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| 2062 |
2062Millennia: 2nd millennium - 3rd millennium - 4th millennium
Centuries: 20th century - 21st century - 22nd century
Decades: 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s 2050s - 2060s - 2070s 2080s 2090s
Years: 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068
2069
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The decade as a whole
This decade is expected to be called the "twenty-sixties."
Events and trends
2060
- The year that Isaac Newton predicted the apocalypse will take place.
2061
- Comet Halley makes a return to the inner solar system - the last return was in 1986.
- Expected expiration of Singapore-Malaysia Water Agreement.
- Setting of Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2061: Odyssey Three.
2062
- The events of The Jetsons take place.
2063
- In the fictional Star Trek chronology, first contact between humans and Vulcans is made on April 5 of this year. (See Zefram Cochrane.) It is also the year of the first successful Terran warp flight.
- In the fictional Space: Above and Beyond chronology, interstellar Chig war begins following the destruction of the Earth Vesta and Tellus colonies.
2064
- Susan Calvin, prominent Robopsychologist, passes away this year in the Robot series of novels and stories by Isaac Asimov.
2065
- November 11 - Transit of Mercury
- November 22 12:45 UTC- Venus will occult Jupiter. This event will be the first occultation of a planet by another since January 3, 1818. Unfortunately this event will be very difficult to observe, because the elongation of Venus and Jupiter from the sun on November 22, 2065 will be only 7 degrees.
- Thunderbirds (TV series) Takes place in this year.
- The year the movie, Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, takes place.
2066
2067
- July 1 - 200th anniversary of Canada's confederation.
- July 15 11:56 UTC - Mercury will occult Neptune. Unfortunately, this rare event will be very difficult to observe.
2068
- Captain Scarlet takes place in this year.
2069
Category:Years in the future
Category:3rd millennium
Category:21st century
Category:2060s
ko:2060년대
ja:2060年代
Millennia
__NOTOC__
A millennium is a period of time, literally equal to one thousand years (from Latin mille, thousand, and annum, year). The term may implicitly refer to calendar millennia; periods tied numerically to a particular dating system, specifically ones that begin at the starting (initial reference) point of the calendar in question (typically the year 0 or the year 1) or in later years which are whole number multiples of a thousand years after it. This concept is the one primarily discussed in this article.
The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Frequently in the latter case (and sometimes also in the former) it may have religious or theological implications (see Millenarianism). Especially in religious usage such an interval may be interpreted less precisely, being not necessarily exactly 1,000 years long.
In the common Western calendar, which lacks a year numbered zero and begins instead with the year 1, there are two main viewpoints about naming millennia. There was a popular debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether 2000 was the beginning of a new millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries, and millennia.
Counting years
Ordinal
The original method of counting years was ordinal, whether 1st year AD or regnal 10th year of King Henry VIII. This ordinal numbering is still present in the names of the millennia and centuries, for example 1st Millennium or the 20th century, and sometimes in the names of decades, e.g. 1st decade of the 21st century.
Cardinal
In recent years, most people have moved to counting individual years as cardinal numbers, for example 1945 or 1998. The usage 1999th year AD is no longer found. This follows scientific usage, for example astronomical year numbering. As a result, some other calendar names have also moved to cardinals, e.g. 1980s is an acceptable name for a particular decade. However, 1600s could be understood as either a decade or a century.
Ranges
Although the above change from ordinals to cardinals is incomplete or may never be completed, the main issues arise from the content of the various year ranges. Similar issues affect the contents of decades and centuries.
Those following ordinal year names naturally choose
- 2001-2010 as the current decade
- 2001-2100 as the current century
- 2001-3000 as the current millennium
Those following cardinal year names equally naturally choose
- 2000-2009 as the current decade
- 2000-2099 as the current century
- 2000-2999 as the current millennium
Arbitrariness
As a side-note to the debate on timing of the turn of the millennium, the arbitrariness of the exact date deserves attention. Firstly, the widely-used Gregorian calendar is a (secular) de facto standard, but is based on a significant Christian event, the birth of Jesus; thus the foundation of the calendar has little or no meaning to any non-Christian celebrants. Additionally, the calendar is one amongst many still in use and those used historically. Secondly, adjustments and errors in the calendar (such as Dionysius Exiguus's incorrect calculation of AD 1) make the particular dates we use today arbitrary.
