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Student

Student

] Etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation verb "stŭdērĕ", which means "to direct one's zeal at"; hence a student is one who directs zeal at a subject. Also known as a disciple in the sense of a religious area of study, and/or in the sense of a "discipline" of learning. In widest use, student is used to mean a school or class attendee. In many countries, the word student is however reserved for higher education or university students; persons attending classes in primary or secondary schools being called pupils. Currently, many children and teenagers are subject to compulsory education: by law they are required to attend some form of school. Laws vary from country to country, but most students are allowed to abandon their education when they reach the legal age of consent. Researchers, educators, and education administrators around the world are increasingly heeding student voice, a common reference to the experiences, opinions, ideas, and actions of children and youth in schools. This practice provides authenticity and efficacy for school improvement efforts. November 17 is the International Students Day, which commemorates those students killed at the beginning of World War II who called for peace; specifically, the date was chosen as a memory to Jan Opletal, and events following his death. In the UK, the word "student" generally refers to someone studying at an advanced level (non-compulsory education), for example, college and University. The word "pupil" is used for someone attending compulsory education such as High School.

Years

In the USA, where undergraduate degree courses commonly last four years, the following terms are generally used, sometimes also adopted in other countries :
- A freshman (or fresher, frosh, newbie etc.) is a first-year student in college or university, or, chiefly in the United States, in high school. (This word came from England, replaced there since by the term "fresher", but is now used far more frequently in U.S. English.) A growing number of people prefer the term "freshmore" as a gender-neutral alternative. At universities in the United Kingdom the term fresher is used to describe new students. Unlike the American term freshman it sometimes only applies in the first few months of a student's first year; the North American equivalent would be frosh (in singular and plural). The week before the start of a new year is called Freshers Week at many universities, with a programme of special events to welcome new students. The ancient Scottish University of St Andrews uses the terms bejant for a first year (from the French bec-jaune 'yellow beak', fledgling). Second years are called semi-bejants, third years known as tertians and finally fourth years, or others in their final year of study, even if sooner, are called magistrands. Although freshman has not been as touched by political correctness as other gender-suggesting words (such as chairman), some have begun calling first-year students freshpersons, and some colleges prefer the British "freshers." It should also be noted that freshman are generally picked on more than other classes, generally done by seniors. In many traditions (particularly in the USA, and less nowadays in some countries) there is a remainder of the ancient (boarding, pre-commuting) tradition of fagging, he or she may be subjected to a period of hazing as a pledge or rookie, especially if joining a fraternity/sorority or certain other clubs, mainly athletic teams. For example many US High Schools have initiation methods for freshmen including, but not limited to, Freshman Duct-taped Throw, Freshman races, Freshman Orientation, Freshman Freshening (refering to poor hygene among freshman), and the Freshman Spread. Even after that, specific rules may apply depending on the school's traditions (e.g. wearing a distinctive beanie), non-observance of which can be punished, even by a paddle line
- A sophomore is a second-year student. Folk-Etymologically, the word is said to mean "wise fool"; consequently sophomoric means "pretentious, bombastic, inflated in style or manner; immature, crude, superficial" (according to the Oxford English Dictionary). While it appears to be formed from Greek sophos, meaning "wise", and moros meaning "foolish", it is in truth from the word sophumer, an obsolete variant of sophism http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=sophomore&searchmode=none.
- A junior is a student in the penultimate (usually third) year of high school or college.
- The term middler is used to describe a third-year student of a school (generally college) which offers five years of study. In this situation, the fourth and fifth years would be referred to as "junior" and "senior" years, respectively.
- A senior is a student in the last (usually fourth) year at a high school, college, or university. A student taking more than normal (usually four years) to graduate is sometimes referred to as a super senior. The United States military academies do not use non-numerical terms. In order from first year to fourth year, students in these institutions are officially referred to as fourth-class, third-class, second-class, and first-class cadets or midshipmen. Freshman and sophomore are sometimes used figuratively, mainly in US English usage, to refer for example to a first or second effort ("the singer's freshman album"), or to a politician's first or second term in office ("sophomore senator") or an athlete's first or second year on a professional sports team. Junior and senior aren't used in this figurative way to refer to third and fourth years or efforts, because of those words' broader meanings of 'younger' and 'older'. (A junior senator is therefore not one who is in his or her third term of office, but rather merely one who has not been in the Senate as long as the other senator from his or her state.)

Middle English

Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion in 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the 1470s. The language as spoken after this time, up to 1650, is known as Early Modern English. Unlike Old English, which tended largely to adopt Late West Saxon scribal conventions in the immediate pre-Conquest period, Middle English as a written language displays a wide variety of scribal (and presumably dialectal) forms. It should be noted, though, that the diversity of forms in written Middle English signifies neither greater variety of spoken forms of English than could be found in pre-Conquest England, nor a faithful representation of contemporary spoken English (though perhaps greater fidelity to this than may be found in Old English texts). Rather, this diversity suggests the gradual end of Wessex's role as a focal point and trend-setter for scribal activity, and the emergence of more distinct local scribal styles and written dialects, and a general pattern of transition of activity over the centuries which follow, as the north east, East Anglia and London emerge successively as major centres of literary production, with their own generic interests.

