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Stuart Roosa

Stuart Roosa

Stuart Allen Roosa (August 16, 1933 - December 12, 1994) was a NASA astronaut, who was the command module pilot for the Apollo 14 mission. The mission lasted from January 31 to February 9 1971 and was the third mission to land astronauts (Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell) on the Moon. While Shepard and Mitchell spent two days on the lunar surface, Roosa conducted experiments from orbit in the command module "Kitty Hawk". Roosa was born in Durango, Colorado, and grew up in Claremore, Oklahoma. He attended Oklahoma State University and the University of Arizona. He started his career as a smoke jumper with the U.S. Forest Service in the early 1950s. He joined the U.S. Air Force in 1953, attended Gunnery School at Del Rio Air Force Base, Texas, and Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, and is a graduate of the Aviation Cadet Program at Williams Air Force Base, AZ, where he received his flight training commission in the Air Force. From July 1962 to August 1964, Roosa was a maintenance flight test pilot at Olmstead Air Force Base, Pennsylvania, flying F-101 aircraft. He was a fighter pilot at Langley Air Force Base, VA, where he flew the F-84F and F-100 aircraft. He graduated from the Aerospace Test Pilots School and was an experimental test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base, CA from 1965 to 1966. Throughout his areer, Roosa logged more than 5,500 hours of flying time (5,000 hours in jets) and 217 hours in space. He also served as chief of service engineering at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan, for two years following graduation from the University of Colorado, under the Air Force Institute of Technology Program. Roosa was one of 19 people selected as part of the astronaut class of 1966 and served as a member of the astronaut support crew for the Apollo 9 mission. On Apollo 14 he spent 33 hours in solo orbit around the Moon, conducting an extensive series of experiments. He also carried tree seeds as part of a joint U.S. Forest Service/NASA project. The seeds were germinated on his return and planted throughout the United States, becoming known as the "Moon Trees". Following Apollo 14, he served as backup command pilot for Apollo 16 and Apollo 17. He was assigned to the Space Shuttle program until his retirement as a Colonel from the Air Force in 1976. After leaving NASA and the Air Force, he held a number of positions in international and U.S. businesses, and became owner and president of Gulf Coast Coors in 1981. Stuart Roosa passed away on December 12 1994 in Washington D.C. due to complications from pancreatitis. He was survived by his wife Joan, three sons and a daughter. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Roosa's honors include the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; the Johnson Space Center Superior Achievement Award (1970); the Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings; the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal; the Arnold Air Society's John F. Kennedy Award (1971); the City of New York Gold Medal (1971); the American Astronautical Society's Flight Achievement Award (1971); the Order of Tehad (1973); and the Order of the Central African Empire (1973). Roosa earned a PMD from Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA, in 1973 and an honorary LL.D. from St. Thomas University, Houston in 1971. Article based on [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/roosa_pr.txt NASA press release 94-210]

External links


- [http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/bios/htmlbios/roosa-sa.html Official NASA biography]
- [http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/saroosa.htm Arlington Cemetery biography and photos] Roosa, Stuart Roosa, Stuart Roosa, Stuart Roosa, Stuart Roosa, Stuart

1933

1933 (MCMXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 3 - Japanese troops occupy Shanghai
- January 5 - Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.
- January 15 - Political violence has caused almost 100 deaths in Spain
- January 17 - US Congress votes favorable for Philippines independence, against the view of president Hoover
- January 30 - Edouard Daladier forms a government in France
- January 30 - Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg.
- January 30 - The first airing of episode 1 of 2,956 episodes of the radio program The Lone Ranger.

February


- February 4 - Mutiny starts on the Dutch pantserschip Zeven Provincien.
- February 6 - The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect.
- February 6-7 - Officers on the USS Ramapo record 34 meters high sea-wave in the Pacific
- February 10 - The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first singing telegram.
- February 15 - In Miami, Florida Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but instead kills Chicago, Illinois Mayor Anton J. Cermak.
- February 17 - The magazine Newsweek is published for the first time.
- February 17 - The Blaine Act ends Prohibition in the United States.
- February 27 - Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the Reichstag, is set on fire (see: Reichstag fire).

March


- March 1 - Kyriakos Varvaressos becomes Deputy Governor to the Bank of Greece
- March 3 - Mount Rushmore is dedicated.
- March 4 - American President Herbert Clark Hoover is succeeded by Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who in reference to the Great Depression, gives his "We have nothing to fear, but fear itself" inauguration speech.
- March 4 Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, first female member of the United States Cabinet.
- March 4 - The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure - Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism)
- March 5 - Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a "bank holiday", closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ended on March 13).
- March 5 - in German elections, National Socialists gain 43.9% of the votes
- March 9 - Great Depression: The U.S. Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation.
- March 10 - Earthquake in Long Beach, California kills 117 people.
- March 12 - Great Depression: Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This was also the first of his "Fireside Chats".
- March 20 - Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed - opened March 22
- March 23 - The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.
- March 27 - Japan leaves the League of Nations
- March 31 - The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission to relieve rampant unemployment.