However, given that Gregorian calendar is an accepted standard, it is valid to discuss the significant dates within it, be it the timing of religious festivals (such as the moving date of Easter which Dionysius Exiguus was involved in calculating) or the delineation of significant periods of time, such as the end of a millennium.
Finally, although post-2000 the significance of the debate is greatly diminished, we have only to wait until the turn of the next decade, century or millennium for it to rear its head again.
Viewpoint 1: xx01-xx00
Those holding that the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e. December 31 2000), argued that since the Gregorian calendar has no year zero, the millennia should be counted from AD 1. Thus the first period of one thousand complete years would be from the beginning of AD 1 to the end of AD 1000, and the beginning of the second millennium would be celebrated in the transition from 1000 to 1001. The second millennium would then end at the end of the year 2000.
Arthur C Clarke gave this analogy (from a statement received by Reuters): "If the scale on your grocer's weighing machine began at 1 instead of 0, would you be happy when he claimed he'd sold you 10 kg of tea?". Jeopardy! game show host Alex Trebek proudly welcomed his guests and contestants to the "first day of the twenty-first century" on the January 1, 2001 episode.
Viewpoint 2: xx00-xx99
The "year 2000" has also been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set, adding to its cultural significance. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K bug. Thus, the populist argument was that the new millennium should begin when the zeroes of 2000 "rolled over", i.e. December 31 1999. People felt that the change of hundred digit in the year number, and the zeros rolling over, created a sense that a new century had begun. This is similar to the common demarcation of decades by their most significant digits, e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as the 1980s or "the eighties". Similarly, it would be valid to celebrate the year 2000 as a cultural event in its own right, and name the period 2000 to 2999 as "the 2000s".
The majority of "millennium" celebrations were held at midnight on December 31 1999 / January 1 2000 reflecting the popular mood.
Commentary
Stephen Jay Gould noted in his essay Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000) (Dinosaur in a Haystack) that celebrations and media announcements marked the turn into the 20th century along the 1900-1901 border (citing, amongst other examples, the New York Times headline "Twentieth Century's Triumphant Entry"). He also included comments on adjustments to the calendar, such as those by Dionysius Exiguus (the eponymous Diminutive Dennis), the timing of celebrations over different transitional periods, and the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Further of his essays on this topic are collected Questioning the Millennium : A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown.
In the editorial to 2002's Best American Essays Gould highlights the use of historical events, rather than transitional dates, to delineate periods of history: "Many commentators have stated — quite correctly in my view — that the twentieth century did not truly begin in 1900 or 1901, by any standard of historical continuity, but rather at the end of World War I, the great shatterer of illusions about progress and human betterment... I suspect that future chroniclers will date the inception of the third millennium from September 11, 2001."
(Similarly, some commentators delineate the Middle Ages from the Fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Fall of Constantinople.)
Douglas Adams highlighted the sentiment that those in favour of a 2001 celebration were pedantic spoilsports in his short web-article Significant Events of the Millennium. This sentiment was also demonstrated when, in 1997, Australian Prime Minister John Howard made a point in favour of the 2001 celebration and was named "the party pooper of the century" by local newspapers.
In an episode of the American sitcom Seinfeld entitled "The Millennium", it is revealed that the character Newman specifies the date of the millennium party that he is planning to be for the "millennium new year," meaning December 31, 2000. Thus Newman's party does not conflict with the party Kramer is planning for December 31, 1999, but will be perceived as "quite lame" according to Jerry, as the majority of people will be celebrating the new millennium on December 31, 1999.
In the The X-Files movie, Scully mentions that the new millennium doesn't start until January 1, 2001, to which Mulder responds "No one likes a math geek, Scully."
Millenium
Millenium is a common misspelling of millennium, found in many advertisements near the end of 1999.
See also
- Astronomical year numbering
- Calendar and List of calendars
- Centuries for a list of Wikipedia millennia
- Century
- Decades
- Millennialism
- Millenarianism
- Third millennium
External links
- [http://www.dilettantepress.com/Essayisthtdocs/Stephen_Jay_Gould.html Full text of DDDD = 2000] Beware of errors that invalidate the points intended to be supported by the text.
- [http://www.douglasadams.com/dna/pedants.html Significant Events of the Millennium]
- [http://www.endtimepilgrim.org/millennium.htm The Coming Millennium of Messiah]
- Category:Units of time
ja:ミレニアム
simple:Millennium
3rd millennium(2nd millennium – 3rd millennium – 4th millennium – other millennia)
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The third millennium is the third period of one thousand years in the Common Era. However, there are two opinions on the start and end dates.
