:: wikimiki.org ::
| Hortobágy |
HortobágyHortobágy is a part of Alföld (Great Plain) in eastern Hungary, near Debrecen. It is a national park today (since 1973), Hungary's largest protected area, elected among the World Heritage sites.
It is like a steppe, a grassy plain with cattle, sheep, oxen, horses, and of course herdsmen, and it provides habitat for various different species (among birds, 342 species have been registered to appear). Its emblematic sight is the Nine-holed Bridge, and this is the place for traditional sweepwells. Visitors might find mirage as well here.
See also
- Puszta
External links
- [http://www.visitors.hu/08_03_en.html Hungary for Visitors description]
- [http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/orszaginfo/turizmus/latnivalo/e_alfold/northernplain.html Magyarország.hu description]
Category:National parks of Hungary
Category:World Heritage Sites in Hungary
AlföldThe Great Alföld, Alföld, or Great Hungarian Plain (Hungarian: Alföld or Nagyalföld, Slovak: Veľká dunajská kotlina, Romanian: Câmpia Tisei, Serbian and Croatian: simply Panonski basen, Pannonian plain) is a plain/basin occupying the southern and eastern part of Hungary, some parts of eastern Slovakia (Východoslovenská nížina, Eastern Slovak Lowland), southwestern Ukraine (Zakarpats'ka nyzovyna, Transcarpathian Lowland), western Romania (various names), northern Serbia, and eastern Croatia (various names). It is the largest part of the Pannonian plain.
Its boundaries are the Carpathians in the north and east, the Transdanubian Mountains and Croatian mountains in the southwest, and approximately the Sava river in the south.
See also
- Pannonian plain
- Little Alföld
- Vienna Basin
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Great Alfold
Hungary
The Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), or Hungary (Magyarország ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia. It is known locally as the Country of the Magyars.
History
Main article: History of Hungary
In the time of the Roman Empire, the Romans called the region Pannonia (west from the Danube river). After Rome fell the Migration Period brought on many invaders. First came the Huns, who built up a powerful empire under Attila. The name "Hungary" may be influenced by the name of the Hun people, although it probably comes from the name of a later, 7th century state called Onogur (or possibly from the name of the city Ungvár, which was possibly the first major city the Magyars occupied). After the Hunnish rule faded, Germanic tribes Lombards and Gepids ruled in Pannonia for about 100 years, during which the Slavic tribes also began migrating south. In the 560s, these were supplanted by the Avars who would maintain their supremacy of the land for over two centuries. The Franks under Charlemagne from the west and the Bulgars from the southeast finally managed to overthrow the Avars in the early 9th century. Soon after, the Franks retreated, and the Slavonic kingdom of Great Moravia and the Balaton Principality controlled much of Pannonia until the end of the century. Finally, the Magyars migrated to Hungary in the late 9th century.
Tradition holds that the Country of the Magyars (Hungary) was founded by Árpád, who led the Magyars into the Pannonian plains after 895. The Kingdom of Hungary was established in 1000 by King St. Stephen I. Initially the history of Hungary was developed in a triangle with that of Poland and Bohemia, with the many liaisons with Popes and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Hungary was partially demolished with a great loss of life in 1241–1242 by Mongol (Tatar) armies of Batu Khan.
Gradually Hungary under the rule of the dynasty of the Árpáds turned into an independent kingdom which formed a distinct Central European culture with ties to greater West European civilisation. Ruled by the Angevins since 1308, the Kingdom of Hungary briefly extended its control over Wallachia and Moldavia. The non-dynastic king Matthias Corvinus, son of John Hunyadi, ruled the Kingdom of Hungary from 1458 to 1490. He strengthened Hungary and its government. Under his rule, Hungary (notably the northern parts, some of which are in Slovakia today) became an important artistic and cultural centre of Europe during the Renaissance. Hungarian culture influenced others, for example the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Together with Polish and Czech lands, Hungary formed the Visegrád group of countries. Today an alliance of the same name exists again with the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland.
Hungarian independence ended with the Ottoman conquest at the beginning of the 16th century; the parts of Hungary that were not conquered by the Ottomans were annexed by Austria (the rulers of which were Hungarian kings at the same time) in the West, and became the independent Principality of Transylvania in the East, where thus Hungarian statedom was preserved. After 150 years, Austria and her Christian allies retook also the territory of today's Hungary by the end of the 17th century from the Islamic Ottoman Empire.
