Trackway

.]]A trackway is a set of impressions in the soft earth, usually a set of footprints, left by a life-form. A fossil trackway is the fossilized imprint of a trackway. Trackways have been found all over the world. They are especially valuable for determining some characteristics of life-forms, such as behavior. Thus some trackways for hominids in Africa showed that they lived together and were not solitary. List of trackways
- Theropods, near Las Cruces, New Mexico
- Dinosaurs, England
- Dinosaurs, China
- Hominids, Africa

Theropod

?Eoraptor
Herrerasauria
Coelophysidae
Ceratosauria
Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea
Carnosauria
Coelurosauria
Theropods ("beast foot") are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs. Although they were primarily carnivorous, it is believed a number of theropod families evolved herbivory during the Cretaceous. Theropods first appear during the Carnian age of the Late Triassic (about 220 million years ago), and were the sole large terrestrial Carnivores from the Early Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous (65 million years ago). Today, they are represented by the 9,300 living species of birds, which evolved in the Late Jurassic from small specialized coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Among the features linking theropods to birds are the three-toed foot, a wishbone, air-filled bones, and (in some cases) feathers and brooding of the eggs.

Evolutionary History

During the late Triassic, a number of primitive proto-theropod and theropod dinosaurs existed and evolved alongside each other. The earliest and most primitive of the carnivorous dinosaurs are Eoraptor of Argentina, and the Herrerasaurs known so far from the early late Triassic (Late Carnian to Early Norian) of North and South America (and possibly also India and Southern Africa), and characterised by a mosaic of primitive and advanced features. Experts disagree over whether these animals are basal theropods, basal saurischians, or prior-to the saurischian-ornithischian split. The earliest and most primitive unambiguous theropods (or alternatively, Eutheropods - "True Theropods") are the Coelophysidae, a group of widely distributed, lightly built and apparently gregarious (Coelophysis, Syntarsus) animals that including not only smallish hunters like Coelophysis, but larger (6 meters) predators like Dilophosaurus. These successful animals continued from the Late Carnian (early Late Triassic) through to the Toarcian (late Early Jurassic). Although in the early cladistic classifications they were included under the Ceratosauria and considered a side-branch of more advanced theropods (e.g. Rowe & Gauthier 1990), they may have been ancestral to all other theropods (which would make them a paraphyletic assemblage (e.g. Mortimor 2001, Carrano et al 2002). The somewhat more advanced true Ceratosauria (including Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus) appear during the Early Jurassic, and continued through to the Late Jurassic in Laurasia, competing quite well alongside their more advanced tetanuran relatives, and - in the form of the abelisaur lineage - the end of the Cretaceous in Gondwana The Tetanurae are more specialised again than the Ceratosaurs. They are subdivided into Spinosauroidea or Torvosauroidea (originally called "Megalosaurs") which were most common during the Middle Jurassic but continue to the Middle Cretaceous, and the Avetheropoda. The Latter clade - as their name indicates - are more closely related to birds, and are again divided into the Carnosauria (including Allosaurus) and the Coelurosauria, a very large and diverse dinosaur group that was especially common during the Cretaceous. Thus during the late Jurassic there were no less than four distinct lineages of theropods - Ceratosaurs, Torvosaurs, Allosaurs (Carnosaurs), and Coelurosaurs, preying on the abundance of small and large herbivorous dinosaurs. All four groups survived into the Cretaceous, although only two - the Abelisaurs and the Coelurosaurs - seem to have made it to end of the period, where they were geographically separate; the Abelisaurs in Gondwana, and the Coelurosaurs in Asiamerica. Of all the theropod groups, the Coelurosaurs were by far the most diverse. Some Coelurosaur clades that flourished during the Cretaceous are: tyrannosaurs, including the famous Tyrannosaurus rex, the dromaeosaurs, including Velociraptor and Deinonychus, which are remarkably similar in form to the Archaeopteryx (Ostrom 1969, Paul 1988, Dingus & Rowe 1998), the superficially dromaeosaur-like Troodontidae, the omnivorous oviraptorosaurs, the herbivorous ornithomimids ("ostrich dinosaurs") and Therizinosauridae (with Falcarius utahensis as a recently discovered non-missing link between the carnivores and the vegetarian forms (Kirkland et al 2005)), and the birds, the only dinosaur lineage to survive the end Cretaceous mass-extinction. While the roots of these various groups must have been in the Late, or possibly even the Middle Jurassic, they only became abundant during the early Cretaceous. One paleontologist and popular writer, Gregory S. Paul, has suggested (Paul 1988, 2002) that these advanced theropods were actually descended from flying dinosaurs or proto-birds like Archaeopteryx that lost the ability to fly and returned to a terrestrial habitat. While this hypothesis can explain why coelurosaurs are so rare during the Jurassic, Paul's theory has not caught on among other vertebrate paleontologists.

References

- Carrano, M. T., Sampson, S. D. & Forster, C. A., (2002), The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Vol. 22, #3, pp. 510-534
- Dingus, L. & Rowe, T. (1998), The Mistaken Extinction: Dinosaur Evolution and the Origin of Birds, Freeman
- Kirkland, J. I., Zanno, L. E., Sampson, S. D., Clark, J. M. & DeBlieux, D. D., (2005) A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Utah, Nature: Vol. 435, pp. 84-87
- Mortimer, M., (2001) "[http://dml.cmnh.org/2001Jul/msg00110.html Rauhut's Thesis]", Dinosaur Mailing List Archives, 4 Jul 2001
- Ostrom, J.H. (1969). Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana, Peabody Museum Nat. History Bull., 30, 1-165
- Paul, G.S., (1988) Predatory Dinosaurs of the World Simon and Schuster Co., New York (ISBN 0671619462)
- ----- (2002) Dinosaurs of the Air (ISBN 0801867630):
- Rowe, T., & Gauthier, J., (1990) Ceratosauria. 151-168 in Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (eds.), The Dinosauria, University of California Press, Berkley, Los Angeles, Oxford. Category:Dinosaurs Category:Mesozoic ja:獣脚類

Las Cruces, New Mexico

Las Cruces is a city located in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 74,267, making it the second largest city in the state. Las Cruces is the center of an agricultural region irrigated by the Rio Grande, which flows through the city. Las Cruces is also the home of New Mexico State University. NMSU is New Mexico's only land-grant institution, citing more than 23,000 graduate and undergraduate students on the main campus and four branch campuses. The Organ Mountains are to the east of the city. Las Cruces has a city manager mayor-council form of government. It is the county seat of Doña Ana County. Las Cruces is also home to the annual Whole Enchilada Fiesta. The fiesta's main attraction is the creation of a very large(on average 10 feet in diameter) flat red enchilada by local restaurant owner Roberto Estrada. Besides this, the fiesta offers live music, rides, food vendors, and other attractions typical of fairs. In fact, the Southern New Mexico State Fair is usually held only a few days after the end of the Whole Enchilada Fiesta. The fiesta's mascot, "Twefie"(taken from the abbreviation of the fiesta's name) is a large red chile pepper wearing a sombrero. At the 2004 event, the Guinness Book of Records confirmed that Estrada had made the world's largest flat enchilada. (There was a pre-existing record for world's longest rolled enchilada, but not for world's largest flat enchilada.)

History

Las Cruces' name (Spanish for "the crosses") has been a disputed topic amongst historians. The most common theory is that in 1830, there was an Apache massacre of a party of nine travelers, including a Mexican Army General, a priest, and five choir boys. Only one choir boy survived the massacre, and buried the other, marking the graves with crosses. The area became known as "El Pueblo del Jardín de Las Cruces." The nearby village of Mesilla was founded in 1848 by settlers from Doña Ana, a village just north of the newly established U.S.-Mexico border, who wished to stay in Mexican territory after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that year. However in 1853, the region was incorporated into the United States with the Gadsden Purchase. Las Cruces was incorporated as a city in 1907. The completion of the Elephant Butte Dam and Reservoir to the north of the city in 1916 provided water for agriculture and electricity for urban development. Since World War II the growth of the nearby White Sands Missile Range and its National Aeronautics and Space Administration facilities added greatly to the local economy.

