:Main article Lugdunum.
Lyon was founded as a Roman colony in 43 BC by Munatius Plancus, a Caesar's lieutenant, on the site of a Gaulish hill-fort settlement called 'Lug[o]dunon', after the Celtic sun god Lug ("Light"); 'dúnon' meant "hill-fort". The name was latinised as Lugdunum; Lug (Old Irish 'Lugh', Modern Irish 'Lú') was equated by the Romans to Mercurius. Lug's 'totem' was a cock (rooster), hence the origin of the Modern French association with 'le coq'. Agrippa recognized that Lugdunum's position on the natural highway from north to south-eastern France made it a natural communications hub, and he made Lyon the starting-point of the principal Roman roads throughout Gaul. The three parts of Gaul mentioned by Caesar met at Lyon. It became then the capital of Gaul, partly thanks to its fortunate site at the convergence of two navigable rivers. Lugdunum quickly became the main city of Gaul. Two emperors were born in this city: Claudius and Caracalla.
The Christians in Lyon were persecuted for their religious views under the reigns of the Roman emperors Marcus Aurelius and Septimus Severus. The great Christian bishop of Lyon in the 2nd century was the Easterner, Irenaeus.
Burgundian refugees from the destruction of Worms by Huns in 437 were resettled by the military commander of the west, Aëtius, at Lugdunum, which was formally the capital of the new Burgundian kingdom by 461.
In 843, by the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon, with the country beyond the Saône, went to Lothair I.
Fernand Braudel remarked, "Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development" from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution (Braudel 1984 p.327). The fairs in Lyon, the invention of Italian merchants, made it the economic countinghouse of France in the late 15th century. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon simply became the banking center of France; its new Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, still resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. During the Renaissance, the city developed with the silk trade, especially with Italy; the Italian influence on Lyon's architecture can still be seen. Thanks to the silk trade, Lyon became an important industrial town during the 19th century.
Lyon was a scene of mass violence against Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacres in 1572.
The silk workers of Lyon, known as "canuts" staged two major uprisings: in 1831 and 1834. The 1831 uprising saw one of the first recorded uses of the black flag as an emblem of protest.
Lyon was a centre for the occupying German forces, and also a stronghold of resistance during World War II, and the town is now home to a resistance museum. (See also Klaus Barbie.) The traboules, or secret passages, through the houses enabled the locals to escape Gestapo raids.
Geography
Gestapo
The Rhône and Saônerivers meet at the south end of the city, which is dominated by the two hills Fourvière and the Croix-Rousse. Fourvière, known as the hill that prays is the location for the highly decorated Notre-Dame de Fourvièrebasilica, several convents, the palace of the Archbishop, and a funicular. Croix-Rousse the hill that works was traditionally home to the many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city was renowned.
The Saint-Jean and the Croix-Rousse areas, which are noted for their narrow passageways (traboules) that pass through buildings and link the streets either side, were designated UNESCOWorld Heritage Sites in 1998.
On the peninsula (presqu'ile) between the rivers Rhône and Saône, is the third largest public square in France, and one of the largest in Europe, the Place Bellecour. Specifically, it is the largest clear square (i.e., without any patches of greenery, trees or any other kind of obstacles) in Europe.
Across the Rhône from the presqu'ile sits modern Lyon, home to the urban center Lyon Part-Dieu; central France's only skyscraper; and most of the city's population. This area also contains the Parc de la tête d'or, one of Europe's largest urban parks. Interpol headquarters is located in this neighborhood.
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of the city holds the title "Primate of the Gauls" (Primat des Gaules) and is the leading Archbishop of France. The archdiocese dates to Roman times before Franks entered modern France (see history above).
The red vestments of the canons of Lyon are said to have given rise to red becoming the signature color of the cardinals, in a decree promulgated under Pope Innocent IV at the First Council of Lyons, 1245.