After the final retreat of the Turks, struggle began between the Hungarian nation and the Habsburg kings for the protection of noblemen's rights (thus guarding the autonomy of Hungary). The fight against Austrian absolutism resulted in the unsuccessful popular freedom fight led by a Transylvanian nobleman, Ferenc II Rákóczi, between 1704 and 1711. The revolution and war of 1848–1849 eliminated serfdom and secured civil rights. The Austrians were finally able to prevail only with Russian help.
Thanks to the victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the Battle of Solferino, 1859) and Prussia (Battle of Königgratz, 1866), Hungary would eventually, in 1867, manage to become an autonomous part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (see Ausgleich). Having achieved this, the Hungarian government took an effort to nationally unify the kingdom by Magyarisation of the various other nationalities. This lasted until the end of World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed. On November 16, 1918, an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed.
In March 1919 the communists took power, and in April, Béla Kun proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic. This government, like its predecessor, proved to be short lived; after some initial military successes against the Czechoslovak army, the Romanians attacked to prevent a campaign in Transylvania. By August more than half of present-day Hungary, including Budapest, was placed under Romanian occupation, which lasted until November. Rightist military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy, entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army's departure and filled the vacuum of state power. In January 1920, elections were held for a unicameral assembly, and Admiral Horthy was subsequently elected Regent, thereby formally restoring Hungary to a kingdom, although there were no more Kings of Hungary, despite attempts by the former Habsburg king to return to power. Horthy continued to rule with autocratic powers until 1944.
In June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, fixing Hungary's borders. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, the size and population of this new Hungary were reduced by about two-thirds; about one-third of the Magyar population became minorities in the neighbouring countries. Therefore, Hungarian politics and culture of the interwar period were saturated with irredentism and revisionism (the restoration of 19th century "greater Hungary" by whatever means necessary).
Horthy made an alliance with Nazi Germany in the 1930s, in the hope of revising the territorial losses that had followed World War I. The alliance did lead to some territories being given to Hungary in the two Vienna Awards. Hungary then assisted the German occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, occupying the Banat right afterwards, and finally entered World War II in 1941, fighting primarily against the Soviet Union. In October 1944, Hitler replaced Horthy with the Hungarian Nazi collaborator Ferenc Szálasi and his Arrow Cross Party in order to avert Hungary's defection to the Allied side, which were constantly threatened since the Allied invasion of Italy.
Hungary passed a series of anti-Semitic laws throughot the 1920s and thirties, and some massacres of Jews by Hungarian forces took place in the early part of the Second World War, but Hungary initially resisted large scale deportation of its Jewish population. Ultimately, however, during the German occupation, the Arrow Cross Party and government authorities participated fully in the Holocaust: in May and June of 1944, Hungarian police deported nearly 440,000 Jews in more than 145 trains, mostly to Auschwitz [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?ModuleId=10005458]. Ultimately, over 533,000 Jews in Hungary were killed during the Holocaust, as well as several tens of thousands of Roma.
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, Hungary became part of the Soviet area of influence and was appropriated into a communist state following a short period of democracy in 1946–1947. After 1948 Communist leader Mátyás Rákosi established a Stalinist rule in the country, which was barely bearable for the war-torn country. This led to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact which were met with a massive military intervention by the Soviet Union. From the 1960s on to the late 1980s Hungary enjoyed a distinguished status of "the happiest barrack" within the Eastern bloc, under the rule of late controversial communist leader János Kádár, who exercised autocratic rule during this period. In the late 1980s, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Hungary developed closer ties with Western Europe, joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union on May 1, 2004.
See Also: Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary before the Magyars
Politics
Main article: Politics of Hungary
The President of the Republic, elected by the parliament every 5 years, has a largely ceremonial role, but powers also include appointing the prime minister. The prime minister selects cabinet ministers and has the exclusive right to dismiss them. Each cabinet nominee appears before one or more parliamentary committees in consultative open hearings and must be formally approved by the president.
The unicameral, 386-member National Assembly (the Országgyűlés) is the highest organ of state authority and initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. National parliamentary elections are held every 4 years (the last was in April 2002). A 15-member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality.
