Secondary boycott

Secondary boycott. An attempt by labor to convince others to stop doing business with a firm because it is doing business with a firm that is the subject of a primary boycott; prohibited by the Taft-Hartley Act. Category:Boycotts

Labor

Labour (Commonwealth English) or labor (American English) may mean:
- Labour, physical or mental work. Such work considered as supplying the needs of a community. A particular task, especially of a difficult nature.
- Manual labour, Physical work, may or may not be as a profession.
- Labour (economics), one of the three main factors of production.
- Labour (childbirth), the process of childbirth, especially the period from the start of uterine contractions to delivery.
- The Labour Party of any given country.

Primary boycott

Primary boycott. When a union encourages both its members and the general public not to buy the products of a firm involved in a labor dispute. Primary boycotts generally occur during labor negotiations and are a way for a union to either get management to the negotiating table or to help the union press for its demands. Success involving primary boycotts is mixed. See also: secondary boycott Category:Boycotts

Category:Boycotts

Category:Activism Category:Protest tactics

Multiracial

boy]] The terms multiracial, biracial, and mixed-race describe people whose ancestors are not of a single race. (Biracial strictly refers to those with ancestors from exactly two races). One example might be a mulatto, a person with a white and a black parent. Another might be the Mestizo who are descended from caucasian and indigenous ancestors. It is sometimes a matter of opinion if people are mixed-race, because races themselves are not clearly defined. This has caused some problems for census-takers. Multiracial also describes a society or group that is composed of people from more than one racial or ethnic group. See also multicultural and coloured.

Place in society

Societal acceptance of mixed-race marriages and offspring varies widely from person to person and region to region. In Nazi Germany, harsh race laws were enacted to establish "racial purity." In the United States, especially the Southeast, marriage between African American and Caucasian people has historically been looked down upon. (As recently as 2003, Taylor County High School in Taylor County, Georgia has held separate Prom celebrations for black and white students; however, some similar phenomena occur equally because of cultural differences and not specific prohibitions on marriage or dating.) However, recent data suggests that multiracial marriages are becoming increasingly common in the United States. In 2000, The Sunday Times reported that "Britain has the highest rate of interracial relationships in the world". Apparently contradicting this, more recent census data shows the population of England (as a sub-section of the UK) to be 1.3% mixed-race (2001), compared with, for example, 1.4% in the U.S. (2002 estimates; see below). However, as most of the English population is of one race (white)—even more so than in the US—so there are fewer opportunities for interracial relationships in England. In support of the report's conclusions, it can be calculated that 14.4% of English residents not identified as white are mixed-race, compared with 7.5% in the U.S. Surprisingly, Canada with a Black population of 2%, and a White population of 88%, mixed race relationships with Blacks and Whites are becoming increasingly common. The mixed race population is now the fourth largest group in the country, overwhelming the Filipino population and now stands at 1.2%. Censuses notwithstanding, any count of numbers of mixed-race people is subject to dispute. People may identify themselves as members of one single racial category despite having (potentially many) ancestors belonging to other categories, for various reasons. For instance, genetic studies of black Caribbean people show an ancestry that is on average 10% European and 90% African¹. Also, a considerable portion of the U.S. population identified as Black actually have some Native American or Caucasian (European) descent. Much of these categorization phenomena occur due to current or past cultural stereotyping or segregation. Multiracial individuals may feel the effects of an identity crisis. Some individuals take on the appearance of one of the racial groups, while others do retain characteristics of all groups. For example, a person who is half-Caucasian and half-Asian may have facial features and skin color of a Caucasian person rather than an Asian person, or vice versa.

Categorization and censuses

Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by US society. For example, when applying to schools, for a job, or taking standardized tests, all Americans are asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about four or five race choices are given with the instruction to "check only one." Many other such surveys include an additional "other" box, but this unfortunately groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: Caucasian/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians), as well as individuals who feel their race or ethnic identity is not included in the standard groups (ex: Jewish, Arab, Asian Indian). Perhaps most acceptable in the "multiple choice" format of race is to both provide an "other" box and to allow selection of multiple boxes, but some individuals will not be satisfied with any box checking. ethnicity, Thai, Native American and Caucasian descent.]] There remain many circumstances in which biracial individuals are left with no real response when asked for demographic data. But multiracial people won a victory of sorts with the 2000 United States Census, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: White, Black, Asian, Native American (North, Central or South America), Pacific Islander, Other. Further details are given in the article: Race (US Census). In contrast, the 2001 United Kingdom census offered specific mixed-race categories: "Mixed White and Black Caribbean", "Mixed White and Black African", "Mixed White and [South] Asian", and "Other Mixed", as well as "Other ethnic group".

Two million mixed-race Americans vanish

The 2000 US census [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&geo_id=01000US&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1] recorded 6.8 million mixed-race people. But population estimates for 2002 [http://eire.census.gov/popest/data/states/ST-EST2002-ASRO-03.php] reduce this figure to 4.2 million. Anti-miscegenation laws in the USA not only applied to blacks and whites but also to Asians, and less often to Native Americans. Hispanics of obvious African or Native American descent were also legally forbidden to marry whites in a few states.

External links

- [http://www.newdemographic.com New Demographic: a diversity training company that offers workshops and training seminars on issues related to mixed race identity and interracial relationships]
- [http://www.mixedmediawatch.com Mixed Media Watch: a blog that monitors how the media portrays mixed race people, interracial couples, and mixed families]
- [http://www.addictedtorace.com Addicted to Race: a podcast about America's obsession with race, with a specific emphasis on mixed race identity and interracial relationships. Hosted by Jen Chau and Carmen Van Kerckhove]
- [http://www.swirlinc.org Swirl: A mixed community.]
- [http://www.mavinfoundation.org MAVIN Foundation: The nation's leading organization advocating for mixed heritage people and families.]
- [http://www.mavinfoundation.org/projects/matchmaker.html MatchMaker: the only national program dedicated to mixed race marrow donor recruitment and education.]
- [http://www.chasingdaybreak.com Chasing Daybreak: A Documentary Film About Mixed Race in America]
- [http://www.asian-nation.org/multiracial.shtml Asian-Nation: Multiracial Asian Americans]
- [http://www.mulatto.org Mulatto.org: A website for Mulattos, people mixed with European and African, Black and White.]
- [http://www.vacilando.org/index.php?x=810 Latin America and the Concept of Social Race]
- [http://www.mixedfolks.com/ MixedFolks.com]
- [http://www.melungeon.org/?BISKIT=657841597&CONTEXT=cat&cat=10058 White Racial Identity, Racial Mixture, and the "One Drop Rule" by A. D. Powell]
- [http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=15042002-084051-5356r DNA Study published by United Press International showing how 30% of White Americans have at least one Black ancestor]
- [http://magazine.interracialweb.com INTERracialWeb Magazine: For the interracial and multiracial community as a whole.]

Sources

- John Harlow, The Sunday Times (London), 9 April 2000, quoting Professor Richard Berthoud of the Institute for Social and Economic Research
- ¹Motherland: A Genetic Journey, BBC Documentary, 2003. This also stated that 25% of Afro-Caribbean people have a European ancestor in the paternal (Y-chromosome) line of descent. Category:Multiracial affairs Category:Race

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