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British E Class Submarine

British E class submarine

The Royal Navy's E-class of diesel/electric submarines were built between 1912 and 1916 and were the mainstay of the submarine fleet during the First World War. A total of 58 boats were built, including two constructed for the Royal Australian Navy. The boats were built in three groups. Six boats of Group 3 were built as minelayers which were fitted with 20 vertical tubes instead of the two beam tubes.

Boats


- Group 1
  - E1 - Launched November 9, 1912.
  - E2 - Launched November 23, 1912.
  - E3 - Launched October 29, 1912. Torpedoed by U27 on October 18, 1917.
  - E4 - Launched February 5, 1912.
  - E5 - Launched May 17, 1912. Mined & sunk in North Sea, March 7, 1916.
  - E6 - Launched November 12, 1912. Mined on December 26, 1915.
  - E7 - Launched October 2, 1913. Scuttled on September 5, 1915 in the Dardanelles during the Battle of Gallipoli.
  - E8 - Launched October 30, 1913.
  - AE1 - Built for the RAN. Lost near Papua New Guinea, September 14, 1914.
  - AE2 - Built for the RAN. Sunk on April 28, 1915, in the Sea of Marmara during the Battle of Gallipoli.
- Group 2
  - E9 - Launched November 29, 1913.
  - E10 - Launched November 29, 1913. Lost January 18, 1915.
  - E11 - Launched April 23, 1914.
  - E12 - Launched September 5, 1914.
  - E13 - Launched September 22, 1914.
  - E14 - Launched July 7, 1914. Mined & sunk, January 27, 1918.
  - E15 - Launched April 23, 1914. Destroyed on April 19, 1915 in the Dardanelles.
  - E16 - Launched September 23, 1914.
  - E17 - Launched January 16, 1915.
  - E18 - Launched March 4, 1915. Sunk by German ship KE41 on May 24, 1916.
  - E19 - Launched May 13, 1915.
  - E20 - Launched June 12, 1915. Torpedoed on November 5, 1915 in the Dardanelles.
- Group 3
  - E21 - Launched July 24, 1915.
  - E22 - Launched August 27, 1915. Torpedoed & sunk, April 25, 1916.
  - E23 - Launched September 28, 1915.
  - E24 - Launched December 9, 1915. Minelayer.
  - E25 - Launched August 23, 1915.
  - E26 - Launched November 11, 1915. Lost on July 6, 1916.
  - E27 - Launched June 9, 1917.
  - E29 - Launched June 1, 1915.
  - E30 - Launched June 29, 1915. Lost on November 22, 1916.
  - E31 - Launched August 23, 1915.
  - E32 - Launched August 16, 1916.
  - E33 - Launched April 18, 1916.
  - E34 - Launched January 27, 1917. Minelayer.
  - E35 - Launched May 20, 1916.
  - E36 - Launched September 16, 1916. Lost on January 17, 1917.
  - E37 - Launched September 2, 1915. Lost on December 1, 1916.
  - E38 - Launched June 13, 1916.
  - E39 - Launched May 18, 1916.
  - E40 - Launched November 9, 1916.
  - E41 - Launched October 22, 1915. Minelayer.
  - E42 - Launched October 22, 1915.
  - E43 - Launched November 11, 1915.
  - E44 - Launched February 21, 1916.
  - E45 - Launched January 25, 1916. Minelayer.
  - E46 - Launched April 4, 1916. Minelayer.
  - E47 - Launched May 29, 1916. Lost on August 20, 1917.
  - E48 - Launched August 2, 1916.
  - E49 - Launched September 18, 1916. Mined & sunk near Huney in the Shetland Islands, March 12, 1917.
  - E50 - Launched November 13, 1916. Mined & sunk, February 1, 1918.
  - E51 - Launched November 30, 1916. Minelayer.
  - E52 - Launched January 25, 1917.
  - E53 - Launched in 1916.
  - E54 - Launched in 1916.
  - E55 - Launched February 5, 1916.
  - E56 - Launched June 19, 1916. E Category:Royal Navy submarines ja:E級潜水艦

Royal Navy

The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the "senior service" of the British armed services, being the oldest of its three branches. From approximately 1692 until World War II, the Royal Navy was the largest and most powerful navy in the world. The navy helped establish the United Kingdom as the dominant military and economic power of the 18th century and the 19th century, and was essential for maintaining the British Empire. Although the Royal Navy is now much smaller, it remains the largest Western European navy, the second largest navy in the world in terms of gross tonnage, and one of the world's most technologically advanced. It formed the basis for most other navies with few exceptions, and masses of sailors from Commonwealth and NATO Navies attend Royal Naval Training Programmes in Britain. The end of the Cold War with the collapse of the Soviet Union has precipitated a restructuring of the Royal Navy's role as a major naval player in the 21st century, from that of a deterrence force to a navy capable of extending British foreign policy worldwide.

Naval service

Officially, the Royal Navy is properly only one of the components of the Naval Service, which also includes the Royal Marines, the Royal Naval Reserve, etc. In common usage, however, the whole service is referred to as the Royal Navy; so while it is technically incorrect to say, for example, that the Royal Marines are part of the Royal Navy, it is good enough for most purposes (although possibly unwise within earshot of a bootneck).

History

:Main article: History of the Royal Navy The Royal Navy has historically played a central role in the defence and warfare of Britain. Because Britain is surrounded by seas, any enemy power (at least, before aircraft) would have had to cross by sea in order to attack. Attainment of naval superiority by any hostile power would have placed the nation in great peril. Moreover, a strong navy was vital in maintaining the security of supply and communication links with distant locations in the Empire.