Literary and Linguistic Cultures

Middle English was one of the three languages current in England. Though never the language of the church, which was always Latin, it lost status as a language of courtly life, literature and documentation, being largely supplanted by Anglo-Norman. It remained, though, the spoken language of the majority, and may be regarded as the only true vernacular language after about the mid-twelfth century, with Anglo-Norman becoming, like Latin, a learned tongue of the court. English did not cease to be used in the court: it retained a cartulary function (being the language used in royal charters); nor did it disappear as a language of literary production. Even during what has been called the 'lost' period of English literary history, the late eleventh to mid-twelfth century, Old English texts, especially homilies, saints' lives and grammatical texts, continued to be copied, used and adapted by scribes. From the later twelfth and thirteenth century there survives huge amounts of written material of various forms, from lyrics to saints' lives, devotional manuals to histories, encyclopaedias to poems of moral (and often immoral) discussion and debate, though much of it remains unstudied in part because it evades or defies modern, arguably quite restricted, categorisations of literature. Middle English is more familiar to us as the language of Ricardian Poetry and its followers, the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century literature cultures clustered around the West Midlands and around London and East Anglia: the poetry of William Langland and the Gawain Poet, or of London writers heavily influenced by European conventions and the city's writers such as Chaucer, Lydgate, and Gower, Malory or Caxton, the work of gifted Chaucerians like Gower and Hoccleve, and in particular of Chaucer himself in his Canterbury Tales and other shorter poems, which consistently revalues and reinvents older traditions which it nevertheless refuses to abandon entirely.

History

1000

:Syððan wæs geworden þæt he ferde þurh þa ceastre and þæt castel: godes rice prediciende and bodiende. and hi twelfe mid. And sume wif þe wæron gehælede of awyrgdum gastum: and untrumnessum: seo magdalenisce maria ofþære seofan deoflu uteodon: and iohanna chuzan wif herodes gerefan: and susanna and manega oðre þe him of hyra spedum þenedon; :-- Translation of Luke 8.1-3 from the New Testament Although it is possible to overestimate the degree of culture shock which the transfer of power in 1066 represented, the removal from the top levels of an English-speaking political and ecclesiastical hierarchy, and their replacement with a Norman-speaking one, both opened the way for the introduction of French as a language of polite discourse and literature and fundamentally altered the role of Old English in education and administration. Although Old English was by no means as standardised as modern English, its written forms were less subject to broad dialect variations than post-Conquest English. Even now, after a thousand years, the Norman influence on the English language is still visible. Consider these Modern English words derived from Old English: pig, cow, wood, sheep, house, worthy, bold. Contrast these with this set of related but overlapping Modern English words (in Modern English), all derived from Anglo-Norman French: pork, beef, forest, mutton, mansion, honourable, courageous. The role of Anglo-Norman as the language of government and law can be seen by the abundance of Modern English words for the mechanisms of government derived from Anglo-Norman: court, judge, jury, appeal, parliament. Also prevalent are terms relating to the chivalric cultures which arose in the twelfth century as a response to the requirements of feudalism and crusading activity. Early on, this vocabulary of refined behaviour begins to work its way into English: the word 'debonairte' appears in the 1137 Peterborough Chronicle, but so too does 'castel', another Norman import that makes its mark on the territory of the English language as much as on the territory of England itself. This period of trilingual activity developed much of the flexible triplicate synonymity of modern English. For instance, English has three words meaning roughly "of or relating to a king": kingly from Old English, royal from French and regal from Latin. Deeper changes occurred in the grammar. Bit by bit, as we have seen, the wealthy and the government anglicized again, though French remained the dominant language of literature and law for several centuries, even after the loss of the majority of the continental possessions of the English monarchy. The new English did not look the same as the old. Old English had a complex system of inflectional endings, but these were gradually lost and simplified in the dialects of spoken English. Gradually the change spread to be reflected in its increasingly diverse written forms. This loss of case-endings was part of a general trend from inflectional to fixed-order words which occurred in other Germanic languages, and cannot be attributed simply to the influence of French-speaking layers of the population. English remained, after all, the language of the majority. It certainly was a literary language in England, alongside Anglo-Norman and Latin from the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. In the later fourteenth century, Chancery Standard (or London English) - itself a phenomenon produced by the increase of bureaucracy in London, and a concomitant increase in London literary production - introduced a greater deal of conformity in English spelling. While the fame of Middle English literary productions tends to begin in the later fourteenth century, with the works of Chaucer and Gower, an immense corpus of literature survives from throughout the Middle English period.

c.1400

The Establishment is using English increasingly around this time. Parliament used English increasingly from around the 1360s, and the king's court used mainly English from the time of Henry V (acceded 1413). With some standardization of the language, English begins to exhibit the more recognisable forms of grammar and syntax that will form the basis of future standard dialects: :And it is don, aftirward Jesus made iourne bi cites & castelis prechende & euangelisende þe rewme of god, & twelue wiþ hym & summe wymmen þat weren helid of wicke spiritis & sicnesses, marie þat is clepid maudeleyn, of whom seuene deuelis wenten out & Jone þe wif off chusi procuratour of eroude, & susanne & manye oþere þat mynystreden to hym of her facultes :-- Luke 8.1-3 A text from 1391: Geoffrey Chaucer's [http://art-bin.com/art/oastro.html Treatise on the Astrolabe]. However, this was a time of upheaval in England. Five kings were deposed between 1399 and 1500, and one of them was deposed twice. New men came into positions of power, some of them from other parts of the country or lower levels in society. Stability only came gradually after 1485 with the Tudor dynasty. The language changed too - there was much change during the 15th century. But towards the end of that century, a more modern English was starting to emerge. Printing started in England in the 1470s. With a standardized, printed, English Bible and Prayer Book being read to church congregations from the 1540s, a wider public became familiar with a standard language, and the era of Modern English was underway.

Construction

Key points

With its simplified case-ending system, Middle English is closer to modern English than its pre-Conquest equivalent.

Nouns

Despite losing the slightly more complex system of inflexional endings, Middle English retains two separate noun-ending patterns from Old English. Compare, for example, the early Modern English words 'engel' (angel) and 'nome' (name):

singular:	nom/acc:	engel	nome
	gen:	engles -	nome
	dat:	engle	nome
plural:	nom/acc:	engles	nomen
	gen:	engle(ne) -	nomen
	dat:	engle(s)	nomen

The strong -s plural form has survived into Modern English, while the weak -n form is rare (oxen, children, brethren).