- [http://www.olweb.fr/ Official website] (in French, with limited English content)
Notes
# [http://olweb.fr/fr/club/palmares.html This page] on their official website suggests that they consider this their foundation date rather than 1899 (translation: "1950, date of the club's creation")
LyonCategory:Lyonja:オリンピック・リヨン
Lyon is located at 34°13'2" North, 90°32'28" West (34.217189, -90.540990).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²). 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it is land and none of it is covered by water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 418 people, 170 households, and 121 families residing in the town. The population density is 343.4/km² (897.0/mi²). There are 177 housing units at an average density of 145.4/km² (379.8/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 74.40% White, 25.12% African American, 0.00% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races, and 0.00% from two or more races. 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 170 households out of which 32.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% are married couples living together, 11.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% are non-families. 28.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.45 and the average family size is 3.00.
In the town the population is spread out with 23.4% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 41 years. For every 100 females there are 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $34,375, and the median income for a family is $56,042. Males have a median income of $43,750 versus $23,611 for females. The per capita income for the town is $20,646. 21.0% of the population and 15.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 36.9% of those under the age of 18 and 4.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The Lyon hypothesis states that in cells with multiple X chromosomes, all but one is inactivated during mammalian embryogenesis. X-inactivation leads to clumped chromatin termed Barr bodies, which are generally considered inert. This formation of Barr bodies is called Lyonization.
In humans the X chromosome that is inactivated is determined by chance. In marsupials, however, the paternal X chromosome is always inactivated. Inactivation is achieved by methylation of the X chromosome DNA, a common way in which the cell silences particular genes. Certain animals have their coloring patters dictated by this phenomenon. For example, female Calico cats have unique patterns of fur due to certain areas where different X chromosomes are inactived. The X chromosomes that are activated express different coloring genes and lead to their mosaic fur color.
However, there are now reports that women still express many genes from their inactive X chromosomes, and that different women express different genes from the inactive X. Research by Carrel and Willard (2005) indicates that 15% of the genes on the inactive X chromosome are actually active across all women, and a further 10% of genes were switched on in some women.
The hypothesis was first stated by Mary F. Lyon in 1961 while she was studying the genetic consequences of radiation exposure, and therefore bears her name.
- Carrel L, Willard HF. X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females.. Nature 2005;434:400-404. PMID 15772666.
- Lyon MF. Gene action in the X chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L). Nature 1961;190:372-373. PMID 13764598.
Category:Genetics
Lyon Court
The Court of the Lord Lyon, also known as the Lyon Court, is a standing court of law which regulates heraldry in Scotland. Like the College of Arms in England it maintains the register of grants of arms, and also genealogies.
The Lyon Court is a public body, and the fees for grants of arms are paid to the Treasury. It is headed by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, who must be legally qualified, as he has criminal jurisdiction in heraldic matters, and the court is fully integrated into the Scottish legal system, including having a dedicated prosecutor, known in Scotland as a Procurator Fiscal. This contrasts with England, where the College of Arms is a private body, and the Court of Chivalry, which is a civil court, has met only once in 300 years, in 1954.
Leadership and administration
The head of the Lyon Court is Lord Lyon King of Arms. Several heralds and pursuivants assist him:
- Albany Herald (John A. Spens MVO RD WS)
- Rothesay Herald (Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw|Sir Crispin Agnew of Lochnaw, Baronet, QC)
- Ross Herald (Charles J. Burnett)
- Unicorn Pursuivant (Alastair Campbell of Airds)
- Carrick Pursuivant (Elizabeth A. Roads MVO)
- Bute Pursuivant (W. David H. Sellar)
From time to time, others can be appointed temporarily or as a recognition of their work. These are styled Herald or Pursuivant Extraordinary, in this way the previous Lord Lyon, Sir Malcolm Innes of Edingight, serves as Orkney Herald Extraordinary.
Administrative support to the Lyon Court is provided by the Lyon Clerk, who is also Keeper of the Records. Prosecuations for violations of heraldy are carried out by a Procurator Fiscal attached to the Lyon Court.
In Scotland four private pursuivants still exist, independent of the Lord Lyon's court. See pursuivant for more information.
Only two people, the Lord Lyon and the Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records are paid a salary as full time public servants.
Danny Lyon (1942 - ), is a self-taught American photographer and filmmaker. He is also credited as an accomplished writer to accompany his photographs. He studied history at the University of Chicago, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.
That same year, he published his first photographs working for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. His pictures appeared in The Movement, a documentary book about the Southern Civil Rights Movement.
Later, Lyon began creating his own books. His first, was a study of outlaw motorcyclists in the collection Bikeriders (1967), where Lyon did more than just photograph motorcyclists in the American Midwest from 1963 to 1967. Additionally, he also became a member of the Chicago Outlaw Motorcycle club and traveled with them, sharing their lifestyle. According to Lyon himself, the photographs were "an attempt to record and glorify the life of the American bikerider." The series was immensely popular and influential in the 1960s and 1970s.
Conversations with the Dead (1971) (ISBN 0030850681), was published with full cooperation of the Texas Department of Corrections. Lyon photographed in six prisons over a fourteen month period in 1967 to 1968. The series was printed to book in 1971 by Holt publishing. The introduction of Lyon's book points to a statement of purpose that the penal system of Texas is symbolic for incarceration everywhere. He states, "I tried with whatever power I had to make a picture of imprisonment as distressing as I knew it to be in reality."
Lyon befriended many of the prisoners. The book also includes texts taken from prison records, letters from the convicts, and inmate artwork. In particular, the book focuses on the case of Billy McCune, a convicted rapist whose death sentence was commuted to life in prison during the climax of the book's popularity. In the foreword, Lyon describes Billy as a diagnosed psychotic, who one evening, while awaiting execution, "cut his penis off to the root and, placing it in a cup, passed it between the bars to the guard."
All three of Lyon's publications work in the style of photographic "New Journalism", meaning that the photographer has become immersed, and is a participant, of the documented subject.
Another work, I Like to Eat Right on the Dirt, is a collection of Polaroids taken of his children.
Danny Lyon received the Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship for photography in 1969, and in film making in 1979. He has had solo exhibits at the Museum of Modern Art, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona. He was greatly encouraged in his documentary work by curator Hugh Edwards.
Lyon, DannyLyon, Danny
Garry Lyon
Garry Lyon (born September 13, 1967) is a former captain of the Melbourne Demons Football Club in the Australian Football League.
Lyon was recruited from Kyabram and debuted in 1986. He quickly became a dominant player in the AFL, winning his first Melbourne Best and Fairest Award in 1990. He became Melbourne's captain the following year, and eventually became the longest-serving Melbourne captain in club history. Lyon finished his career having won two Melbourne Best and Fairest awards, three All-Australian teams. His career ended with 223 AFL games and 423 goals, third best all-time for a Melbourne player.
Lyon became a successful football commentator, appearing on The Footy Show during his late playing days as a panellist (which he still appears on today). His radio career began in the late 1990's on 3AW and in 2004 he hosted Morning Glory on SEN 1116. He currently commentates games for the Nine Network and 3AW radio. He also coached the Australian International Rules team to several tournaments against Ireland before coaching his last game in the October 2004 series. Lyon is often named as a potential candidate to become an AFL head coach in the future.
:For the geneticist also called Mary Lyon see Mary F. Lyon.
Mary Mason Lyon (28 February1797 - 5 March1849) was the founder of the Mount HolyokeFemaleSeminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts, looking across the Connecticut valley to the Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom ranges.
Born in Buckland, Franklin County, Massachusetts, she was a pioneer in women's education in America.
She created the first curriculum at Wheaton College (then called Wheaton Female Seminary) one year before founding Mount Holyoke in 1837. She served as the principal at Mount Holyoke for twelve years until her death there.
Mary's father, Aaron Lyon, died when she was five, so her mother, Jemima Shepard Lyon, taught her farm trades until she remarried and left, leaving Mary and her brother, also named Aaron, behind to fend for themselves. Mary was thirteen at the time. Afterwards, she kept house, and her brother, who had taken over ownership of the farm, paid her one silver dollar per week for her services.
Throughout this time, Mary went to school in Buckland, where she was lucky to be able to attend year-round. At that time, girls would usually be able to attend school during the summer, when the boys were needed in the fields, and the teacher had nothing else to do. In spring, fall, and winter, girls would be forced to sit outside of the school house listening for tidbits of the teacher's lessons. Mary was an avid learner, as shown by her mastery of English grammar in four days and Latin grammar in three.
Mary's fairly extensive education was enough to get her a teaching job in the neighboring town of Shelburne Falls when she was 17. Mary was paid 75 cents, while her male counterparts were making 2 to 3 dollars. At the time, female teachers were somewhat in demand, as men were moving west and were therefore harder to find.
Now that Mary was teaching, she felt that she needed and wanted more education. At the time, there were many female seminaries in the New England area, but their curricula did not interest her. These seminaries taught arts which they thought pertinent to being a lady, such as embroidery, and theorem painting (painting on velvet). Moreover, these were expensive schools, which were meant to train wealthy young women, and Mary was not of the upper class. Mary wanted to learn the subjects which were taught at male schools, mathematics, science, Latin, and history. Nevertheless, Mary was able to pull together enough money from her inheritance, wages, and from making blankets and coverlets to get a part time education at Amherst and Ashfield academies. She attended the Reverend Joseph Emerson's Female Seminary at Byfield, Massachusetts, a pioneer in its way, where she found a curriculum considered by many too intellectual and strenuous for "young ladies."
Mary became an excellent teacher, and her reputation spread. She was invited to be part of many schools throughout New England, and was soon at the forefront of education for women.
As Mary's experience grew, so too did the stability of her philosophy. Mary saw the inequality of education between man and woman, and she intended to do something about it. She decided to create an institution for the higher education of women which would be equal or superior to a male school on multiple facets. Mary's school would be the first real college for women in America. At the time, there were already about 120 male colleges, some, like Harvard, almost 200 years old. Mary would raise funds for her school tirelessly for the next three years, traveling from Boston all the way to Detroit for money even though the country was in the midst of a severe economic depression. Then, on November 8, 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary was born. Buildings were able to house 80 pupils, but in the first year the attendance was greater than the capacity. Students were told to bring a Bible, an atlas, a dictionary, and two spoons.
Mount Holyoke was a great success, and in its second year, had to turn away more than half of its applicants. During the last 12 years of Miss Lyon's life, attendance increased to 300. She wrote an account of the seminary and a book called The Missionary Offering. Eventually the school became Mount Holyoke College, which received its charter in 1888.
Mary Lyon died and was buried at Mount Holyoke, where she rests to this day. She is a member of the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.
References
- Edward Hitchcock wrote a book on her life, (New York, 1860)
- M. O. Nutting, Historical Sketch of Mount Holyoke Seminary, (Washington, 1876)
- B. B. Gilchrist, The Life of Mary Lyon, (Boston, 1910)
- Adams and Foster, Heroines of Modern Progress, (New York, 1913)
USS Lyon (AP-71), a World War II transport ship in the United States Navy, was named for her.
External links
- [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~dalbino/marylyon.html Biography at Mount Holyoke]
- [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/mary-lyon/ Another Biography]
Lyon, MaryLyon, MaryLyon, Mary
- Oakes, Elizabeth H. Lyon, Mary Frances. International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists. New York, NY. Facts On File, Inc. 2002. Facts On File, Inc. Science Online. .
Lyon, Mary F.Category:Geneticists
Nathaniel Lyon (July 14, 1818 - August 10, 1861) was the first Uniongeneral to be killed in the American Civil War and is noted for his action in the state of Missouri at the beginning of the conflict.
Lyon is a controversial figure in American history. Some credit his quick action and hard line unionism for stopping the Missouri secession movement while others question his influence peddling and his role in events such as the St. Louis Massacre, which inflamed many Missourians on the secession issue (See Missouri secession)
In 1861 Lyon was named an officer in the Second Infantry, which was assigned to the arsenal at St. Louis. A politically connected man with leanings toward the Radical Republicans, Lyon employed his friendship with Frank Blair to eventually have himself named commander of the arsenal. At the time the state of Missouri was relatively neutral in the dispute between North and South, but Governor Claiborne F. Jackson was a strong Southern sympathizer. When the Civil War broke out and President Abraham Lincoln called for troops to put down the Confederacy, Missouri was asked to supply four regiments. Jackson refused the request and ordered the Missouri State Guard to muster outside St. Louis under the stated purpose of training for home defense.
Lyon disguised himself as a farm woman to spy on the State Guard's camp and discovered that Jackson planned to seize the arsenal for Missouri troops. Lyon himself had been extensively involved in the St. Louis Wide Awakes, a pro-union paramilitary organization which he intended to arm from the arsenal and muster into the ranks of the federal army. Upon obtaining command of the arsenal Lyon armed the Wide Awake units under guise of night. Lyon had most of the weapons in the arsenal secretly moved to Illinois and on May 10 he led the Second Infantry to the camp, forcing its surrender. Riots broke out in St. Louis after Lyon marched his prisoners through the city. The event provoked the St. Louis Massacre of May 10, 1861 in which Lyons' troops opened fire on a crowd of civilians injuring at least 90 and killing 28. He was nonetheless promoted to Brigadier General and given command over the entire Army of the West.
In June, after meeting personally with Jackson in a futile attempt to resolve their differences, Lyon moved up the Missouri River and captured the state capital at Jefferson City. The elected Missouri State Government, under the guard of Sterling Price and the Missouri State Guard, retreated to the southwest. Lyon installed a pro-Union state government in its place and removed the state's Attorney General J. Proctor Knott, a unionist who had stayed behind. Lyon reinforced his army before moving southwest as well.
Battle of Wilson's Creek
By July 13 Lyon was encamped at Springfield, Missouri with about 6,000 Union soldiers. The Missouri State Guard, about 75 miles southwest of Lyon and under the command of Price, met with troops under Gen. Benjamin McCulloch near the end of July. The combined Confederate forces numbered about 13,000, formed plans to attack Springfield, and marched northeast on July 31.
The armies met at dawn a few miles south of Springfield on the morning of August 10 in what would become known as the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Lyon, who had already been wounded twice in the fighting, was shot in the heart and killed while dramatically rallying his badly outnumbered men.
Fate of Lyon's remains
In the confused aftermath of the Union retreat from Wilson's Creek, Lyon's body was mistakenly left behind on the battlefield and discovered by Confederate forces. It was briefly buried on a Union soldier's farm outside Springfield until it could be returned to Lyon's relatives. Eventually the remains were interred at the family plot in Phoenixville, Connecticut where an estimated crowd of 15,000 attended the funeral.
Lyon was slight of figure with a shabby appearance; his boots were often unpolished, his uniform was often faded, and his insignia were often tarnished. Nonetheless, the men under his command were said to have worshipped him. Lyon was known for his love of mustard, and was often seen by his troops to be slathering it on thick slices of bread, even in the midst of battle. He never married; it is often written that he bequeathed all his property to the federal government of the United States, but this is disputed.
Lyon County, Nevada is named in Nathaniel Lyon's honor.
Lyon, NathanielLyon, NathanielLyon, Nathaniel
Robert Lyon (duel)
The son of a British officer, Robert Lyon (December 301812 - June 131833) was the last fatality in Canadian duelling history, shot by a fellow law student, John Wilson in 1833.
Lyon was born in Inverurie, Scotland in 1812 and came to Canada along with his family in 1829.
Initiated by the 20-year old Lyon at the urging of his eventual second Henri Lelievre, the duel was held over the love of local schoolteacher Elizabeth Hughes, and occurred above the Tay Canal outside Perth, Ontario. After Lyon's death, Wilson and his second Samuel Robertson were both charged with Murder in Brockville, Ontario, though acquitted. Two years later he married Elizabeth Hughes and they had three children together; he went on to become a judge and Member of Parliament before dying in 1869.