England (c. 800 to c. 1700)

England's first navy was established in the 9th century by Alfred the Great, but soon fell into disrepair. The Norman kings started an equivalent in 1155 with the creation of the Cinque Ports alliance and the establishment of the post of Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. This was effective during the Plantagenet years, but like most institutions of the type fell into disarray and disuse. The first reformation and major expansion of the Navy Royal, as it was then known, occurred in the 16th century during the reign of Henry VIII whose ships, Henri Grâce a Dieu ("Great Harry") and Mary Rose, engaged the French navy in the battle of the Solent in 1545. By the time of Henry's death in 1547 his fleet had grown to 58 vessels. In 1588 the Spanish Empire, at the time Europe's great superpower, threatened England with invasion and the Spanish Armada set sail to enforce Spain's dominance over the English Channel and transport troops from the Spanish Netherlands to England. However, the armada failed, due to a combination of repeated successful attacks by the Royal Navy of England, bad weather and a revolt by the Dutch in Spain's territories across the Channel. The defeat of the armada is the first major victory by the English at sea. However the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589 saw the tide of war turn against the Royal Navy. England continued to raid Spain's ports and ships travelling across the Atlantic Ocean under the reign of Elizabeth I but was to suffer a series of damaging defeats against a reformed Spanish navy.

1692-1815

A permanent Naval Service didn't really exist until the mid-17th century when the Fleet Royal was taken under Parliamentary control following the defeat of Charles I in the English Civil War. This second reformation of the navy was carried out under Admiral Robert Blake during Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. The incorporation of the Royal Navy was in contrast to the land forces, which are descended from variety of different sources including both royal and anti-royal Parliamentary forces. After having suffered defeats in the second and third Anglo-Dutch wars the Royal Navy was the strongest navy in the world from 1692 to 1940 (the Dutch navy being placed under control of the Royal Navy by William III's command following the Glorious Revolution), with almost uncontested power over the world's oceans from 1805 to 1914, when it came to be said that Britain ruled the waves. In that time, the Royal Navy suffered only one major defeat—the battle of the Chesapeake against France in 1781—and was able to defeat all challengers, as at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 where a combined French and Spanish fleet was decisively beaten by a smaller but more experienced British fleet under the command of Admiral Lord Nelson. The victory at Trafalgar consolidated Britain's advantage over other European maritime powers. By concentrating its military resources in the navy it could both defend itself and project its power across the oceans as well as threaten or disrupt rivals' ocean trading routes. Britain therefore only needed to maintain a relatively small, highly mobile, professional army that could be dispatched to where it was needed by sea, as well as be given support by the navy both with bombardment, movement, supplies and reinforcement. Meanwhile rivals could have their sea-borne supplies cut off, as occurred with Napoleon's army in Egypt. Other major European powers were forced to split their resources between maintaining both a large navy and enormous armies and fortifications to defend their land frontiers. The domination of the sea therefore allowed Britain to rapidly build its empire, especially from the Seven Years War (1756-1763) and throughout the 19th century, giving Britain enormous military, political and commercial advantages.

1815-1914

During the 19th century the Royal Navy was also busy in enforcing the ban on the slave trade and the suppression of piracy. Another task the Royal navy was given during the 19th century (and before and after as well), was to map the world. Mostly, this involved the seas and oceans, recording every coast line in a scrupulous effort to provide this information for humanity. To this day, Admiralty charts are continously updated by the Royal Navy, as they always have been. In addition, Royal Navy vessels on such surveying missions carried out extensive scientific work. On one such voyage, Charles Darwin traveled around the world on the HMS Beagle, making scientific observations which later influenced his development of the theory of evolution. Life in the early Royal Navy would be considered harsh by today's standards; discipline was severe and flogging was used to enforce obedience to the Articles of War. The law allowed the Navy to use the unpopular practice of impressment where seamen were forced to serve in the Navy during times of manpower shortage, usually in wartime. Impressment reached its peak in the 18th and early 19th century but was abandoned after the end of the Napoleonic Wars as the peacetime Navy was smaller. During the later half of the 19th century, ships of the Royal Navy were used for "Gunboat Diplomacy". For this, large, heavily armed gunboats with shallow draught were employed in coastal areas in the far reaches of the Empire, to mostly assure the local population/ruler of Britain's power, and to also interfere where Britain's interests were at stake. Napoleonic Wars

1914–1945

During the two World Wars, the Royal Navy played a vital role in keeping the United Kingdom supplied with food, arms, and raw materials, and in defeating the German campaigns of unrestricted submarine warfare in the first and second battles of the Atlantic. During the First World War it fought in several sea battles, Battle of Heligoland Bight, Battle of Coronel, Battle of the Falkland Islands, Battle of Dogger Bank and Dardanelles Campaign, but the Battle of Jutland is the most well known. The Royal Navy was also vital in guarding the sea lanes that enabled British forces to fight in remote parts of the world such as North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Far East. Naval supremacy was vital to the amphibious operations carried out, such as the invasions of Northwest Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Normandy. See British military history of World War II. British military history of World War II

The Cold War

After World War II, the growing power of the United States and the decline of the British Empire reduced the role of the Royal Navy. However the threat of the Soviet Union and continuing British commitments throughout the world created a new and important role for the Navy. In the 1960s, the Royal Navy received its first nuclear weapons and was later to become the sole carrier of the UK's nuclear deterrent. In the latter stages of the Cold War, the Royal Navy was reconfigured with three anti-submarine warfare aircraft carriers and a force of small frigates and destroyers. Its purpose was to search for and, if necessary, destroy Soviet submarines in the North Atlantic. North Atlantic.]]