Start and End Dates
For those who start counting their calendar from January 1 1, then the third millennium began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar.
In the sense of the Common Era calendar, the third millennium began on January 1, 2000 and will end on December 31, 2999. The majority of the celebrations for the start of the third millennium occurred at midnight on December 31 1999 / January 1 2000. The first decade of the new millennium (see below) contains the year 2000.
Events
- September 11, 2001 attacks are one of the few events of the progressing 3rd Millennium that have had significant and polarizing effects on international affairs and relations.
- Some millennialists and Christian anarchists predict the third millennium will be the millennium of peace, when mankind finally learns to live in harmony with each other and nature.
Centuries and Decades
External link
- [http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/newmill.htm A website arguing that the new millennium began on January 1, 2000]
Category:Prophecy
ja:3千年紀
4th millennium(3rd millennium – 4th millennium – 5th millennium – other millennia)
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Centuries
31st century | 32nd century | 33rd century |
Astronomical events
The Earth will experience 2366 solar eclipses.
- 3126 July 22: Venus occults Regulus
- 3187 October 21: Venus occults Regulus
- 3230 October 8: Venus occults Spica
- 3414 October 25: Venus occults Regulus
- 3711/12: multi-triple conjunction between Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune
- 3982 August 27: Mercury occults Regulus
Fiction
- Some say the year 3797 (or 3786 according to others) is the year Nostradamus claims will be the end of the world.
- The animated series Futurama is set in the 4th millennium (although the first season, which takes place in the year 3000, is in the last year of the 3rd millennium).
References
- [http://www.marco-peuschel.de/Regulusbedeckungen%20durch%20die%20gro%DFen%20Planeten.pdf Occultations of Regulus by planets]
- [http://www.marco-peuschel.de/merkurvenushellesterne.html Occultations of bright stars by inner planets]
- [http://www.marco-peuschel.de/dreifachkonjunktionen.htm Triple planetary conjunctions]
20th century
The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. Common usage sometimes regards it as lasting from 1900 to 1999, but this is incorrect since counting of calendar years begins with the year 1.
The 20th century is also sometimes known as the nineteen hundreds (1900s). Decades are almost always considered as starting with the "0" year and named accordingly ("1960s", etc.).
However, a number of arguments have been used to justify the common usage. One was advanced, erroneously, by Stephen Jay Gould. He claimed that the first decade had only nine years, thus contradicting the definition of decade equaled 10 years. Another argument is that the astronomical year numbering system for years does have a year zero, the year normally known as 1 BC. In 2000 the International Organization for Standardization clarified ISO 8601 to use the astronomical year numbering system, which could be interpreted as retrospectively endorsing all the people who had celebrated the new century a few months earlier.
The term is also used to describe various periods that overlap with the calendar definition, most notably the Short twentieth century, which claims that the 20th Century spanned from 1914 to 1989, rendering the pre-WWI 1900s into the 19th Century and putting the 1990s at the beginning of the 21st Century.
Indeed, the part of the 20th Century before World War I is quite identical to the late 1800s culturally and technologically and the 1990s decade pointed in many ways (such as the rise of the Internet) to the 21st Century and is seen by some as not being truly a part of the 20th Century.
Overview
The twentieth century saw a remarkable shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of technological, medical, social, ideological, and political innovations. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage and became an influence on the lives of everyday people. War reached an unprecedented scale and level of sophistication; in the Second World War (1939-1945) alone, approximately 57 million people died, mainly due to massive improvements in weaponry. The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the 19th century, continued at an ever-increasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world peace. As the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy said:
:What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal.
Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century and for the first time, any individual could influence the course of history no matter their background. Arguably, the 20th century re-shaped the face of the planet in more ways than any previous century.
- Death rates
- Infant mortality
- Infectious disease
- Life expectancy
- Maternal death rates
- Battles
Scientific discoveries such as relativity and quantum physics radically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was much more complex than they had previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the preceding century that the last few details of knowledge were about to be filled in.
For a more coherent overview of the historical events of the century, see The 20th century in review.
The 20th century has sometimes been called, both within and outside the United States, the American Century, though this is a controversial term.
Important developments, events and achievements
Science and technology
- The assembly line and mass production of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and cheaper products. This allowed the automobile to become the most important means of transportation.
