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Maktum Bin Rashid Al-Maktum

Maktum bin Rashid Al-Maktum

Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum (born 1946) is the current Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates and the emir of Dubai. He first became Prime Minister on 9 December 1971 and served until 25 April 1979 when he was replaced by his father Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum. Following the latter's death on 7 October 1990 he resumed his position as Prime Minister and also took over as Ruler of the Dubai. Sheikh Maktoum runs the emirate of Dubai along with his two brothers, Sheikh Mohammed (Crown Prince and Minister of Defence) and Sheikh Hamdan (Minister of Finance) of the United Arab Emirates. See also: List of national leaders Al-Maktoum, Maktoum bin Rashid Maktoum, Maktoum bin Rashid ja:マクトゥーム・ビン=ラーシド・アール=マクトゥーム

Sheikh

Shaikh (Arabic: شيخ ),(also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh or Sheikh) is a word in the Arabic language meaning elder of tribe, lord or a revered old man. The term linguistically means a man of old age, and is used in that sense in Qur'anic Arabic. Later it came to be a title meaning leader, elder or noble, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, where shaikh became a traditional title of a Bedouin tribal leader in recent centuries. For example, it was the term used to refer to the leaders of Kuwait's ruling al-Sabah dynasty until June 19, 1961, when Kuwait joined the Arab League, and the title Emir was adopted. The title is also used by Arab Christians for elder men of stature, showing that it is independent of religion. In Sufi tariqah (orders), it is an honorific for an elder sufi who has been authorized by the order to teach, initiate Dervishes (monks) and otherwise lead a sufi circle in a Dargah (monastery). In this sense, it is not restricted to sufi elders, but to any learned man in religion, such as Faqihs, Muftis, and Muhaddiths. In the Persian Gulf, the title is used for men of stature, whether they are managers in high posts, wealthy business owners, or local rulers. The title is often more informally used to address learned men as a courtesy. Shaikh signifies Arab ancestory in South Asia. Shaikh is a multiethnic community in South Asia, found particularly in Pakistan and Bangladesh, and generally in India.

Other

:Quraishi, Hashemi, Syed, Siddiqui, Shaikh Siddiqui, Farooqi, Osmani, Alavi are family names signifying Arab ancestory and belong to Shaikh community.
External links

- [http://www.shaikhsiddiqui.com Shaikh Siddiqui Family]. Category:Titles

1946

1946 (MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday. (see link for calendar)

Events

January

- January 4 - Theodore Schurch becomes the last person to be executed for offences committed under the Treachery Act of 1940
- January 7 - Allied recognize Austrian republic with 1937 borders - the country is divided into four occupation zones
- January 10 - First meeting of the United Nations
- January 11 - Enver Hoxha declares the people's republic of Albania with himself as prime minister.
- January 11 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob's ashes go back to Colombia.
- January 16 - Charles de Gaulle resigns as a head of a French provisional government
- January 17
- The UN Security Council holds its first session
- Senator Dennis Chavez (D-NM) calls for a vote on an FEPC bill which called for the end to discrimination in the work place. A filibuster prevents it from passing.
- January 20 - Charles De Gaulle resigns as president of France
- January 25 - The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor
- January 28 - Bluenose founders on a Haitian reef
- January 29 - CIA established
- January 31 - Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).

February

February
- February 1 - Trygve Lie of Norway is picked to be the first United Nations Secretary General.
- February 2 - Kingdom of Hungary becomes a republic.
- February 14 - The Bank of England nationalized
- February 14 - ENIAC (for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer"), the first general-purpose electronic computer, is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania
- February 15 - Canada indicts 22 communist agents.
- February 24 - Juan Peron elected president of Argentina
- February 28 - In Philadelphia, strikers of General Electric and police clash

March

- March 2 - British troops withdraw from Iran according to treaty - Soviets do not.
- March 2 - Ho Chi Minh elected the President of North Vietnam
- March 4 - C.G.E. Mannerheim resigns from the post of president of Finland
- March 5 - In his speech in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill talks about Iron Curtain.
- March 6 - Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union. David Gilmour, the guitarist of Pink Floyd is born.
- March 9 - Juho Kusti Paasikivi becomes president of Finland
- March 10 - British troops begin withdrawal from Lebanon
- March 15 - Clement Attlee promises independence to India as soon as they can agree on constitution
- March 19 - Soviet Union and Switzerland reform diplomatic relations.
- March 19 - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion become overseas départements of France
- March 22 - Transjordan gains independence
- March 29 - Gold Coast has an African majority in the parliament

April

- April 1 - 14-meter high tsunami strikes Hilo, Hawaii - 173 dead, thousands injured.
- April 1 - Formation of the Malayan Union.
- April 1 - Singapore becomes a Crown colony
- April 3 - Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma is executed outside Manila in the Philippines for leading the Bataan Death March.
- April 7 - Syria's independence from France is officially recognised
- April 10 - In Japan, women vote for the first time in parliamentarian elections
- April 18 - USA recognizes Josip Broz Tito's government in Yugoslavia
- April 18 - Last meeting of League of Nations – it transfers its mission to United Nations and disbands itself.
- April 29 - Trial against war criminals begin in Tokyo – accused include Hideki Tojo, Shigenori Togo and Hiroshi Oshima.