Recent operations

The most important post-war operation conducted solely by the Royal Navy was the defeat in 1982 of Argentina in the Falkland Islands War. Despite losing 4 naval ships and other civilian and RFA ships as well as having other ships damaged to a greater or lesser extent, the Royal Navy proved it was still able to fight a battle 8,000 miles (12,800 km) from the British mainland. The war also underlined the critical importance and power of aircraft carriers and submarines, and exposed the service's late 20th century dependency on chartered merchant vessels. The Royal Navy also participated in the Gulf War, the Kosovo conflict, the Afghanistan Campaign, and the 2003 Iraq War, the last of which saw RN warships bombard positions in support of the Al Faw Peninsula landings by Royal Marines. Also during that war, HM submarines Splendid and Turbulent launched a number of Tomahawk cruise missiles on a variety of targets in Iraq.

The Royal Navy today

Iraq The Royal Navy is currently deployed in many areas of the world.

Atlantic Patrol Task (North)

Atlantic Patrol Task (North) is normally carried out by a single warship and/or RFA vessel in the Caribbean during the hurricane season from May to November.

Atlantic Patrol Task (South)

Atlantic Patrol Task (South) constitutes the RN's considerable commitment to the South Atlantic and West African areas which is comprised of single warship accompanied by an RFA vessel. Additionally, a vessel is permanently deployed as the Falkland Islands Guardship. This invariably tends to be a Castle-class patrol vessel. Also, Endurance is deployed for half the year as an Ice Patrol Ship.

UK waters

In UK waters, the protection of fishery areas and offshore gas and oil installations is provided by the Fishery Protection Squadron. This is comprised of the new River-class patrol vessels, with a varying number of Hunt-class minesweepers that rotate fishery protection duties with their mine counter measures work. Additionally a Fleet Ready Escort (FRE), made up of a single warship to provide a rapid response at short notice for a variety of tasks required of the vessel and a ready aircraft carrier flagship and escort vessels are available for one-off deployments.

The Persian Gulf

The RN also maintains a significant presence in the Persian Gulf. Currently, a single warship and a supporting RFA vessel is on patrol as part of Operation Oracle and the Armilla Patrol, another aspect of the UK's contribution to the War on Terror. This vessel is also available for tasking anywhere East-of-Suez.

The Far East

Though a permanent RN presence in the Far East and Pacific regions has ended, the RN is able to deploy a significant Naval Task Group (NTG) for task specific operations and commonly deploys approximately every three years as part of the Five Powers Defence Arrangements (FPDA). Recent Far East Naval Task Groups

NATO Standing Naval Force

The RN also has a substantial commitment to NATO. The UK normally provides a single warship to the NATO Response Force, part of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) and Standing Naval Force Mediterranean (STANAVFORMED) Recently changing to Standing Naval Maritime Group (SNMG2). The RN also usually provides a Mine Countermeasures vessel to Mine Countermeasures Force (North) and Mine Countermeasures Force (South), both important permanent NATO squadrons. At all times the RN also deploys a Vanguard class submarine SSBN to maintain the British nuclear deterrent.

Names

Nicknames for the Royal Navy include "The Mob", "The Andrew", and "The Senior Service". Nowadays the British sailor usually refers to himself as "Jack" rather than "Jacktar". Foreign nicknames for a British sailor are "Limey". In port towns like Portsmouth and Plymouth they are often referred to as "Matelots" (pronounced 'matloes' the French word for sailor) or more derogatively as "skates" (due to the alleged sexual abuse of these fish). Royal Marines are fondly known as "Bootnecks" or often just referred to as "Royal" The British Royal Navy is commonly referred to as "The Royal Navy" both inside and outside the United Kingdom. Commonwealth navies also include their national name e.g. Royal Australian Navy. However, there are other navies, such as the Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy) which are also simply called the "Royal Navy" in their own language. The book Jackspeak by Rick Jolly [http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url/index=books-uk&field-author=Rick%2C%20Jolly/202-0907656-4033414] and illustrated by the cartoonist Tugg provides an informal history of naval lanuage. The Napoleonic campaigns of the navy have been the subject of many novels including Patrick O'Brian's series featuring Jack Aubrey, C.S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower, and Alexander Kent's Richard Bolitho.

Ships of the Royal Navy

see main article at: List of ships of the Royal Navy Commissioned (surface) ships of the Royal Navy are accorded the prefix HMS which stands for Her Majesty's Ship (alternatively, His Majesty's Ship), like HMS Ark Royal. Submarines on the other hand are styled HM Submarine, though still abbreviated HMS. Fleet support units, usually manned by civilians are given the prefix RFA or Royal Fleet Auxiliary, such as RFA Sir Galahad. The Royal Navy has the following classes of vessel in use today:
Image:HMS Invincible.jpg|HMS Invincible, Invincible-class aircraft carrier Image:HMS Illustrious 1.jpg|HMS Illustrious, Invincible-class aircraft carrier Image:Hmsocean.600pix.jpg|HMS Ocean, Landing Platform Helicopter Image:HMS Albion (L14).jpg|HMS Albion, Landing Platform Dock Image:HMS Manchester (D95) Type 42 destroyer.jpg|HMS Manchester, Type 42 Destroyer Image:Hmskentf78.jpg|HMS Kent, Type 23 Frigate Image:HMS Cornwall (F99).jpg|HMS Cornwall, Type 22 Frigate Image:HMS Leeds Castle (P258).jpg|HMS Leeds Castle, Castle-class patrol boat Image:Hms-bristol-d23.jpg|HMS Bristol, Type 82 destroyer Image:Vanguard class image.jpg|HMS Vanguard, Vanguard-class submarine Image:HMS Sceptre S104 (Swiftsure-class submarine).jpg|HMS Sceptre, Swiftsure-class submarine Image:Echo.jpg|HMS Echo, survey vessel

Command of the Royal Navy

The Royal Navy is established under the royal prerogative, and the head of the Royal Navy, known as the Lord High Admiral, is the Queen (who is overall head of the UK Armed Forces). In earlier times the office of Lord High Admiral was delegated to a naval officer. The office later came to be frequently put into commission, during which time the Royal Navy was run by a board headed by the First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1964 the functions of the Admiralty were transferred to the Secretary of State for Defence and the Defence Council of the United Kingdom. Since then, the historic title of Lord High Admiral has been restored to the Sovereign. The functions of the Defence Council that concern the administration of the Naval Service are formally delegated to an Admiralty Board and its sub-committee, the Navy Board, which is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy. The professional head of the Royal Navy is the First Sea Lord (who also holds the title of Chief of the Naval Staff). The current incumbent is Admiral Sir Alan West.

