dangerous to humans. While a large adult python could kill a human being (most likely by strangling rather than actual crushing), humans are outside the normal size range for prey. Reports of python attacks on humans are extremely rare. Despite this, pythons have been aggressively hunted, driving some species (like the Indian Python) to the brink of extinction. Pythons live in the dense underbrush of rugged tropical rainforest regions. They are excellent climbers; some species, like the Green Tree Python, are arboreal. Like all snakes, they are also capable swimmers. Their natural range is Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and nearby islands in the Pacific Ocean. Pythons hatch from eggs, like most snakes. Depending on the snake, the number of eggs in the nest varies greatly, from several eggs to over one-hundred. While very unusual for snakes, the Indian python incubates her eggs by shivering, thereby raising their temperature to help them hatch quicker. Some species exhibit vestigial bones of the pelvis and rear legs, which are externally apparent in the form of a pair of anal spurs on each side of the cloaca. These spurs are larger in males than females, and are used by the male to stimulate the female during copulation.

Pythons

- African Rock Python, Python sebae
- Ball Python, Python regius
- Bismarck Ringed Python, Bothrochilus boa
- Black Headed Python Aspidites melanocephalus
- Rock Python, Python molurus
- Burmese Python, Python molurus bivittatus
- Indian Python, Python molurus molurus
- Carpet Python, Morelia spilota
- Calabar Python, Calabaria reinhardtii
- Children's Python, Liasis childreni
- Green Tree Python, Morelia viridis
- Reticulated Python, Python reticulatus
- White Lipped Python, Leiopython albertisii
- Woma Python, Aspidites ramsayi

Vienna

:This article is about the city and federal state in Austria. For other places or things called Vienna, see Vienna (disambiguation). Vienna (German: Wien [viːn]; Hungarian: Bécs, Czech: Vídeň, Slovak: Viedeň, Romany Vidnya; Serbian: Beč) is the capital of Austria, and also one of Austria's nine states (Land Wien). With a population of about 1.6 million, Vienna is the largest city and the cultural and political centre of Austria. Situated on both sides of the river Danube, Vienna is 60 kilometres (37 miles) from the Austrian-Slovak border, i.e. also from the Slovak capital, Bratislava. Vienna is surrounded by the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is one of the best-known cities in Europe and has a prominent place in the history of Western civilization, world culture and history. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as well as other United Nations Offices and many international institutions and companies, are located in Vienna.

History

Main article: History of Vienna Vienna was originally the Celtic settlement "Uindobona" 'Fair Bottomland' (Modern Irish
- Fionnbhun) founded around 500 BC. In 15 BC, it became a frontier city ("Vindobona") guarding the Roman Empire against the German tribes to the north. In the Middle Ages, it became the home of the Babenberg and, later, the Habsburg dynasties and through the latter the capital of the Holy Roman Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Ottoman Turkish invasions of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries were stopped twice at Vienna. See the Siege of Vienna (1529) and the Battle of Vienna (1683). In 1815, Vienna was the site of the Congress of Vienna which redrew national boundaries in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo. During the Cold War, Vienna was a hotbed of international espionage because of its location in neutral Austria, between the Western and Eastern blocs. Other famous Viennese features include the Lipizzaner stallions of the Spanish Riding School, the Vienna Boys' Choir (Wiener Sängerknaben), Wiener Schnitzel, Sachertorte, and various pastries. Viennese cafes claim to have invented the process of filtering coffee from the captured baggage after the second Turkish siege in 1683.

Historical population

The population of Vienna increased sharply during the Austro-Hungarian period (1867-1918), when there was a lot of immigration from other parts of the country. However, after World War I, many Czechs returned to their ancestral country, which resulted in a decline in the population. Following the immigration at that time, about one third of the population of Vienna had a Slavic or Hungarian family name. As can be seen, the population gradually declined up to the 1980s. 1800: 231,900 inhabitants
1830: 338,700
1850: 446,400
1880: 724,800
1900: 1,769,137
1910: 2,083,630
1923: 1,918,720
1934: 1,935,881
1939: 1,770,938
1951: 1,616,125
1961: 1,627,566
1971: 1,619,885
1981: 1,531,346
1991: 1,539,848
2001: 1,550,123
2005: 1,631,082