April


- April 1 - The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, ushering in the series of anti-Semitic acts that will be known as the Holocaust.
- April 3 - Anti-monarchist rebellion in Siam
- April 4 - US airship Akron crashes near New York - 74 dead
- April 5 - International court in the Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision
- April 11 - Aviator William Lancaster takes off in England in an attempt to make a speed record to Cape. He vanishes (body is found 1962 in Sahara)
- April 21 - Nazi Germany outlaws kosher ritual shechita
- April 23 - Japanese crown prince Akihito born
- April 26 - Gestapo established.
- April 26 - Editors of Harvard Lampoon steal the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts from the State House. It is returned two days later
- April 27 - Stahlhelm organizations joins the Nazi party
- May - Detection by Karl Jansky of radio waves from the centre of the Milky Way galaxy reported

May


- May 2 - First modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster.
- May 2 - Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler bans trade unions.
- May 8 - Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes
- May 10 - Censorship: In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.
- May 10 - Paraguay declares war on Bolivia
- May 17 - Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form Nasjonal Samling - the national-socialist party of Norway.
- May 18 - New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.
- May 26 - Nazi party in Germany introduces law to legalize eugenic sterilization
- May 27 - New Deal: The Federal Securities Act is signed into law requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.
- May 27 - The Century of Progress world's fair opens in Chicago, Illinois.

June


- June 5 - The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.
- June 6 - The first drive-in theater opened in Camden New Jersey.
- June 17 - In Kansas City, Missouri, Pretty Boy Floyd kills four unarmed FBI agents and captured fugitive Frank Nash in a failed attempt to free Nash. This becomes known as the Union Station Massacre.
- June 21 - All non-Nazi parties forbidden in Germany
- June 25 - Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegate convention in Berlin

July


- July 4 - Mohandas Gandhi sentenced to prison
- July 14 - Forming new political parties forbidden in Germany.
- July 20 - 500.000 people demonstrate against anti-Semitism in Hyde Park, London
- July 22 - Wiley Post becomes first person to fly solo around the world, traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours, and 45 minutes.
- July 22 - "Machine-Gun" Kelly and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200.000 ransom

August


- August 14 - Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying 240,000 acres (971 km²).
- August 30 - Assassination of Theodore Lessing in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia
- August 30 - Air France begins operations with 250 planes.

September


- September 3 - Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.
- September 12 - Leó Szilárd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.
- September 26 - Tornado destroys the town of Tampico in Mexico.

October


- October 1 - Failed assassination attempt against Englebert Dolfuss only injures him seriously.
- October 12 - The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz is acquired by the United States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into its Bureau of Prisons as a federal penitentiary.
- October 16 - Germany announces intention to leave the League of Nations - officially
- October 17 - Albert Einstein arrived in the United States as a refugee from Nazi Germany. October 19

November


- November 4 - In Paris, a burglar tries to rob an antique store wearing an armor suit but is captured.
- November 8 - Great Depression: New Deal - US President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.
- November 11 - Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands (this is just one of a series of disastrous dust storms that year).
- November 16 - The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.
- November 16 - President of Brazil Getulio Vargas names himself dictator

December


- December 5 - The repeal of prohibition in the United States went into effect.
- December 24 - Train crash in Lagny, France - over 200 dead
- December 26 - The Nissan Motor Company was organized in Tokyo, Japan.
- December 26 - FM radio is patented.
- December 29 - Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania

Undated


- British Interplanetary Society founded
- The chocolate chip cookie is invented by Ruth Wakefield.
- The United States Federal Government ends Prohibition and outlaws marijuana.
- Failed coup against Franklin Delano Roosevelt in United States (see Smedley Butler)
- London Passenger Transport Board founded.
- Jimmie Angel becomes the first person to see the Angel Falls, they are named after him.
- Nazi Germany forms the Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy under Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick.
- Holodomor took place in Ukraine

Births

January


- January 6 - Oleg Makarov, cosmonaut (d. 2003)
- January 6 - Emil Steinberger, Swiss comedian, director, and writer
- January 8 - Charles Osgood, American journalist and commentator
- January 14 - Stan Brakhage, American filmmaker (d. 2003)
- January 16 - Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004)
- January 17 - Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
- January 17 - Sadruddhin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (d. 2003)
- January 18 - John Boorman, American film director
- January 23 - Chita Rivera, American actress and dancer
- January 25 - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines

February


- February 8 - Elly Ameling, Dutch soprano
- February 12 - Costa-Gavras, Greek-born director and writer
- February 13 - Kim Novak, American actress
- February 14 - Madhubala, Indian actress
- February 18 - Yoko Ono, Japanese-born singer and artist, wife of John Lennon
- February 21 - Nina Simone, American singer (d. 2003)
- February 22- Katharine, Duchess of Kent
- February 27 - Raymond Berry, American football player

March


- March 6 - Ted Abernathy, baseball player (d. 2004)
- March 14 - Michael Caine, English actor
- March 14 - Quincy Jones, American music producer and composer
- March 15 - Ruth Bader Ginsburg, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
- March 15 - Roy Clark, American musician
- March 16 - Sandy Weill, American financier and philanthropist
- March 19 - Philip Roth, American author
- March 22 - May Britt, Swedish actress

April


- April 1 - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 5 - Larry Felser, American sports columnist
- April 6 - Roy Goode, British legal academic
- April 12 - Montserrat Caballé, Catalan soprano
- April 12 - Ben Nighthorse Campbell, U.S. Senator
- April 15 - Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress (d. 1995)
- April 16 - Joan Bakewell, British broadcaster
- April 19 - Jayne Mansfield, American actress (d. 1967)
- April 25 - Jerry Leiber, American composer
- April 26 - Carol Burnett, American actress, singer, and comedienne
- April 26 - Arno Allan Penzias, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 29 - Mark Eyskens, Prime Minister of Belgium

May


- May 3 - James Brown, American musician
- May 3 - Steven Weinberg, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- May 7 - Johnny Unitas, American football player (d. 2002)
- May 10 - Barbara Taylor Bradford, English writer
- May 11 - Louis Farrakhan, American Black Muslim leader
- May 20 - Danny Aiello, American actor
- May 21 - Maurice André, French trumpeter
- May 23 - Joan Collins, English actress
- May 26 - Edward Whittemore, American writer and Central Intelligence agent (d. 1995)
- May 29 - Marc Carbonneau, Canadian terrorist
- May 29 - Helmuth Rilling, German conductor

June


- June 1 - Charles Wilson, American politician
- June 6 - Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 8 - Joan Rivers, American comedienne
- June 11 - Gene Wilder, American actor
- June 13 - Tom King, British politician
- June 17 - Harry Browne, American writer and Presidential candidate
- June 19 - Viktor Patsayev, cosmonaut (d. 1971)
- June 23 - Dave Bristol, baseball manager
- June 26 - Claudio Abbado, Italian conductor
- June 29 - John Bradshaw, American theologian and educator

July


- July 7 - Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner
- July 8 - Marty Feldman, English comedian, actor (d. 1982)
- July 15 - Julian Bream, English guitarist and lutenist
- July 15 - Guido Crepax, Italian comics artist (d. 2003)
- July 21 - John Gardner, American novelist (d. 1982)
- July 23 - Bert Convy, American game show host, actor, and singer (d. 1991)

August


- August 1 - Dom DeLuise, American actor and comedian
- August 10 - Doyle Brunson, American poker player
- August 14 - Richard R. Ernst, Swiss chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 16 - Stuart Roosa, astronaut (d. 1994)
- August 21 - Janet Baker, English mezzo-soprano
- August 23 - Robert Curl, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 29 - Arnold Koller, Swiss Federal Councilor

September-October


- September 1 - Ann Richards, Governor of Texas
- September 2 - Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin
- September 9 - Michael Novak, American philosopher and author
- September 10 - Yevgeny Khrunov, cosmonaut (d. 2000)
- September 17 - Dorothy Loudon, American actress (d. 2003)
- September 15 - Rafael Frübeck de Burgos, Spanish conductor
- September 25 - Hubie Brown, American basketball coach and broadcaster
- October 9 - Peter Mansfield, British physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

November


- November 3 - Michael Dukakis, American politician and Presidential candidate
- November 3 - Amartya Sen, Indian economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 19 - Larry King, talk show host
- November 23 - Krzysztof Penderecki, Polish composer

December


- December 2 - Michael Larrabee, American athlete (d. 2003)
- December 3 - Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- December 6 - Henryk Górecki, Polish composer
- December 9 - Morton Downey, Jr., American television personality (d. 2001)
- December 20 - Jean Carnahan, American politician
- December 23 - Emperor Akihito of Japan
- December 26 - Ugly Dave Grey, Australian television personality