Commanders-in-Chief

Historically, the Royal Navy has usually been split into several commands, each with a Commander-in-Chief, e.g. Commander-in-Chief Plymouth, Commander-in-Chief China Station, etc. There now remain only two Commanders-in-Chief, Commander-in-Chief Fleet and Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command, and it is planned that these two commands will soon amalgamate. In 1971, with the withdrawal from Singapore, the Eastern and Western fleets of the Royal Navy were unified into one command under the Commander-in-Chief Fleet (CINCFLEET). It was initially based at Northwood in Middlesex, continuing the tradition of basing the home naval command there that had started in 1960 when the Home Fleet command had been transferred ashore. Recently most of CINCFLEET's staff has transferred to a new facility in Plymouth. However, CINCFLEET himself and a small staff remain at Northwood. The Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command (CINCNAVHOME) is responsible for the shore-based establishments and manpower of the Royal Navy, and is based in Portsmouth, flying his flag aboard HMS Victory. He currently holds the title of Second Sea Lord.

Royal Navy timeline and battle honours

HMS Victory HMS Victory HMS Victory
- 1588 The Spanish Armada
- 1652 Battle of Dungeness
- 1690 Battle of Beachy Head
- 1692 Battle of La Hougue
- 1692 Battle of Plaisance (Placentia)
- 1759 Battle of Quiberon Bay and Battle of Lagos
- 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)
- 1781 Battle of the Chesapeake and Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)
- 1782 Battle of St. Kitts and Battle of the Saintes
- 1794 The Glorious First of June
- 1797 Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)
- 1798 Battle of the Nile
- 1801 Battle of Copenhagen
- 1805 Battle of Trafalgar
- 1808–1814 Peninsular war
- 1812–1814 War of 1812
- 1821 First steam paddle ships for auxiliary use (tugs etc.)
- 1840 First screw driven Steamship, Rattler
- 1902 First Royal Navy submarine, Holland 1
- 1905 First Steam turbine and all big-gun battleship, Dreadnought
- 1914–1918 First Battle of the Atlantic
- 1914 Battle of Heligoland Bight, Battle of Coronel, Battle of the Falkland Islands
- 1915 Battle of Dogger Bank (1915) and Dardanelles Campaign
- 1916 Battle of Jutland
- 1919 Russian Civil War
- 1931 Invergordon Mutiny
- 1939–1945 Second Battle of the Atlantic
- 1939 Battle of the River Plate
- 1940 Operation Dynamo (Dunkirk)
- 1941 Battle of Cape Matapan
- 1941 Sinking of HMS Hood and the German battleship Bismarck
- 1943 Battle of North Cape
- 1944 Operation Tungsten
- 1944 Operation Neptune (Normandy)
- 1946 Mining of Saumarez and Volage in the Corfu Channel Incident
- 1949 Amethyst incident on the Yangtze River
- 1950 Korean War begins
- 1956 Suez campaign
- 1962 Indonesian Konfrontasi begins in Borneo
- 1963 First British nuclear submarine, Dreadnought
- 1965 Beira Patrol against Rhodesia begins
- 1980 Armilla Patrol in the Persian Gulf begins
- 1982 Falklands War
- 1991 Gulf War
- 1999 Kosovo conflict
- 2000 Sierra Leone
- 2001 Afghanistan Campaign
- 2003 Iraq War

Famous sailors of the Royal Navy

Famous ships of the Royal Navy

For a full list, see List of Royal Navy ship names List of Royal Navy ship names
- Mary Rose — sank in 1545 off Portsmouth
- Ark Royal — flagship of English Fleet against the Spanish Armada. As of 2005, the current Ark Royal is an Invincible-class aircraft carrier that saw action in the 2003 Iraq conflict
- Bounty — scene of the famous mutiny.
- Victory — Nelson's flagship. This ship is still officially in service and is the world's oldest commissioned warship.
- Beagle — carried Charles Darwin on his voyage.
- Warrior — one of the first ironclad warships
- Dreadnought — first "all big-gun" battleship
- Warspite — fought at Jutland and through the Second World War
- Hood — battlecruiser destroyed by the Bismarck
- Vanguard — last battleship built for the Royal Navy
- Dreadnought — first British nuclear-powered submarine
- Resolution — first British strategic ballistic missile submarine
- Invincible — light aircraft carrier
- Conqueror — nuclear attack submarine, responsible for the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano during the Falklands War.