Verbs

As a general rule (and all these rules are general), the first person singular of present tense verbs ends in -e (ich here), the second person in -(e)st (þou spekest), and the third person in -eþ (he comeþ). (þ is pronounced like the voiced th in "that"). In the past tense, weak verbs are formed by an -ed(e), -d(e) or -t(e) ending. These, without their case endings, also form past participles, together with past-participle prefixes derived from the old English ge-: i-, y- and sometimes bi-. Strong verbs form their past tense by changing their stem vowel (e.g. binden -> bound), as in Modern English.

Pronouns

Post-Conquest English inherits its pronouns from Old English: First and Second Person

	First Person		Second Person
	singular	plural	singular	plural
nom.	ich, I	we	þu	ye
acc.	me	us	þe	yow, ow
gen.	min, mi	ure	þin	yower, ower
dat.	me	us	þe	yow, ow

Third Person

	masc.	neut.	fem.	pl.
nom.	he	hit	ho, heo, hi	hi, ho, heo
acc.	hine	hit	hi, heo	hi
gen.	his	his	hire, hore	hore, heore
dat.	him	him	hire	hom, heom

First and second pronouns survive largely unchanged, with only minor spelling variations. In the third person, the masculine accusative singular became 'him'. The feminine form was replaced by a form of the demonstrative that developed into 'she', but unsteadily - 'ho' remains in some areas for a long time. The lack of a strong standard written form between the eleventh and the fifteenth century makes these changes hard to map.

Pronunciation

Generally, all letters in Middle English words are pronounced. (Silent letters in Modern English come from pronunciation shifts but continued spelling conventions.) Therefore 'knight' is pronounced (with a pronounced K and a 'gh' as the 'ch' in German 'nicht'), not , as in Modern English. :Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages :And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes :To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; ::(Chaucer, Canterbury Tales) Words like 'straunge' are disyllabic. 'Palmeres' is trisyllabic. The differences between Old English and Middle English (and indeed Modern English) have led some to claim English is a glorified creole.

Chancery Standard

Chancery Standard was a written form of English used by government bureaucracy and for other official purposes from the late 14th century. It is believed to have contributed in a significant way to the development of the English language as spoken and written today.

Why did the Chancery Standard Develop?

Due to the differing dialects of English spoken and written across the country at the time, the government required a clear and unambiguous form for use in its official documents. Chancery Standard was developed to meet this need.

History of the Chancery Standard

The standard was developed during the reign of King Henry V, 1413 to 1422, in response to his order for government officials to use, like himself, English rather than Anglo-Norman or Latin. It had become broadly standardized by about the 1430s. It was largely based on the London and East Midland dialects, as those areas were the political and demographic "centres of gravity." However, it used other dialectical forms where they made meanings more clear, for example the northern "they", "their" and "them" were used rather than the London "hi/they", "hir" and "hem." This was perhaps because the London forms could be confused with words such as he, her, him. In its early stages of development, the clerks that used it would have been familiar with French and Latin. The strict grammars of those languages influenced the construction of the standard. It was not the only influence on later forms of English - its level of influence is disputed and a variety of spoken dialects continued to exist - but it provided a core around which Early Modern English could crystallise. By the mid-15th century, Chancery Standard was used for most official purposes except the Church (which used Latin) and some legal matters (which used French and some Latin). It was disseminated around England by bureaucrats on official business, and slowly gained prestige. Chancery Standard provided a widely-intelligible form of English for the first printers, who appeared later in the 15th century. Category:History of the English language

Verb

A verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("decompose", "glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "stand"). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object, etc.).

Valency

The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its valency, or valence. According to valency, a verb can be classified as one of:
- Intransitive (valency = 1): the verb only has a subject. For example: "he runs", "it falls".
- Transitive (valency = 2): the verb has a subject and a direct object. For example: "she eats fish", "we hunt rabbits".
- Ditransitive (valency = 3): the verb has a subject, a direct object and an indirect or secondary object. For example: "I gave her a book", "She sent flowers to me". It's possible to have verbs with valency = 0. A few of these appear in Spanish, Portuguese and other null subject languages and may be termed "impersonal verbs". For example: Llueve = "It rains". A similar type of verb, the weather verb, exists in English, but its non-pro-drop nature requires that a dummy pronoun be used. English verbs are often flexible with regards to valency. A transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can be added an object and become transitive. Compare:
- I gave. (intransitive)
- I gave flowers. (transitive)
- I gave flowers to John. (ditransitive) In the first example, the verb give describes the idea of giving, in the abstract; in the second, what was given is specified; in the third, both the gift and the recipient are set forth. In many languages other than English, such valency changes aren't possible like this; the verb must instead be inflected for voice in order to change the valency.

Copula

A copula is a word that is used to describe its subject, or to equate or liken the subject with its predicate. In many languages, copulas are a special kind of verb, sometimes called copulative verbs or linking verbs. Because copulas do not describe actions being performed, they are usually analysed outside the transitive/intransitive distinction. The most basic copula in English is to be; there are others (remain, seem, grow, become, etc.). Some languages (the Semitic family, Russian, Chinese, Sanskrit, and others) can omit the simple copula equivalent of "to be", especially in the present tense. In these languages a noun and adjective pair (or two nouns) can constitute a complete sentence. This construction is called zero copula.

Verbal noun and verbal adjective

Most languages have a number of verbal nouns that describe the action of the verb. In Indo-European languages, there are several kinds of verbal nouns, including gerunds, infinitives, and supines. English has gerunds, such as seeing, and infinitives such as to see; they both can function as nouns; seeing is believing is roughly equivalent in meaning with to see is to believe. These terms are sometimes applied to verbal nouns of non-Indo-European languages. In the Indo-European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called participles. English has an active participle, also called a present participle; and a passive participle, also called a past participle. The active participle of give is giving, and the passive participle is given. The active participle describes nouns that are wont to do the action given in the verb, e.g. a giving person. The passive participle describes nouns that have been the subject of the action of the verb, e.g. given money. Other languages apply tense and aspect to participles, and possess a larger number of them with more distinct shades of meaning.