Administrative divisions
Main article: Counties of Hungary
Hungary is subdivided administratively into 19 counties, in addition to which there is one capital city (főváros): Budapest. There are also 23 so-called urban counties (singular megyei jogú város), These are:
See also: List of historic counties of Hungary
Geography
List of historic counties of Hungary
Main article: Geography of Hungary
Hungary's landscape consists mostly of the flat to rolling plains of the Carpathian Basin, with hills and lower mountains to the north along the Slovakian border (highest point: the Kékes at 1,014 m). Hungary is divided in two by its main waterway, the Danube (Duna); other large rivers include the Tisza and Dráva, while the western half contains Lake Balaton, a major body of water. The largest thermal lake in the world, Lake Hévíz (Hévíz Spa), is located in Hungary. The second largest lake in the Carpathian Basin (and probably the largest artificial lake in Europe) is Lake Theiss (Tisza-tó).
Climate
Hungary has a continental climate, with cold, cloudy, humid winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual temperature is 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Temperature extremes are about 38 °C (100 °F) in the summer and −29 °C (−20 °F) in the winter. Average temperature in the summer is 27 to 32 °C (81 to 90 °F), and in the winter it is 0 to −15 °C (32 to 5 °F). The average yearly rainfall is approximately 600 mm (24 in). A small, southern region of the country near Pécs enjoys a Mediterranean climate.
The relative isolation of the Carpathian Basin makes it susceptible to droughts and the effects of global warming are already felt. According to popular opinion, and many scientists in the latest decades the country became drier, as droughts are quite common; and summers became hotter, winters became milder. Because of these reasons snow has become much more rare in the area than before. Popular opinion also states that the four-season system became a two-season system as spring and autumn are getting shorter and shorter, even vanishing some years.
Most of Hungary is surrounded by thick forests and mountainous plains.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Hungary
Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth as one of the newest members of the European Union (since 2004). Together with Slovenia and the Czech Republic, Hungary provides one of the highest standard of living among Eastern European countries. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Hungary gets nearly one third of all foreign direct investment flowing in to Central Europe. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totalling more than US$23 billion since 1989. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation and unemployment – both priority concerns in 2001 – have declined substantially. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing have not yet been addressed by the present government.
The Hungarian government has expressed a desire to adopt the euro currency in 2010, but the introduction of the currency is currently only in the early planning stages.
Demographics
Historical
- Circa 900 AD- according to various sources 250,000 - 400,000 Magyars settled in the Pannonian plain, inhabited predominantly by Slavs
- 1222 - 2,000,000 at the time of Golden Bull
- 1242 - 1,200,000 after the Mongol-Tatars invasion
- 1370 - 2,500,000 at the time of Angevin kings
- 1490 - 4,000,000 before the Ottoman conquest (3.2 million Magyars)
- 1699 - 3,300,000 at the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (less than 2 million Magyars)
- 1711 - 3,000,000 at the end of Kuruc War (1.6 million Magyars)
- 1790 - 8,000,000 (39% Magyars)
- 1828 - 11,495,536
- 1846 - 12,033,399
- 1880 - 13,749,603 (46% Magyars)
- 1900 - 16,838,255 (51,4% Magyars)
- 1910 - 18,264,533 (54,5% Magyars, 5% Jews)
- 1920 - 7.516.000 after the Treaty of Trianon (90% Magyars, 6.1% Jews)
Present
Main article: Demographics of Hungary
For some 95% of the population, mostly Hungarians, the mother tongue is Hungarian, a Finno Ugric language unrelated to any neighbouring language. Several ethnic minorities exist: Roma (2%), Germans (1.2%), Romanians (0.8%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats (0.2%), Serbs (0.2%) and Ukrainians (0.1%).
The largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism – Roman and Greek – (approx 50% of the population), with a Calvinist minority (around 30%) and Lutherans (5%). However, these formal figures are not wholly representative, since the Hungarian population is not particularly religious; no more than 25% actively practice their faith.
Due to historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia are also host to a number of ethnic Magyars.