Deaths

January-March


- January 1 - Harriet Brooks, Canadian physicist (b. 1976)
- January 3 - Jack Pickford, Canadian-born actor (b. 1896)
- January 5 - Calvin Coolidge, 30th President of the United States (b. 1872)
- January 7 - Bert Hinkler, Australian pioneer aviator (b. 1892)
- January 31 - John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1867)
- February 12 - Henri Duparc, French composer (b. 1848)
- February 15 - Pat Sullivan, Australian-born director and producer of animated films (b. 1887)
- February 18 - James J. Corbett, American boxer (b. 1866)
- March 6 - Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (assassinated) (b. 1873)
- March 14 - Balto, American sled dog
- March 26 - Eddie Lang, American musician (b. 1902)

April-June


- April 3 - William A. Moffett, U.S. admiral (sinking of the USS Akron) (b. 1869)
- May 24 - Percy C. Mather, missionary
- May 26 - Jimmie Rodgers, American country singer (b. 1897)
- June 2 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (b. 1878)

July-December


- July 3 - Hipólito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina (b. 1852)
- July 15 - Irving Babbitt, American literary critic (b. 1865)
- July 15 - Freddie Keppard, American jazz musician (b. 1890)
- October 5 - Renée Adorée, French actress (b. 1898)
- November 30 - Arthur Currie, Canadian military leader (b. 1875)
- December 4 - Stefan George, German poet (b. 1868)
- December 8 - Karl Jatho, German airplane pioneer (b. 1873)
- December 25 - Francesc Macià, President of the Generalitat (autonomous government of Catalonia) (b. 1859)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
- Chemistry - not awarded
- Physiology or Medicine - Thomas Hunt Morgan
- Literature - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
- Peace - Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) Category:1933 ko:1933년 ms:1933 ja:1933年 simple:1933 th:พ.ศ. 2476

1994

1994 (MCMXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar, and was designated the International year of the Family.

Events

January


- January 1 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) goes into effect
- January 1 - Zapatista Army of National Liberation begins war in Chiapas, Mexico
- January 1 - Bantustans join South Africa
- January 6 - Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant under orders from figure skating rival Tonya Harding.
- January 8 - Valeri Polyakov began his 437.7 day orbit, eventually setting the world record for days spent in orbit.
- January 11 - Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the IRA and its political arm Sinn Fein
- January 14 - U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.
- January 17 - 1994 Northridge Earthquake, magnitude 6.7, hits the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4:31 am.
- January 20 - In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel but soon drops out.
- January 26 - A man fires two blank shots at Charles, Prince of Wales in Sydney, Australia.
- January 28 - The first trial of accused murderer Lyle Menendez ends in a mistrial. He and his brother Erik are later found guilty and sentenced to life in prison without parole.
- January 31 - German luxury car manufacturer BMW announces the purchase of Rover from British Aerospace

February


- February 1 - In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding.
- February 3 - William J. Perry was sworn in as the 19th Secretary of Defense of United States
- February 5 - Byron De La Beckwith is convicted of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers
- February 6 - Serb mortar shell kills 68 civilians and wounds about 200 in a Sarajevo marketplace
- February 9 - Peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina announced (so called Vance-Owen peace plan)
- February 12 - Edvard Munch's painting, "The Scream," is stolen in Oslo. It is recovered on May 7
- February 22 - Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice. Ames would later be convicted to life imprisonment and his wife would receive 5 years in prison
- February 24 - In Gloucester, local police begins excavations at 25 Cromwell Street the home of Frederick West suspected of multiple murders. On February 28, he and his wife are arrested
- February 25 - Kahanist Baruch Goldstein opens fire inside the Cave of the Patriarchs in the West Bank. He kills 29 Muslims before worshippers beat him to death
- February 27 - Australian Federal Sports & Environment Minister Ros Kelly resigns over "The Sports Rorts Affair", where it was alleged that she apportioned money for community sporting projects in a pork barreling fashion.
- February 28 - US F-16 pilots shoot down four Serbian fighter aircraft over Bosnia for violation of the Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone

March


- March 1 - A lone terrorist kills Ari Halberstam on an attack on 14 Jewish students on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. [http://www.arihalberstam.com]
- March 1 - South Africa cedes Walvis Bay to Namibia.
- March 1 - Mary Ellen Withrow begins term of office as Treasurer of the United States, serving under President Bill Clinton.
- March 4 - Four terrorists are convicted for their roles in the World Trade Center bombing which killed six and injured more than a thousand.
- March 6 - Referendum in Moldova results in the electorate voting against possible reunification with Romania.
- March 7 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music that parodies of an original work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use.
- March 12 - A photo by Marmaduke Wetherell, previously touted as 'proof' of the Loch Ness monster, is confirmed to be a hoax.
- March 12 - The Church of England ordains its first female priests.
- March 16 - In Portland, Oregon Tonya Harding pleads guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for trying to cover-up an attack on figure skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. She is fined $100,000 and banned from the sport.
- March 23 - At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated. Mario Aburto Martinez is arrested for the crime and confesses on the same day.
- March 27 - A tornado outbreak occurs in Southeastern United States. One tornado hits the United Methodist Church in Piedmont, Alabama killing 22. This outbreak is the biggest tornado event of 1994.
- March 28 - In South Africa, Zulus and African National Congress supporters battle in central Johannesburg killing 18.
- March 31 - The journal Nature reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete Australopithecus afarensis skull (see Human evolution).

April


- April 6 - Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and president of Burundi Cyprien Ntaryamira died when a missile shoots down their jet near Kigali, Rwanda. This is taken as a pretext to begin the Rwandan Genocide
- April 7 - The Rwandan Genocide begins in Kigali, Rwanda.
- April 8 - Kurt Cobain, lead singer of Nirvana, is found dead in Seattle, Washington. He had committed suicide three days earlier.
- April 16 - Voters in Finland decide to join the European Union in a referendum.
- April 20 - Paul Touvier is found guilty of ordering the execution of 7 Jews when he was serving in the Vichy France Milice
- April 21 - Red Cross estimates that hundreds of thousands of Tutsi have been killed in Rwanda
- April 22 - Former American President Richard Nixon dies.
- April 25 - End of term for Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu as 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan becomes the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - South Africa holds its first fully multiracial elections.
- April 30 - Formula One driver Roland Ratzenberger of Austria, age 32, dies in a high-speed, single-car crash in the practise session for the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy

May


- May 1 - Formula One driver Ayrton Senna of Brazil, age 34, is killed in a high-speed, single-car accident during the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy
- May 6 - The Channel Tunnel, which took 15,000 workers over seven years to complete, opens between England and France. Passengers can now travel between the two countries in 35 minutes.
- May 9 - Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president
- May 10 - Illinois executes serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection for the murder of 33 young men and boys
- May 10 - An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across much of North America.
- May 10 - Punk rock band Weezer releases their eponymous debut that goes on to sell more than 3 million copies.
- May 12 - Hockey becomes Canada's official winter sport.
- May 31- Tony Blair and Gordon Brown have dinner at the Granita restaurant in Islington and allegedly make a deal on who will become the leader of the Labour Party, and ultimately, the next Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

June


- June - Iraq disarmament crisis: UN weapons inspectors Ritter and Smidovitch learn, through Israeli intelligence reports, that Qusay Hussein, Saddam Hussein's son, is the key player in efforts by the Iraqi government to hide the country's alleged illegal weapons
- June 6-8 - Ceasefire negotiations for the Yugoslav War begin in Geneva - they agree to one-month cessation of hostilities (which does not last more than a few days)
- June 12 - Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are murdered outside her home in Los Angeles, California. O. J. Simpson is later acquitted of the killings, but is held liable in a civil suit.
- June 14 - Hacker Kevin Poulsen pleads guilty to seven counts of mail fraud, wire and computer fraud, money laundering, and obstruction of justice.
- June 14 - The New York Rangers defeat the Vancouver Canucks 4 games to 3 in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals.
- June 15 - As of 2004 the third highest grossing animated film of all-time, The Lion King, opens in theatres nationwide.
- June 15 - Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations
- June 17 - NFL star OJ Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco. The low speed chase, which unfolds live on television, ends up at Simpson's mansion in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, where he then surrendered to police.

July


- July - The planet Jupiter is hit by twenty one large fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 over the course of six days.
- July 2 - Assassination of Colombian soccer player Andrés Escobar in Bogotá
- July 7 - Aden is occupied by troops from North Yemen.
- July 17 - Brazil defeats Italy 3-2 on penalties to win the Football World Cup 1994, after the game ended 0-0 after extra time.
- July 18 - In Buenos Aires, an explosion destroys a building housing several Jewish organizations killing ninety six and injuring many more. On 9 November 2005 Alberto Nisman Arentino prosecutor identified Hezbollah militant Ibrahim Berro responsible.
- July 25 - Israel and Jordan sign the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.
- July 25 - Phone Numbers through Australia start changing to eight digits (Mona Vale, Sydney 1st to change)

August


- August - 'Wollemia nobilis', a "fossil tree" discovered by bushwalker David Noble only 150 km from the largest city in Australia.
- August 1 - Fire destroys Norwich Central Library in the UK, including most of its historical records
- August 12 - Woodstock '94 begins. It is the 25 year anniversary of woodstock in 1969.
- August 14 - End of Woodstock '94.
- August 31 - the Irish Republican Army announces a "complete cessation of military operations" from midnight.