May

- May 4 - Paris Wine Tasting of 1976 revolutionizes wine world.
- May 2 - Six prisoners unsuccessfully try to escape from the Alcatraz prison island
- May 7 - Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed Sony) is founded with about 20 employees.
- May 9 - King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son Humbert II.
- May 10 - Nehru elected leader of the Congress Party in India
- May 20 - In Britain, the House of Commons decides to nationalize mines.
- May 21 - Radiation accident in Los Alamos laboratory; Dr Louis Slotin saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of radiation. Incident is initially classified
- May 22 - Kingdom of Transjordan founded.
- May 25 - The parliament of Transjordan makes emir Abdullah their king.
- May 31 - Greece referendum supports return of monarchy

June-July

- June 2 - In a referendum Italians decide to turn Italy from a monarchy into a Republic. After this referendum the king of Italy Umberto II di Savoia was exiled. Women vote for the first time.
- June 6 - The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City.
- June 8 - In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation
- June 9 - In Thailand, king Rama IX accedes the throne.
- June 10 - Italy declared republic
- June 13 - Humbert II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal; Alcide de Gasperi becomes head of state.
- June 17 - Tornado on the Detroit river - 17 dead
- July 4 - After over 425 years of Western Dominance , the Philippines achieves full independence.
- July 5 - Bikinis go on sale in Paris
- July 7 - Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American saint to be canonized.
- July 21 - Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem.
- July 22 - King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration killing 90.
- July 25 - Nuclear testing: In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the surplus USS Saratoga is sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean when the United States detonates the "Baker Day" device.
- July 25 - At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.

August-November

November
- August 19 - Violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta – 3000 dead.
- August 25 - Ben Hogan wins PGA Championship
- September 4 - Street violence between Muslims and Hindus in Bombay.
- September 8 - Bulgaria declared a People's Republic after a referendum – King Simeon II leaves.
- September 28 - George II of Greece returns to Athens
- October 2 - Communists take over in Bulgaria
- October 13 - France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.
- October 15 - Nuremberg Trials: Founder of the Gestapo and recently convicted Nazi war criminal, Hermann Göring, poisons himself hours before his scheduled execution.
- October 23 - United Nations' first meeting in Long Island.
- November 8 - Vietnamese riot in Haiphong and clash with French troops. French cruiser Suffren opens fire. 6000 Vietnamese killed.
- November 12 - Truce between Indonesian nationalist troops and Dutch army in Indonesia.
- November 12 - A branch of the Exchange National Bank in Chicago, Illinois opens the first ten drive-up teller windows.
- November 15 - Netherlands recognized Republic of Indonesia.
- November 19 - Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden joins the United Nations
- November 27 - Cold War: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would "save humanity from the ultimate disaster."

December

- December 11 - UNICEF founded.
- December 12 - United Nations severs relations with Franco's Spain and recommends the member countries to sever diplomatic relations
- December 12 - Leon Blum founds a government of socialist parties in France
- December 19 - Martial law in Vietnam
- December 22 - Havana Conference begins between US organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba
- December 24 - France's Fourth Republic founded
- December 26 - Flamingo Hotel opens in Las Vegas.
- December 31 - President Harry Truman officially proclaims an end of hostilities in World War II.

Unknown dates

- The 20mm M61 Vulcan gatling gun is invented.
- Devil's Island penal colony closes permanently.
- Female suffrage in Belgium, Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina and Canadian province of Quebec. First female police officers in Korea and Japan.
- Chinese Civil War intensifies between Kuomintang and Communist Party of China.
- First Tupperware sold in department and hardware stores.
- Grantley Adams becomes the premier of Barbados.
- Alcatraz Island prison riot.
- The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the balance-of-payments crisis.
- Eva Perón tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.
- Breathalyzer machine for estimating blood alcohol concentration was invented.
- Howard Hyde Russell established the Anti-Saloon League.
- George Orwell writes Politics and the English Language