See also


- The Admiralty
- Comparative military ranks
- Admiral
- "Heart of Oak" — the official Royal Navy march
- Navy List
- Covey Crump
- Pink gin
- List of fleets (includes British fleets of the two World Wars)
- List of senior officers of the
- List of ships of the Royal Navy
- British Naval ensigns
- Department of Naval Intelligence
- British military history
- Royal Naval Division
- Royal Navy Dockyard
- Standing Royal Navy deployments
- The Royal Navy in the 21st century
- UK topics
- The Royal British Legion
- "Rule Britannia"
- University Royal Naval Units
- Warfare Officer

Further reading


- Arthur Herman, To Rule The Waves: How The British Navy Changed The World, Harpercollins (October, 2004), hardcover, 528 pages, ISBN 0060534249
- N. A. M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain from 660 - 1649,
- N. A. M. Rodger, The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain from 1649 - 1815, Penguin (2004), paperback, 907 pages, ISBN 0140288961

External links


- [http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/ Official Website of the Royal Navy]
- [http://www.navynews.co.uk/ Navy News - Royal Navy Newspaper]
- [http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ccsu4190.htm Cook's Navy in 1770]
- [http://home.gci.net/~stall/ship1.html Royal Navy 1793/1815]
- [http://www.royalmagazine.net/ Women in the armed forces]
- [http://www.royalmagazine.net/ WOMEN'S POWER MAGAZINE] Category:Navies ja:イギリス海軍

Diesel

:This article is about the fuel. For other uses see diesel (disambiguation) Diesel or Diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of fuel oil (mostly petroleum) that is used as fuel in a diesel engine invented by German engineer Rudolf Diesel. The term typically refers to fuel that has been processed from petroleum, but increasingly, alternatives such as biodiesel or biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel that are not derived from petroleum are being developed.

Petroleum diesel

gas to liquid Diesel is produced from petroleum, and is sometimes called petrodiesel (or, less seriously, dinodiesel) when there is a need to distinguish it from diesel obtained from other sources. As a hydrocarbon mixture, it is obtained in the fractional distillation of crude oil between 250 °C and 350 °C at atmospheric pressure. Petro Diesel is considered to be a fuel oil and is about 18% heavier than gasoline. Diesel typically weighs about 7.1 pounds (lb) per US gallon (gal.) (850 grams per liter (g/l)), whereas gasoline weighs about 6.0 lb per US gal. (720 g/l), or about 15% less. When burnt diesel typically releases about 147,000 British thermal units (BTU) per US gal. (40.9 megajoules (MJ) per liter), whereas gasoline releases 125,000 BTUs per US gal. (34.8 MJ/l), also about 15% less. Diesel is generally simpler to refine than gasoline and often costs less (although price fluctuations often mean that the inverse is true; for example, the cost of diesel traditionally rises during colder months as demand for heating oil, which is refined much the same way, rises). Diesel fuel, however, often contains higher quantities of sulfur. In Europe, emission standards and preferential taxation have both forced oil refineries to dramatically reduce the level of sulfur in diesel fuels. In contrast, the United States has long had "dirtier" diesel, although more stringent emission standards have been adopted with the transition to ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) occurring in 2006 (see also diesel exhaust). US diesel fuel typically also has a lower cetane number (a measure of ignition quality) than European diesel, resulting in worse cold weather performance and some increase in emissions. High levels of sulfur in diesel are harmful for the environment. It prevents the use of catalytic diesel particulate filters to control diesel particulate emissions, as well as more advanced technologies, such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) adsorbers (still under development), to reduce emissions. However, lowering sulfur also reduces the lubricity of the fuel, meaning that additives must be put into the fuel to help lubricate engines. Biodiesel is an effective lubricity additive. Diesel contains approximately 18% more energy per unit of volume than gasoline, which, along with the greater efficiency of diesel engines, contributes to fuel economy (distance traveled per volume of fuel consumed). In the maritime field various grades of diesel fuel are used.

Chemical composition

Petroleum derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n, iso, and cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes).

Synthetic diesel

Wood, straw, corn, garbage, and sewage-sludge may be dried and gasified. After purification the so called Fischer Tropsch process is used to produce synthetic diesel. Other attempts use enzymatic processes and are also economic in case of high oil prices. Synthetic diesel may also be produced out of natural gas in the GTL process. Such synthetic diesel has 30% less particulate emissions than conventional diesel (US- California) .

Biodiesel

Biodiesel can be obtained from vegetable oil and animal fats (bio-lipids, using transesterification). Biodiesel is a non-fossil fuel alternative to petrodiesel. It can also be mixed with petrodiesel in any amount in modern engines, though it is a strong solvent and can cause problems in some cases. There have been reports that a diesel-biodiesel mix results in lower emissions than either can achieve alone. A small percentage of biodiesel can be used as an additive in low-sulfur formulations of diesel to increase the lubricating ability that is lost when the sulfur is removed. Chemically, biodiesel consists of alkyl (usually methyl) esters instead of the alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons of petroleum derived diesel. However, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to regular diesel, including combustion energy and cetane ratings.

Uses

Diesel fuel is very similar to heating oil which used in central heating. In both Europe and the United States, taxes on diesel fuel are higher than on heating oil, and in those areas, heating oil is marked with dye and trace chemicals to prevent and detect tax fraud. Similarly, "untaxed" diesel is available in the United States, which is available for use primarily in agricultural applications such as for tractor fuel. This untaxed diesel is also dyed red for identification purposes, and should a person be found to be using this untaxed diesel fuel for a typically taxed purpose (such as "over-the-road", or driving use), the user can be fined $10,000 USD on the spot. Also, in the United Kingdom and Ireland it is known as red diesel, and is also used by agricultural vehicles. The term DERV (short for "diesel engined road vehicle") is also used in the UK as a synonym for diesel fuel. Diesel is used in diesel engines, a type of internal combustion engine. Rudolf Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to use coal dust as a fuel, but oil proved more effective. Diesel engines are used in cars, trucks, motorcycles, boats and locomotives. Packard diesel motors were used in aircraft as early as 1927, and Charles Lindbergh flew a Stinson SM1B with a Packard Diesel in 1928. A Packard diesel motor designed by L.M. Woolson was fitted to a Stinson X7654, and in 1929 it was flown 1000 km non-stop from Detroit to Langley, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.). In 1931, Walter Lees and Fredrick Brossy set the nonstop flight record flying a Bellanca powered by a Packard Diesel for 84h 32m. The very first diesel-engine automobile trip was completed on January 6, 1930. The trip was from Indianapolis to New York City - a distance of nearly 800 miles (1300 km). This feat helped to prove the usefulness of the internal combustion engine. The following year Dave Evans drove his Cummins Diesel Special to a nonstop finish in the Indianapolis 500, the first time a car had completed the race without a pit stop. That car and a later Cummins Diesel Special are on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. Westport claims to have invented a process called Westport-Cycle with comparable efficiency using natural gas and petrodiesel.