- The invention of heavier-than-air flying machines and the jet engine allowed for the world to become "smaller". Space flight increased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global real-time communications via geosynchronous satellites.
- Mass media technologies such as film, radio, and television allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
- Mass availability of the telephone and later, the computer, especially through the Internet, provides people with new opportunities for near-instantaneous communication
- Applied electronics, notably in its miniaturized form as integrated circuits, made possible the above mentioned rise of mass media, telecommunications, ubiquitous computing, and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of exponentially growing calculation power (see supercomputer).
- The development of Nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
- Advances in fundamental physics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons (known informally as "the Bomb" and dropped on the industrial town of Hiroshima and the historic one of Nagasaki), the nuclear reactor, and the laser. Fusion power was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
- Inventions such as the washing machine and air conditioning led to an increase in both the quantity and quality of leisure time for the middle class in Western societies.
- Most influential inventions in the 20th century: antibiotics, oral contraceptives, new plastics, transistors, Internet
- More...
Wars and politics
- Democratic nations began to extend voting privileges to all adults.
- Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Japan, the United States and the British Commonwealth. World War I led to the creation of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe. Ironically, it was said by many to be the 'War to end all Wars'.
- The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and shortly to World War II. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered greatly in the Second -- from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust.
- During World War I, in Russia the Bolshevik putsch led to the Russian Revolution of 1917. After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spreading all over the world: notably, to Eastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba. This led to the Cold War and proxy wars with the western world, including wars in Korea (1950-53) and Vietnam (1957 - 75).
- The "fall of Communism" in the late 1980s freed Eastern and Central Europe from Soviet supremacy. It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism, and left the United States as the world's superpower.
- Through the League of Nations and, after World War II, the United Nations, international cooperation increased. Other efforts included the formation of the European Union, leading to a common currency in much of Western Europe, the euro around the turn of the millennium.
- The end of colonialism led to the independence of many African and Asian countries. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
- The creation of Israel, a Jewish state in a mostly Arab region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the Arab countries.
- The term Southeast Asia coined.
Culture and entertainment
- Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.
- After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques women became more independent throughout the century.
- Rock and Roll and Jazz styles of music are developed in the United States, and quickly become the dominant forms of popular music in America, and later, the world. The Beatles, a 1960s British Rock and Roll band, becomes one of the most successful acts of all time, and is credited, in their experimental later albums, with permanently changing what was thought possible in popular music.
- Modern art developed new styles such as expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.
- The automobile provided vastly increased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the early to mid-century, spreading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a leading symbol of modern society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
- Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.
Disease and medicine
- Although the availability and quality of medicine continued to improve, epidemic diseases continued to spread, aided by modern transportation. An influenza pandemic, the Spanish Flu, killed 25 million between 1918 and 1919, while AIDS is yet uncured and treatments remain too expensive for wide use in developing countries.
- Advances in medicine, such as the invention of antibiotics, decreased the number of people dying from diseases. Contraceptive drugs and organ transplantation were developed. The discovery of DNA molecules and the advent of molecular biology allowed for cloning and genetic engineering.
Natural resources and the environment
- The widespread use of petroleum in industry -- both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane -- led to the vital geopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of geopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century. (For example, oil was a factor in Japan's decision to go to war against the United States in 1941, and the oil cartel, OPEC, used an oil embargo of sorts in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in the 1970s).
- A vast increase in fossil fuel consumption leads to depletion of natural resources, while air pollution has led to the develoment of an ozone hole and, many believe, global warming and both local and global climate change. The problem is increased by world-wide deforestation, also causing a loss of biodiversity. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decreased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net increase in the amount of fossil fuel that is readily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.
Significant people
World leaders
- Africa
- Gnassingbe Eyadema, Togo
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire
- Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia
- Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya
- Idi Amin, Uganda
- Nelson Mandela, South Africa
- Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe
- Gamal Abdal Nasser, Egypt
- Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
- Julius Nyerere, Tanzania
- Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia
- Muammar al-Qaddafi, Libya
- Haile Selassie, Ethiopia
- Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal
- Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea
- Americas
- Juan Perón, Argentina
- Eva Perón, Argentina
- Getúlio Vargas, Brazil
- Luis Carlos Prestes, Brazil
- Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazil
- Wilfrid Laurier, Canada
- William Lyon Mackenzie King, Canada
- Pierre Trudeau, Canada
- Salvador Allende, Chile
- Augusto Pinochet, Chile
- Fidel Castro, Cuba
- Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, Argentina/Cuba
- Emiliano Zápata, Mexico
- Pancho Villa, Mexico
- Lázaro Cárdenas del Río, Mexico
- Augusto César Sandino, Nicaragua
- Fernando Belaúnde Terry, Peru
- Alberto Kenya Fujimori, Peru
- Theodore Roosevelt, USA
- Woodrow Wilson,USA
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, USA
- Harry S Truman, USA
- Dwight Eisenhower, USA
- John F. Kennedy, USA
- Lyndon B. Johnson, USA
- Richard Nixon, USA
- Ronald Reagan, USA
- Bill Clinton, USA
- George H. W. Bush, USA
- José Batlle y Ordóñez, Uruguay
- Romulo Betancourt, Venezuela
- Asia
- Mahatma Gandhi, India
- Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore
- Ferdinand Marcos, the Philippines
- Corazon Aquino, the Philippines
- Mao Zedong, People's Republic of China
- Deng Xiaoping, People's Republic of China
- Pol Pot, Cambodia
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan
- Indira Gandhi, India
- Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia
- Jawaharlal Nehru, India
- Emperor Hirohito, Japan
- Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
- Sun Yat-sen, Republic of China
- Chiang Kai-shek, Republic of China
- Achmad Sukarno, Indonesia
- Suharto, Indonesia
- Australia and Oceania
- Edmund Barton, Australia
- Sir Robert Menzies, Australia
- Peter Fraser, New Zealand
- Michael Joseph Savage, New Zealand
- David Lange, New Zealand
- Europe
- Franz Joseph of Austria, Austria-Hungary
- Václav Havel, Czech Republic
- Franjo Tuđman, Croatia
- Archbishop Makarios III, Cyprus
- Urho Kekkonen, Finland
- Philippe Pétain, France
- Charles de Gaulle, France
- Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, France
- François Mitterrand, France
- Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany
- Friedrich Ebert, Germany
- Adolf Hitler, Germany
- Konrad Adenauer, West Germany
- Walter Ulbricht, East Germany
- Erich Honecker, East Germany
- Willy Brandt, West Germany
- Helmut Kohl, Germany
- Gerhard Schröder, Germany
- Eleftherios Venizelos, Greece
- Ioannis Metaxas, Greece
- Konstantinos Karamanlis, Greece
- Andreas Papandreou, Greece
- Miklós Horthy, Hungary
- Imre Nagy, Hungary
- Benito Mussolini, Italy
- Aldo Moro, Italy
- Eamon de Valera, Ireland
- Einar Gerhardsen, Norway
- Józef Piłsudski, Poland
- Lech Wałęsa, Poland
- António de Oliveira Salazar, Portugal
- Mário Soares, Portugal
- Nicolae Ceauşescu, Romania
- Milan Kučan, Slovenia
- Francisco Franco, Spain
- Felipe González, Spain
- Adolfo Suárez, Spain
- Olof Palme, Sweden
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey
- Neville Chamberlain, United Kingdom
- Winston Churchill, United Kingdom
- Margaret Thatcher, United Kingdom
- Tony Blair, United Kingdom
- Josip Broz Tito,Yugoslavia
- Slobodan Milošević, Yugoslavia
- Russia and Soviet Union
- Czar Nicholas II
- Vladimir Lenin
- Joseph Stalin
- Leon Trotsky
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Boris Yeltsin
- Middle East
- Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iran
- Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran
- Mohammad Mosaddeq, Iran
- Ayatollah Khomeini, Iran
- Ayatollah Khamenei, Iran
- Mohammad Khatami, Iran
- Abdul Nasser, Egypt or United Arab Republic
- Anwar Sadat, Egypt or United Arab Republic
- David Ben-Gurion, Israel
- Golda Meir, Israel
- Menachem Begin, Israel
- Yitzhak Rabin, Israel
- Hafez el Assad, Syria
- Saddam Hussein, Iraq
- King Hussein, Jordan
- Yassar Arafat, Palestine
Scientists
; Biology and Anthropology
- Norman Borlaug
- Francis Crick
- Theodosius Dobzhansky
- Paul Ehrlich
- Jane Goodall
- Stephen Jay Gould
- Hans Adolf Krebs
- Ernst Mayr
- John Maynard Smith
- Albert Szent-Györgyi
- James Watson
; Chemistry
- Elias Corey
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie
- Pierre Curie
- Fritz Haber
- Stanley Miller
- Linus Pauling
- Ernest Rutherford
- J.J. Thomson
- Harold Urey
; Computer Science
- John Backus
- Edsger Dijkstra
- Richard Matthew Stallman
- Linus Torvalds
- Grace Murray Hopper
- John von Neumann
- Claude Shannon
- Alan Turing
- William Gates III
; Mathematics
- Paul Erdős
- Kurt Gödel
- David Hilbert
- Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
- Benoit Mandelbrot
- John Nash
- John von Neumann
; Medicine and Pharmacy
- Carl Djerassi
- Alexander Fleming
- Howard Walter Florey
- Ma Haide (George Hatem)
- Jonas Salk
; Physics and Astronomy
- Abdus Salam
- Niels Bohr
- Paul Dirac
- Freeman Dyson
- Albert Einstein
- Enrico Fermi
- Richard Feynman
- Stephen Hawking
- Werner Karl Heisenberg
- Edwin Hubble
- Wolfgang Pauli
- Max Planck
- Carl Sagan
- Erwin Schrödinger
; Psychology
- Aaron T. Beck
- Mary Whiton Calkins
- Albert Ellis
- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Kinsey
- Stanley Milgram
- Ivan Pavlov
- Jean Piaget
- B.F. Skinner
- John B. Watson
Humanities
- Art and Literary Theory
- Rudolf Arnheim
- Clive Bell
- Fredric Jameson
- Pauline Kael
- Siegfried Kracauer
- Raymond Williams
- Civil Rights
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Economics
- John Maynard Keynes
- John Kenneth Galbraith
- Milton Friedman
- Ludwig von Mises
- History
- Stephen Ambrose
- Charles A. Beard
- Marc Bloch
- Fernand Braudel
- Lucien Febvre
- Jacques Le Goff
- Philosophy
- Theodor Adorno
- Louis Althusser
- Hannah Arendt
- Gaston Bachelard
- Walter Benjamin
- Henri Bergson
- Gilles Deleuze
- Michel Foucault
- Jürgen Habermas
- Martin Heidegger
- W. V. Quine
- John Rawls
- Bertrand Russell
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Alfred North Whitehead
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Political Science
- Robert A. Dahl
- Maurice Duverger
- Francis Fukuyama
- Arend Lijphart
- C. Wright Mills
Business
- Paul Allen
- Warren Buffett
- Walt Disney
- Henry Ford
- Bill Gates
- Howard Hughes
- Steve Jobs
- Linus Torvalds
- Donald Trump
- Sam Walton
- Thomas J. Watson
Aerospace pioneers
- Alberto Santos-Dumont
- Robert Goddard
- Wernher von Braun
- Neil Armstrong
- Louis Bleriot
- Yuri Gagarin
- Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov
- Freddie Laker
- Charles Lindbergh
- Ron McNair
- Ellison Onizuka
- Herman Potočnik Noordung
- Alan Shepard
- Valentina Tereshkova
- Wright Brothers
- Chuck Yeager
Military leaders
- Moshe Dayan
- Dwight Eisenhower
- Sir Bernard Freyberg
- Charles de Gaulle
- Vo Nguyen Giap
- Che Guevara
- Douglas Haig
- Paul von Hindenburg
- Erich Ludendorff
- Douglas MacArthur
- Rudolf Maister
- Bernard Montgomery
- Chester Nimitz
- George Patton
- Colin Powell
- Erwin Rommel
- Franc Rozman Stane
- Leon Trotsky
- Mao Zedong
- Georgy Zhukov
Spiritual figures
- Pope Pius X
- Pope Pius XII
- Pope John XXIII
- Pope John Paul II
- Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi
- Mother Teresa of Calcutta
- The 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Thubten Gyatso
- The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso
- The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
- The Rev. Billy Graham
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Ramana Maharshi
- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
- Ayatollah Khomeini
- Ayatollah Khamenei
- Rasputin
- Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson
- Rev. Dr. Sun Myung Moon
Artists
- Josef Albers
- Ernst Barlach
- Balthus
- Max Beckmann
- Hans Bellmer
- Joseph Beuys
- Louise Bourgeois
- Constantin Brancusi
- George Braque
- John Cage
- Marc Chagall
- Giorgio de Chirico
- Chuck Close
- Enzo Cucchi
- Salvador Dalí
- Otto Dix
- Marcel Duchamp
- Jacob Epstein
- Max Ernst
- Lyonel Feininger
- Helen Frankenthaler
- Alberto Giacometti
- Juan Gris
- Walter Gropius
- Erich Heckel
- Barbara Hepworth
- Eva Hesse
- Donald Judd
- Frida Kahlo
- Wassily Kandinsky
- Anselm Kiefer
- Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
- Paul Klee
- Yves Klein
- Gustav Klimt
- Oskar Kokoschka
- Käthe Kollwitz
- Willem de Kooning
- Jannis Kounellis
- Le Corbusier
- Sol LeWitt
- Roy Lichtenstein
- El Lissitzky
- René Magritte
- Marino Marini
- Henri Matisse
- Joan Miró
- Amedeo Modigliani
- László Moholy-Nagy
- Piet Mondrian
- Henry Moore
- Robert Motherwell
- Edvard Munch
- Bruce Nauman
- Emil Nolde
- Eduardo Paolozzi
- Pino Pascali
- Max Pechstein
- Pablo Picasso
- Jackson Pollock
- Diego Rivera
- Alexander Rodchenko
- Auguste Rodin
- James Rosenquist
- Mark Rothko
- Henri Rousseau
- Egon Schiele
- Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
- Kurt Schwitters
- Richard Serra
- Robert Smithson
- Andy Warhol
- Frank Lloyd Wright
Music
- ABBA
- King Sunny Ade
- Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
- Louis Armstrong
- Béla Bartók
- Alban Berg
- Luciano Berio
- Chuck Berry
- Pierre Boulez
- David Bowie
- John Cage
- Ray Charles
- John Coltrane
- Aaron Copland
- Dalida
- Gary Davis
- Miles Davis
- Claude Debussy
- Bob Dylan
- Carlos Gardel
- Marvin Gaye
- George Gershwin
- Philip Glass
- Amy Grant
- Nazia Hassan
- Jimi Hendrix
- Gustav Holst
- Michael Jackson
- Janis Joplin
- Scott Joplin
- Aram Khachaturian
- Kraftwerk
- Fela Kuti
- Led Zeppelin
- Bob Marley
- Olivier Messiaen
- Nirvana
-
22nd century
The twenty-second century comprises, for some, the years 2101 to 2200. This is almost the same as the twenty-one hundreds, which is the time between 2100 and 2199. (Some people argue that, because there was no year 0, this is not the same as the 22nd century, although some people, correctly or incorrectly, treat it as so).
See also: Future
Astronomical predictions for the 22nd century
- The Earth will experience 239 lunar eclipses.
- A total solar eclipse exceeding 7 minutes of totality will occur on June 25, 2150. This will be the first time this has happened in 177 years. But eclipse fans will not have to wait nearly so long for it to happen again —on July 5, 2168 an eclipse with 7 min 26 s of totality will occur, and on July 16, 2186 an eclipse of 7 min 29 s —close to the theoretical maximum— will occur. This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to AD 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC.DEPP).
- December 11, 2117: Transit of Venus
- 2123: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
- September 14, 2123: At 15:28 UTC, Venus will occult Jupiter
- December 8, 2125: Transit of Venus
- July 29, 2126: At 16:08 UTC, Mercury will occult Mars
- December 3, 2133: At 14:14 UTC, Mercury will occult Venus
- Comet Halley will return to the inner solar system in 2134.
- 2148: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- 2170: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
- Given that Pluto's orbit is approximately 248 Earth years, the year 2178 will mark the 1st Plutonian anniversary of the planet's discovery.
- 2185: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- 2187: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
- September 2, 2197: Venus occults Spica (last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783)
Scientific Predictions
- First Martian and Lunar colonies on the Moon and Mars established.
- Beginnings of commercial power fusion industry.
- Formation of a Type I civilization under the Kardashev scale.
Science fiction set in the 22nd century
Literature (novels, short stories, comic books)
- Distress by Greg Egan
- The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut
- Heads and Moving Mars, books by Greg Bear
- Kaleidoscope Century by John Barnes (frame story)
- Noon Universe created by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky
- Rendezvous with Rama, a book by Arthur C. Clarke
- When Gravity Fails, a book by George Alec Effinger
- Judge Dredd, a 2000 AD story (note that the earliest episodes took place in 2099, though most following stories have taken place in the 22nd century, usually 122 years after real-world publication (so a story published in the comic in 2005 will take place in 2127).