Districts

1980s and dozens more low-rise buildings on this site.]] 1980s Main article: Districts of Vienna The city itself is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke), which, although they all have their own names, are numbered for the sake of convenience. Legally, they are not districts in the sense of administrative bodies with explicit powers (such as the districts in the other Austrian states, but mere subdivisions of the city administration. However, there are elections on the district level, which gives the representatives of the districts some political clout (e.g. in matters of planning, traffic etc.). 1.Innere Stadt (city centre) 2.Leopoldstadt 3. Landstraße 4. Wieden 5. Margareten 6. Mariahilf 7. Neubau 8. Josefstadt 9. Alsergrund 10. Favoriten 11. Simmering 12. Meidling 13.Hietzing 14. Penzing 15. Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus 16. Ottakring 17. Hernals 18. Währing 19. Döbling 20. Brigittenau 21. Floridsdorf 22. Donaustadt 23. Liesing By looking at the postal code it can be determined in which district a given address is located; 1XXA - 1 denotes Vienna, XX the district number (if it is a single digit then with a leading zero), A is the number of the post office (irrelevant in this case, usually zero). Example: 1070 for Neubau. Exceptions of that are 1300 for the Vienna International Airport located in Lower Austria near Schwechat, 1400 for the UN Complex, 1450 for the Austria Center, and 1500 for the Austrian UN-Forces.

Religions

Vienna is the seat of the Viennese Roman Catholic archdiocese, and its acting Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. The religions of the Viennese resident population is divided according to the 2001 census as follows:

Culture

Music, theatre and opera

:Translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Theater_.26_Oper here] census census (1981-1991) by Alfred Hrdlicka at Albertinaplatz in the First District]] Art and culture have a long tradition in Vienna, in the areas of theatre, opera and the fine arts. Aside from the Burgtheater which, together with its branch, the Akademie theater is considered one of the best theatres in the German-speaking world, the Volkstheater and the Theater in der Josefstadt also offer high-quality theatre entertainment. Also, there is a multitude of smaller theatres, often equal in quality to their larger counterparts and in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of performing arts such as modern, experimental plays or cabaret. Vienna also offers a great many opportunities for fans of the opera: The Staatsoper and the Volksoper offer something for everyone, the latter being especially devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Concerts of classical music are performed, among others, in the well - known Great Hall of the Wiener Musikverein and in the Wiener Konzerthaus. In addition, various concert venues offer concerts aimed at visitors, featuring the best known highlights of Viennese music (particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Johann Strauss). In recent years, the Theater an der Wien has become widely known for hosting premieres of musicals. The most successful by far was "Elisabeth" which was afterwards translated into several foreign languages and performed all over the world. With the opening of the Haus der Musik in 2000, Vienna also has a "Museum of Sound" for all ages now. Finally, many Roman Catholic churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung with classical music and organ. See also: Vienna State Opera Ballet

Museums

: To be translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Museen here] In the Hofburg, the Sisi Museum allows visitors to see the Imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg is the Kunsthistorisches Museum (along with Vienna's Natural History Museum) that houses multiple paintings by the old masters. Natural History Museum The group is completed by the Museumsquartier, the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a complex of museums in the 1990s. This houses the Museum of Modern Art (Ludwig Foundation), the Leopold Museum (which primarily displays works of the Viennese Secession, Viennese Modernism, and Austrian Expressionism), and additional halls with changing exhibitions as well as the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace presents one of the world's largest private art collections. Additionally there are a multitude of other museums, from the Military History Museum to the Technical Museum, from the Vienna Clock Museum to the Burial Museum. The museums of Vienna's districts are not to be missed as they offer a view into the history of their respective Bezirke.

Architecture

: To be translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Architektur here] There are buildings of all architectural styles in Vienna, from the Romanesque Ruprechtskirche to the Baroque Karlskirche, and classicist buildings all the way through to modern architecture. Likewise, Art Nouveau left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession, Karlsplatz Metropolitan Railway Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.

Other culture

Between Michaelerplatz and Josefsplatz is the Spanish Riding School. It is a famous equestrian school. In terms of folk dancing, the Viennese Kathreintanz is the best known.

Education

Viennese Kathreintanz Vienna is also Austria's main center of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and gymnasiums.

Universities

- Academy of Fine Arts Vienna
- Medical University of Vienna
- University of Applied Arts Vienna
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna
- University of Music and Performing Arts in Vienna
- University of Vienna
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna
- Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration
- Vienna University of Technology
- Webster University Vienna

International schools

- American International School of Vienna
- Danube International School
- Vienna International School

Transportation

12 Danube bridges connect the city, which is divided by the Danube and the New Danube.

Public transporation

New Danube and built by Siemens boasts an entry height of 180 mm (7 inches), the lowest in the world. About 150 of these vehicles are currently in use on Vienna's tram network, along with around 400 older high-floor models]] Vienna has a large public transportation network.
- Vienna S-Bahn
- Vienna U-Bahn
- Local Railways (Lokalbahn Wien-Baden)
- [http://www.wienerlinien.co.at/ Wiener Linien] (Company operating U-Bahn, trams, and most bus routes) Vienna has an extensive tram network, which is one of the largest in the world, and also large number of bus routes. As all routes in densely populated areas operated at dense intervals, even during off-peak hours, it is usually not necessary to remember the time when the train or bus goes. Public transportation is thus used quite a lot. The Viennese public transport is connected to services of train and bus lines operating 50 kilometres into the surrounding countryside, which can be used under the same system of tickets. Public transportation mostly closes during night hours, but there is a special bus service, the Nightline, operating on the most important routes. However, most of these buses run only every thirty minutes. Vienna uses an "honor system." There are no gates or ticket checks when boarding transit lines, but ticket checks will occur, oftentimes by undercover employees. In Vienna there are also two park railways: the Liliputbahn Prater in the Viennese Prater and the Donauparkbahn in Danube Park.

Railways

Historically, all traffic facilities were oriented towards the main capitals and residential cities of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy consequently, Vienna has several train stations that form the beginning of several train lines:
- Vienna Franz Josefs Station is the starting point of the Franz Josefs Railway
- Vienna West Station is starting point of the West Railway
- Vienna South Station (Former South and East Station) for the South Railway and the East Railway as well as several through train stations:
- Vienna Hütteldorf on the West Railway
- Vienna Heiligenstadt on the Franz Josefs Railway
- Vienna North (Viennese lines: Praterstern) on the North Railway. The convenient North Station was destroyed in World War II and was not built again after the decay of the Danube monarchy, especially when the Iron Curtain closed almost all passenger traffic to the north. Since World War II a smaller station called "Vienna North" has served as a transit station between S-Bahns, the U1 U-Bahn line, trams, and buses. In 2004 it was essentially completely torn down and is being rebuilt. In 2008 the extended U2 will also stop here.
- Vienna Meidling (Philadelphia bridge) - South Railway. This is Vienna most frequented transit station.
- Vienna Central (Landstraße) Between these, there are still many smaller stations that are particularly important for local passenger traffic. Since the mid 1990s, the West and South stations have handled all long-distance travel. Many trains stop at Hütteldorf or Meidling, especially when inbound. In order to bundle all long-distance traffic it has become necessary to build a tunnel, colloquially known as the Wildschweintunnel ("boar tunnel"), underneath Lainzer Tiergarten linking the West Railway to the South Railway. The new bundled train line will connect to a new train station called Vienna-Central Europe that will be constructed somewhat to the south of today's South Station. This new station will give Vienna a main train station for the first time.

Road traffic

: To be translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Straßenverkehr here] Like the train lines, Bundesstraßen leave the city in a star shaped pattern. They are designated after their final destination (Prager Straße -- to Prague, Linzer Straße - to Linz, Triester Straße - to Trieste and Brünner Straße - to Brno). Bundesstraßen can be compared to Federal Highways in the United States, being two-lane in rural areas and multi-lane in urban areas. Three national autobahns leave Vienna in the westerly (A1), southernly (A2), and easterly directions (A4). Similar to the rail lines, they are commonly referred to after their exit direction (Westautobahn, Südautobahn, and Ostautobahn). In addition, several spur and branch autobahns circle around the southern and eastern areas of the city. The western and northern areas were left mostly untouched because of the Wienerwald protected forest.

Air traffic

Southeast of Vienna is Vienna International Airport. In 2004, there were over 224,809 separate flights departing or arriving, and the airport was used by 14.8 million passengers.

Water transportation

: To be translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Schifffahrt here] Vienna is connected to water by the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal via the port in Rotterdam and its nearby German Industrial areas, as well as Eastern European countries up to the Black Sea. The planned Danube-Oder canal remains unfinished.

Leisure activities

Nightlife

Vienna has a variety of nightlife options. Its low crime rate and extensive public transportation network make going out at night safe and convenient. Regular public transportation (subway, tram, and bus) runs until approximately 12:30. After this, nighttime bus lines provide service every half hour (fifteen minutes on some segments). Almost all night lines circle the inner city before heading outbound. Most lines are numerated the same as their corresponding daytime line. For example, if you take the 60 tramline followed by the U4 subway into the city, you can take the N60 bus directly from the city back out. At approximately 5 a.m. the daytime lines resume. Day and night lines now use the same tickets. Starting in the 1980s, the pedestrian zone between the St. Ruprecht's Church (the oldest in Vienna) and the Bermuda Bräu microbrewery became the now-popular "Bermuda Triangle". It is the one area of the inner city district where relatively loud music and noise is tolerated. Many bars and small clubs are located in this neighborhood. The First District in general has an abundance of night life options for any budget. There are many Irish pubs with pint prices starting at €2. On the other side of the price-spectrum are bars such as Sky Bar and Do & Co., which are frequented by the Austrian elite. Opening hours vary essentially by neighborhood noise ordinance agreements. In the summer, bars' outdoor seating often has to be vacated by 11 p.m. Generally there is an abundance of establishments open until 4 a.m. or later, especially on the weekend. Larger nightclubs are generally located further out. Popular ones include U4 Disco (which has closed in 2005), located on the U4 subway line, two medium sized clubs in the wine-producing neighborhood of Grinzing, and an ever-increasing amount of large clubs on the eastern side of the Danube, often located in shopping malls and cinema complexes. One popular club located near the center of the city is Flex, which is on the shores of the Donaukanal, and, like U4 is also located on the U4 subway line. Flex often features world-acclaimed dance music DJs. In the summer, the eastern shore of the Danube is very popular. It is called Copa Cagrana, which is a word-play of Copacabana and Kagran, which is a sub-district nearby. Starting in the late 1980s, the city undertook much effort to revitalize the area around the Westgürtel (Western Beltway), which had become a red-light district. Today, large portions of the Westgürtel have been modernized, with many restaurants, bars, and mini-clubs now located under the elevated tracks of the U6 subway line. Recently the Freihausviertel, right outside the First District by Karlsplatz has also gained some popularity for its restaurants. It includes the Naschmarkt, the major market in Vienna.

Useful Nightlife Terminology

Austria, particularly Vienna, has unique terminology for drinks. Here is the terminology commonly used: Beer sizes: These are either ordered by name or small/large for the 0.3/0.5 L sizes. The names are usually one used for draft beer, as it is dispensed into glasses of the same name.
- "Ein Pfiff": 0.2 L (6 U.S. fl oz) (not always available) Meaning: "A whistle"
- "Ein Seidl" or Ein kleines Bier: 0.3 L (10 U.S. fl oz). (common)
- "Ein Krügerl" or Ein grosses Bier 0.5 L (17 U.S. fl oz). (common) Meanings: "A little crock" and "a big beer"
- "Ein Maß" 1 liter (usually only available in microbreweries) This term originates from Bavaria, and essentially means "a measurement." Wine sizes: These are ordered in fractions of a liter
- "Ein Achtel" 1/8 L (4.2 U.S. fl oz)
- "Ein Viertel" 1/4 L (8.4 U.S. fl oz) It is also common to order a half-liter or a liter of wine with mineral water and then mix them to a desired concentration. The above mentioned quantities are also nearly always available pre-mixed with mineral water. This is called "G'spritzt" ("sprayed"). So to order wine one would say "Ein Achtel/Viertel Rot (red) / Weiß (white), followed by the word "G'spritzt" if one wants it diluted. The form "Ein weißer/roter Spritzer" is also used commonly.

Viennese coffeehouses

: Translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Wiener_Kaffeehaus here] Viennese cafés have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. Here also originated some of the earliest decaffeinated coffees — Kaffee Hag, which developed a decaffeination process around the turn of the century, uses its name as a trademark for decaf, which it continues to serve. The traditional coffee preparations are espresso of a lesser intensity than may be found in Italy, served with (Brauner or Wolf) or without (Schwarzer or Bär) milk, and Kaffeeobers or Kaffee mit Schlagobers (or simply Schlag), which are served with thickened cream. Addition of various alcohols is common, creating sweeter drinks, some of which are further given obviously recognisable Austrian names, e.g. Mozart Kaffee (mocha with Cherry Brandy and Schlagobers) or Maria Theresa (mocha with a shot of orange liquor). Coffee is generally served along with lighter fare (although some desserts are not to be reckoned with lightly). Visitors to cafés are welcome to take their time and enjoy the large selection of newspapers on offer. In addition to the many modern chrome-brightened 'Espressi', a number of 'real' Vienna coffeehouses still exist to maintain the original charm of this institution.
Viennese parks and gardens
Vienna possesses many park facilities and is one of the greenest cities in the world. The most famous parks and green areas are the Stadtpark, the Burggarten and Volksgarten, which belong to the Hofburg, the Schloßpark of Castle Belvedere with the Vienna Botanic Gardens, the Donaupark, the Schönbrunner Schlosspark, the Prater, the Augarten, the Rathauspark, the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Dehnepark, the Resselpark, the Votivpark, the Kurpark Oberlaa, the Auer-Welsbach-Park and the Türkenschanzpark, Laaer-Berg with the Bohemian Prater and the foothills of the Wienerwald (Viennese Forest), which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as Beserlparks, are everywhere in the inner-city areas.
Sport
: To be translated from [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien#Sport here] Wienerwald Vienna has become a popular host of many different sporting events including the Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the Ice Hockey World Championships will take place in Austria, with the final being played in Vienna. After already being the stage of four Champions League (originally European Champion Clubs' Cup) finals (1964, 1987, 1990, 1995) the final of Euro 2008, the European Football Championships, will take place in Vienna's Ernst Happel Stadium. Austria's capital is also the home of numerous sports teams. The best known of them are the local football clubs SK Rapid Wien (31 time Austrian national champions), FK Austria Wien (22 time Austrian national champions) and though the oldest is First Vienna FC. Important other sport clubs are the Chrysler Vikings Vienna (American Football), who won the Eurobowl title as Europe's best American Football team in 2004, the Vienna Hot Volleys, one of Europe's premier Volleyball-organisations, and the Vienna Capitals (Ice Hockey). Vienna also had submitted a bid for the 1964 Olympic Games.
Culinary specialities

Food
In winter small stands on bustling street corners sell hot chestnuts, potato fritters or caramel-coated almonds. Sausages are also well loved and available almost everywhere. The sausage known in the USA and Germany as Wiener (German for "Viennese") is called a Frankfurter here. However other varieties are more popular at Vienna's sausage stands, such as Burenwurst, a coarse, usually boiled, beef and pork sausage or Käsekrainer, spicy pork with small chunks of cheese within it. The Bosner is the Austrian equivalent of a hot dog, filled with a fried Bratwurst sausage Vienna is also well known for Wiener schnitzel, a cutlet of veal that is pounded very flat, coated in breadcrumbs and fried crisp. it is available in almost every eatery that serves viennese cuisine for about 14 Euros. Don't confuse it with pork schnitzel viennese style (Schweinsschnitzel Wiener-Art). Excellent, enormous and authentic Wiener Schnitzels are available at the Figlmüller restaurant (Bäckerstraße 6). Be aware that it is usually very full and noisy. Other Viennese cuisine includes Tafelspitz, very lean boiled beef, often served with grated horseradish. Vienna has a long tradition of cakes and desserts. These include Apfelstrudel hot apple strudel, Palatschinken sweet pancakes, and Knödel, dumplings often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel). Sachertorte, a chocolate cake from the Sacher Hotel, is world famous and available to take home from many shops in Vienna airport. The Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat and much more. It is well worth a visit. The city centre has speciality food stores like Julius Meinl.
Drink
Vienna is the world's only capital city with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small viennese pubs known as Heuriger, that are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering) and Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf). The wine is often drunk as a spritzer "Gespritzter" with sparkling water. Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has large numbers.
Tourist attractions
microbreweries] microbreweries] microbreweries microbreweries Among the most important places of interest are:
- Inner City
- Hofburg (Imperial Palace, winter residence)
- Kahlenberg
- Parlament
- Ringstraße
- Schönbrunn (Schönbrunn Palace and gardens, summer residence)
- Belvedere Palace
- Stephansdom (St. Stephens Cathedral)
- Schönbrunner Tiergarten (Vienna Zoo)
- Wiener Prater with the Riesenrad(ferris wheel), a local recreation area and Wurstelprater and the Schweizerhaus beer garden and restaurant. Other tourist attractions:
- Albertina
- Beethoven historic sites
- Burgtheater (Imperial Court Theatre)
- Donauturm (Danube Tower)
- Gasometer (Dwellings and a shopping mall; converted from a former gasometer [http://www.gasometer.org/en/ Gasometer-Website])
- Heldenplatz (Heroes Square)
- Hermesvilla Lainz (Villa of Empress Elisabeth, also known fondly as "Sissi"
- Hundertwasserhaus (Designed by architect and artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser)
- Jesuitenkirche / Universitätskirche (Jesuit Church / University Church)
- Judenplatz ("Jewish-Square") with Shoah-monument
- Kapuzinergruft (Imperial Tombs)
- [http://www.hofmobiliendepot.at Kaiserliches Hofmobiliendepot] (Imperial Furniture Collection)
- Karl-Marx-Hof
- [http://www.stadtkirche.at Lutherische Stadtkirche]
- Karlskirche (St. Charles Church)
- Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (Austrian National Library)
- Pestsäule
- Peterskirche (St. Peter´s Church)
- The Church Maria am Gestade
- Minoritenkirche (Minorite Church)
- Millenniumstower
- Museumsquartier (Museums-Quarter)
- [http://www.palais-kinsky.com Palais Kinsky]
- [http://www.palais-palffy.at Palais Palffy]
- [http://www.palais-schwarzenberg.com Palais Schwarzenberg]
- Rathaus (City Hall)
- Ruprechtskirche
- Schottenkirche
- Schottenstift
- Spittelberg (16th century houses)
- Staatsoper (State Opera)
- Stadtpark (City Park)
- Tempel (old Synagogue in Innenstadt)
- Theater an der Wien
- University of Vienna
- UNO-City (UN-Headquarters in Vienna)
- Urania (former observatory)
- Virgilkapelle
- Votivkirche
- Wiener Secession
- Zentralfriedhof with numerous graves of famous people Other attractions:
- Cafe Hawelka
- Cafe Demel
- Mariahilfer Straße
- Kärtner Straße
- Graben
- Kohlmarkt
- Heurigen in Grinzing
- [http://www.schlossneuwaldegg.at Schloss Neuwaldegg]
- Wienerwald (Vienna Woods)
- Donauinsel (Danube Island) with Copa Cagrana
- Republik Kugelmugel other remarkable objects (not accessible for tourists)
- Funkturm Arsenal
- Mannesmann Tower Vienna
- GK Wien-Southeast
- Gemeindebauten
International organisations in Vienna
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), as well as other United Nations Offices and many international institutions and companies, are located in Vienna. UNO, IAEA, OPEC, OSCE, UNIDO, ...
Twin cities
Vienna is twinned with the following cities:
- Zagreb, Croatia. Since 1994. In addition, individual Viennese districts are twinned with Japanese cities/districts:
- Döbling (Vienna 19) with Setagaya, Tokyo. Since 1985
- Floridsdorf (Vienna 21) with Katsushika, Tokyo. Since 1987
- Innere Stadt (Vienna 1) with Taito, Tokyo. Since 1989.
- Meidling (Vienna 12) with Gifu, Gifu. Since 1992.
- Hernals (Vienna 17) with Fuchu, Tokyo. Since 1992.
- Alsergrund (Vienna 9) with Takarazuka, Hyogo. Since 1994.
- Hietzing (Vienna 13) with Habikino, Osaka. Since 1995.
- Donaustadt (Vienna 22) with Arakawa, Tokyo. Since 1996
See Also

- Names of "Vienna" in other languages
- Vienna International Airport
- Vienna Circle
- List of mayors of Vienna
- List of famous Viennese
- List of Honorary Citizens of Vienna
- [http://wikitravel.org/en/Vienna Vienna Travel Guide at Wikitravel]
- Wikipedia:WikiProject Vienna
External links

- [http://www.aboutvienna.org About Vienna] - Vienna Tourist, City and Culture guide, interactive map, events, sights and a lot more
- [http://www.funonthenet.in/content/view/167/31/ Vienna Photos] Stunning photos of Vienna
- [http://www.zoomvienna.com ZoomVienna] - Photo a Day from Vienna (artistic photos of top Vienna sights, tourist attractions, people, life in Vienna)
- [http://www.vien.at vien.at] - A photo a day from Vienna
- [http://www.wien.at/english Wien.at] - map, info and more
- [http://www.vrvienna.com/vienna_frameset.html VR Vienna] Virtual Tour of Vienna
- [http://www.wien.gv.at/english/ Vienna] www.wien.gv.at
- [http://www.strausbach.de/wien_photo.php Photo-Gallery (mit Diashow)]
- [http://www.hundertwasserhaus.at/ Hundertwasser House Vienna] www.Hundertwasserhaus.at
- [http://www.gasometer.org/en/ Gasometer Vienna]
-
- [http://www.events.at/ Events.at] Very useful event calendar for what's going on in Vienna at the moment
- [http://vienna.metblogs.com/ Vienna Metroblog] blogging culture and life in Vienna, part of the Metroblogging network.
- [http://www.virtualvienna.net/ Virtual Vienna Net] Vienna's International Community Online
- [http://vienna-expats.net/ Vienna Expats] The English-speaking community of expats, residents and visitors with events and more
- [http://vienna.openguides.org/ Vienna Openguide] is a new guide to the Viennese city.
- [http://www.tuttovienna.info/ Tutto Vienna] An Italian Guide
- [http://www.viennaholiday.info Vienna Holiday] Information about Private Accommodations in Vienna.
- [http://tonalsoft.com/enc/v/vienna.htm A Century of New Music in Vienna] detailed chronology of musical events in Vienna, French Revolution to WW1
- [http://www.vho.at/embassy.en.html Embassies in Vienna] Information about foreign embassies in Vienna.
- Category:World Heritage Sites in Austria Category:Roman legions camps Category:Capitals in Europe Category:Cities on the Danube Category:NUTS 2 Statistical Regions of Europe Category:Cities and towns in Austria als:Wien ja:ウィーン ko:빈 simple:Vienna

1752

1752 was a leap year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

- February 11 - Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the US, is opened.
- March 23 - The Halifax Gazette, the first Canadian newspaper
- June 6 - Fire destroys part of Moscow
- June 15 - Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity (kite + key + lightning)
- September 14, Gregorian Calendar - The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, making it necessary to skip eleven days (September 2 being followed directly by September 14 this year)
- Adam Smith at the University of Glasgow transfers to professor of moral philosophy
- English Scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapse

Births

- January 1 - Betsy Ross, American entrepreneur (d. 1836)
- January 23 - Muzio Clementi, Italian composer (d. 1832)
- January 31 - Gouverneur Morris, American diplomat and politician (d. 1815)
- February 17 - Friedrich Maximilian Klinger, German writer (d. 1831)
- February 25 - John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1806)
- May 11 - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist (d. 1840)
- June 13 - Fanny Burney, English novelist and diarist (d. 1840)
- July 7 - Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor (d. 1834)
- August 13 - Queen Marie Caroline of Naples and Sicily (d. 1814)
- September 18 - Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (d. 1833)
- November 20 - Thomas Chatterton, English poet (d. 1770)
- November 29 - Jemima Wilkinson, American preacher (d. 1819)
- Humphry Repton, English garden designer (d. 1818)
- John Nash, English architect (d. 1835)
- Philip Freneau, American poet (d. 1832)

Deaths

- January 4 - Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (b. 1704)
- January 16 - Francis Blomefield, English topographer (b. 1705)
- February 9 - Fredric Hasselquist, Swedish naturalist (b. 1722)
- May 3 - Samuel Ogle, British provincial Governor of Maryland
- May 23 - William Bradford, British-born printer (b. 1663)
- June 16 - Giulio Alberoni, Spanish cardinal (b. 1664)
- June 16 - Joseph Butler, English priest and theologian (b. 1692)
- July 20 - Johann Christoph Pepusch, German composer (b. 1667)
- July 29 - Peter Warren, British admiral
- August 22 - William Whiston, English mathematician (b. 1667)
- November 5 - Carl Andreas Duker, German classical scholar (b. 1670)
- November 6 - Ralph Erskine, Scottish minister (b. 1685)
- Jacopo Amigoni, Italian painter (b. 1675)
- Francis Blomefield, English topographer (b. 1705)
- Old Briton, Piankashaw chieftain

Various calendars

External link

- [http://www.brainyhistory.com/years/1752.html Brainy History - 1752 in History] Category:1752 ko:1752년 ms:1752

Habsburg

.]] Habsburg (sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe. Their principal roles were as:
- Holy Roman Emperors (several centuries to 1806), and
- Rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918),
- Kings of Croatia (1527–1918),
- Kings of Hungary (1437–1918),
- Kings of Spain (1516–1700),
- Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),
- Kings of Bohemia (1526–1618 and 1621–1918) and
- Great Princes of Transylvania (1690–1867).

A brief history of the House of Habsburg

From Counts of Habsburg to Holy Roman Emperors

The name is derived from the Swiss Habichtsburg (Hawk Castle), the family seat in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries at Habsburg, Switzerland (Switzerland did not then exist in its present form, and the Swiss lands were part of the mainly Germanic Holy Roman Empire). From South-East-Germany the family extended its influence and holdings to the eastern reaches of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly today's Austria (1278 - 1382). Within only two or three generations, the Habsburgs had managed to secure an initially intermittent grasp on the imperial throne that would last for centuries (1273 - 1291, 1298 - 1308, 1438 - 1740, and 1745 - 1806). After the marriage of Maximilian I with Mary, heiress of Burgundy (the Low Countries) and the marriage of his son Philipp the Handsome with Juana, heiress of Spain and its newly-founded empire, Charles V inherited an empire where "the sun does not set". Under Maximilian II, the Habsburgs first acquired the land upon which would later be erected the Schönbrunn Palace: the Habsburgs' summer palace in Vienna and one of the most enduring symbols of the dynasty.

Division of the House: Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs

Vienna over which the Habsburgs presided, nor are the vast Spanish holdings of the New World shown.]] After the April 21, 1521 assignment of the Austrian lands to Ferdinand I from his brother Emperor Charles V (also King Charles I of Spain) (1516 - 1556), the family split into the Austrian Habsburgs and the Spanish Habsburgs. The Austrian Habsburgs held (after 1556) the title of Holy Roman Emperor, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary, while the Spanish Habsburgs ruled over the Spanish kingdoms, the Netherlands, the Habsburgs' Italian possessions, and, for a time, Portugal. Hungary, nominally under Habsburg kingship from 1526 but mostly under Ottoman Turkish occupation for 150 years, was reconquered in 1683 - 1699. The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700 (prompting the War of the Spanish Succession), as did the Austrian Habsburgs in 1740 (prompting the War of the Austrian Succession). However, the heiress of the last Austrian Habsburg (Maria Theresa) had married