Notes

# Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp75-c3.pdf Toxicological profile for fuel oils]. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service # # # #

See also


- Common alcohol fuel mixtures; E95
- Liquid fuels
- List of diesel automobiles
- Biomass to liquid

External links


- [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdieselvsgas.html Can I use diesel fuel instead of regular gas?] (from The Straight Dope)
- [http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/fuels/us.html DieselNet.com: US Diesel Fuel]
- [http://www.greencarcongress.com/2005/07/opel_offers_par.html Opel announces particulate filter] Category:Petroleum products category:engine technology Category:Solvents Category:German loanwords ko:경유 ja:軽油

1912

1912 (MCMXII) was a leap year starting on Monday.

Events

January-March


- January 1 - Establishment of Republic of China.
- January 5 - Prague Party Conference
- January 6 - New Mexico is admitted as the 47th U.S. state.
- January 17 - British polar explorer Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four begin the second expedition to reach the South Pole.
- January 23 - The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.
- February 8 - Mexican Revolution - Military rebellion against the rule of Francisco Madero begins in Mexico City. Battles last for 10 days
- February 12 - Republic of China adopts the Gregorian calendar
- February 14 - Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.
- February 14 - In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
- February 18 - Francisco Madero is forced to resign - battle ends. All members of Madero's government are arrested.
- February 19 - Prizes are included in Cracker Jack candy boxes for the first time
- February 22 - Francisco Madero and Pino Suarez are shot, allegedly when they "tried to escape"
- March 1 - Albert Berry makes the first parachute jump from a moving airplane.
- March 1 - Georg Ritter von Trapp, head of the famous Austrian singing family memorialized in the musical The Sound of Music marries Agathe
- March 5 - Italian forces are the first to use airships for a military purpose by using them for reconnaissance west of Tripoli behind Turkish lines.
- March 7 - Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole
- March 7 - French aviator Henri Seimet makes the first non-stop flight from Paris to London in three hours
- March 12 - The Girl Guides (later renamed the Girl Scouts) are founded.
- March 16 - Lawrence Oates, ill member of Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the tent saying, "I am just going outside and may be some time"
- March 27 - Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry blossom trees to be planted in Washington, D.C. to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.
- March 30 - France establishes a protectorate over Morocco.

April-September


- April 15 - Sinking of the RMS Titanic.
- April 17 - Solar eclipse in Europe.
- April 19 - United States Senate inquiry into the Titanic sinking begins.
- May 2 - British Board of Trade inquiry into the sinking of Titanic begins.
- May 3 - The first victims of the RMS Titanic are buried in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
- May 5 - The 1912 Summer Olympics open in Stockholm, Sweden.
- May 13 - In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.
- June 4 - Fire in Constantinople - 1120 buildings destroyed
- June 5 - US Marines land on Cuba
- June 6-June 8 - Eruption of Novarupta in Alaska, second largest volcanic eruption in historic time.
- June 8 - Carl Laemmle incorporated Universal Pictures.
- July 12 - Greek island of Icana declares independence (Greece annexes it in November)
- July 19 - A meteorite with an estimated mass of 190 kg exploded over the town of Holbrook in Navajo County, Arizona causing approximately 16,000 pieces of debris to rain down on the town.
- July 30 - the Meiji Emperor of Japan, dies. He is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, the Taisho Emperor. In Japanese History, the event marks the end of the Meiji period and the beginning of the Taisho Era.
- August 12 - Sultan Abd al-Hafiz of Morocco abdicates.
- August 25 - Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party is founded.
- September 25 - Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism founded in New York,_New York.

October-November


- October 8 - First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against Turkey.
- October 14 - While campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, former president Theodore Roosevelt is shot by saloonkeeper William Schrank. With a fresh flesh wound and the bullet still in him, Roosevelt still delivers his scheduled speech.
- October 16 - Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne against Turkey.
- November 5 - U.S. presidential election, 1912: Democratic challenger Woodrow Wilson wins a landslide victory over Republican incumbent William Howard Taft. Taft's base was undercut by Progressive Party candidate (and former Republican) Theodore Roosevelt, who finished second, ahead of Taft.
- November 7 - The Deutsche Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opened in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg with a production of Beethoven's Fidelio.
- November 11 - Chios declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
- November 24 - Mine explosion in Hokkaido, Japan - 245 dead
- November 27 - Spain declares a protectorate over the north shore of Morocco.
- November 28 - Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

December


- December 3 - First Balkan War ends temporarily - Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month long war.