- Strontium Dog, a 2000 AD story.
- Crisis in 2140 (serialized as Null-ABC) by H. Beam Piper and John J. McGuire
- The Fun They Had by Isaac Asimov is set in 2157.
- Sci-Fi Channel's Mission Genesis is set in 2157.
Television and film
- Bicentennial Man, about half the events of this movie take place here
- Due to the time-travel nature of its stories, Doctor Who has taken place at various points during the 22nd century.
- Daleks - Invasion Earth 2150 AD, a film adaptation based on the 2nd Doctor Who TV story to feature the Daleks.
- Gundam Wing takes place in 2166 (AC 195).
- Mobile Suit Gundam, a Japanese anime television series. It is known that the UC timeline begins in 2081. This would place the One Year War (UC 0079) occurring in 2159.
- Gundam X, an alternate universe "what-if" of Mobile Suit Gundam where the Earth Federation lost the One Year War (called the Seventh Space War in GX), takes place in 2174, assuming the Seventh Space War took place at the same time as the One Year War.
- Gundam Seed, an alternate-universe version of Mobile Suit Gundam (the Cosmic Era calendar begins about 10 years after the predicted oil crash of the mid-21st century, placing the beginning of the CE calendar sometime between 2040 and 2090, the series would therefore take place sometime between 2111 and 2161).
- Phil of the Future, a Disney Channel series. (Diffys are from this era (2121) before they crash in 2004; theme song refers to Phil as a "22nd Century man".)
- Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century, an animated television series with Sherlock Holmes in a science fiction setting
- Space Battleship Yamato was launched on October 9, 2199 on it's desperate mission to save the earth in the Anime series of the same name.
- According to Star Trek, the Earth-Romulan War will be fought between 2156 and 2160, which results in the establishment of the United Federation of Planets and Starfleet on October 11, 2161. Star Trek also predicts human colonization of Mars by 2103.
- Star Trek: Enterprise (2151-2161). The first starship capable of reaching Warp 5 is launched from Earth, leading to unprecedented exploration of space, including first contacts with the Klingons, Andorians, and Romulans. According to this series, an area of Earth stretching from Florida to Venezuela will be devastated by an alien attack in 2153, resulting in the death of 7 million people. Enterprise is decommissioned in 2161, just prior to the establishment of the United Federation of Planets.
- The Matrix, a science fiction cult movie, in which the protagonist Neo discovers that all what he believed was a reality is in fact computer simulation. Morpheus, another character of the movie, identifies the events of the movie as being set in the years around 2199. However, it should be noted that it was mentioned in the film Matrix Reloaded that the movie took place in the 7th incarnation of The Matrix, meaning that the movie actually took place far further in the future than was originally believed.
- In Babylon 5, the Foundationism religion was started in the year 2157.
Computer games
- Zero Wing (of All Your Base fame) starts in 2101.
- Mach Rider a Nintendo Entertainment System game that is set in 2112.
- System Shock 2 is set in 2114.
- Alien Legacy, the launch of the Seedship UNS Calypso takes place in 2119; the launch of Tantalus takes place in 2135.
- Doom 3, The events at the UAC Base on Mars occur.
- Earth 2150, The Earth is destroyed at the end of this year in said series.
- Aliens vs. Predator takes place in 2154.
- The Ur-Quan Masters starts on February 17, 2155.
- Fallout begins in 2161.
- Traffic Department 2192 takes place in 2192.
- The events of the Doom computer games take place.
- Megaman X Series, takes place during 21XX (starting at 2114 or later).
- Front Mission 3 takes place in 2112. Additionally, this is when the People's Republic of Da Han Zhong forms out of China.
Other
- 2112, an album by Rush about a man living in a dystopic society.
- Reich Star An RPG which takes place in 2134, it was published by Simon Bell and Ken Richardson (1991) under the name of "Creative Encounters"
Decades and years
External links
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Category:Centuries
ko:22세기
ja:22世紀
th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 22
Decades:For other uses of the term, see decade (disambiguation).
This is a list of decades which have articles with more information about them. See also centuries and history.
During the 20th Century and continuing today it became popular to look at that century's decades as historical entities in themselves. Particular trends, styles, and attitudes would be associated with and define different decades of the century, and thus the names of the decades themselves have come to be synonymous with them. Some commentators suggest that this phenomenon will not continue into the 21st Century with its decades.
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