Births

January

- January 3 - John Paul Jones, English bassist (Led Zeppelin)
- January 5 - Diane Keaton, American actress
- January 6 - Syd Barrett, English guitarist and singer
- January 8 - Stanton Peele, American psychologist
- January 8 - Robby Krieger, American musician (The Doors)
- January 11 - Naomi Judd, American singer
- January 11 - John Piper, American theologian
- January 12 - George Duke, American musician
- January 14 - Harold Shipman, British serial killer
- January 16 - Kabir Bedi, Indian actor
- January 16 - Katia Ricciarelli, Italian singer
- January 18 - Joseph Deiss, Swiss Federal Councilor
- January 19 - Dolly Parton, American singer and actress
- January 20 - David Lynch, American film director
- January 21 - Johnny Oates, baseball player and manager (d. 2004)
- January 22 - Serge Savard, Canadian hockey player and executive
- January 24 - Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor
- January 26 - Gene Siskel, American film critic (d. 1999)
- January 31 - Terry Kath, American musician (d. 1978)

February-March

- February 6 - Jim Turner, American politician
- February 13 - Colin Matthews, British composer
- February 14 - Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (d. 2003)
- February 14 - Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (d. 2003)
- February 19 - Karen Silkwood, American activist (d. 1974)
- February 20 - Brenda Blethyn, English actress
- February 21 - Tyne Daly, American actress
- February 21 - Alan Rickman, English actor
- February 24 - Barry Bostwick, American actor
- February 25 - Franz Xaver Kroetz, German dramatist
- February 26 - Ahmed H. Zewail, Egyptian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- February 28 - Robin Cook, British politician (d. 2005)
- March 3 - Leszek Miller, Prime Minister of Poland
- March 6 - David Gilmour, English musician (Pink Floyd)
- March 7 - Peter Wolf, American musician (J Geils Band)
- March 8 - Linda Kelliher Samets, American entrepreneur
- March 12 - Liza Minnelli, American singer and actress
- March 15 - Bobby Bonds, baseball player and manager (d. 2003)
- March 17 - Georges J.F. Kohler, German biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1995)
- March 21 - Timothy Dalton, Welsh actor
- March 31 - Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (d. 1984)

April-May

- April 4 - Dave Hill, English guitarist (Slade)
- April 7 - Colette Besson, French runner
- April 12 - Ed O'Neill, American actor
- April 16 - Margot Adler, American journalist
- April 19 - Tim Curry, British actor, vocalist, and composer
- April 25 - John Fox, British statistician
- April 25 - Talia Shire, American actress
- April 30 - King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden
- May 7 - Thelma Houston, American singer
- May 9 - Candice Bergen, American actress
- May 10 - Donovan Leitch, Scottish musician
- May 10 - Dave Mason, English musician (Traffic)
- May 11 - Robert Jarvik, American physicist and inventor
- May 17 - Udo Lindenberg, German musician
- May 18 - Reggie Jackson, baseball player
- May 19 - André the Giant, French professional wrestling (d. 1993)
- May 19 - Claude Lelièvre, Belgian Commissioner for Children Rights
- May 20 - Cher, American actress and singer
- May 22 - George Best, Irish footballer (d. 2005)
- May 23 - Frederik de Groot, Dutch actor
- May 26 - Mick Ronson, American guitarist (d. 1993)
- May 28 - K. Satchidanandan Malayalam poet
- May 29 - Fernando Buesa, Basque politician (d. 2000)
- May 30 - Candy Lightner, American founder of Mothers Against Drunk Driving

June-July

- June 6 - Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer
- June 8 - Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of St. Lucia
- June 12 - Harry Glasper, Football historian
- June 14 - Donald Trump, American real estate magnate
- June 15 - Noddy Holder, English singer (Slade)
- June 20 - Xanana Gusmao, first President of East Timor
- June 23 - Kathy Wilkes, English philosopher
- June 24 - Ellison Onizuka, astronaut (d. 1986)
- June 29 - Egon von Furstenberg, Swiss fashion designer (d. 2004)
- July 2 - Richard Axel, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 4 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
- July 6 - George Walker Bush, 43rd President of the United States
- July 6 - Sylvester Stallone, American actor
- July 9 - Bon Scott, Australian singer (AC/DC) (d. 1980)
- July 13 - Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian
- July 14 - John Wood, Australian actor
- July 15 - Linda Ronstadt, American singer and songwriter
- July 16 - Ron Yary, American football player
- July 22 - Danny Glover, American actor
- July 22 - Mireille Mathieu, French singer
- July 25 - Rita Marley, Jamaican singer
- July 30 - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (d. 1994)

August

- August 3 - Jack Straw, British politician
- August 19 - Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States
- August 19 - Beat Raaflaub, Swiss conductor
- August 20 - Ralf Hütter, German singer and musician (Kraftwerk)
- August 20 - N.R. Narayana Murthy, Indian businessman
- August 23 - Keith Moon, English drummer (The Who) (d. 1978)
- August 25 - Rollie Fingers, baseball player
- August 29 - Bob Beamon, American athlete