Minorities
Several ethnic minorities exist: Roma (2%), Germans (1.2%), Romanians (0.8%), Slovaks (0.4%), Croats (0.2%), Serbs (0.2%) and Ukrainians (0.1%). As regards education, there are special problems associated with the Roma minority. Currently slightly more than 70 percent of Roma children complete primary schooling, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90 percent proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. The situation is made still worse by the fact that a large proportion of young Roma are qualified in subjects that provide them with only limited chances for employment. Less than 1 percent of Roma hold higher educational certificates.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Hungary
- List of Hungarians
- List of Hungarian rulers
- List of Hungarian writers
- List of universities in Hungary
- List of colleges in Hungary
- Public holidays in Hungary
- Music of Hungary
- Hungarian cuisine
- Eastern name order used in Hungarian personal names
- Common Hungarian surnames
- Hungarian jokes
- Magyar Cserkészszövetség (HUngarian Scout Association)
- Curse of Turan
Miscellaneous topics
- Communications in Hungary
- Foreign relations of Hungary
- [http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hungarian Wikipedia]
- List of cities in Hungary
- Military of Hungary
- Name days in Hungary
- Transportation in Hungary
- History of the Jews in Hungary
External links
General info
- [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07547a.htm A detailed article on Hungary from a Christian point of view] (Catholic Encyclopedia)
- [http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/hungary/ Country Profile Hungary] – tons of material and links
- [http://hungary.lap.hu/ Link collection for foreign visitors and residents of Hungary]
- [http://www.parlament.hu/parl_en.htm Official site of the National Assembly]
- [http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/ Hungarian Government Portal] with comprehensive information
- [http://www.keh.hu/index_en.html Official site of the President of Hungary]
- [http://www.meh.hu/english Official site of the Prime Minister of Hungary]
-
- [http://www.visitors.hu/index_en.html Hungary for Visitors] – Descriptions of the main regions for tourists
- [http://www.demos.hu/Audit Hungary's Strategic Audit 2005] – Comprehensive analyses of Hungary's past 15 years and current state of development (click the Union Jack to see the English language version)
- [http://www.mythinglinks.org/euro~east~finno~Hungary.html A short, but valid summary about Hungary in English]
History
- [http://www.hungarianhistory.com History of Hungary – The Corvinus Library]
- [http://cityguide.budapestrooms.com/hungary/history1.htm History of Hungary – Chronological Survey: 2500 BC – AD 2004]
- [http://www.hunmagyar.org/hungary/history/index.html Hungarian History] (Turanian Lands, Turanian Peoples)
- [http://www.bh.org.il/V-Exh/hungary/index.html In The Land of Hagar - The Jews of Hungary] – A Virtual Exhibition
Culture
- [http://www.hungarianbookfoundation.hu/Html/Translation_grant.htm Hungarian Book Foundation]
- [http://www.pafi.hu/kiirok/mfordhaz.htm Funds available for translators of Hungarian works - in Hungarian]
- [http://translations.bookfinder.hu/indexa.htm Translation of Hungarian literary works - a database]
Category:European Union member states
Category:Republics
Category:Landlocked countries
fiu-vro:Ungari
als:Ungarn
zh-min-nan:Magyar-kok
ko:헝가리
ms:Hungary
ja:ハンガリー
simple:Hungary
th:ประเทศฮังการี
Debrecen
Debrecen (approximate pronunciation: "deh-breh-tsen", Debreţin in Romanian, Debrecín in Slovak, Debreczyn in Polish) is the second largest city in Hungary after Budapest. Debrecen is the regional centre of the Northern Great Plain region and the capital of Hajdú-Bihar county.
Location and transport infrastructure
Debrecen is located on the Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld in Hungarian), 220 km east of Budapest. Situated nearby is the Hortobágy, a national park within Hungarian Puszta famous for its wildlife and traditional agriculture.
Coordinates:
"Who in his sane mind would build a city in the middle of a plain with no hill and no water?" people once asked about Debrecen, yet the city has grown into a vibrant center of culture, arts and science. The economy of the city has also been developing quickly in recent years due, in part, to foreign investment.