Unknown dates


- Sea Scouting begins under the aegis of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Kazimierz Funk identifies vitamins.
- The first blues song, "The Memphis Blues," is published.
- Alfred Wegener proposes the theory of continental drift.
- Mount Katmai in Alaska explodes.
- Piltdown Man presented in Britain.
- British treasure hunters try to drain Lake Guatavita to find gold – they find nothing.
- African National Congress

Births

January-February


- January 1 - Kim Philby, British spy (d. 1988)
- January 3 - Armand Lohikoski, Finnish director (d. 2005)
- January 6 - Jacques Ellul, French philosopher (d. 1994)
- January 7 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
- January 8 - José Ferrer, Puerto Rican actor (d. 1992)
- January 19 - Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- January 21 - Konrad Emil Bloch, German-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2000)
- January 28 - Jackson Pollock, American painter (d. 1956)
- January 30 - Barbara W. Tuchman, American historian (d. 1989)
- February 4 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)
- February 6 - Eva Braun, Adolf Hitler's mistress (d. 1945)
- February 11 - Roy Fuller, English poet and novelist (d. 1991)
- February 19 - Stan Kenton, American musician (d. 1979)
- February 20 - Pierre Boulle, French author (d. 1994)
- February 27 - Lawrence Durrell, British writer (d. 1990)

March-April


- March 5 - David Astor, British newspaper publisher (d. 2001)
- March 8 - Preston Smith, Governor of Texas (d. 2003)
- March 12 - Irving Layton, Canadian poet
- March 14 - Les Brown, American band leader (d. 2001)
- March 15 - Lightnin' Hopkins, American musician (d. 1982)
- March 16 - Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (d. 1993)
- March 17 - Bayard Rustin, American civil rights activist (d. 1987)
- March 18 - Lucien Laurin, Canadian horse trainer (d. 2000)
- March 22 - Karl Malden, American actor
- March 23 - Betty Astell, British actress (d. 2005)
- March 23 - Wernher von Braun, German-born physicist and engineer (d. 1977)
- March 27 - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
- April 8 - Sonja Henie, Norwegian figure skater (d. 1969)
- April 12 - Walt Gorney, American actor (d. 2004)
- April 15 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (d. 1994)
- April 19 - Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- April 22 - Kathleen Ferrier, British contralto (d. 1953)
- April 26 - A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-born writer (d. 2000)
- April 28 - Odette Sansom, French World War II heroine (d. 1995)

May-July


- May 3 - Virgil Fox, American organist (d. 1980)
- May 9 - Pedro Armendáriz, Mexican actor (d. 1963)
- May 9 - Per Imerslund, "The aryan idol" (d. 1943)
- May 11 - Foster Brooks, American actor and comedian (d. 2001)
- May 12 - Archibald Cox, Watergate special prosecutor (d. 2001)
- May 14 - Ben Hogan, American golfer (d. 1997)
- May 16 - Studs Terkel, American writer and broadcaster
- May 18 - Perry Como, American singer (d. 2001)
- May 18 - Walter Sisulu, South African anti-apartheid activist (d. 2003)
- May 21 - Monty Stratton, baseball player (d. 1982)
- May 22 - Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)
- May 23 - Jean Françaix, French composer (d. 1997)
- May 23 - John Payne, American actor (d. 1989)
- May 25 - Princess Dukhye of Korea (d. 1989)
- May 27 - Sam Snead, American golfer (d. 2002)
- May 28 - Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1990)
- May 30 - Julius Axelrod, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- May 31 - Alfred Deller, English countertenor (d. 1979)
- June 6 - Maria Montez, Dominican actress (d. 1951)
- June 23 - Alan Turing, British mathematician (d. 1954)
- June 25 - William T. Cahill, American politician (d. 1996)
- June 26 - Jay Silverheels, American actor (d. 1980)
- June 27 - Chen Kenmin, Japanese chef (d. 1990)
- June 30 - Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (d. 2003)
- July 1 - David R. Brower, American environmentalist (d. 2000)
- July 14 - Woody Guthrie, American folk musician (d. 1969)
- July 17 - Art Linkletter, American television host
- July 31 - Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 31 - Irv Kupcinet, American newspaper columnist (d. 2003)

August-November


- August 9 - Anne Brown, American soprano
- August 10 - Jorge Amado de Faria, Brazilian author (d. 2001)
- August 11 - Thanom Kittikachorn, Prime Minister of Thailand (d. 2004)
- August 11 - Norman Levinson, American mathematician (d. 1975)
- August 13 - Salvador Luria, Italian-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1991)
- August 15 - Julia Child, American chef (d. 2004)
- August 16 - Ted Drake, English footballer (d. 1995)
- August 16 - Wendy Hiller, English actress (d. 2003)
- August 23 - Gene Kelly, American actor (d. 1996)
- August 25 - Erich Honecker, East German leader (d. 1994)
- August 30 - Edward Mills Purcell, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997)
- August 30 - Nancy Wake, New Zealand World War II heroine
- September 5 - John Cage, American composer (d. 1992)
- September 11 - David Packard, American electrical engineer (d. 1996)
- September 19 - Kurt Sanderling, German conductor
- September 21 - Chuck Jones, American animator (d. 2002)
- September 22 - Martha Scott, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 24 - Don Porter, American actor (d. 1997)
- September 29 - Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director
- October 5 - Karl Hass, Nazi war criminal (d. 2004)
- October 5 - Kristina Söderbaum, German actress (d. 2001)
- October 17 - Pope John Paul I (d. 1978)
- October 21 - Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
- October 22 - Johan Hendrik Weidner, Belgian World War II resistance fighter (d. 1994)
- October 25 - Minnie Pearl, American commedienne (d. 1996)
- October 27 - Conlon Nancarrow, American composer (d. 1997)
- November 4 - Vadim Salmanov, Russian composer (d. 1978)
- November 10 - Birdie Tebbetts, baseball player and manager (d. 1999)
- November 11 - Larry LaPrise American songwriter (d. 1996)
- November 14 - Barbara Hutton, American socialite (d. 1979)
- November 14 - T. Y. Lin, Chinese-born civil engineer (d. 2003)
- November 19 - George Emil Palade, Romanian cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 21 - Eleanor Powell, American actress and dancer (d. 1982)
- November 26 - Eugene Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (d. 1994)

December


- December 11 - Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer
- December 12 - Henry Armstrong, American boxer (d. 1988)
- December 25 - Natalino Otto, Italian singer (d. 1969)
- December 27 - Conroy Maddox, British painter (d. 2005)