September

- September 4 - Gary Duncan, American guitarist (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
- September 4 - Greg Elmore, American drummer (Quicksilver Messenger Service)
- September 5 - Freddie Mercury, Zanzibar-born singer (Queen) (d. 1991)
- September 7 - Willie Crawford, baseball player (d. 2004)
- September 7 - Francisco Varela, Chilean biologist (d. 2001)
- September 9 - Bruce Palmer, Canadian musician (Buffalo Springfield) (d. 2004)
- September 10 - Jim Hines, American athlete
- September 10 - Don Powell, English drummer
- September 15 - Tommy Lee Jones, American actor
- September 15 - Oliver Stone, American film director
- September 21 - Moritz Leuenberger, Swiss Federal Councilor
- September 23 - Franz Fischler, Austrian politician
- September 24 - Lars Emil Johansen, Prime Minister of Greenland
- September 26 - Christine Todd Whitman, American politician
- September 30 - Héctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993)

October

- October 1 - Tim O'Brien, American author
- October 6 - Lloyd Doggett, American politician
- October 6 - Renate Holub, German philosopher
- October 7 - Xue Jinghua, Chinese ballerina
- October 7 - Catharine MacKinnon, American feminist
- October 8 - Hanan Ashrawi, Palestinian scholar
- October 8 - John T. Walton, son of Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton (d. 2005)
- October 9 - Tansu Ciller, Turkish politician
- October 10 - Anne Boyd, Australian musician
- October 10 - Naoto Kan, Japanese politician
- October 11 - Leona Gom, Canadian writer
- October 13 - Edwina Currie, English politician
- October 13 - Dorothy Moore, American singer
- October 14 - Justin Hayward, English singer and songwriter (Moody Blues)
- October 14 - Kay Redfield Jamison, American psychologist
- October 15 - Marsha Hunt, American singer and novelist
- October 16 - Suzanne Somers, American actress
- October 16 - Elizabeth Witmer, Dutch-born politician
- October 17 - Vicki Hodge, English actress
- October 17 - Bob Seagren, American athlete and actor
- October 18 - Howard Shore, Canadian film composer
- October 18 - Andrea Zsadon, Hungarian soprano
- October 20 - Elfriede Jelinek, Austrian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- October 20 - Andrea Mitchell, American journalist
- October 21 - Lyn Allison, Australian politician
- October 22 - Eileen Gordon, British politician
- October 24 - Gwyneth Powell, British actress
- October 25 - Edith Leyrer, Austrian actress
- October 26 - Pat Sajak, American game show host
- October 27 - Leslie L. Byrne, American politician
- October 27 - Ivan Reitman, Slovakian-born film director and producer
- October 27 - Carrie Snodgress, American actress (d. 2004)
- October 28 - Sharon Thesen, Canadian poet
- October 29 - Kathryn J. Whitmire, Mayor of Houston, Texas
- October 30 - Lynne Marta, American actress
- October 31 - Caroline Jackson, British politician

November

- November 1 - Marina Abramovic, Yugoslavian performance artist
- November 1 - Lynne Russell, American newsreader
- November 2 - Giuseppe Sinopoli, Italian conductor and composer (d. 2001)
- November 4 - Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States
- November 5 - Herman Brood, Dutch artist (d. 2001)
- November 5 - Loleatta Holloway, American singer
- November 5 - Gram Parsons, American musician
- November 6 - Sally Field, American actress
- November 7 - Diane Francis, Canadian journalist
- November 7 - Martin Barre, Musician (Jethro Tull)
- November 8 - Stella Chiweshe, Zimbabwe musician
- November 10 - Alaina Reed Hall, American actress
- November 11 - Corrine Brown, American politician
- November 12 - P.P. Arnold, English singer
- November 13 - Ohara Reiko, Japanese actess
- November 14 - Carola Dunn, English writer
- November 15 - Sandy Skoglund, American photographer
- November 17 - Petra Burka, Canadian figure skater
- November 18 - Andrea Allan, Scottish actress
- November 18 - Amanda Lear, Hong Kong singer
- November 19 - Terry Baum, American playwright
- November 20 - Greg Cook, American football player
- November 20 - Judy Woodruff, American television personality
- November 21 - Emma Cohen, Spanish actress
- November 21 - Pam Freeman, American actress
- November 21 - Chaviva Hosek, Czech-born feminist
- November 21 - Ulla Jessen, Danish actress
- November 21 - Jacky Lafon, Belgian actress
- November 21 - Marina Warner, English writer
- November 22 - Anne Wheeler, Canadian television and film director
- November 24 - Ted Bundy, American serial killer (d. 1989)
- November 25 - Marika Lindstrom, Swedish actress
- November 26 - Ottilia Borbath, Romanian actress
- November 27 - Nina Maslova, Russian actress
- November 28 - Regina Braga, Brazilian actress
- November 29 - Suzy Chaffee, American singer and actress
- November 30 - Barbara Cubin, U.S. Congresswoman from Wyoming