September


- September 3 - Cold War: Russia and the People's Republic of China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.
- September 4 - Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan opens. All international services are transferred from Itami to Kansai.
- September 5 - New South Wales State MP for Cabramatta John Newman is shot outside his home (Australia's first political assassination since 1977)
- September 8 - A Boeing 737 carrying USAir Flight 427 with 132 people on board, crashes on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport. There are no survivors
- September 13 - President Bill Clinton signs the Assault Weapons Ban, which bans the use of these weapons for a period of 10 years.
- September 28 - The car ferry MS Estonia sinks in Baltic Sea, killing 852.
- September 28 - Jose Francisco Ruiz Massier, Mexican politician, assassinated on the orders of the president's brother
- September-October - Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to stop cooperating with UNSCOM inspectors and begins to once again deploy troops near its border with Kuwait. In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops to Kuwait.

October


- October 5 - UNESCO inaugurates World Teachers’ Day to celebrate and commemorate the signing of the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on October 5, 1966.
- October 8 - Iraq disarmament crisis: President of the UN Security Council says that Iraq must withdraw its troops from the Kuwait border and immediately cooperate with weapons inspectors
- October 12 - NASA loses radio contact with the Magellan spacecraft as the probe descends into the thick atmosphere of Venus (the spacecraft presumably burned up in the atmosphere either October 13 or October 14)
- October 15 - After three years of exile in the US, Haiti's president Aristide returns to his country.
- October 15 - Iraq disarmament crisis: Following threats by the U.N. Security Council and the U.S., Iraq withdraws troops from its border with Kuwait.
- October 26 - Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty.
- October 29 - Francisco Martin Duran fires over two dozen shots at the White House (Duran was later convicted of trying to kill US President Bill Clinton).
- October 31 - An American Eagle ATR-72 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after circling in icy weather, killing 64 passengers.
- October 31 - HRH The Duke of Edinburgh attends a ceremony in Israel where his late mother, HSH Princess Alice of Battenberg is honoured as "Righteous among the Nations" for sheltering Jewish families from the Nazis in Athens, during World War II.

November


- November 4 - Sydney's third runway opens ensuring protests about noise levels.
- November 5 - A letter by former US President Ronald Reagan is released that announces he has Alzheimer's disease
- November 8 - Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secured control of both houses of U.S. Congress.
- November 13 - Voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union in a referendum.
- November 13 - The first passengers travel through the Channel Tunnel.
- November 16 - Federal judge issues a temporary restraining order that prohibits the State of California from implementing Proposition 187, that would have denied most public services to illegal aliens.
- November 20 - The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ending 19 years of civil war (in 1995 localized fighting resumed).
- November 25 - Sony founder Akio Morita announces he will be stepping down as the company's CEO
- November 28 - Voters in Norway reject European Union membership (see Norwegian EU referendum, 1994)
- November 28 - In Portage, Wisconsin, USA, convicted serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is clubbed to death by another inmate in the Columbia Correctional Institute gymnasium.
- November 29 - Two-year murder trial of 14 south Vietnamese accused of murder of 24 north Vietnamese ends in Hong Kong - all defendants are acquitted.
- November 30 - Famous hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur survives five bullets in an apparent robbery attempt outside a New York music studio.

December


- December 2 - Australian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous Australians who were displaced during the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s and 1960s.
- December 11 - Boris Yeltsin orders troops into Chechnya.
- December 11 - A small bomb explodes on Philippine Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. The bombing was a field test done by Ramzi Yousef to test explosives that would have been used in Project Bojinka, a terrorist attack plan that would be exposed after an apartment fire.
- December 19 - A planned exchange rate correction of the Mexican Peso to the US Dollar, becomes a massive financial meltdown in Mexico, unleashing the 'Tequila' effect on global financial markets. This will prompt a US$ 50,000 million 'bailout' by the Clinton administration.
- December 19 - The Whitewater Scandal investigation begins.
- December 19 - Civil unions between homosexuals are made legal in Sweden.
- December 26 - French anti-terrorist police storms a hijacked jet at Marseille and kill four Islamist terrorists.
- December 29 - Robert Schumann becomes the youngest person to visit the south pole.