Deaths


- January 28 - Gustave de Molinari, Belgian economist (b. 1819)
- February 16 - Nikolai of Japan, Eastern Orthodox monk and saint (b. 1836)
- February 25 - Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1852)
- March 1 - George Grossmith, English actor and comic writer (b. 1847)
- March 29 - Robert Falcon Scott, British Antarctic explorer (froze to death) (b. 1868)
- March 30 - Karl May, German author (b. 1842)
- April 15 - Victims of the sinking of the RMS Titanic:
  - Edward J. Smith, ship's captain (b. 1850)
  - John Jacob Astor IV, American businessman (b. 1864)
  - Archibald Butt, American presidential aide (b. 1865)
  - Benjamin Guggenheim, American businessman (b. 1865)
  - William Thomas Stead, English journalist (b. 1849)
  - Isidor Straus, German-American owner of Macy's (b. 1845)
  - Thomas Andrews, Jr., Titanic shipbuilder (b.1873)
- May 14 - August Strindberg, Swedish playwright and painter (b. 1849)
- May 14 - Frederick VIII, King of Denmark (b. 1843)
- May 25 - Austin Lane Crothers, American politician (b. 1860)
- May 30 - Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer (b. 1867)
- June 12 - Frédéric Passy, French economist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1822)
- July 1 - Harriet Quimby, American pilot (b. 1875)
- July 2 - Tom Richardson, English cricketer (b. 1870)
- July 30 - Meiji Emperor of Japan (b. 1852)
- August 7 - François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (b. 1841)
- August 8 - Ross Winn, American anarchist writer and publisher (b. 1871)
- October 6 - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert, Belgian statesman, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1829)
- October 24 - Mykola Lysenko, Ukrainian composer (b. 1842)
- October 30 - James S. Sherman, Vice President of the United States (b. 1855)
- November 10 - Louis Cyr, Canadian strongman (b. 1863)
- November 28 - Walter Benona Sharp, American oil pioneer (b. 1870)
- December 23 - Otto Schoetensack, German anthropologist (b. 1850)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Nils Gustaf Dalén
- Chemistry - Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
- Medicine - Alexis Carrel
- Literature - Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann
- Peace - Elihu Root Category:1912 ko:1912년 ms:1912 ja:1912年 simple:1912 th:พ.ศ. 2455

1916

1916 (MCMXVI) is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar)

Events

January-February


- January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. Impressionist Monet paints 'Water Lilies'.
- January 5 - Heavy rain - allegedly caused by rainmaker Charles Hatfield - begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
- January 8 - Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
- January 13/14 - A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage. This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
- January 17 - The Professional Golfers Association (PGA) is formed
- January 18 - A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near Baxter, Stone County, Missouri.
- January 23 to 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7°C to -48.8°C (44°F to -56°F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
- January 24 - In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax void
- January 28 - Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
- January 29 - World War I: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.
- February 2 - Blizzard in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- February 3 - Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
- February 9 - 6.00 PM - Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp
- February 11 - Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
- February 11 - Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert
- February 21 - World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.

March-June


- March 1 - Liberal British Columbia Premier Harlan Carey Brewster term in office ends
- March 6 - Sydney conservatorium of music in Australia accepts first students
- March 8-9 night - Mexican Revolution - Pancho Villa leads 1,500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17. Garrison of US 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.
- March 15 - President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border border to pursue Pancho Villa; 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.
- March 16 - US 7th and 10th cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing crosses the border to join the hunt of Villa
- March 19 - First United States air combat mission in history as eight US planes take off in pursuit of Pancho Villa
- March 22 - Marriage of Edith Bratt and John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. They would serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters Lúthien and Beren.
- April 24 - April 30 - Easter Rising in Ireland
- April 27 - Battle of Hulluch in World War One, 47th Brigade, 16th Irish Division decimated in one of the most heavily-concentrated gas attacks of the war
- May 5 - United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
- May 20 - The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
- May 21 - Sir Ernest Shackleton and two of his companions reach a whaling station to get help for the rest of the crew of Endurance.
- May 21 - Britain initiates daylight saving time.
- May 31 - June 1 - Battle of Jutland
- June 5 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
- June 5 - HMS Hampshire sinks off the Orkneys, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard
- June 15 - U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America. [http://www.scouting.org/factsheets/02-507.html]

July-August


- July 1 - November 18: More than 1 million soldiers die during The Battle of the Somme including 60,000 soldiers from the British Commonwealth on the first day. The United States is still unwilling to join in the war with Britain, Canada, Australia and the other commonwealth countries.
- July 1 through July 12, at least one shark mauled five swimmers along 80 miles of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore Shark Attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event was the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.
- July 15 - In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
- July 16 - Hellenic Holocaust: The entire Greek population of Sinope and the coastal region of the county of Kastanome is either exiled or killed.
- July 22 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 injuring 40. (Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it)
- July 29 - In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson - 233 dead
- 2 August - World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto.

October-December

Taranto.]]
- October 27 - Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zauditu.
- November 5 - Kingdom of Poland proclaimed by joined act of emperors of Germany and Austria
- November 7 - Woodrow Wilson defeats Charles E. Hughes in the U.S. presidential election.
- November 7 - Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
- November 13 - Prime Minister of Australia William Morris Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.
- November 18 - World War I: First Battle of the Somme ends - In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle which started on July 1, 1916.
- November 25 - Friedrich Adler shoots Karl Stürgh, prime minister of Austria
- November 30 - Hellenic Holocaust: According to the Austrian consul: "on 26 November Rafet Bey (Turkish Minister of the Interior) told me: "we must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians … on 28 November.""
- December 12 - In the Dolomites, an avalanche buries 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
- December 30 - Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize