:: wikimiki.org ::
| News Anchor |
News Anchor]]
A news presenter is, broadly speaking, a person that presents a news show on television, radio or the Internet. The term is not commonly used by people in the industry as they tend to use more descriptive, and sometimes country-specific, terms.
Different roles
Newsreader
A newsreader is a presenter whose role it is to read the news. In modern times, technology enables journalists to broadcast from relevant locations, reducing the role of the central presenter to that of a newsreader. The term is the most common one for a news presenter outside of the United States and Canada.
Since the 1980s some broadcasters have moved away from using newsreaders, many of whom were simply actors who delivered a script written by others and who played no part in news gathering. Stations such as the BBC and RTÉ instead moved to use newscasters.
Newscaster
A newscaster is a presenter of a news bulletin who is himself or herself a working journalist and news gathering, and a participant in compiling the script to be delivered in a news bulletin.
The term was coined in the 1980s to distinguish active journalists from newsreaders, the previous type of news presenter.
News anchor
A news anchor is a television or radio personality who presents material prepared for a news program and at times must improvise commentary for live presentation. The term is primarily used in the United States and Canada. Many news anchors are also involved in writing and/or editing the news for their programs. Sometimes news anchors interview guests and moderate panels or discussions. Some provide commentary for the audience during parades and other events.
The term anchor (sometimes anchorperson, anchorman, or anchorwoman) was coined by CBS News producer Don Hewitt. CBS cites its first usage as being on July 7, 1952 to describe Walter Cronkite's role at the Democratic and Republican Party National Conventions. The term may have been in reference to the "anchor leg" of a relay race.
Criticism
A common dogma among the general public equates "news" and "news media" with "journalism", and this typically carries over to news anchors as well — associating media personalities with journalists — much to the consternation of many print journalists. In the current age of mass media and consolidation, news anchors tend to be viewed as belonging to the infotainment or news trades, rather than to the journalism profession. There is a spectrum and scale however — the quintessential national news anchors from early days of television news tended to come from experienced backgrounds in print journalism. Since then, television news has largely been an entity in its own right, where print and television journalism can be viewed as divergent trades.
Adding to the distinction between journalists and anchors and reporters are "human interest", personality, or celebrity news stories, which typically are directed by marketing departments based on a demographic appeal and audience share. Its commonly accepted that anchors are also media personalities, who may even be considered celebrities. The very nature of corporate network news requires its media personalties to use their public appeal to promote the networks investments, just as network broadcasts themselves (morning shows, TV news magazines) schedule self-promotional stories, in addition to advertising.
Critics might go so far as to view anchors as a weak link in the news trade, representing the misplacement of both the credit and the accountability of a news journalism organization —hence adding to a perceived erosion of journalistic standards throughout the news business. (See yellow journalism.)
In popular culture, the corporate news anchor is viewed as an archetype of the status quo and bland superficiality of corporate news media. As public people, they tend to receive an excess measure of social (and financial) reward for the hard work of "true" journalists behind the scenes.
North American news anchors are frequently imitated and lampooned people who are hired for more their looks on TV than for any skill at journalism or intelligence. This kind of character is the subject of long running gags on Saturday Night Live, SCTV, and the UK-produced The Muppet Show and the subject of sitcoms like Mary Tyler Moore, Murphy Brown, and NewsRadio.
Notable news presenters
American news anchors
- David Brinkley (deceased), The Huntley-Brinkley Report (NBC)
- Tom Brokaw (semi-retired), NBC News
- Wolf Blitzer, CNN
- Aaron Brown, CNN formerly at ABC News
- John Chancellor (deceased), NBC Nightly News
- Connie Chung
- Amanda Congdon, Rocketboom
- Anderson Cooper, CNN
- Walter Cronkite (retired), CBS News
- Sam Donaldson, ABC News
- Lou Dobbs, CNN
- Hugh Downs (retired), ABC News' 20/20, formerly at NBC News
- Bob Edwards, XM Satellite Radio
- Douglas Edwards (deceased), CBS News, 1950s
- Dave Garroway (deceased) "Today Show" NBC
- Charles Gibson, ABC News
- Enrique Gratas, Univision
- Brit Hume, FOX News formerly ABC News
- Chet Huntley (deceased), The Huntley-Brinkley Report (NBC)
- Chris Jansing, MSNBC
- Peter Jennings (deceased), ABC News
- Ted Koppel (retired), ABC News, Nightline
- Jim Lehrer, The Newshour with Jim Lehrer (PBS)
- Frank McGee (deceased), NBC News
- Robert MacNeil (retired), The MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour (PBS)
- Keith Olbermann, MSNBC
- Jane Pauley (retired), NBC News
- Harry Reasoner (deceased), CBS News and ABC News
- Frank Reynolds (deceased), ABC News
- Dan Rather (retired), CBS News
- Max Robinson, (deceased), ABC News
- Tim Russert, NBC News
- Diane Sawyer, ABC News
- Bernard Shaw (retired), CNN
- Bob Schieffer, CBS Evening News
- Maria Shriver (on leave of absence), NBC News
- Howard K. Smith (deceased), ABC News previously at CBS News
- Shepard Smith, FOX News
- Garrick Utley, CNN formerly NBC News and later ABC News
- Chris Wallace, Fox News formerly at NBC News and later ABC News
- Mike Wallace, "60 Minutes" CBS
- Barbara Walters, ABC News
- Brian Williams, NBC Nightly News
- Paula Zahn, CNN
Canadian news anchors
- Earl Cameron (deceased), CBC Television News
- Norman DePoe (deceased), CBC
- Bernard Derome, SRC
- Barbara Frum (deceased), CBC
- Ian Hanomansing, Canada Now (CBC)
- Harvey Kirck (deceased), CTV National News
- Peter Mansbridge, The National (CBC)
- Knowlton Nash (retired), The National (CBC)
- Kevin Newman, Global National
- Sandie Rinaldo, CTV News
- Lloyd Robertson, CTV News
- Pamela Wallin, CTV News and Prime Time News (CBC)
British newscasters
- Zeinab Badawi, Channel 4 News
- Sir Alastair Burnet, ITN longtime presenter of News at Ten.
- Fiona Bruce, BBC.
- Sir Robin Day (deceased), ITN presenter in the 1950s and 1960s.
- Huw Edwards, BBC 10 O'Clock News.
- Michael Buerk, BBC.
- Dominic Byrne, BBC Radio 1.
- Jill Dando (deceased), BBC presenter.
- Katie Derham, ITN.
- Anna Ford, ITN News at Ten, now BBC.
- Krishnan Guru-Murthy, Channel 4 News
- Natasha Kaplinsky, BBC.
- Trevor McDonald, ITN News at Ten, Now News at Ten Thirty.
- Sophie Raworth, BBC.
- Moira Stuart, BBC Nine O'Clock News.
- Jon Snow, Channel 4 News.
- Peter Sissons, Channel 4 News, now BBC.
- Richard Whitmore (retired), BBC.
- Peter Woods (deceased), BBC.
- Jeremy Paxman, BBC, now presenter of Newsnight.
- Kirsty Young, Five.