December

- December 2 - Gulsun Karamustafa, Turkish artist and film director
- December 2 - Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer (d. 1997)
- December 3 - Marjana Lipovsek, Slovenian singer and actress
- December 3 - Joop Zoetemelk, Dutch cyclist
- December 4 - Sherry Alberoni, American actress
- December 4 - Angela Browning, British politician
- December 4 - You Inoue, Japanese voice actress (d. 2003)
- December 5 - José Carreras, Spanish tenor
- December 5 - Eva-Britt Svensson, Swedish politician
- December 6 - Chelsea Brown, American actress
- December 8 - Jacques Bourboulon, French photographer
- December 8 - Sharmila Tagore, Indian actress
- December 9 - Sonia Gandhi, Indian politician
- December 10 - Chrystos, American poet
- December 11 - Ellen Meloy, American writer (d. 2004)
- December 12 - Gloria Loring, American singer
- December 14 - Jane Birkin, English actress and singer
- December 14 - Patty Duke, American actress
- December 16 - Alice Aycock, American sculptor
- December 17 - Bel Mooney, English broadcast journalist
- December 18 - Nina Skottova, Czech politician and member of the European Parliament
- December 18 - Steven Spielberg, American film director
- December 19 - Candace Pert, American nueroscientist
- December 20 - Lesley Judd, English actress and television presenter
- December 20 - Dick Wolf, American television producer
- December 21 - Carl Wilson, American musician (d. 1998)
- December 23 - Edita Gruberova, Slovakian soprano
- December 24 - Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, French pharmacist and politician and member of the European Parliament
- December 26 - Joyce Jillson, American astrologer (d. 2004)
- December 27 - Janet Street Porter, English broadcast journalist
- December 27 - Polly Toynbee, English journalist and writer
- December 29 - Marianne Faithfull, English singer and actress
- December 29 - Ruth Shady, Peruvian archaeologist
- December 30 - Patti Smith, American poet and singer
-

Emir

.]] Emir (also sometimes rendered as Amir or Ameer, Arabic: أمير commander) is a high title of nobility or office, historically used in Islamic nations of the Middle East, North Africa, the Turkic world etc.

Middle eastern origins

Originally it was a title of honor given to descendants of Muhammad via his daughter Fatima Zahra. Centuries after the time of Muhammad it became used in a wider range of contexts, such as the title used by chieftains of Bedouins of Arabia and by nobles and officials of the Ottoman Empire. Emir is also the term used by the Kuwaiti al-Sabah dynasty to refer to their ruling monarch since their independence on June 19, 1961. Qatar likewise uses this title since 1971, and Bahrain did so from 1971 to 2002. In Arabic and Persian :
- a country ruled by an independent emir is an emirate, as in the United Arab Emirates (but they're part of an elective, federal monarchy).
- Another meaning of the word "emir" is prince, specifically, the male descendant of a sovereign, as in the sultanate of the Maldives (besides the native title Manippulu). In some states it could mean "crown prince" (more typically Wali al-Ahd). For example, before the crowning as King Abdullah of Jordan, the son of King Hussein was still referred to as "Emir Abdullah" (in this case a obsolete title of the dynasty, which adopted the higher title of Malik = king).

In other muslim cultures

- In various muslim states, Amir was also a nobiliary title, as under the (Turkic?) form ämir in the Tartar Khanate of Kazan
- In India it is also means rich.
- In certain decimally organised Muslim armies, e.g. in Mughal India, Amir was an officer rank, commanding 1000 horsemen (divided in ten units, each under a Sipah salar), ten of them under each Malik.
- Emir is also the title of the religious leader (without political power) of the Ahmadiyya anjuman ishaat-i Islam, a minor Muslim sect, established in Lahore since April 1914, with five incumbents to date

Derived titles

The word emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts, for example the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an emir hadji. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "emiral" suffices. The Caliphs first used the title emir ul-mu'mineen, "Commander of the Faithful", stressing their leadership in the military formof Jihad (Holy War); both this command and the title have been assumed by various other Muslim Princes, including Sultans and Emirs. The Western naval rank admiral comes from the Arabic title amir al-bahr, "general at sea", which has ben used for naval commanders and occasionally the Minister of Marine

Other uses

Emir is also a common Muslim male name in Bosnia (see also Azra), taken from Arabic, just as the Latin Rex ('king') in the West.

Sources and References

- [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Religious_Organizations.html#Caliphate WorldStatesmen] Here Religious Organisations - see also many present Muslim countries
- List of Emirs of Harar
- List of emirs of Kuwait
- List of emirs of Qatar
- Category:Heads of state Category:Islamic law
- Category:Military ranks Category:Monarchy Category:Noble titles Category:Religious leaders ja:アミール

9 December

December 9 is the 343rd day (344th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 22 days remaining.

Events

- 1425 - The Catholic University of Leuven is founded
- 1531 - First apparition of the Virgen Mary to Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin on Tepeyac Hill
- 1793 - New York City's first daily newspaper, the American Minerva, is established by Noah Webster.
- 1824 - Battle of Ayacucho: Peruvian nationalists led by Antonio José de Sucre defeat Spanish colonial forces and secure the independence of Peru.
- 1835 - The Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
- 1851 - The first YMCA in North America is established in Montreal, Quebec.
- 1856 - The Iranian city of Bushehr surrenders to occupying British forces.
- 1861 - American Civil War: The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War is established by the U.S. Congress.
- 1872 - In Louisiana, P. B. S. Pinchback becomes the first serving African-American governor of a U.S. state.
- 1888 - Statistician Herman Hollerith installs his self-designed computing device at the United States War Department.
- 1897 - Activist Marguerite Durand founds the feminist daily newspaper, La Fronde in Paris.
- 1905 - In France, the law separating church and state is passed.
- 1931 - The Constituent Cortes approves the constitution which establishes the Second Spanish Republic.
- 1937 - Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanjing - Japanese troops under the command of Lt. Gen. Asaka Yasuhiko launch an assault on the Chinese city of Nanjing.
- 1940 - World War II: Operation Compass - British and Indian troops under the command of Major-General Richard O'Connor attack Italian forces near Sidi Barrani in Egypt.
- 1941 - World War II: The Republic of China, Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Cuba declare war on Germany and Japan.
- 1945 - General George S. Patton is injured in an automobile crash in occupied Germany. He dies twelve days later.
- 1946 - The "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" began with the "Doctors' Trial", prosecuting doctors alleged to be involved in human experimentation.
- 1950 - Harry Gold is sentenced to thirty years in jail for helping Klaus Fuchs pass information about the Manhattan Project to the Soviet Union. His testimony is later instrumental in the prosecution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
- 1953 - Red Scare: General Electric announces that all communist employees will be discharged from the company
- 1958 - Red Scare: The John Birch Society founded in the United States.
- 1960 - The first episode of ITV soap-opera Coronation Street is aired.
- 1961 - The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann in Israel ends with him being found guilty of 15 criminal charges, including charges of crimes against humanity, crimes against the Jewish people and membership of an outlawed organization.
- 1961 - Tanganyika becomes independent from Britain.
- 1968 - Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco.
- 1982 - Activist Norman Mayer threatens to blow up the Washington Monument, before being killed by United States Park Police.
- 1987 - Israeli-Palestinian conflict: The First Intifada begins in the Gaza Strip and West Bank
- 1990 - Lech Wałęsa becomes the first directly elected president of Poland.
- 1992 - The separation of Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales is announced
- 2001 - Chris Jericho unifies the WWE Championship and WCW World Heavyweight Championship for the first time ever at WWE Vengeance.
- 2005 - The draw for the 2006 Football World Cup takes place in Leipzig, Germany.
- 2005 - The last regular Routemaster bus service in London, route 159, ends.

Births

- 1447 - Chenghua, Emperor of China (d. 1487)
- 1508 - Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (d. 1555)
- 1561 - Sir Edwin Sandys, British-born Virginian colonist (d. 1629)
- 1571 - Metius (Adriaan Adriaanszoon), Dutch mathematician and astronomer (d. 1635)
- 1579 - Martin de Porres, Peruvian saint (d. 1639)
- 1594 - King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (d. 1632)
- 1608 - John Milton, English poet (d. 1674)
- 1610 - Baldassare Ferri, Italian castrato (d. 1680)
- 1667 - William Whiston, English mathematician (d. 1752)
- 1748 - Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (d. 1822)
- 1842 - Peter Kropotkin, Russian anarchist (d. 1921)
- 1850 - Emma Abbott, American soprano (d. 1891)
- 1868 - Fritz Haber, German chemist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1934)
- 1871 - Joe Kelley, American baseball player (d. 1943)
- 1876 - Berton Churchill, American actor (d. 1940)
- 1882 - Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (d. 1949)
- 1886 - Clarence Birdseye, American frozen food manufacturer (d. 1956)
- 1889 - Hannes Kolehmainen, Finnish long-distance runner and Olympic gold medalist (d. 1966)
- 1897 - Hermione Gingold, British actress (d. 1987)
- 1898 - Emmett Kelly, American circus clown (d. 1979)
- 1899 - Jean de Brunhoff, French author (d. 1937)
- 1901 - Ödön von Horváth, Hungarian-born writer (d. 1938)
- 1901 - Jean Mermoz, French pilot (d. 1936)
- 1902 - Margaret Hamilton, American actress (d. 1985)
- 1905 - Dalton Trumbo, American writer (d. 1976)
- 1906 - Grace Murray Hopper, American computer pioneer (d. 1992)
- 1909 - Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., American actor (d. 2000)
- 1911 - Broderick Crawford, American actor (d. 1986)
- 1912 - Tip O'Neill, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1994)
- 1915 - Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, German soprano
- 1916 - Kirk Douglas, American actor and film producer
- 1917 - James Rainwater, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- 1919 - William Lipscomb, American chemist and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1920 - Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of the Italian Republic
- 1922 - Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (d. 1991)
- 1926 - Henry Way Kendall, American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
- 1926 - Jan Křesadlo, Czech writer (d. 1995)
- 1927 - Pierre Henry, French composer
- 1928 - Dick Van Patten, American actor
- 1929 - John Cassavetes, American actor and film director (d. 1989)
- 1929 - Bob Hawke, twenty-third Prime Minister of Australia
- 1930 - Buck Henry, American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer
- 1931 - Ladislav Smoljak, Czech actor, director and humourist
- 1933 - Morton Downey Jr., American talk show host (d. 2001)
- 1934 - Dame Judi Dench British actress
- 1934 - Junior Wells, American blues harmonica player (d. 1998)
- 1937 - Darwin Joston, American actor (d. 1998)
- 1938 - Deacon Jones, American football player
- 1941 - Beau Bridges, American actor
- 1941 - Dan Hicks, American musician
- 1942 - Dick Butkus, American football player
- 1946 - Sonia Gandhi, Italian-born Indian politician, chair of the United Progressive Alliance
- 1946 - Walter Orange, American drummer (The Commodores)
- 1947 - Tom Daschle, American politician
- 1947 - Jaak Jõerüüt, Soviet-born Estonian politician
- 1950 - Joan Armatrading, West Indian-born British singer
- 1952 - Michael Dorn, American actor
- 1953 - John Malkovich, American actor
- 1957 - Donny Osmond, American singer and actor
- 1958 - Nick Seymour, Australian bassist (Crowded House)
- 1962 - Felicity Huffman, American actress
- 1964 - Paul Landers, German guitarist (Rammstein)
- 1967 - Joshua Bell, American violinist
- 1968 - Kurt Angle, American amateur and professional wrestler
- 1968 - Dave Harold, British snooker player
- 1968 - Brian Bell, American guitarist (Weezer)
- 1969 - Jakob Dylan, American singer and songwriter (The Wallflowers)
- 1969 - Bixente Lizarazu, French international footballer and World Cup winner
- 1972 - Tre Cool (Frank Edwin Wright III), German-born American drummer (Green Day)
- 1972 - Reiko Aylesworth, American actress
- 1972 - Fabrice Santoro, Tahitian-born French tennis player
- 1976 - Imogen Heap, British singer and songwriter
- 1981 - Diya Mirza, Indian actress

Deaths

- 1165 - King Malcolm IV of Scotland
- 1292 - Sheikh Saadi, great Persian sufi poet
- 1437 - Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1368)
- 1544 - Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet (b. 1491)
- 1565 - Pope Pius IV (b. 1499)
- 1603 - William Watson, English conspirator (b. 1559)
- 1625 - Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (b. 1547)
- 1636 - Fabian Birkowski, Polish writer (b. 1566)
- 1641 - Anthony van Dyck, Flemish painter (b. 1599)
- 1669 - Pope Clement IX (b. 1600)
- 1674 - Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, English statesman and historian (b. 1609)
- 1692 - William Mountfort, English actor and dramatist
- 1706 - King Peter II of Portugal (b. 1648)
- 1718 - Vincenzo Coronelli, Italian cartographer and encylopaedist (b. 1650)
- 1793 - Gabrielle de Polastron, comtesse de Polignac, French aristocrat (b. 1749)
- 1798 - Johann Reinhold Forster, German botanist
- 1887 - Mahmadu Lamine, Senegalese marabout and miltary leader
- 1894 - Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician
- 1930 - Andrew "Rube" Foster, American baseball player and founder of the Negro National League
- 1937 - Nils Gustaf Dalén, Swedish physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1869)
- 1964 - Dame Edith Sitwell, British poet and critic (b. 1887)
- 1965 - Branch Rickey, American baseball commissioner (b. 1884)
- 1970 - Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Prime Minister Pakistan
- 1971 - Ralph Bunche, American diplomat and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- 1972 - Louella Parsons, American gossip columnist (b. 1881)
- 1984 - Nicholas "Razzle" Dingley, British drummer (Hanoi Rocks) (b. 1960)
- 1995 - Toni Cade Bambara, American author (b. 1939)
- 1996 - Mary Leakey, British archeologist and anthropologist (b. 1913)
- 1998 - Shaughnessy Cohen, Canadian politician (b. 1948)
- 1998 - Archie Moore, American boxer and World Light-Heavyweight Champion (b. 1913)
- 2002 - Stan Rice, American painter, educator, and poet (b. 1942)
- 2003 - Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (b. 1928)
- 2004 - David Brudnoy, American radio personality (b. 1940)
- 2004 - Lea De Mae, Czech actress (b. 1976)
- 2005 - Robert Sheckley an American author (b. 1928)