The city has been somewhat isolated due to poor transport links connecting the city to Budapest, Hungary's main transport hub and due to the fact that Hungary's transport system is very centralized. This retarded the city's tourist and economic potential. However, the new sections of motorway M3 have already significantly decreased travel times between Budapest and Debrecen. This motorway will be completed by the end of 2006. Also, there will be improvements to the current highway (main road) and modernisation of some parts of the rail tracks between the capital and Debrecen as part of Hungary's mainly EU-funded National Development Plan for 2004 to 2006. Debrecen Airport (the second largest in Hungary) has recently undergone modernisation in order to take more international flights.
In the longer term, Debrecen's proximity to Ukraine and Romania may enable it to develop as an important trade centre and transport link for the wider international region.
For local transport in the city see Public transport in Debrecen.
History
Public transport in Debrecen]
Before Hungarians occupied present-day Hungary, a number of different tribes lived in the area. The town came into existence by the merging of the small villages of the area, and was mentioned by the name "Debrezun" first in 1235. The name possibly comes from Slavic dobre zliem ("good soil".) Other theories say the name is of Turkish origin.
In 1361 King Louis the Great grants the citizens of Debrecen the right to choose the town's judge and council. This opened new opportunities for the town. By the early 16th century Debrecen was an important market town. Between 1450 and 1507, it was a domain of the Hunyadi family.
During the Ottoman period being close to the border and having no castle or city walls, Debrecen often found itself in difficult situations and the town was saved only by the diplomatic skills of its leaders. Sometimes the town was protected by the Ottoman empire, sometimes by the Catholic European rulers or by Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Transylvania. This led the town's citizens to be open-minded and Debrecen embraced the Protestant Reformation quite early, earning the moniker "Calvinist Rome". At this period the inhabitants of the town were mainly Hungarian protestants.
Protestant Reformation
In 1693 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor elevated Debrecen to free royal town status. In 1715, the Roman Catholic Church returned to Debrecen, and the town gave them a place to build a church, so the Piarist monks could build the St. Anna Cathedral. By this time the town was an important cultural, commercial and agricultural centre, and many future scholars and poets attended its Protestant College (a predecessor of today's University of Debrecen).
In 1849 Debrecen was the capital of Hungary for a short time when the Hungarian revolutionary government fled there from Pest-Buda (modern-day Budapest.) In April 1849, the dethronization of Habsburgs (neglected after the fall of the revolution) and the independence of Hungary was proclaimed here by Louis Kossuth at the Great (Calvinist) Church (Nagytemplom in Hungarian.) Debrecen also witnessed the end of the war of independence; the battle in which the Russians, the allies of the Habsburgs, defeated the Hungarian army was close to the western part of the town.
Louis Kossuth
After the war, Debrecen slowly began to prosper again. In 1857 the railway line between Budapest and Debrecen was completed, and Debrecen soon became a railway junction. New schools, hospitals, churches, factories, mills were built, banks and insurance companies settled in the city. The appearance of the city began to improve too: with new, higher buildings, parks and beautiful villas it no longer resembled a provincial town and began to look like a modern city. In 1884 Debrecen became the first Hungarian city to have a steam tramway.
After World War I, Hungary lost a considerable portion of its eastern territory to Romania, and Debrecen once again became situated close to the border of the country. Tourism provided a way for the city to begin to prosper again. Many buildings (among them an indoor swimming pool and Hungary's first stadium) were built in the central park, the Nagyerdő ("Big Forest"), providing recreational facilities. The building of the university was completed. The Hortobágy, a large pasture owned by the city, became a tourist attraction.
Romania
During World War II Debrecen was almost completely destroyed, 70% of the buildings suffered damage, 50% of them were completely destroyed. A major battle, the Battle of Debrecen, occurred near the city in October 1944. After 1944 the reconstruction began and Debrecen became the capital of Hungary for a short time once again. The citizens began to rebuild their city, trying to restore its pre-war status, but the new, Communist government of Hungary had other plans. The institutions and estates of the city were taken into public ownership. This forced change of the old system brought new losses to Debrecen; half of its area was annexed to nearby towns, and the city also lost its rights over the Hortobágy. In 1952 two new villages – Ebes and Nagyhegyes – were formed from former parts of Debrecen, while in 1981 the nearby village Józsa was annexed to the city. The newly built blocks of flats provided housing for those who lost their homes during the war. In the following decades Debrecen was the third largest city of Hungary (behind Budapest and Miskolc), and became the second largest in the 1990s when the population of Miskolc decreased.
Education
Debrecen is home to a large university, University of Debrecen, whose main building is a widely recognized work of architecture. The university has many departments and is a major research facility in Europe.
Sports
The city has a famous football club, the [http://www.dvsc.hu DVSC]. It's one of the best teams in Hungary, won the national championship os 2004/2005. The stadium, which has more than 10,000 seats, is at the Oláh Gábor street, in the City Park (Nagyerdő). The colour of the team is red at home, and white when the match is away. The city hosted several international sporting events in the last few years.
Sights to see
- Protestant Great Church (Nagytemplom)
- City Park (Nagyerdő) and spa
- Déri Museum (art collection including paintings of Mihály Munkácsy; also has a collection of Ancient Egyptian artifacts)
- [http://www.debreceniviragkarneval.hu Flower Carnival of Debrecen] held on 20th of August every year
Famous people
Born in Debrecen
- Mihály Fazekas (1766–1828) writer
- Paul Laszlo (1900–1993) architect
- Magda Szabó (1917–) writer
Lived in Debrecen
- Endre Ady (1877–1919) poet
- Mihály Csokonai Vitéz (1773–1805) poet
- Géza Hofi humorist
- Sándor Szalay (1909–1987) physicist, founder of ATOMKI
- Árpád Tóth (1886–1928) poet
Twin towns
- Cattolica (Italy)
- Jyväskylä (Finland)
- Klaipėda (Lithuania)
- Lublin (Poland)
- New Brunswick, New Jersey (USA)
- Oradea (Romania)
- Paderborn (Germany)
- Rishon LeZion (Israel)
- Setúbal (Portugal)
- St. Petersburg (Russia)
- Shumen (Bulgaria)
- Taitung City (Taiwan)
External links
- [http://www.debrecen.hu Official site] in Hungarian and English
- [http://www.debrecen.com/debrecen/ A site with lots of information on the city]
- [http://www.lifelong.hu/meetings/debrecen/ A detailed history of Debrecen and Hajdú-Bihar county]
- [http://www.debrecen.com/viragk/kompozicio.html Photos of the Flower Carnival (2002)]
- [http://www.debrecen.lap.hu Debrecen.lap.hu] an extensive collection of links, mainly in Hungarian
- [http://www.debon.hu Debrecen Online] portal site in Hungarian
ja:デブレツェン
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe (from Russian step') is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be the norm in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs, or both depending on the season. The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in such regions, too dry to support a forest but not so dry as to make it a desert. They are usually found in areas of the world less prone to moisture. The soil is considered too moist to be a desert, but also too dry to support normal forest life.
The climate of steppes can be summarized by hot summers and cold winters, averaging 10-20 inches of rain every year.
Plant life is usually greater than one foot tall, including the blue grama and buffalo grass, cacti, sagebrush, speargrass, and other small relatives of the sunflower.
Animal life includes but isn't limited to the Corsac Fox, Mongolian Gerbil, Saiga Antelope, Northern Lynx, and the Saker Falcon.
The world's largest zone of steppes are found in central Russia and neighbouring republics of Central Asia. The steppes begin east of the Volga river and extend through desert or semi-desert south of the Ural Mountains and to the north and east of the Caspian Sea. To the east of the Caspian Sea they extend through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan to the mountain ranges of Mongolia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. To the north on the eastern side of the Urals is the forested West Siberian Plain which extends nearly to the Arctic Ocean.
Another large steppe area is located in the central United States and western Canada. The High Plains steppe is the westernmost part of the Great Plains region.
Category:Grasslands
Category:Climate
Mirage:This article is about mirage, an optical phenomenon. For other meanings, see Mirage (disambiguation).
Mirage (disambiguation)A mirage, derived from the Latin mirari, meaning 'to be astonished', is an optical phenomenon which often occurs naturally. The kind most commonly seen (known as inferior mirage, because the inverted image lies below the upright one) is produced by the refraction of light when it passes into a layer of warm air lying close to a heated ground surface. This is an example of gradient index optics.
In deserts, mirages may give the appearance of a lake or other large body of water in the distance; this is actually an image of the sky being refracted back up from the warm air lying over the sand. On tarmacked roads, mirages give the impression that distant objects are being reflected by a puddle of water on the road.
Superior mirage
More spectacular mirages (superior mirages) are produced by a temperature inversion near eye level. In these, the inverted image lies above the upright one; and there may even be several alternating layers of upright and inverted images. These are known as the fata morgana.
Example images of Superior mirages
(Temperature inversions over cold Lake Superior)
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Lake Superior
Category:Optical phenomena
ja:蜃気楼
Category:National parks of HungaryCategory:Conservation in Hungary
Category:Geography of Hungary
Hungary
Category:Tourism in Hungary
Category:World Heritage Sites in HungarySee the [http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/hu UNESCO website on Hungary].
Category:Geography of Hungary
Hungary
Category:Conservation in Hungary
Category:Tourism in Hungary
Junkers Flugzeug und Motorwerke AGJunkers Flugzeug und Motorwerke A.G. var en flygplans- och motortillverkare i Dessau Tyskland.
Företaget startades i mars 1919 av Hugo Junkers med namnet Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG genom ett övertagande av Junkers-Fokker Werke A.G, som verkade 1917-1918.
1919 erhöll man tillstånd att bedriva passagerarverksamhet med flygplan men företagets huvuduppgift var att tillverka flygplan och motorer. På grund av restriktioner i Versaillefördraget efter första världskriget tvingades man att upphöra med viss tillverkning 1921 och därför etablerades fabriker i andra länder för tillverkning av militärflygplan.
1922 startades en stor fabrik i Fili i Sovjetunionen och i Sverige startades AB Flygindustri (Afi) 1925. Dessutom förekom viss tillverkning vid Junkers Larsen Corporation i USA 1919-1920.
Hugo Junkers tvingades den 2 juni 1933 av den nazistiska regeringen att överföra alla sina patent till IFA och några dagar senare tvingades han att sälja 51 procent av företaget till Reichsluftfahrtministerium för att 1934 ställas inför kravet att sälja resterande 49 procent.
Reichsluftfahrtministerium sålde samma år 75 procent av bolaget till Thyssen, Mittelstahl, Krupp och IG Farben. Sedan 1968 ingår Junkers i Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MBB).
Några av Junkers flygplan
- Junkers F 13
- Junkers Ju 52
- Junkers Ju 52/3m
- Junkers Ju 86
- Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
- Junkers W33
kategori:Ej längre existerande tyska företag
ja:ユンカース
Dorota Rabczewska poker witaminy cheap tickets warsaw map
|
|
|
| :: RELATED NEWS :: |
Audition (manhwa)
Catégorie:Manhwa
Manhwa en 10 volumes écrit et dessiné par Kye Young-chon, en cours de traduction chez Saphira
L'histoire
Pour reprendre en main la maison de disques laissée en héritage par son père, Song Myeong-ja doit retrouver quatre génies de la musique et leur faire remporter un concours national qui réunira tous les plus grands groupes amateurs de Corée du sud !
Avec l
|
Gaston Bonnier
Bonnier, Gaston
Bonnier, Gaston
Bonnier, Gaston
Bonnier
Gaston Bonnier est un botaniste français, né le 2 janvier 1853 à
|
SPAD S.VII
S.VII
S.VII
Le SPAD S.VII est un avion biplan français utilisé lors de la Première Guerre mondiale.
Conception
Conçu par l'ingénieur Louis Béchereau dans l'usine de Louis Blériot à
|
Power Macintosh 9500
Le Power Macintosh 9500 vint se placer tout en haut de la gamme d'ordinateurs de bureau d'Apple Computer. Il fut le premier Power Macintosh de seconde génération, qui sont dotés de processeur PowerPC 604.
Le Power Macintosh 9500 reprenait le même boîtier que le Workgroup Ser
|
Persea
Le genre Persea est un genre qui contient plus de 150 espèces d'arbres persistants appartenant à la famille des lauracées. L'espèce la plus connue est l'avocatier (P. americana), largement cultivé dans les régions subtropicales pour son fruit, l'avocat.
Description
Distribution
- Amérique
-
|
|
|
Ferdinand Buisson
Ferdinand Buisson (20 décembre 1841-16 février 1932), fondateur et président de la ligue des droits de l'Homme a obtenu le Prix Nobel de la paix en 1927. Ferdinand Buisson
|
|