British newsreaders
- Michael Aspel, BBC Nine O'Clock News in the 1960s.
- Richard Baker, BBC Nine O'Clock News co-presenter in the 1960s and 1970s.
- Kenneth Kendall, BBC Nine O'Clock News co-presenter in the 1960s and 1970s.
- Angela Rippon, BBC, now ITV News Channel.
- Peter Donaldson, BBC Radio 4
Australian newsreaders
- Brian Henderson TCN-9 Nine Network (Australia)
- Mal Walden ATV-10 Network Ten (Australia)
Hong Kong newscasters
- Cheung Wai Tsz, ATV News
- Lavender Cheung, Cable TV News 2
- Alison Chiu, TVB News
Indonesian newscasters
- Ade Novit, RCTI
- Atika Suri, RCTI
- Desi Anwar, Metro TV
- Helmi Johannes, VOA Indonesia
- Sandrina Malakiano, Metro TV
Irish newscasters
- Brian Dobson RTÉ
- Anne Doyle RTÉ
- Sean Duignan RTÉ Six-One News.
- Grainne Seoige Sky News Ireland
Irish newsreaders
- Don Cockburn, RTÉ
- Derek Davis, RTÉ in the 1980s.
- Charles Mitchel, RTÉ.
- Maurice O'Doherty, RTÉ.
- Anne Cassin, RTÉ.
Israeli newsreaders
- Haim Yavin, Channel 1
Latin American newsreaders
- Enrique Gratas, Univision
- Joaquin Lopez Doriga, Televisa
Philippine newscasters
- Angelo Castro Jr., The World Tonight, ABS-CBN News Channel
- Tina Monzon-Palma, The World Tonight, ABS-CBN News Channel
- Julius Babao, TV Patrol (up to 2004) and TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN
- Karen Davila, TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN
- Ted Failon, TV Patrol World, ABS-CBN
- Ces Drilon, Insider, ABS-CBN
- Ricardo Puno, Insider, ABS-CBN
- Mel Tiangco, 24 Oras, GMA Network
- Mike Enriquez, 24 Oras, GMA Network
- Vicky Morales, Saksi, GMA Network
- Arnold Clavio, Saksi, GMA Network
- John Susi, Sentro, ABC-5
- Ali Sotto, Sentro, ABC-5
- Noli De Castro, TV Patrol, ABS-CBN, up to 1998
- Korina Sanchez, TV Patrol, ABS-CBN, up to 2004
- Loren Legarda-Leviste, The World Tonight, ABS-CBN, up to 1998
Romanian newsreaders
- Andreea Esca, PRO TV
- Andreea Berecleanu, PRO TV
- Alessandra Stoicescu, Antena 1
- Mona Nicolici, Antena 1
- Cristian Tabara, PRO TV
- Melania Medeleanu, Realitatea TV
- Delia Vrinceanu - Realitatea TV
- Sanda Nicola - Realitatea TV
- Razvan Dumitrescu - Realitatea TV
Colombian newsreaders
- Angela Patricia Janiot, CNN en Español
- Claudia Palacios, CNN en Español
- Silvia Corzo, Caracol TV
See also
- list of television reporters
- Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, a 2004 American comedy movie
External links
- [http://www.setstudio.com/ SetStudio, the Internet's television news set design resource]
Category:Media occupations
- News anchor
ja:ニュースキャスター
News program
A news program is a regularly scheduled radio or television program that reports current events. News is typically reported in a series of individual stories that are presented by one or more anchors. A news program can include live or recorded interviews by field reporters, expert opinions, opinion poll results, and occasional editorial content.
A special category of news programs are entirely editorial in format. These host polemic debates between pundits of various ideological philosophies.
News Programs by Genre
General News Bulletins
US
- ABC News
- CBS News
- National Public Radio
- NBC Nightly News
- The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
UK
- BBC News
- Independent Television News
- Sky News
Australia
- Seven News
- National Nine News
- Ten News
- ABC News
- SBS World News Australia
Documentary and Magazine Format
US
- 20/20
- 48 Hours
- 60 Minutes
- Dateline NBC
- Frontline
- Inside Edition
- NOW
Specialty News
US
- Access Hollywood
- Entertainment Tonight
- Nightly Business Report
- Wall Street Week
Discussion, Editorial, and Interview
US
- Crossfire
- Face the Nation
- Hannity & Colmes
- Larry King Live
- Meet the Press
- Nightline
- The McLaughlin Group
- The O'Reilly Factor
- Washington Week
- Washington Week
Links to Sources of TV News
English Language
[http://www.abs-cbni.com/programming/tfc_direct/prog_desc_phil_tonight.html Philippines Tonight]
[http://www.studio23.tv/progprof-newscentral.aspx News Central]
[http://www.summit.co.za/ Summit]
[http://english.aljazeera.net/ Aljazeera International (starts 2006)]
[http://www.abu.org.my/public/compiled/p249.htm Asiavision]
[http://www.hkatv.com/world/ ATV World]
[http://www.aptn.com/ APTN]
[http://www.aptn.com/80256CDF00516193/(httpPages)/29250717D416B19B80256CE00036BF43?OpenDocument APTN Direct]
[http://www.apbroadcast.com/AP+Broadcast/Television/Video+Content/APTN+Florida+Detail.htm APTN Florida]
[http://www.sntv.com/ SNTV]
[http://www.abc.net.au/news/ ABC (Australia)]
[http://www.abcasiapacific.com ABC Asia Pacific]
[http://www.aph.gov.au/live/ House Monitoring Service]
[http://www.ctv.ca/news/ CTV]
[http://www.ctv.ca/news/ CTV NewsNet]
[http://www.robtv.com/ ROB TV]
[http://www.belo.com/companies/tvgroup.x2 Television Group]
[http://www.azfamily.com/ Arizona News Channel]
[http://www.txcn.com/ Texas Cable News]
[http://www.nwcn.com/ NorthWest Cable News]
[http://www.pilotonline.com/lnc/lnc.html Local News on Cable]
[http://www.newswatch15.com/ NewsWatch 15]
[http://www.ktvb.com/ NewsChannel 7]
[http://www.bloomberg.com/tv/ Bloomberg Television]
BBC (Global)
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/ BBC]
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/bbc_news_24/ BBC News 24]
[http://www.bbcworld.com BBC World]
[http://www.bbcworld.com BBC World India]
[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/bbc_parliament/ BBC Parliament]
[http://www.s4c.co.uk/cynulliad/e_index.shtml S4C2]
[http://www.sky.com/skynews/ Sky News UK]
[http://www.sky.com/skynews/ Sky News Ireland]
[http://www.skysports.com/skysports/shows/news Sky Sports News]
[http://www.five.tv/home/frameset/?content=97697 Five]
[http://www.news12.com/BX News 12 The Bronx]
[http://www.news12.com/CT News 12 Connecticut]
[http://www.news12.com/LI News 12 Long Island]
[http://www.news12.com/NJ News 12 New Jersey]
[http://www.news12.com/WC News 12 Westchester]
CBC (Canada)
[http://www.cbc.ca/news/ CBC]
[http://www.cbc.ca/programguide/schedule/dailySchedule.jsp?network=CBC%20Newsworld CBC Newsworld]
[http://www.citytv.com/ City TV]
[http://www.a-channel.com/ A-Channel/New Net]
[http://www.pulse24.com/ Pulse24]
CPAC (Canada)
[http://www.cpac.ca/ CPAC]
[http://www.canada.com/national/globalnational/ Global]
[http://www.ten.com.au/main_idx.aspx?section=newsWeather Network Ten]
[http://www.tv3.co.nz TV3 (NZ)]
[http://www.cctv9.tv CCTV9]
[http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/cbnnewswatch/ CBN Newswatch]
[http://www.clearchannel.com/Television/Stations.aspx Clear Channel Television]
[http://www.coxenterprises.com/corp/operating_companies/television.htm?Vermenu=operatingcompanies&Hormenu=television Cox Television]
[http://www.wpxi.com/pcnc/ PCNC]
[http://wkyt.mis.net/gray/elements.html Gray Television]
[http://www.freedom.com/broadcast/ Freedom Broadcasting]
[http://www.wowt.com News on One]
Kansas Now 22
[http://www.kotv.com/promo_newsnow53.htm News Now 53]
[http://www.abc6.com/ New England News Channel]
[http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/riken/last/last.html News in English]
[http://www.aittv.com Africa Indepedendent TV]
[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/0,1595,1452,00.html Deutsche Welle]
[http://dispatchbroadcast.com/television.shtml DBG Television]
[http://www.onnnews.com/Global/story.asp?S=1778425&nav=LUEPME36 Ohio News Network]
[http://www.onnnews.com/Global/story.asp?S=1781191&nav=LUEPMKcy ONN Columbus]
[http://www.wthr.com/ SkyTrak Weather Network]
[http://www.carteblanche.mnet.co.za/ Carte Blanche]
MDSnews (Australia & US)
[http://www.mdsnews.com/ MDSnews]
[http://www.eu.int/comm/ebs/index_en.html Europe by Satellite]
[http://www.eu.int/comm/mediatheque/index_en.html EU Audiovisual Library]
[http://media.fairfax.com.au/ Fairfax Digital Productions]
[http://www.gannett.com/map/propmap.htm Gannett]
[http://www.wbir.com/10news2/ 10News2]
[http://www.nbc.com/nbc/NBC_News/ NBC]
[http://video.msn.com/ MSN Video]
[http://www.msnbc.com/ MSNBC]
[http://moneycentral.msn.com/cnbc/tv/ CNBC (US)]
[http://www.cnbceurope.com/ CNBC Europe]
[http://www.cnbceurope.com/ CNBC Europe (Germany)]
[http://www.cnbcasia.com/ CNBC Asia]
[http://www.hearstargyle.com/stations/ Hearst-Argyle]
[http://www.hindujatmt.com/en/media/iel.html IN Mumbai]
[http://www.hindujatmt.com/en/media/iel.html IN Bangalore]
[http://www.hindujatmt.com/en/media/iel.html IN Dehli]
ITN, ITV, Channel 4 and Affiliates (UK & Ireland)
[http://www.itn.co.uk/ ITN]
[http://www.itv.com/news/ ITV]
[http://www.channel4.com/news/ Channel 4 (UK)]
[http://www.tv3.ie/ TV3 (Ireland)]
[http://www.grampiantv.co.uk/content/default.asp?page=s3_3 Grampian TV]
[http://www.scottishtv.co.uk/content/default.asp?page=s3_3 Scottish TV]
[http://www.u.tv/television/ UTV]
[http://www.channeltv.co.uk/ Channel Television]
[http://www.tynetees.tv/programmes/programmes_index.htm ITV1 Tyne Tees]
[http://www.border-tv.com/programmes.php?region=Border ITV1 Border]
[http://www.granadatv.com/programmes.php?region=Granada ITV1 Granada]
[http://www.yorkshiretv.com/programmes.php?region=Yorkshire ITV1 Yorkshire]
[http://www.angliatv.com/programmes.php?region=Anglia ITV1 Anglia]
[http://www.meridiantv.com/programmes.php?region=Meridian ITV1 Meridian]
[http://www.itvregions.com/programmes.php?region=Central ITV1 Central]
[http://www.angliatv.com/programmes.php?region=Anglia ITV1 Anglia]
[http://www.itvregions.com/programmes.php?region=London ITV1 London]
[http://www.itvregions.com/programmes.php?region=West ITV1 West]
[http://www.meridiantv.com/programmes.php?region=Meridian ITV1 Meridian]
[http://www.itvregions.com/programmes.php?region=Wales ITV1 Wales]
[http://www.itvregions.com/programmes.php?region=Westcountry ITV1 Westcountry]
[http://www.itv.com/news/ ITV News Channel]
[http://www.current.tv/ Current]
[http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/new-site/hlt.html Headlines Today]
[http://www.imf.org/external/mmedia/showall.asp IMF]
[http://www.journeyman.tv Journeyman Pictures]
[http://www.arirang.co.kr Arirang TV]
[http://www.klas-tv.com/Global/story.asp?S=217621 Las Vegas ONE]
[http://www.newschannel5.com/content/fiveplus/ NewsChannel 5+]
[http://www.weather.com The Weather Channel]
[http://www.lintv.com/stations.html LIN TV]
[http://www.mcgraw-hill.com/ims/ McGraw-Hill Broadcasting Group]
Mediacorp (East Asia & Australia)
[http://ch5.mediacorptv.com/ Channel 5 (Singapore)]
[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/ Channel News Asia Singapore]
[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/ Channel News Asia International]
[http://www.meredith.com/broadcast/quickstats.htm Meredith]
Midi TV (South Africa)
[http://www.etv.co.za/ E-TV]
[http://www.c-span.org/ C-SPAN]
[http://www.c-span.org/ C-SPAN 2]
[http://www.c-span.org/ C-SPAN 3]
[http://www.ndtv.com NDTV 24x7]
[http://www.ndtv.com NDTV Profit]
[http://www.foxnewschannel.com/ Fox News Channel]
[http://www.nytco.com/company-properties-broadcast.html NYTC Broadcast Media Group]
[http://www.wreg.com/Global/category.asp?C=33720 News Channel 3 Anytime]
[http://www.nytimes.com/pages/multimedia/ New York Times Video]
[http://video.about.com/ About.com Video]
[http://www.cn8.tv/ CN8]
[http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/section?CATEGORY=SNN03 Six News Now]
[http://times.discovery.com Discovery Times Channel]
NHK (Japan)
[http://www.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/english/ NHK World]
[http://www.nato.int/multi/video/ NATO]
[http://www.pappastv.com/Links.asp Pappas Telecasting]
[http://www.theweathernetwork.com The Weather Network]
[http://www.ddindia.com/ Doordarshan]
[http://www.ddinews.com/ DD-News]
[http://www.pabroadcasting.com/ PA Broadcasting]
[http://www.pbs.org/news/ PBS]
[http://currentaffairs.ninemsn.com.au/ Nine Network]
[http://www.primetv.co.nz/linktxt.asp Prime TV (NZ)]
[http://www.wintv.com.au/winnet/news.asp WIN TV]
[http://www.nbntv.com.au NBN TV]
[http://www.imparja.com.au/news.htm Imparja]
[http://www.skynews.com.au Sky News Australia]
RTÉ (Ireland & UK)
[http://www.rte.ie/news/ RTÉ]
RTHK (Hong Kong SAR)
[http://www.rthk.org.hk/index_eng.htm RTHK]
[http://www.rnntv.com/NewsChooser/pages/multi_column/programming.htm RNN]
[http://about.reuters.com/tv/tv/ Reuters TV]
Russia Today (starts 2006)
Seven Network and Affiliates (Australia)
[http://seven.com.au/news Seven Network]
[http://www.southerncrossbroadcasting.com.au SCB]
[http://www.primetv.com.au Prime TV (Australia)]
[http://www.newscentral.tv/ News Central]
[http://www.euronews.com/ EuroNews]
SABC (Africa)
[http://www.sabcnews.co.za SABC]
[http://www.sabcafrica.co.za SABC Africa]
Parliamentary Service
[http://www.sbs.com.au SBS (Australia)]
TVB (Hong Kong)
[http://pearl.tvb.com/ TVB Pearl]
[http://www.tv18online.com/cnbcsite/main.php?filename=tv18 CNBC-TV18]
[http://www.tv18online.com/cnbcsite/main.php?filename=saw South Asia World]
[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/news_index_skin/news_index_group TVNZ]
TVRI (Indonesia)
[http://www.tvri.id/ TVRI English News Service]
[http://www.cnn.com/ CNN/US]
[http://www.cnn.com/HLN/ CNN Headline News]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/airport.network/ CNN Airport Network]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/ CNN International Europe/Middle East/Africa]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/ CNN International Asia Pacific]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/ CNN International South Asia]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/ CNN International Latin America]