Holidays and observances

- Calendar of saints:
- Saint Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin : optional memorial
- Peter Fourier, founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame
- Also see December 9 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics); specifically the conception of Saint Anne
- Scandinavia (specifically Sweden): Anna's Day. Recognizes everyone named Anna, and marks the day to start the preparation process of the lutefisk to be consumed on Christmas Eve.
- Tanzania - Independence Day (of Tanganyika from Britain, 1961)
- Anti - corruption day

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9 BBC: On This Day] ---- December 8 - December 10 - November 9 - January 9 -- listing of all days ko:12월 9일 ms:9 Disember ja:12月9日 simple:December 9 th:9 ธันวาคม

1971

1971 (MCMLXXI) is a common year starting on Friday (click for link to calendar).

Events

January

- January 1 - British Divorce Reform Act comes into force
- January 2 - 66 die in stairway crush at Rangers v Celtic football match, Glasgow, Scotland. See Ibrox disaster.
- January 2 - A ban on television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.
- January 3 - BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom
- January 7 - Howard Hughes breaks his silence to announce that his supposed biography is a forgery.
- January 8 – Tupamaros kidnap Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to Uruguay, in Montevideo; they keep him captive until September
- January 9 – Uruguayan president Jorge Pacheco Areco demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings and receives them the next day
- January 14 – 70 Brazilian political prisoners released in Santiago. Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released January 16
- January 15 - Aswan Dam officially opened
- January 18 – Strikes in Poland demand resignation of interior minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic
- January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with six Persian Gulf countries
- January 19 - No, No Nanette premieres (46th Street Theatre, New York City)
- January 24 – Guinean government sentences to death 92 Guineans who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November 1970. 72 are sentenced to hard labor for life. 58 of the sentenced are hanged the next day
- January 25 - Charles Manson and three female "family members" are found guilty of the 1969 murder of Sharon Tate and others at Sharon's house
- January 25 - Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president
- January 25 - Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state
- January 31 - Apollo program: US spaceflight Apollo 14, commanded by Alan Shepard, lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission

February

- February 2 - Idi Amin ousts Milton Obote and assumes power in Uganda
- February 4 - In Britain, Rolls Royce goes bankrupt - state takes over
- February 5 - Apollo 14 lands on the Moon.
- February 7 - Tuscany, Italy, wrecked in an earthquake
- February 7 - Men of Switzerland vote for giving voting rights to women in state elections - but not in all canton-specific ones.
- February 7 – Wladyslaw Gomulka is expelled from central council of the Polish communist party
- February 8 - A new stock market index called the Nasdaq debuts
- February 9 - The 6.4 on the Richter Scale Sylmar earthquake hits the San Fernando Valley area of California.
- February 9 - Satchel Paige becomes the first Negro League player to become voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame
- February 9 - Apollo program: Apollo 14 returns to Earth after the third manned moon landing
- February 11 - US, UK, USSR, others sign Seabed Treaty outlawing nuclear weapons.
- February 11-12 – Palestinian and Jordanian fighters clash in Amman
- February 13 - Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.
- February 15 - "Decimalisation Day" - United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to decimal currency. See also decimalisation.
- February 15 – Angry Belgian farmers crash the EEC meeting in Brussels with three live cows with them
- February 16 – In Italy, local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria – residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for five days because of the decision
- February 20 – 50 tornadoes rage in Mississippi – 74 dead
- February 20 - US Emergency Broadcast System sends an erroneous warning - many radio stations just ignore it
- February 21 - The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
- February 26 - Secretary-General U Thant signs United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.
- February 27 - Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortus provocatus

March

- March 1 - Bomb explodes in men's room in the White House - Weather Underground claims responsibility.
- March 1 - Pakistani President Yahya Khan indefinitely postponed the pending national assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
- March 1 - Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as 17th premier of Ontario
- March 5 – Pakistani army occupies the East Pakistan
- March 7 – Strike of British postal workers ends after 47 days
- March 10 - Twenty-sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution lowers voting age to 18.
- March 12 - Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria.
- March 16 – Government of Trygve Bratteli in Norway
- March 18 - A landslide at Chungar, Peru crashes into Lake Yanahuani killing 200
- March 23 – Military coup in Argentina – general Alejandro Lanusse takes power
- March 25 – Pakistani army starts massive killing in East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, after an open, non-democratic denial by Pakistani president Yahiya Khan, a military ruler, of election results that gave Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament.
- March 26 - The Independence Day of Bangladesh.
- March 29 - Filming begins on The Godfather. Shooting starts on Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather. The movie, released in 1972, won Oscars for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay.
- March 29 - William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders in My Lai massacre and sentenced to life in prison. He is later pardoned.
- March 29 - A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and three female followers.

April

- April 1 - United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership
- April 5 – In Ceylon, group calling himself People’s Liberation Front begins a rebellion against