Agreement

In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agrees with its primary argument (what we tend to call the subject) in person, number and/or gender. English only shows distinctive agreement in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs (which is marked by adding "-s"); the rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb. Spanish inflects verbs for tense/mood/aspect and they agree in person and number (but not gender) with the subject. Japanese, in turn, inflects verbs for many more categories, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject. Basque, Georgian, and some other languages, have polypersonal agreement: the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object and even the secondary object if present.

External link

- [http://www.verba.org Universal Conjugator] Category:Parts of speech ja:動詞 simple:Verb

DISCiPLE

DISCiPLE, Miles Gordon Technology's first product, was a floppy disk interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer. Like Sinclair's own Interface 1, the DISCiPLE was a wedge-shaped unit fitting under the Spectrum. It was designed as a super-interface, providing all the facilities a Spectrum owner could need. In addition to floppy-disk and parallel-printer interfaces and a "magic button" (see Non-Maskable interrupt), it also offered twin joystick ports, Sinclair network ports and an inhibit button for disabling the device. At the rear of the unit was a pass-through port for connecting further devices, although the complexity of the DISCiPLE meant that many would not work, or only if the DISCiPLE was "turned off" using the inhibit button. The DISCiPLE was a considerable success but its sophistication meant that it was expensive and the plastic casing, located beneath the computer itself, was sometimes prone to overheating. These factors led to the development of the PlusD. The popularity of the DISCiPLE, considering its relatively high price - approaching that of the Spectrum itself, and considerably more if a pair of disk drives and a dot-matrix printer were included - led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became Format Publications. For more information on the design, specification and use of the DISCiPLE, see the entry on MGT. Category:ZX Spectrum

School

:For other uses of the term school, see school (disambiguation). school (disambiguation) A school is most commonly a place designated for learning. The range of institutions covered by the term varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, the term school refers primarily to pre-university institutions, and these can, for the most part, be divided into primary schools (sometimes further divided into infant school and junior school), and secondary schools. School performance is monitored by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Education In North America, the term school can refer to any institute of education, at any level, and covers all of the following: preschool (for toddlers), kindergarten, elementary school, middle school (also called intermediate school or junior high school, depending on specific age groups and geographic region), high school, college, university, and graduate school. In the US, school performance through high school is monitored by each state's Department of Education. Many of the earlier public schools in the United States were one-room schools where a single teacher taught seven grades of boys and girls in the same classroom. Beginning in the 1920s, one-room schools were consolidated into multiple classroom facilities with transportation increasingly provided by kid hacks and school buses. In both, a school may also be a partially autonomous or indeed entirely separate institution, not necessarily a part of a system of compulsory public education at all, dedicated to learning within one particular field, such as a school of economics (e.g. the London School of Economics), a school of dance, or a school of journalism. London School of Economics]] In much of continental Europe, the term school usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between six and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between Gymnasiums and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school take between three and six years. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some upper or high schools (German: Hochschule) which are more accurately translated as colleges.
Records
The King's School, in Canterbury in the south east of England, may be the oldest existing school in the world. It was founded in 597 AD.
Criticism
During the twentieth century traditional schools have been the target of widespread criticism. The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu in his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste showed how schools help to reproduce class structure. Schools were accused of inhibiting rather than promoting the learning of children, basically by creating fear. People like A.S. Neill tried to create more libertarian schools (Summerhill) while others like John Holt saw home schooling as an alternative.
Bullying
Bullying can be a common problem within many schools. Programs to target bullying have often been introduced, but these are often unsuccessful.
External links

Pro-school

- [http://www.greatschools.net greatschools.net]
- [http://www.eschoolsearch.com/ eschoolsearch.com]
Against school

- [http://www.johntaylorgatto.com/historytour/history1.htm John Taylor Gatto, former New York State & New York City Teacher of the Year]
- [http://www.school-survival.net School Survival - Support site for kids who hate school]
Others

- [http://www.whocanteach.com Tutors Network] Category: Education ko:학교 ms:Sekolah ja:学校 simple:School

School

University

A university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas, meaning corporation (since the first medieval European universities were simply groups of scholars). medieval European universities]

History

Because of the above definition, the oldest universities in the world were all European, as the awarding of academic degrees was not a custom of older institutions of learning in Asia and Africa. However, institutions of higher learning considerably older than the most ancient European universities existed in countries such as China, Egypt and India. The Academy, founded in 387 BC by the Greek philosopher Plato in the grove of Academos near Athens, taught its students philosophy, mathematics, and gymnastics, and is sometimes considered a forerunner of modern European universities. Other Greek cities with notable educational institutions include Kos (the home of Hippocrates), which had a medical school, and Rhodes, which had philosophical schools. Another famous classical university was the Museum and Library of Alexandria. About a thousand years after Plato, institutions bearing a resemblance to the modern university existed in Persia and the Islamic world, notably the Academy of Gundishapur and later also al-Azhar University in Cairo. In Asia, there were a number of institutions of higher learning that vaguely resembled universities in the Western sense of the word. In general, these are of considerable antiquity, predating western institutions of higher learning by centuries. In China, it's recorded that the education system had been established during the Yu period (2257 BC - 2208 BC) and the imperial central academy was named Shangyang (Shang means higher and Yang means school) at the time. The higher learning institution - imperial central academy, was called Piyong in Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC - 249 BC), Taixue in Han Dynasty (202 - 220) and Guozijian in Sui dynasty. For example, Nanjing University traces its source back to the imperial central academy at Nanking founded in 258 by the Kingdom of Wu. The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination was established in the Sui Dynasty (581 -618) for evaluating and selecting officials from the general populace. The ancient cities of Nalanda, Vikramasila, Kanchipura and Takshasila were greatly reputed centres of learning in the east, with students from all over Asia. In particular, Nalanda was a famous center of Buddhist scholarship, and as such it attracted a vast number of Buddhist scholars from China, central Asia and Southeast Asia. In the Carolingian period, a famous academy was created by Charlemagne for the purpose of educating the children of aristocrats to help train the professionals needed to run an empire. It was a foreshadow of the rise of the University in the 11th century. The first European medieval university was the University of Magnaura in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), founded in 849 by the emperor Bardas, followed by the University of Salerno (9th century)University of Bologna (1088) in Bologna, Italy, and the University of Paris (c. 1100) in Paris, France. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali. In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarly sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. In Europe, young men proceeded to the university when they had completed the study of the trivium–the preparatory arts of grammar, rhetoric, and logic–and the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. (See degrees of Oxford University for the history of how the trivium and quadrivium developed in relation to degrees, especially in anglophone universities). Universities are generally established by statute or charter. In the United Kingdom, for instance, a university is instituted by Act of Parliament or Royal Charter; in either case generally with the approval of Privy Council, and only such recognized bodies can award degrees of any kind.

Universities around the world

The funding and organisation of Universities is very different in different countries around the world. In some countries Universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the University must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend University in their local town, while in other countries Universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide University accommodation for their students.

Universities and student life in different countries

- British universities
- Dutch universities
- French universities
- Irish universities
- Italian universities
- Spanish universities
- US universities
- Egyptian universities

Selective admissions

Unlike community colleges, enrollment at a university is generally not available to all. However, admission systems vary widely around the world, as discussed in the article college admissions.

Colloquial usage

Colloquially, the term university is used around the world for a phase in one's life: "when I was at university…"; in the United States, college is often used: "when I was in college…". See college, §3, for further discussion. In the United Kingdom and Australia "University" is often contracted to simply "Uni". The usual practice in the United States today is to call an institution made up of several faculties and granting a range of higher degrees a "university" while a smaller institution only granting bachelor's or associate's degrees is called a "college". (See liberal arts colleges, community college). Nevertheless, a few of America's oldest and most prestigious universities, such as Boston College, Dartmouth College and the College of William and Mary, have retained the term "college" in their names for historical reasons though they offer a wide range of higher degrees.

Related terms

: academia - academic rank - academy - admission - alumnus - aula - [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brain_farm Brain farm ]-Bologna process - business schools - Grandes écoles - campus - college - college and university rankings - dean - degree - diploma - discipline - [http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Dissertation dissertation] - faculty - fraternities and sororities - graduate student - graduation - lecturer - medieval university - medieval university (Asia) - mega university - perpetual student - professor - provost - rector - research - scholar - senioritis - student - tenure - tuition - undergraduate - universal access - university administration

References

- Walter Ruegg (ed), A History of the University in Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (3 vols) ISBN 0521361079 (vol 3 reviewed by Laurence Brockliss in the Times Literary Supplement, no 5332, 10 June 2005, pages 3-4). Category:Educational stages ko:대학교 ms:Universiti ja:大学 simple:University th:มหาวิทยาลัย

Teenager

Adolescence#Teenagers

Nation

:For publications of this name, see also Nation (disambiguation). One of the most influential doctrines in history is that all humans are divided into groups called nations. It is an ethical and philosophical doctrine in itself, and is the starting point for the ideology of nationalism. The nationals (the members of the "nation") are distinguished by a common identity, and almost always by a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or descent. The national identity refers both to the distinguishing features of the group, and to the individual’s sense of belonging to it. A very wide range of criteria is used, with very different application. Small differences in pronunciation may be enough to categorise someone as a member of another nation. On the other hand, two people may be separated by difference in personalities, belief systems, geographical locations, time and even spoken language, yet regard themselves and be seen by others, as members of the same nation. Nationals are considered to share certain traits and norms of behaviour, certain duties toward other members, and certain responsibilities for the actions of the members of the same nation. Nations extend across generations, and include the dead as full members. More vaguely, they are assumed to include future generations. No-one fixes a timespan, but a nation is typically several centuries old. Past events are evaluated in this context, for instance by referring to "our soldiers" in conflicts which took place hundreds of years ago. The term nation is often used synonymously with ethnic group (sometimes "ethnos"), but although ethnicity is now one of the most important aspects of cultural or social identity for the members of most nations, people with the same ethnic origin may live in different nation-states and be treated as members of separate nations for that reason. National identity is often disputed, down to the level of the individual. A state which explicitly identifies as the homeland of a particular nation is a nation-state, and most modern states fall into this category, although there may be violent disputes about their legitimacy. In common usage, terms such as nations, country, land and state often appear as near-synonyms, i.e., for a territory under a single sovereign government, or the inhabitants of such a territory, or the government itself; in other words, a de jure or de facto state. In a more strict sense, however, terms such as nation, ethnos, and peoples denominate a group of human beings, in contrast to country which denominates a territory, whereas state expresses a legitimised administrative and decision-making institution. Confusingly, the terms national and international are used as technical terms applying to states, see country.

Origins

The origins of nations are disputed, and these disputes form a major issue in the theory of nationalism. There are some biological theories of its origin, which see humans as territorial animals and the nation as a territory in this sense. Most theorists reject this as simplistic, and treat nations as a relatively late human social grouping. The most widely quoted theories place their origin in the late 18th and 19th century, although this dating is very disputed. Certainly the identification with a "nation" was promoted by early romantic nationalism at that time, usually in opposition to multi-ethnic (and autocratic) empires. The Avishai Margalit in The Ethics of Memory (2002), discusses the defining role of memory in shaping nations: "A nation," he says acerbically, "has famously been defined as a society that nourishes a common delusion about its ancestry and shares a common hatred for its neighbors. Thus, the bond of caring in a nation hinges on false memory (delusion) and hatred of those who do not belong."

Etymology

The first recorded use of the word "nation" was in 968, when Liutprand, bishop of Cremona, while confronting the Byzantine emperor on behalf of his patron Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, boldly declared in his report, "The Land": I answered, "which you say belongs to your empire belongs, as the nationality and language of the people proves, to the kingdom of Italy." (emphasis added)[http://mediaeval.ucdavis.edu/20A/Luitprand.html] The term derives from Latin natio and originally described the colleagues in a college or students, above all at the University of Paris, who were all born within a pays, spoke the same language and expected to be ruled by their own familiar law. In 1383 and 1384, while studying theology at Paris, Jean Gerson was twice elected procurator for the French nation (i.e. the French-born Francophone students at the University). The Paris division of students into nations was adopted at the University of Prague, where from its opening in 1349 the studium generale was divided among Bohemian, Bavarian, Saxon and various Polish nations.

Modern understanding

Since the 19th century, it is considered the norm that a nation coincides with a sovereign state, called a nation-state. That norm itself derives from the ideology of nationalism, which asserts that each nation deserves its own state. Before the 19th century, it is difficult to find examples that fit the modern idea of a nation-state. That does not mean that there is agreement on the number of nations, and their equivalence with a nation-state. Very few nations and nation-states have an undisputed territory and borders. There are many self-government movements, such as those in Belgium, the United Kingdom and Spain. There are nations which describe themselves as stateless nations, such as those of the Kurds and Assyrians. Claimed national territory may be partitioned, as in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. There are also examples of national identity without a corresponding state, or claim to a state. England is a nation in the United Kingdom, but unlike the other four component nations (Northern Ireland, Cornwall, Scotland and Wales) there has, until recently, been little sign of aspiration to self-government (see Campaign for an English Parliament). The term "state-nation" is sometimes used, for nations where the common identity derives from shared citizenship of a state. It implies that the state was formed first, and that the sense of national identity developed later, or in parallel. The Netherlands and France are often quoted as examples. However, both countries also have a strong ethnic identity and cultural identity, reflected in widespread attitudes to immigrants. If the nation was defined only by citizenship, then naturalised citizens would be accepted as equal members of the nation, and that is not the case. In most countries citizenship is sharply distinguished from nationality. Nation-states vary in their attitude to naturalisation and citizenship. In the United States, the only legal restriction on naturalised citizens is, that they may not hold the office of President, and the only act required of new citizens is an Oath of Allegiance. Many other countries have language and cultural knowledge tests, but they may be intended primarily as a barrier to immigration. Almost all nations are associated with a specific territory, the national homeland. Some live in a historical diaspora, that is, mainly outside the national homeland. The term diaspora now refers mainly to dispersed economic migrants and their descendants. The Roma, who are considered in some parts of Europe to be a distinct nation, are a diaspora without a clearly identified homeland. Where territory is disputed between nations, the claims may be based on which nation lived there first - the nation is considered to include past members. That is mainly the case in areas of historical European settlement (1500-1950). The term "First Nations" is used by groups which share an aboriginal culture, and seek official recognition or autonomy. The term nation is widely used, by extension or metaphor, to describe any group promoting some common interest or common identity, see Red Sox Nation and Queer Nation.

Related concepts

- Nationality
- Nationalism
- Nation-state
- Home Nations
- Country
- Constituent countries
- State
- State (law)
- Ethnicity
- Ethnic group
- Race
- Society
- Identity
- Identity politics

Links

- [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-41 Dictionary of the History of Ideas[:] Medieval and Renaissance ideas of Nation
- [http://www.tamilnation.org/nation.htm What is a Nation?] - Nadesan Satyendra Category:Ethnicity Category:Political geography ja:国民 simple:Nation

Youth voice

Youth voice is a fairly common neologism to refers to the distinct ideas, opinions, attitudes, knowledge, and actions of young people as a collective body.

Background

The term "youth voice" is often intended to group together a diversity of perspectives and experiences, regardless of backgrounds, identities, and cultural differences. Alternately, the plural forms of either word are usually intended to recognize plurality and diversity of experience, as in youths voice or youth voices. The concept is traditionally acknowledged by community and classroom educators and youth workers; it is increasingly employed by politicians, researchers, and mainstream media. The history of youth voice extends at least to the Middle Ages, when as a youth of 14 Joan of Arc led armies into battle. Other sources cite the historic examples of young lamas in Buddism, such as the current Dali Lama who was only 6 when he was identified as the next spiritual and political leader of Tibet; or Jesus Christ, who according to Christian tradition was just 12 when he began his effort to educate his community about his spiritual beliefs. In modern times, youth activism, which is reliant upon youth voice, began in the United States in the late 1800s. The US has seen continuous interest (although not sustained) in youth voice since that time, with particular upsurges in the 1930s (American Youth Congress), 1960s (SDS and SNCC) through to the early 1980s (National Commission on Resources for Youth). In the 1950s and 60s sociologist Margaret Mead actively promoted deepened understanding and engagement of youth voice, as well. Recently, a growing number of nonprofit, educational, and governmental programs around the world claim to advocate and/or engage youth voice in a variety of ways. They include The Freechild Project, YouthBuild USA, National Youth Rights Association, and youth councils around the world. The United Nations has heavily proponented youth voice through its Youth Unit, as well as the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Articles 5 and 12. A number of academics, authors, and advocates also proponent youth voice, including cultural critic Henry Giroux, activist/author William Upski Wimsatt, critical pedagogue Peter McLaren, and anti-racist/feminist/anti-imperialist theorist bell hooks. . Youth voice is essential in ensuring the young are accountable for the future of the country

Applications

Youth voice has many applications, as mentioned above. In communities, youth voice is heard in community youth development, Youth activism, and Youth councils; in schools, youth voice is heard in service learning, democratic schooling methods, student activism, and student-led school change. are all common applications. Other methods for acknowledging youth voice include engaging young people through neighborhood planning, program evaluation, community organizing, government advisory boards, nonprofit leadership, news reporting, and paticipatory action research.

Criticism

There are numerous detractors to both the concept of youth voice and the practice of gathering, invoking, extolling, or otherwise hearing youth voice. Perspectives range from what some call the inherent noblese oblige involved: that is, listening to youth voice involves adults feeling "humble" enough to "stoop" to the level of youth. There are also a number of concerns regarding the diversity of the youth who speak, as well as the reception of those who listen.

External links

- [http://www.youthactivism.com Youth Activism Project]
- [http://www.whatkidscando.org What Kids Can Do]
- [http:///www.atthetable.org At The Table]
- [http://www.itsteens.com Online Teen Magazine, helping youth voice their opinion]
- [http://www.soundout.org SoundOut] - Promoting youth voice in schools
- [http://rooseveltinstitution.org The Roosevelt Institution, a student think tank]

November 17

17 November is also the name of a Marxist group in Greece. ---- November 17 is the 321st day of the year (322nd in leap years), with 44 remaining.

Events

- 1292 - (Julian calendar) John Balliol becomes King of Scotland.
- 1558 - Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I of England.
- 1603 - English explorer, writer and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh goes on trial for treason.
- 1777 - Articles of Confederation submitted to the states for ratification.
- 1796 - Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Arcole - French forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.
- 1800 - The United States Capitol building in Washington, DC holds its first session of the U.S. Congress.
- 1820 - Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the first American to see Antarctica (the Palmer Peninsula was later named after him).
- 1839 - Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio opens in Milan.
- 1856 - American Old West: On the Sonoita River in present-day southern Arizona, the United States Army establishes Fort Buchanan in order to help control new land acquired in the Gadsden Purchase.
- 1858 - Modified Julian Day zero.
- 1863 - American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville begins - Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege.
- 1869 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
- 1871 - The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.
- 1903 - The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups; the Bolsheviks (Russian for "majority") and Mensheviks (Russian for "minority").
- 1911 - Formation of Omega Psi Phi Fraternity
- 1919 - George V, then King of the United Kingdom, proclaimed Armistice Day (later Remembrance Day), saying "that at the hour when the Armistice came into force, the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, there may be for the brief space of two minutes a complete suspension of all our normal activities … so that in perfect stillness, the thoughts of everyone may be concentrated on reverent remembrance of the glorious dead." The idea was first suggested by Edward George Honey.
- 1922 - Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI went on exile in Italy.
- 1941 - World War II: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables the State Department that Japan has plans to launch an attack against Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (his cable is ignored).
- 1962 - In Washington, DC, US President John F. Kennedy dedicates Dulles International Airport.
- 1967 - Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, US President Lyndon B. Johnson tells his nation that, while much remained to be done, "We are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress."
- 1968 - NBC preempts the final 1:05 minutes of a very close NFL football match between the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders with Heidi, prompting an outrage amongst sport fans.
- 1969 - Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki to begin SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.
- 1970 - Elton John plays a concert at A&R Studios in New York City which later becomes the album 11-17-70.
- 1970 - Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.
- 1970 - Luna program: The Soviet Union lands Lunokhod 1 on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world and was released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.
- 1970 - Douglas Engelbart receives the patent for the first computer mouse.
- 1973 - Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, US President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors "I am not a crook."
- 1973 - Student uprising against the military regime in Athens, Greece.
- 1974 - Aliança Operário-Camponesa (Worker-Peasant Alliance) founded in Portugal, as a front of PCP(m-l).
- 1983 - The Zapatista Army of National Liberation founded.
- 1985 - The first edition of Phrack is released. It became the oldest computer underground magazine still running after its 20 years of existence.
- 1989 - Cold War: Velvet Revolution begins - In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration in Prague is quelled by riot police. This sparks an uprising aimed at overthrowing the communist government (it succeeds on December 29).
- 1990 - Fugendake, part of the Mount Unzen volcanic complex, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan became active again and erupted.
- 1993 - Annie Proulx wins the National Book Award for her novel The Shipping News.
- 1995 - Public Radio International's radio program This American Life broadcasts its first episode, "New Beginnings".
- 1997 - In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut (police killed the assailants).
- 2000 - Catastrophical landslide in Log pod Mangartom,Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophies in Slovenia in the past 100 years.
- 2000 - Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.
- 2003 - Arnold Schwarzenegger is inaugurated Governor of California.
- 2004 - Kmart Corp. announces it is buying Sears, Roebuck and Co. for $11 billion and naming the newly merged company Sears Holdings Corporation.

Births

- 9 - Vespasian, Roman Emperor (d. 79)
- 1503 - Agnolo Bronzino, Italian painter (d. 1572)
- 1576 - Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
- 1587 - Joost van den Vondel, Dutch poet (d. 1679)
- 1612 - Dorgon, Manchu prince (d. 1650)
- 1681 - Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (d. 1776)
- 1685 - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de la Vérendrye, French-Canadian trader and explorer (d. 1749)
- 1717 - Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (d. 1783)
- 1755 - King Louis XVIII of France (d. 1824)
- 1765 - Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald, French marshal (d. 1840)
- 1790 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician (d. 1868)
- 1793 - Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, British painter (d. 1865)
- 1799 - Titian Peale, American artist (d. 1885)
- 1816 - August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
- 1835 - Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero and Governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
- 1857 - Joseph Babiński, Polish-French neurologist (d. 1932)
- 1866 - Voltairine de Cleyre, American anarchist (d. 1912)
- 1868 - Korbinian Brodmann, German neurologist (d. 1918)
- 1878 - Grace Abbott, American social worker and activist (d. 1939)
- 1878 - Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist (d. 1968)
- 1887 - Sir Bernard Montgomery, British World War II commander (d. 1976)
- 1895 - Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher (d. 1975)
- 1895 - Gregorio López y Fuentes, Mexican author (d. 1966)
- 1896 - Lev Vygotsky, Russian psychologist (d. 1934)
- 1899 - Douglas Shearer, Canadian film sound engineer (d. 1971)
- 1901 - Walter Hallstein, German politician (d. 1982)
- 1901 - Lee Strasberg, Austrian director (d. 1982)
- 1902 - Eugene Wigner, Hungarian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- 1904 - Isamu Noguchi, American sculptor (d. 1988)
- 1905 - Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935)
- 1905 - Mischa Auer, American actor (d. 1967)
- 1906 - Soichiro Honda, Japanese automobile pioneer (d. 1992)
- 1911 - Christian Fouchet, French diplomat (d. 1974)
- 1916 - Shelby Foote, American historian (d. 2005)
- 1922 - Stanley Cohen, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1923 - Bert Sutcliffe, New Zealand cricketer (d. 2001)
- 1925 - Rock Hudson, American actor (d. 1985)
- 1925 - Sir Charles Mackerras, American-born conductor
- 1928 - Rance Howard, American actor
- 1929 - Norm Zauchin, baseball player (d. 1999)
- 1936 - Dalia Rabikovich, Israeli poet (d. 2005)
- 1937 - Peter Cook, British comedian, satirist, and writer (d. 1995)
- 1938 - Gordon Lightfoot, Canadian singer
- 1939 - Auberon Waugh, British author (d. 2001)
- 1942 - Martin Scorsese, American film director
- 1943 - Lauren Hutton, American actress
- 1944 - Danny DeVito, American actor
- 1944 - Rem Koolhaas, Dutch architect
- 1944 - Lorne Michaels, Canadian producer
- 1944 - Tom Seaver, baseball player
- 1945 - Elvin Hayes, American basketball player
- 1946 - Terry E. Branstad, Former Governor of Iowa
- 1948 - Howard Dean, American politician
- 1951 - Stephen Root, American actor
- 1952 - Ties Kruize, Dutch field hockey player
- 1958 - Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, American actress
- 1960 - Jonathan Ross, British television presenter and radio broadcaster
- 1960 - RuPaul, American actor
- 1966 - Jeff Buckley, American musician (d. 1997)
- 1966 - Daisy Fuentes, Cuban model and actress
- 1966 - Sophie Marceau, French actress
- 1966 - Kate Ceberano, Australian singer
- 1968 - Amber Michaels, German porn actress
- 1969 - Jean-Michel Saive, Belgian table tennis player
- 1970 - Paul Allender, British singer (Cradle of Filth)
- 1973 - Alexei Urmanov, Russian figure skater
- 1975 - Diane Neal, American actress
- 1976 - Brandon Call, American actor
- 1977 - Ryk Neethling, South African swimmer
- 1978 - Reggie Wayne, American football player
- 1982 - Katie Feenstra, American basketball player

Deaths

- 375 - Valentinian I, Roman Emperor (b. 321)
- 641 - Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593)
- 680 - Hilda of Whitby (b. 614)
- 1231 - Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (b. 1207)
- 1326 - Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel, English politician (b. 1285)
- 1494 - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (b. 1463)
- 1558 - Queen Mary I of England (b. 1516)
- 1558 - Reginald Cardinal Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)
- 1562 - Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (b. 1518)
- 1592 - King John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
- 1600 - Kuki Yoshitaka, Japanese naval commander (b. 1542)
- 1632 - Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (b. 1594)
- 1643 - Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, marshal of France (b. 1602)
- 1648 - Thomas Ford, English composer
- 1665 - John Earle, English bishop
- 1668 - Joseph Alleine, English non-conformist preacher (b. 1634)
- 1690 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (b. 1610)
- 1708 - Ludolf Backhuysen, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
- 1713 - Abraham van Riebeeck, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1653)
- 1747 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer (b. 1668)
- 1768 - Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, British statesman (b. 1693)
- 1776 - James Ferguson, British astronomer (b. 1710)
- 1789 - Charlotte, Duchess of Albany, only child of Bonnie Prince Charlie (b. 1753)
- 1808 - David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (b. 1721)
- 1917 - Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
- 1929 - Herman Hollerith, American statistician (b. 1860)
- 1936 - Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Austrian contralto (b. 1861)
- 1937 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (b. 1860)
- 1938 - Ante Trumbić, Croatian politician (b. 1864)
- 1940 - Eric Gill, British sculptor and writer (b. 1882)
- 1959 - Heitor Villa-Lobos, Brazilian composer (b. 1887)
- 1968 - Mervyn Peake, British writer and illustrator (b. 1911)
- 1982 - Eduard Tubin, Estonian composer (b. 1905)
- 1982 - Leonid Borisovitch Kogan, Russian violinist (b. 1924)
- 1986 - Georges Besse, president of Renault (b. 1927)
- 1989 - Gus Farace, American gangster (murdered) (b. 1960)
- 1990 - Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
- 2000 - Louis Eugène Félix Néel, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 2001 - Michael Karoli, German guitarist (Can) (b. 1948)
- 2002 - Abba Eban, Israeli diplomat and politician (b. 1915)
- 2003 - Arthur Conley, American singer (b. 1946)
- 2003 - Don Gibson, American singer and songwriter (b. 1928)
- 2004 - Mikael Ljungberg, Swedish wrestler (b. 1970)
- 2004 - Alexander Ragulin, Russian hockey player (b. 1941)
- 2005 - Marek Perepeczko, Polish actor (b. 1942)

Holidays and observances

- R.C. Saints - Elisabeth of Hungary; Gregory of Tours; Hilda of Whitby; Hugh of Lincoln
- Also see November 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- International Students Day
- Life Day

Student

Years

See also

Middle English

Literary and Linguistic Cultures

History

1000

c.1400

Construction

Key points

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns

Pronunciation

Chancery Standard

Why did the Chancery Standard Develop?

History of the Chancery Standard

Verb

Valency

Copula

Verbal noun and verbal adjective

Agreement

See also

External link

DISCiPLE

School

Records

Criticism

Bullying

External links

Pro-school

Against school

Others

School

Records

Criticism

Bullying

External links

Pro-school

Against school

Others

University

History

Universities around the world

Universities and student life in different countries

Selective admissions

Colloquial usage

See also

Related terms

References

Teenager

Nation

Origins

Etymology

Modern understanding

Related concepts

See also

Links

Youth voice

Background

Applications

Criticism

See also

External links

November 17

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links