Geography

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Las Cruces is located at (32.319693, -106.765157). Elevation 4000 ft or 1219 m above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 135.2 km² (52.2 mi²). 134.9 km² (52.1 mi²) of it is land and 0.3 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.25% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 74,267 people, 29,184 households, and 18,123 families residing in the city. The population density is 550.5/km² (1,425.7/mi²). There are 31,682 housing units at an average density of 234.8/km² (608.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 69.01% White, 2.34% African American, 1.74% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 21.59% from other races, and 4.10% from two or more races. 51.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 29,184 households out of which 30.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% are married couples living together, 15.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% are non-families. 27.9% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.46 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 16.0% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,375, and the median income for a family is $37,670. Males have a median income of $30,923 versus $21,759 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,704. 23.3% of the population and 17.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 30.7% of those under the age of 18 and 9.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Education

[http://www.lcps.k12.nm.us/ Las Cruces Public Schools], the school district website.
- Colleges
- [http://www.nmsu.edu/ New Mexico State University]
- High schools
- [http://lascruces.k12.nm.us/ Las Cruces High School]
- [http://onate.lcps.k12.nm.us/ Onate High School]
- [http://mayfield.lcps.k12.nm.us/ Mayfield High School] is known to have a long standing football rivalry with Las Cruces High School.

Downtown

Most Las Crucens would agree that the modern "heart" of the city, where most stores and restaurants are located, is the area running down Telshor Boulevard and Lohman Avenue. Las Cruces' only shopping mall and a variety of retail stores and restaurants are located in this area. However, the historic downtown of the city is the area around Main Street, a six-block stretch of which was closed off in 1973 to form the Downtown Mall, a pedestrianized shopping area. This did not have the intended effect, however, as the mall nowadays is mostly empty and unvisited, and the entire downtown area seems to have decayed. Plans to re-open the mall to vehicular traffic have drawn criticism from people who feel the project will be too costly and from others who enjoy the aesthetics of the pedestrian mall. Nevertheless, the mall's north and south entrances have been torn down. Furthermore, in August 2005, a master plan was adopted, the centerpiece of which is the restoration of two-way traffic to Main Street.

Airport

Las Cruces has an airport, Las Cruces International Airport (LRU), although there have been no scheduled flights to this airport since Westward Airlines ceased operations. Its facilities are meager at best. The airport is used by private charters and the local CAP squadron. Most Las Crucens wanting to travel by air either drive or take shuttle buses to El Paso International Airport or Albuquerque International Sunport.

Points of interest

- A. R. Leding Cactus Garden
- New Mexico State University

External links

- [http://www.las-cruces.org/ Official city website]
- [http://www.twefie.com/ Whole Enchilada Fiesta website]
- [http://www.las-cruces.org/facilities/airport/ Las Cruces International Airport website]
- [http://www.zianet.com/cap/ Las Cruces Civil Air Patrol website] Category:Cities in New Mexico Category:Doña Ana County, New Mexico Category:Dona Ana County, New Mexico

Lasfaillades

Lasfaillades to miejscowość i gmina we Francji, w regionie Midi-Pyrénées, w departamencie Tarn. Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwało 80 osób, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 10 osób/km² (wśród 3020 gmin regionu Midi-Pyrénées Lasfaillades plasuje się na 983. miejscu pod względem liczby ludności, natomiast pod względem powierzchni na miejscu 1245.).

Linki zewnętrzne

- Źródło danych: [http://www.insee.fr Insee] Kategoria:Miejscowości Francji Kategoria:Departament Tarn

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