The lawyer Wilson had studied under, James Boulton, left Perth after locals began claiming that he had goaded his understudy to push Lyon into the duel, since he was the understudy of Boulton's rival Thomas Radenhurst. Lyon's second, Henri Lelievre, fled the country fearing that some also considered him responsible for the duel, since he had encouraged a second round after both had missed their first shot - and is believed to have died in Australia
In 1996, Susan Code wrote A Matter of Honour ISBN 1896182275, and a year later two students of Sheridan College oversaw the production of an independent film by the same name, telling the story of the duel. In 2001Stompin' Tom Connors released the song Last Fatal Duel detailing the battle (though accidentally referring to Lyon as William, not Robert).
Lyon's tombstone in the Anglican cemetery in Perth reads
::Friendship Offering,
::Dedicated
::To the Memory of
::ROBERT LYON,
::(Student-at-law)
::He fell
::in mortal combat
::13 of June 1833
::in the 20th year
::of his Age
::Requieseat in Pace.
See also
http://globalgenealogy.com/LCGS/1905oldboys/905630D1.HTM
Lyons, Robert
Christopher Reinhard ( - 19. Mai1985) ist ein Profi-Fußballspieler,der bei Eintracht Frankfurt unter Vertrag steht. Der aktuelle U-20-Nationalspieler spielt Linksverteidiger. Seine größten Erfolge sind neben der Teilnahme an der U-20-WM in Holland der Aufstieg mit der Eintracht in die Bundesliga 04/05.
St. Martin im Innkreis
Sankt Martin im Innkreis ist eine Marktgemeinde in Oberösterreich im Bezirk Ried im Innkreis im Innviertel mit 1.695 Einwohnern. Der zuständige Gerichtsbezirk ist Obernberg am Inn.
Geografie
Sankt Martin im Innkreis liegt auf 372 m Höhe im Innviertel am Westhang des Troßkolmwaldes im Antiesental. Die Ausdehnung beträgt von Nord nach Süd 6 km, von West nach Ost 3,4 km. Die Gesamtfläche beträgt 8,9 km².
Extrazellulärraum
Unter der Extrazellulären Matrix (Extrazellularmatrix, Interzellularsubstanz, EZM, ECM) versteht man die Anteile des Gewebes, die von den Zellen in den Interzellularraum (Raum zwischen den Zellen) sezerniert werden und dort immobil vorliegen.
Extrazelluläre Matrix kommt grundsätzlich in allen vier Grundgewebetypen vor (Epithel, Muskel-, Nerven- und
Kronessenz
Kronessenz ist als deutsche Übersetzung von neulateinischem tinctura coronata (oder coronæ) zu verstehen. Siehe auch Tinktur und Essenz.
1796 bekam der in Hamburg-Altona lebende Paul Claas Menadie ein kaiserliches Privileg für Die Keisserliche privilegirt Altonatiche W. Kronessents (sic!). Mit dieser Aufschrift wurde sie in hellgrünen Glasflaschen, etwa 10 cm hoch, als Wunder22. April1963 in Madrid) ist eine ehemalige spanische Skirennläuferin.
Fernández Ochoa stammt aus einer Familie erfolgreicher Skifahrer. Ihr Bruder Francisco wurde bei den Olympischen Winterspielen1972 in
Betriebsbuchhaltung
Die Finanzbuchhaltung (kurz FiBu) ist ein wichtiges Element des Rechnungswesens eines Unternehmens.
Sie ist ein Erfolgs- oder Verlustnachweis des Unternehmens in
einer bestimmten Rechnungsperiode: Monat, Quartal, Jahr. Alle betrieblichen Vorgänge werden in der Buchführung erfasst und anschließen
Argot
Das Argot ist ursprünglich die Bezeichnung für den Soziolekt der Bettler und Gauner Frankreichs im Mittelalter, der dem Rotwelschen entspricht. Der Begriff wird teilweise heute auch für die einfache Umgangssprache Frankreichs benutzt. Besondere Spielarten sind das Metzger-Argot Loucherbème, das Javanais und das heute noch weit verbreitete