Births


- January 30 - Dylan Cash, American actor
- February 23 - Dakota Fanning, American actress
- May 4 - Alexander Gould, American voice actor
- August 9 - Forrest Landis, American actor

Deaths

January


- January 1 - Arthur Espie Porritt, New Zealand politician and athlete (b. 1900)
- January 5 - Thomas P. 'Tip' O'Neill, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (b. 1912)
- January 9 - Johnny Temple, baseball player (b. 1927)
- January 15 - Harry Nilsson, American musician (b. 1941)
- January 17 - Helen Stephens, American runner (b. 1918)
- January 22 - Telly Savalas, American actor (b. 1924)
- January 23 - Brian Redhead, British journalist and broadcaster (b. 1929)
- January 25 - Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (b. 1909)
- January 27 - Claude Akins, American actor (b. 1914)
- January 30 - Pierre Boulle, French author (b. 1912)

February-April


- February 6 - Jack Kirby, American comic book writer and illustrator (b. 1917)
- February 7 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (b. 1913)
- February 9 - Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1934)
- February 11 - Sorrell Booke, American actor (b. 1930)
- February 11 - William Conrad, American actor (b. 1920)
- February 11 - Neil Bonnett, American race car driver (b. 1946)
- February 14 - Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (executed) (b. 1936)
- February 17 - Randy Shilts, American author and activist (b. 1951)
- February 22 - Papa John Creech, American fiddler
- February 24 - Jean Sablon, French singer (b. 1906)
- February 24 - Dinah Shore, American actress, singer (b. 1916)
- February 25 - Baruch Goldstein, American-born mass killer (b. 1956)
- February 25 - Jersey Joe Walcott, American boxer (b. 1914)
- February 26 - Bill Hicks, American comedian (b. 1961)
- March 4 - John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor (b. 1950)
- March 22 - Walter Lantz, American cartoonist (b. 1899)
- March 23 - Luis Donaldo Colosio, Mexican politician (b. 1950)
- March 28 - Eugene Ionesco, Romanian-born playwright (b. 1909)
- April 1 - Léon Degrelle, Belgian Nazi (b. 1906)
- April 2 - Betty Furness, American actress, author, and consumer advocate (b. 1916)
- April 5 - Kurt Cobain, American musician (Nirvana) (suicide) (b. 1967)
- April 7 - Albert Guðmundsson, Icelandic professional football player and politician (b. 1923)
- April 7 - Golo Mann, German historian (b. 1909)
- April 10 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (b. 1924)
- April 16 - Ralph Ellison, American writer (b. 1914)
- April 17 - Roger Wolcott Sperry, American neurobiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1913)
- April 22 - Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (b. 1913)
- April 30 - Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (b. 1960)

May-October


- May 1 - Ayrton Senna, Brazilian race car driver (b. 1960)
- May 7- Clement Greenberg, American art critic (b. 1909)
- May 8 - George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
- May 10 - John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1942)
- May 12 - John Smith, Scottish politician (b. 1938)
- May 15 - Gilbert Roland, Mexican-born actor (b. 1905)
- May 19 - Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, First Lady of the United States (b. 1929)
- May 21 - Johan Hendrik Weidner, Belgian World War II resistance fighter (b. 1912)
- May 29 - Erich Honecker, leader of East Germany (b. 1912)
- June 9 - Jan Tinbergen, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1903)
- June 12 - Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe
- June 15 - Kristen Pfaff, rock bassist (Hole) (b. 1967)
- June 29 - Kurt Eichhorn, German conductor (b. 1908)
- July 8 - Kim Il Sung, President of North Korea (b. 1912)
- July 11 - Gary Kildall, American computer inventor (b. 1942)
- July 14 - César Tovar, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1940)
- July 29 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- August 13 - Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- August 18 - Richard Laurence Millington Synge, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
- August 19 - Linus Pauling, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Peace (b. 1901)
- September 6 - Nicky Hopkins, British musician (b. 1944)
- September 11 - Jessica Tandy, English actress (b. 1909)
- September 12 - Boris Yegorov, cosmonaut (b. 1937)
- September 30 - Andre Michael Lwoff, French microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1902)
- October 7 - Niels Kaj Jerne, English immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1911)
- October 14 - Emil Gilels, Russian pianist (b. 1916)
- October 19 - Martha Raye, American actress (b. 1916)
- October 20 - Burt Lancaster, American actor (b. 1913)
- October 21 - Benoît Régent, French actor (b. 1953)

November-December


- November 12 - Wilma Rudolph, American athlete (b. 1940)
- November 13 - Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (b. 1924)
- November 14 - Tom Villard, American actor (b. 1953)
- November 16 - Doris Speed, English actress (b. 1899)
- November 16 - Dino Valente, American musician (b. 1943)
- November 28 - Jeffrey Dahmer, American serial killer (murdered) (b. 1960)
- December 12 - Stuart Roosa, astronaut (b. 1933)
- December 23 - Sebastian Shaw (actor), English actor (b. 1905)
- December 24 - John Boswell, American historian (b. 1947)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford Glenwood Shull
- Chemistry - George Andrew Olah
- Medicine - Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
- Literature - Kenzaburo Oe
- Peace - Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
- Economics - Reinhard Selten, John Forbes Nash, John Harsanyi

Fields Medalists


- Efim Isakovich Zelmanov, Pierre-Louis Lions, Jean Bourgain, Jean-Christophe Yoccoz

Templeton Prize


- Michael Novak

Right Livelihood Award


- Astrid Lindgren, SERVOL (Service Volunteered for All), Dr. H. Sudarshan / VGKK (Vivekananda Girijana Kalyana Kendra) and Ken Saro-Wiwa / MOSOP (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)
- zh-min-nan:1994 nî als:1994 ko:1994년 ms:1994 ja:1994年 simple:1994 th:พ.ศ. 2537

NASA

] The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which was established in 1958, is the agency responsible for the public space program of the United States of America. It is also responsible for long-term civilian and military aerospace research.

Vision and mission

NASA's vision is "to improve life here, extend life to there, and to find life beyond." Its mission is "to understand and protect our home planet; to explore the Universe and search for life; and to inspire the next generation of explorers."

History

Space Race

:For additional background, please see the Space Race article Space Race launch of Redstone rocket and NASA's Mercury 3 capsule Freedom 7 with Alan Shepard Jr. on the United States' first human flight into sub-orbital space. (Atlas rockets were used to launch Mercury's orbital missions.)]] Following the Soviet space program's launch of the world's first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The U.S. Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to U.S. security and technological leadership, urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his advisers counseled more deliberate measures. Several months of debate produced agreement that a new federal agency was needed to conduct all nonmilitary activity in space. On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some 8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for aeronautics, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), though the probably most important contribution actually had its roots in the German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who is today regarded as the father of the United States space program. NASA's early programs were research into human spaceflight, and were conducted under the pressure of the competition between the USA and the USSR (the Space Race) that existed during the Cold War. The Mercury program, initiated in 1958, started NASA down the path of human space exploration with missions designed to discover simply if man could survive in space. Representatives from the U.S. Army (M.L. Raines, LTC, USA), Navy (P.L. Havenstein, CDR, USN) and Air Force (K.G. Lindell, COL, USAF) were selected/requested to provide assistance to the NASA Space Task Group through coordination with the existing U.S. military research and defense contracting infrastructure, and technical assistance resulting from experimental aircraft (and the associated military test pilot pool) development in the 1950s. On May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. became the first American in space when he piloted Freedom 7 on a 15-minute suborbital flight. John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth on February 20, 1962 during the 5-hour flight of Friendship 7. Once the Mercury project proved that human spaceflight was possible, project Gemini was launched to conduct experiments and work out issues relating to a moon mission. The first Gemini flight with astronauts on board, Gemini III, was flown by Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young on March 23, 1965. Nine other missions followed, showing that long-duration human space flight was possible, proving that rendezvous and docking with another vehicle in space was possible, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on humans.

Apollo program

Following the success of the Mercury and Gemini programs, the Apollo program was launched to try to do interesting work in space and possibly put men around (but not on) the Moon. The direction of the Apollo program was radically altered following President John F. Kennedy's announcement on May 25, 1961 that the United States should commit itself to "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" by 1970. Thus Apollo became a program to land men on the Moon. The Gemini program was started shortly thereafter to provide an interim spacecraft to prove techniques needed for the now much more complicated Apollo missions. Gemini program.]] After eight years of preliminary missions, including NASA's first loss of astronauts with the Apollo 1 launch pad fire, and the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon (Apollo 8) at the end of 1968, the Apollo program achieved its goals with Apollo 11 which landed Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon's surface on July 20, 1969 and returned them to Earth safely on July 24. Armstrong's first words upon stepping out of the Eagle lander captured the momentousness of the occasion: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Twelve men would set foot on the Moon by the end of the Apollo program in December 1972. NASA had won the moon race, and in some senses this left it without direction, or at the very least without the public attention and interest that was necessary to guarantee large budgets from Congress. After President Lyndon Johnson left office, NASA lost its main political supporter, and rocket scientist Wernher von Braun was moved to a position lobbying in Washington. Plans for ambitious follow-on projects to construct a space station, establish a lunar base and launch a human mission to Mars by 1990 were proposed but with the end to procurement of Saturn and Apollo hardware, there was no capability to support these. The near-disaster of Apollo 13, where an oxygen tank explosion nearly doomed all three astronauts, helped to recapture national attention and concern. Although missions up to Apollo 20 were planned, Apollo 17 was the last mission to fly under the Apollo banner. The program ended because of budget cuts (in