[http://www.cnn.com/CNNI/ CNN International North America]
[http://newsource.cnn.com/ CNN Newsource]
[http://www.rnews.com/ R News]
[http://www.baynews9.com/ Bay News 9]
[http://www.cfnews13.com/ Central Florida News 13]
[http://www.ny1.com/ny1/OnTheAir/ny1_shows.jsp NY1]
[http://www.capitalnews9.com/ Capital News 9]
[http://www.news10now.com/ News 10 Now]
[http://www.news8austin.com/ News 8 Austin]
[http://www.news14.com/ News 14 Carolina]
[http://www.tribune.com/about/divisions/broadcasting.html Tribune Broadcasting]
[http://www.cltv.com/ CLTV]
[http://www.ssvc.com/bfbs/tv/reports/ BFBS]
[http://www.un.org/av/tv/ UN TV and Video]
[http://www.goodtv.com/ AmericanLife TV]
[http://www.voa.com/ VOA]
[http://www.defenselink.mil/afis/afrts/video/2minute.html AFRTS]
[http://www.pentagonchannel.mil/summaries.aspx The Pentagon Channel]
[http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/ NASA TV]
[http://www.cbsnews.com/ CBS]
[http://abcnews.go.com/?lid=ABCCOMMenu&lpos=ABCNews ABC (US)]
[http://abcnews.go.com/Video/VideoLive ABC News Now]
[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/espnews/ ESPNews]
[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/bspan/ B-SPAN]
[http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/webcas_e/webcas_e.htm WTO]
[http://www.weatherchannel.com.au The Weather Channel (Australia)]
[http://www.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Media Group]
See also
- :Category:24-hour television news channels
- Journalism
- News anchor
- U.S. television news
Category:Television news
Radio
Radio is the wireless transmission of signals, by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of light.
Radio waves
Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, created whenever a charged object (e.g. an electron) accelerates with a frequency that lies in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In radio, this acceleration is caused by an alternating current in an antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a few tens of hertz to a few hundred gigahertz.
Other types of electromagnetic radiation, with frequencies above the RF range are infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. Since the energy of an individual photon of radio frequency is too low to remove an electron from an atom, radio waves are classified as non-ionizing radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation travels (propagates) by means of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space equally well, and does not require a medium of transport (such as the aether). When radio waves pass an electrical conductor, the oscillating electric or magnetic field (depending on the shape of the conductor) induces an alternating current and voltage in the conductor. This can be transformed into audio or other signals that carry information. Although the word 'radio' is used to describe this phenomenon, the transmissions which we know as television, radio, radar, and cell phone are all classed as radio frequency emissions.
History and invention
The identity of the original inventor of radio, at the time called wireless telegraphy, is contentious. The controversy over who invented the radio, with the benefit of hindsight, can be broken down as follows:
:Q1: Who invented 'wireless transmission of data' (spark-gap radio)?
:A1: Alexander Popov, Guglielmo Marconi, Nikola Tesla (possibly in that order).
:Q2: Who invented amplitude-modulated (AM) radio, so that more than one station can send signals (as opposed to spark-gap radio, where one transmitter covers the entire bandwidth of the spectrum)?
:A2: Reginald Fessenden [http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/59.html] and Lee de Forest.
:Q3: Who invented frequency-modulated (FM) radio, so that an audio signal can avoid "static," that is, interference from electrical equipment and atmospherics?
:A3: Edwin H. Armstrong and Lee de Forest.
Early radios ran the entire power of the transmitter through a carbon microphone. While some early radios used some type of amplification through electric current or battery, through the mid 1920s the most common type of receiver was the crystal set. In the 1920s, amplifying vacuum tubes revolutionized both radio receivers and transmitters.
Discovery and development
The theoretical basis of the propagation of electromagnetic waves was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper to the Royal Society A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field, which followed his work between 1861 and 1865. In 1878 David E. Hughes was the first to transmit and receive radio waves when he noticed that his induction balance caused noise in the receiver of his homemade telephone. He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880 but was told it was merely induction. It was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, first validated Maxwell's theory through experiment, demonstrating that radio radiation had all the properties of waves (now called Hertzian waves), and discovering that the electromagnetic equations could be reformulated into a partial differential equation called the wave equation.
William Henry Ward was issued on April 30, 1872. Mahlon Loomis was issued on July 30, 1872. Landell de Moura, a Brazilian priest and scientist, conducted experiments after 1893 (but at least by 1894). He did not publicize his achievement until 1900. Claims have been made that Nathan Stubblefield invented radio before either Tesla or Marconi, but his device seems to have worked by induction transmission rather than radio transmission.
Wireless age
In 1893 in St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla made devices for his experiments with the electricity. Addressing the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia and the National Electric Light Association, he described and demonstrated in detail the principles of their work. [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/people.php?taid=&id=1234597&lid=1] They contained all the elements that were later incorporated into radio systems before the development of the vacuum tube. He initially experimented with magnetic receivers, unlike the coherers used by Marconi and other early experimenters. [http://www.teslasociety.com/teslarec.pdf]. Tesla is usually considered the first to apply the mechanism of electrical conduction to wireless practices.
On 19 August 1894, British physicist Sir Oliver Lodge demonstrated the reception of Morse code signalling using radio waves using a detecting device called a coherer, a tube filled with iron filings which had been invented by Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti at Fermo in Italy in 1884. Edouard Branly of France and Popov of Russia later produced improved versions of the coherer.
Alexander Popov, who was the first to develop a practical communication system based on the coherer, is usually considered to have been the inventor of radio. In 1894 he built a coherer and presented it to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society on May 7 1895 [http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/milestones_photos/popov.html]. In March 1896, he effected transmission of radio waves between different campus buildings in Saint Petersburg, but didn't care to apply for a patent.
The Indian physicist, Jagdish Chandra Bose, during the years 1894-1900, performed pioneering research on radio waves and created waves as short as 5 mm. [http://www.ieee-virtual-museum.org/collection/people.php?taid=&id=1234735&lid=1] In November 1894 J.C. Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using electromagnetic waves, confirming that communication signals can be sent without using wires. But he was not interested in patenting his work too.
In 1896 Marconi was awarded what is sometimes recognised as the world's first patent for radio with British Patent 12039, Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and signals and in apparatus there-for. In 1897 he established the world's first radio station on the Isle of Wight, England. The same year in the U.S., some key developments in radio's early history were created and patented by Tesla. The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision in 1904, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. Some believe this was made for financial reasons, allowing the U.S. government to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents.
In 1909, Marconi, with Karl Ferdinand Braun, was also awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". However, Tesla's patent (number 645576) was reinstated in 1943 by the U.S. Supreme Court, shortly after his death. This decision was based on the fact that prior art existed before the establishment of Marconi's patent. Some believe the decision was also made for financial reasons, to allow the U.S. government to avoid having to pay damages that were being claimed by the Marconi Company for use of its patents during World War I.
"Wireless" factories and vacuum tubes
Marconi opened the world's first "wireless" factory in Hall Street, Chelmsford, England in 1898, employing around 50 people. Around 1900, Tesla opened the Wardenclyffe Tower facility and advertised services. By 1903, the tower structure neared completion. Various theories exist on how Tesla intended to achieve the goals of this wireless system (reportedly, a 200 kW system). Tesla claimed that Wardenclyffe, as part of a World System of transmitters, would have allowed secure multichannel transceiving of information, universal navigation, time synchronization, and a global location system.
The next great invention was the vacuum tube detector, invented by a team of Westinghouse engineers. On Christmas Eve, 1906, Reginald Fessenden (using his heterodyne principle) transmitted the first radio audio broadcast in history from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Ships at sea heard a broadcast that included Fessenden playing O Holy Night on the violin and reading a passage from the Bible. The world's first radio news program was broadcast August 31, 1920 by station 8MK in Detroit, Michigan. The world's first regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment commenced in 1922 from the Marconi Research Centre at Writtle near Chelmsford, England.
20th century
Developments in the early 20th century (1900-1959):
- Aircraft used commercial AM radio stations for navigation. This continued through the early 1960s when VOR systems finally became widespread (though AM stations are still marked on U.S. aviation charts).
- In the early 1930s, single sideband and frequency modulation were invented by amateur radio operators. By the end of the decade, they were established commercial modes.
- Radio was used to transmit pictures visible as television as early as the 1920s. Standard analog transmissions started in North America and Europe in the 1940s.
- In 1954, Regency introduced a pocket transistor radio, the TR-1, powered by a "standard 22.5V Battery".
Developments in the latter half of the 20th century (1960-1999):
- In 1960, Sony introduced their first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next twenty years, transistors displaced tubes almost completely except for very high power, or very high frequency, uses.
- In 1963 color television was commercially transmitted, and the first (radio) communication satellite, TELSTAR, was launched.
- In the late 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing digital radios for many of its links.
- In the 1970s, LORAN became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with satellite navigation, culminating in the invention and launch of the GPS constellation in 1987.
- In the early 1990s, amateur radio experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and DARPA launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a software radio that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software.
- Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting in the late 1990s.
Uses of radio
software radio
software radio
Many of radio's early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the earliest users included the Japanese Navy scouting the Russian fleet during the Battle of Tsushima in 1905. One of the most memorable uses of marine telegraphy was during the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications between operators on the sinking ship and nearby vessels, and communications to shore stations listing the survivors.
Radio was used to pass on orders and communications between armies and navies on both sides in World War I; Germany used radio communications for diplomatic messages once its submarine cables were cut by the British. The United States passed on President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points to Germany via radio during the war.
Broadcasting began to become feasible in the 1920s, with the widespread introduction of radio receivers, particularly in Europe and the United States. Besides broadcasting, point-to-point broadcasting, including telephone messages and relays of radio programs, became widespread in the 1920s and 1930s.
Another use of radio in the pre-war years was the development of detecting and locating aircraft and ships by the use of radar (RAdio Detecting And Ranging).
Today, radio takes many forms, including wireless networks, mobile communications of all types, as well as radio broadcasting. Read more about radio's history.
Before the advent of television, commercial radio broadcasts included not only news and music, but dramas, comedies, variety shows, and many other forms of entertainment. Radio was unique among dramatic presentation that it used only sound. For more, see radio programming.
There are a number of uses of radio:
Audio
- AM broadcast radio sends music and voice in the Medium Frequency (MF—0.300 MHz to 3 MHz) radio spectrum. AM radio uses amplitude modulation, in which louder sounds at the microphone causes wider fluctuations in the transmitter power while the transmitter frequency remains unchanged. Transmissions are affected by static because lightning and other sources of radio add their radio waves to the ones from the transmitter.
- FM broadcast radio sends music and voice, with higher fidelity than AM radio. In frequency modulation, louder sounds at the microphone cause the transmitter frequency to fluctuate farther, the transmitter power stays constant. FM is transmitted in the Very High Frequency (VHF—30 MHz to 300 MHz) radio spectrum. FM requires more radio frequency space than AM and there are more frequencies available at higher frequencies, so there can be more stations, each sending more information. Another effect is that shorter VHF radio waves act more like light, travelling in straight lines, hence the reception range is generally limited to about 50-100 miles. During unusual upper atmospheric conditions, FM signals are occasionally reflected back towards the Earth by the ionosphere, resulting in Long distance FM reception. FM receivers are subject to the capture effect, which causes the radio to only receive the strongest signal when multiple signals appear on the same frequency. FM receivers are relatively immune to lightning and spark interference.
- FM Subcarrier services are secondary signals transmitted "piggyback" along with the main program. Special receivers are required to utilize these services. Analog channels may contain alternative programming, such as reading services for the blind, background music or stereo sound signals. In some extremely crowded metropolitan areas, the subchannel program might be an alternate foreign language radio program for various ethnic groups. Subcarriers can also transmit digital data, such as station identification, the current song's name, web addresses, or stock quotes. In some countries, FM radios automatically retune themselves to the same channel in a different district by using sub-bands.
- Aviation voice radios use VHF AM. AM is used so that multiple stations on the same channel can be received. (Use of FM would result in stronger stations blocking out reception of weaker stations due to FM's capture effect). Aircraft fly high enough that their transmitters can be received hundreds of miles (kilometres) away, even though they are using VHF.
- Marine voice radios can use AM in the shortwave High Frequency (HF—3 MHz to 30 MHz) radio spectrum for very long ranges or narrowband FM in the VHF spectrum for much shorter ranges.
- Government, police, fire and commercial voice services use narrowband FM on special frequencies. Fidelity is sacrificed to use a smaller range of radio frequencies, usually five kilohertz of deviation (5 thousand cycles per second), rather than the 75 used by FM broadcasts and 25 used by TV sound.
- Civil and military HF (high frequency) voice services use shortwave radio to contact ships at sea, aircraft and isolated settlements. Most use single sideband voice (SSB), which uses less bandwidth than AM. SSB sounds like ducks quacking on an AM radio. Viewed as a graph of frequency versus power, an AM signal shows power where the frequencies of the voice add and subtract with the main radio frequency. SSB cuts the bandwidth in half by suppressing the carrier and (usually) lower sideband. This also makes the transmitter about three times more powerful, because it doesn't need to transmit the unused carrier and sideband.
- TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio is a digital cell phone system for military, police and ambulances.
- Commercial services such as XM and Sirius offer digital Satellite radio.
Telephony
- Cell phones transmit to a local cell transmitter/receiver site, which connects to the public service telephone network through an optic fiber or microwave radio. When the phone leaves the cell radio's area, the central computer switches the phone to a new cell. Cell phones originally used FM, but now most use various digital encodings.
- Satellite phones come in two types: INMARSAT and Iridium. Both types provide world-wide coverage. INMARSAT uses geosynchronous satellites, with aimed high-gain antennas on the vehicles. Iridium provides cell phones, except the cells are satellites in orbit.
Video
- Television sends the picture as AM, and the sound as FM, on the same radio signal.
- Digital television encodes three bits as eight strengths of AM signal. The bits are sent out-of-order to reduce the effect of bursts of radio noise. A Reed-Solomon error correction code lets the receiver detect and correct errors in the data. Although any data could be sent, the standard is to use MPEG-2 for video, and five CD-quality (44.1 kHz) audio channels (center, left, right, left-back and right back). With all this, it takes only half the bandwidth of an analog TV signal because the video data is compressed.
Navigation
- All satellite navigation systems use satellites with precision clocks. The satellite transmits its position, and the time of the transmission. The receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as being on a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around each satellite, determined by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite. A computer in the receiver does the math.
- Loran systems also used time-of-flight radio signals, but from radio stations on the ground.
- VOR systems (used by aircraft), have a antenna array that transmits two signals simultaneously. A directional signal rotates like a lighthouse at a fixed rate. When the directional signal is facing north, an omnidirectional signal pulses. By measuring the difference in phase of these two signals, an aircraft can determine its bearing from the station. An aircraft can get readings from two VORs, and locate its position at the intersection of the two beams.
- Radio direction-finding is the oldest form of radio navigation. Before 1960 navigators used movable loop antennas to locate commercial AM stations near cities. In some cases they used marine radiolocation beacons, which share a range of frequencies just above AM radio with amateur radio operators.
- Radar detects things at a distance by bouncing radio waves off them. The delay caused by the echo measures the distance. The direction of the beam determines the direction of the reflection. The polarization and frequency of the return can sense the type of surface.
- Navigational radars scan a wide area two to four times per minute. They use very short waves that reflect from earth and stone. They are common on commercial ships and long-distance commercial aircraft
- General purpose radars generally use navigational radar frequencies, but modulate and polarize the pulse so the receiver can determine the type of surface of the reflector. The best general-purpose radars distinguish the rain of heavy storms, as well as land and vehicles. Some can superimpose sonar data and map data from GPS position.
- Search radars scan a wide area with pulses of short radio waves. They usually scan the area two to four times a minute. Sometimes search radars use the doppler effect to separate moving vehicles from clutter.
- Targeting radars use the same principle as search radar but scan a much smaller area far more often, usually several times a second or more.
- Weather radars resemble search radars, but use radio waves with circular polarization and a wavelength to reflect from water droplets. Some weather radar use the doppler to measure wind speeds.
Emergency services
- emergency position-indicating rescue beacons (EPIRBs), emergency locating transmitters or personal locator beacons are small radio transmitters that satellites can use to locate a person or vehicle needing rescue. Their purpose is to help rescue people in the first day, when survival is most likely. There are several types, with widely-varying performance.
- The oldest form of digital broadcast was spark gap telegraphy, used by pioneers such as Marconi. By pressing the key, the operator could send messages in Morse code by energizing a rotating commutating spark gap. The rotating commutator produced a tone in the receiver, where a simple spark gap would produce a hiss, indistinguishable from static. Spark gap transmitters are now illegal, because their transmissions span several hundred megahertz. This is very wasteful of both radio frequencies and power.
- The next advance was continuous wave telegraphy, or CW, in which a pure radio frequency, produced by a vacuum tube electronic oscillator was switched on and off by a key. A receiver with a local oscillator would "heterodyne" with the pure radio frequency, creating a whistle-like audio tone. CW uses less than 100Hz of bandwidth. CW is still used, these days primarily by amateur radio operators (hams). Strictly, on-off keying of a carrier should be known as "Interrupted Continuous Wave" or ICW.
- Radio teletypes usually operate on short-wave (HF) and are much loved by the military because they create written information without a skilled operator. They send a bit as one of two tones. Groups of five or seven bits become a character printed by a teletype. From about 1925 to 1975, radio teletype was how most commercial messages were sent to less developed countries. These are still used by the military and weather services.
- Aircraft use a 1200 Baud radioteletype service over VHF to send their ID, altitude and position, and get gate and connecting-flight data.
- Microwave dishes on satellites, telephone exchanges and TV stations usually use quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). QAM sends data by changing both the phase and the amplitude of the radio signal. Engineers like QAM because it packs the most bits into a radio signal. Usually the bits are sent in "frames" that repeat. A special bit pattern is used to locate the beginning of a frame.
- Systems that need reliability, or that share their frequency with other services may use "corrected orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing" or COFDM. COFDM breaks a digital signal into as many as several hundred slower subchannels. The digital signal is often sent as QAM on the subchannels. Modern COFDM systems use a small computer to make and decode the signal with digital signal processing, which is more flexible and far less expensive than older systems that implemented separate electronic channels. COFDM resists fading and ghosting because the narrow-channel QAM signals can be sent slowly. An adaptive system, or one that sends error-correction codes can also resist interference, because most interference can affect only a few of the QAM channels. COFDM is used for WiFi, some cell phones, Digital Radio Mondiale, Eureka 147, and many other local area network, digital TV and radio standards.
- Most new radio systems are digital, see also:Digital TV, Satellite Radio, Digital Audio Broadcasting.
Heating
Radio-frequency energy generated for heating of objects is generally not intended to radiate outside of the generating equipment, to prevent interferance with other radio signals.
- Microwave ovens use intense radio waves to heat food. (Note: It is a common misconception that the radio waves are tuned to the resonant frequency of water molecules. The microwave frequencies used are actually about a factor of 10 below the resonant frequency.)
- Diathermy equipment is used in surgery for sealing of blood vessels.
- Induction furnaces are used for melting metal for casting.
Mechanical Force
- Tractor beams: Radio waves exert small electrostatic and magnetic forces. These are enough to perform station-keeping in microgravity environments.
- Conceptually, Spacecraft propulsion: Radiation pressure from intense radio waves has been proposed as a propulsion method for an interstellar probe called Starwisp. Since the waves are long, the probe could be a very light-weight metal mesh, and thus achieve higher accelerations than if it were a solar sail.
Other
solar sail
- Amateur radio is a hobby where enthusiasts who purchase or build their own equipment and use radio for their own enjoyment. They may also provide an emergency and public-service radio service. This has been of great use, saving lives in many instances. Radio amateurs are able to use frequencies in a large number of narrow bands throughout the radio spectrum. Radio amateurs use all forms of encoding, including obsolete and experimental ones. Several forms of radio were pioneered by radio amateurs and later became commercially important, including FM, single-sideband AM, digital packet radio and satellite repeaters.
- Personal radio services such as Citizens' Band Radio, Family Radio Service, Multi-Use Radio Service and others exist in North America to provide simple, (usually) short range communication for individuals and small groups, without the overhead of licensing. Similar services exist in other parts of the world.
- Wireless energy transfer: A number of schemes have been proposed that transmit power using microwaves, and the technique has been demonstrated. (See Microwave power transmission). These schemes include, for example, solar power stations in orbit beaming energy down to terrestrial users.
- Radio remote control: Use of radio waves to transmit control data to a remote object as in some early forms of guided missile, some early TV remotes and a range of model boats, cars and aeroplanes. Large industrial remote-controlled equipment such as cranes and switching locomotives now usually use digital radio techniques to ensure safety and reliability.
See also
- Satellite radio
- Radio propagation and ionosphere
- Radio programming
- Old-time radio
- Music radio
- International broadcasting
- Amateur radio
- Army No. 11 set
- Shortwave
- Mediumwave
- Longwave
- Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- Transistor radio
- Crystal radio receiver
- Software radio
- Internet radio
- Types of radio emissions
- Dead air
- Radio astronomy
- Tuner (radio)
- Long distance FM reception (FM DX)
- VFO
- Lists
- Radio network
- List of radio stations
- List of Internet stations
External links
- [http://www.satelliteradionews.net/ Satellite Radio News.Net] Everything you need to know about Satellite Radio.
- Horzepa, Stan, "[http://www.arrl.org/news/features/2003/10/10/1/ Surfin': Who Invented Radio]?". Arrl.org. 10 October 2003.
- IAteacher: [http://www.iateacher.com/Lesson%206/L6P1-Title.htm Interactive Explanation of Radio Receiver Construction]
- U.S. Supreme Court, "[http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=320&invol=1 Marconi Wireless Telegraph co. of America v. United States]". 320 U.S. 1. Nos. 369, 373. Argued 9 April-12, 1943. Decided 21 June 1943.
- Radio Locator: [http://www.radio-locator.com/ Find a radio station in your area]
- On The Radio.Net: [http://www.ontheradio.net/ Find phone numbers and websites for commercials you heard on the radio!]
- [http://www.ovrc.org/ Ottawa Vintage Radio Club of Canada]
- [http://www.xmradio.com XM Satellite Radio]
- [http://www.oldradio.com The Broadcast Archive - Radio History on the Web!]
- [http://ndaeuro.online.fr/gargot/index.htm Radiozone]
- Directories
- [http://www.looksmart.com/eus1/eus317828/eus317855/eus52445/ LookSmart - Radio]
- [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Radio/ Open Directory Project - Radio]
- [http://dir.yahoo.com/News_and_Media/Radio/ Yahoo! - Radio]
Category:Radio
Category:Sound
ja:放送
simple:Radio
th:วิทยุ
Journalist
A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues and people.
Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find the sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are generally expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good.
Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.
Origin and scope of the term
In the early 19th century, journalist simply meant someone who wrote for journals, such as Charles Dickens in his early career. In the past century it has come to mean a writer for newspapers and magazines as well.
Many people consider journalist interchangeable with reporter, a person who gathers information and creates a written report, or story. However, this overlooks many other types of journalists, including columnists, leader writers, photographers, editorial designers, and sub-editors (British) or copy editors (American). The only major distinction is that designers, writers and art directors who work exclusively on advertising material - that is, material in which the content is shaped by the person buying the ad, rather than the publication - are not considered journalists.
Regardless of medium, the term journalist carries a connotation or expectation of professionalism in reporting, with consideration for truth and ethics although in some areas, such as the downmarket, scandal-led tabloids, the standards are deliberately negated.
18th-century journalists
- Joseph Addison - wrote many of the finest pieces in Steele's publications713-14), The Monitor (1714), The Manufacturer (1719-21), The Commentator (1720) and The Director (1720-1)
- Daniel Defoe - as editor of the Review, he can claim to have invented many of the most popular formats, including the eye-witness report, the travel piece and the strongly opinionated column. Defoe's Review began publication on February 19, 1704, and lasted until June 11, 1713. He was also involved in several other periodicals, including The Master Mercury (1704), Mercator: or, Commerce Retrieved
- Richard Steele - founded and edited London-based periodicals including The Guardian and The Spectator in the early 1700s.
19th-century journalists
- Nellie Bly (1865-1922) - undercover reporter
- William Cowper Brann (1855-1898) - colorful editor of the Iconoclast in Waco, Texas
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge - political essayist, poet, and reporter
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870) - started as a shorthand writer logging debates in the courts and Houses of Parliament before becoming a Parliamentary journalist
- Henry Dunckley (1823- 1896), editor of Manchester Examiner and Times
- Pierce Egan (1772-1849) - early sportswriter and reporter on popular culture
- Rudyard Kipling (1865-1956) - newspaper editor and correspondent in India
- Jacob Riis (1849-1914) - journalist and slum reformer
- [http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0001/royall.html Anne Newport Royall] - crusading reporter, author, newspaper publisher, first journalist to publish an interview with a sitting US President
- George Augustus Henry Sala (1828-1895) - editor and columnist
20th-century print journalists
- Adams (1871-1958) - American investigative journalist
- Jack Anderson - considered one of the fathers of investigative reporting
- Pierre Berton (1920-2004 -- colourful Klondike-born vocal Canadian nationalist figure and longtime journalist, author-historian, and broadcaster
- Herb Caen - a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle from the late 1930s until his passing in 1997
- Winston Churchill (1874-1965) war correspondent in the Boer War, captured by the Boers
- Claud Cockburn (1904-1981) radical Irish journalist
- C.P. Connolly (1863-1935) radical American investigative journalist associated for many years with Collier's Weekly.
- Paul Foot (1938-2004)
- Allan Fotheringham - witty and influential Canadian journalist and commentator for the Vancouver Sun, Maclean's Magazine and the Globe and Mail.
- Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998) war correspondent
- Carl Gordon (1931-2002) - West of Scotland based Journalist and columnist for The Glasgow Herald
- Emily Hahn (1905-1997) - wrote extensively on China
- John L. Hess (1917-2005) - journalist, food critic for the New York Times
- Bruce Hutchison (1901-1992) - long-time editor of the Vancouver Sun and writer/reporter for the Winnipeg Free Press and the Victoria Times, and editor of several books; considered the dean of British Columbian journalists
- Pauline Kael (1919-2001) - film critic for The New Yorker
- Andrew Kopkind (1935-1994) - radical American journalist wrote extensively social movements in the 1960s
- Will Lang Jr. (1914-1968) staff reporter and bureau head for Time and Life magazines
- A.J. Liebling (1904-1963) American journalist closely associated with The New Yorker
- Walter Lippmann (1889-1974)
- Jonathan Meades
- H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) - essayist, critic, and editor of The Baltimore Sun
- Margaret Lally "Ma" Murray (1908-1982)- editor and co-publisher of the outspoken and colourful backcountry newspaper, the Bridge River-Lillooet News and, later, the Alaska Highway News
- George Orwell (1903-1950), reported on poverty, misery, and the Spanish Civil War
- Robert Palmer (1945-1997) - first full-time, chief pop music critic for The New York Times, Rolling Stone contributing editor
- Daniel Pearl - acclaimed war correspondent
- William Rees-Mogg - editor of The Times newspaper from 1967 to 1981
- James ("Scotty") Reston (1909-1995), political commentator for the New York Times
- Edward Said (1935-2003) - essayist, Palestinian activist
- Paul Saint Pierre - (1923-present) - reporter, columnist, commentator in the Vancouver Sun and nationally across Canada, also a long-time Member of Parliament
- George Seldes (1890-1995), American journalist, editor and publisher of In Fact
- George Bernard Shaw - better known as a playwright, but influential as a music writer and wrote other forms of journalism
- Randy Shilts - reporter for The Advocate and San Francisco Chronicle
- Edgar Snow, pro-socialist journalist and writer, chronicled the Chinese revolution
- I.F. Stone (1907-1989), investigative journalist, publisher of I.F. Stone's Weekly
- Anna Louise Strong, pro-socialist journalist and writer
- Bob Woodward - Washington Post reporter, helped uncover the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon, in a historical journalistic partnership with Carl Bernstein; earned two Pulitzer Prizes
- Jack Wasserman - social/celebrity and politicial columnist for the Vancouver Sun beginning in 1949; Western Canada's equivalent to Walter Winchell
- Gary Webb - best known for his 1996 "Dark Alliance" investigative report series, in which he posited a connection between Nicaraguan Contras, the US military, and crack cocaine distribution in American cities
- Walter Winchell (1897-1972), American political columnist, radio broadcaster
20th-century broadcast journalists
- Lowell Bergman, a television producer for the CBS news magazine 60 Minutes; best known for investigating the tobacco industry
- David Brinkley, television anchor and interview show host on the American networks ABC and NBC
- Tom Brokaw, television journalist and former anchor and managing editor of The NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw
- Vernon Corea, a pioneering radio journalist and announcer with Radio Ceylon/SLBC and the BBC
- Walter Cronkite, former United Press correspondent, TV anchor for CBS News in the 50s, 60s
- Bob Edwards, anchor of Morning Edition on National Public Radio from 1979-2004
- Abraham Gubler, a television producer, magazine editor, journalist and broadcaster; best known for coverage of Iraq War
- Peter Jennings, television anchor for ABC
- Jim Lehrer, anchor of The Newshour with Jim Lehrer
- Dan Rather, succeeded Cronkite as managing editor and primary anchor of the CBS Evening News
- Edward R. Murrow, CBS News radio correspondent in London Blitz, maker of TV documentaries, noted interviewer
- Sorious Samura, CNN TV documentary maker from Sierra Leone
- Fritz Spiegl, popularizer of classical music for the BBC
- Brian Williams, succeeded Brokaw as managing editor and anchor of The NBC Nightly News
Internet-only journalists
In recent years the numbers of journalists publishing only on the Internet, as opposed to print or broadcast journalists whose work also appears online, has grown enormously. Some of the best-known include:
- Ana Marie Cox - works under the name Wonkette, known for humorous coverage of politics and life in Washington, D.C.
- Matt Drudge - The first famous Internet-only journalist for his work around scandals of the Clinton administration, in the United States.
- Richard Menta - Editor at MP3 Newswire and MP3.com
Journalists writing fiction
There are many examples of journalists who made their mark writing fiction or other non-journalism, including:
- Anthony Burgess, who wrote vast quantities of reviews and was famously fired as literary critic of the Yorkshire Post
- Amanda Craig, who writes satirical novels about English society
- Joan Didion
- Frederick Forsyth
- David Gates, who wrote about books and music for Newsweek
- Graham Greene who worked originally as sub-editor on The Times
- Carl Hiaasen, who writes about the corruption and glitter of Miami and Miami Beach, which he also covered as a reporter.
- Arturo Pérez Reverte and Manuel Leguineche were war correspondents before becoming successful Spanish novelists.
- Susan Sontag
- Calvin Trillin, who has written several humorous novels
- Tom Wolfe
Modern journalists
The explosion of modern media, including the creation of Internet-based news sources and the possibility that citizen journalism will greatly expand the field, has made it all but impossible to identify which journalists are notable, in the sense that they could be identified in the past.
See also
- Canadian Journalists for Free Expression
- Copy editor
- Editor
- Foreign correspondent
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange - monitors attacks on journalists
- Inverted pyramid - generally accepted method for composing a news story
- Investigative journalist
- Journalism scandals
- Lists of authors
- Muckraker
- Newsroom
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders)
- Scientific journalist
- Society of Professional Journalists - US professional organization
- Sportswriter
- War correspondent
External links
- [http://www.caj.ca/ Canadian Association of Journalists]
- [http://www.ifj.org/ International Federation of Journalists]
- [http://www.nuj.org.uk/ National Union of Journalists (UK)&(ROI)]
- [http://www.alliance.org.au/ Media, Arts and Entertainment Alliance (Australia)]
- [http://www.cpj.org/ Journalism.org: The Online Home of the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Committee of Concerned Journalists]
- [http://www.ire.org/ Investigative Reporters and Editors]
- [http://www.journalistid.com/ JournalistID International Database]
- [http://www.cpj.org/ Committee to Protect Journalists]
- [http://www.journalismnet.com/ The Investigative Guide to Internet Research]
- [http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/The-write-stuff/2005/03/20/1111253883620.html?oneclick=true "The write stuff"]. The Age. March 21, 2005. Two reasons for being a journalist: curiosity and love of writing.
- [http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/5002/journalist.html What Makes a Journalist?] - March 5, 2005 article in support of blogging as a form of journalism.
-
Category:Media occupations
ja:ジャーナリスト
Broadcasting:Note: broadcasting is also the old term for hand sowing. See also broadcasting (networks).
Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. This group may be the public in general, or a relatively large audience within the public. Thus, an Internet channel may distribute text or music world-wide, while a public address system in (for example) a workplace may broadcast very limited ad hoc soundbites to a small population within its range.
The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. With all technological endevours a number of technical terms and slang are developed please see Broadcasting Terms for a glossary of terms used.
Television and radio programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or cable, often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having decoding equipment in homes, the latter also enables subscription-based channels and pay-per-view services.
A broadcasting organisation may broadcast several programs at the same time, through several channels (frequencies), for example BBC One and Two. On the other hand, two or more org | | |
