Politiko > Kapitalismo
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Ekonomia sistemo fondita sur privata proprieto kaj/aŭ kreo de valoro kaj riĉeco kiel kontentigo de la konsumanto. Ĝi elvenas el libera konsento kaj konkurenco de la agantoj. La efika maksimumigo per la serĉado de profito (profitigo de la investo en kapitalo). Ĝi devas samtempe esti entreprene riska kaj kun la respekto de leĝaro.
Kapitalismo esta evoluanta koncepto, kiu deriviĝas de pli fruaj eŭropaj praktikoj
(vidu: Feŭdismo, Imperiismo, Merkantilismo). Kapitalismo estas vaste konsiderata kiel
la dominanta ekonomia sistemo en la mondo. Ekzistas daŭra debato pri la difino, naturo, kaj
amplekso de ĉi tiu sistemo.
Kapitalismo ĝenerale aludas
- aron da ekonomikaj praktikoj, kiuj eninstituciiĝis en Eŭropo inter la 16-a kaj 19-a jarcentoj, speciale koncernantaj la formadon kaj kormercadon en posedo de korporacioj (vidu: Korporacia personeco kaj Kompanioj) por aĉetado kaj vendado de varoj, speciale kapitalaj varoj (inkluzive de tero kaj laboro), en relative libera (t.e., libera de ŝtata regado) merkato - konkurantajn (kaj disputemajn) teoriojn, kiuj disvolviĝis en la 19-a jarcento, en la kunteksto de la industria revolucio, kaj en la 20-a jarcento, en la kunteksto de la Malvarma Milito, kiuj celis pravigi la privatan posedadon de kapitalo, klarigi la funkciadon de tiaj merkatoj, kaj gvidi la aplikadon aŭ forigon de registarareguligo de posedaĵoj kaj merkatoj
- kaj kredojn pri la avantaĝoj de tiaj praktikoj.
Post kolapso de la socialismo, la kapitalisma produkta sistemo reaperis en iamaj socialismaj landoj. Tie oni privatigis (kaj reprivatigis t.e. redonis la alŝtatigitajn proprietojn) la ŝtatan proprieton kaj tiel ili atingiskelkfoje pli grandan proporcion de la privata ekonomio ol en kelkaj malnovaj kapitalismaj landoj.
Fine de la 20-a jarcento, komence de la 21-a jarcento, la ŝtatoj pli kaj pli dekonstruas la doganojn (vidu MOK), malpliigas la subvenciojn tiel formanta veran konkurson surmerkatan. Sed la fortiĝanta globalismo (libere moviĝanta kapitalo) kaŭzis streĉon en la pli evoluintaj landoj, ĉar la laboristoj devas konkuri kun la laboristoj de la evoluantaj landoj. Tiel okazis ekzemple en 2004, ke Siemens kaj aliaj grandaj firmaoj ĉantaĝis la laboristojn, postulante plian laboron kontraŭ sama salajro.
- vidu: Listo de Firmaoj (listo de la plej gravaj kapitalismaj mondfirmaoj)
Imperiismo estas speco de diktatoreco, en kiu la diktatoro estas t.n. imperiisto.
Eŭropo
Geografio > Kontinentoj > Eŭropo
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Eŭropo estas ankaŭ luno de Jupitero.
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Eŭropo estas malgranda mondoparto, ne strikte dirite propra kontinento kvankam ofte nomita tiel (ĝi estas parto de la kontinento Eŭrazio) - nur Aŭstralio estas mondoparto pli malgranda - sed ĝi havis 729.000.000 loĝantojn en la jaro 2000. Oni parolas 209 malsamajn lingvojn en 6 lingvofamilioj en Eŭropo. Historie kaj kulture Eŭropo havis grandan influon sur la mondan civilizacion.
Norde estas la Arkta Oceano, okcidente Atlantiko, sude Mediteraneo, la Nigra Maro, kaj Kaŭkazio, kaj oriente la Kaspia Maro kaj Uralo.
Estas 44 landoj sendependaj en Eŭropo:
- [http://worsten.org/ Foraj kuzoj el Eŭropo] Plurlingva listo de eŭropaj regionoj (sube sur la paĝo), utila listo por trovi la nomon de regionoj ne listigitaj inter la
- [http://www.bertilow.com/lanlin/index.php landoj] kaj lingvoj de la mondo.
Juro > Internacia juro > Publika internacia juro > Internacia socio
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Ŝtato estas subjekto de la publika internacia juro kaj membro de la Internacia Socio. Oni povas fari 4 konsideraĵojn:
1° Ŝtato estas organizita politika socio, establita sur difinita teritorio, kaj kadranta la homojn troviĝantajn sur tiu teritorio.
Ĝi havas specifan organizon, kiu celas plenumi siajn objektivojn, laŭ siaj karakteroj geografiaj, ekonomiaj, kulturaj ktp.
Ĉiuokaze, la ŝtato havas:
- propran juran ordon,
- organojn kompetentajn por estigi kaj ekzekutigi tiun juran ordon, kaj
- konkretan forton, kiu ebligos al ĝi, eventuale trude, ekzekutigi tiun juran ordon.
Plie, tiu konkretan (homan) forton povos utili rilate la eksterlandon, ekz. por defendi la pluekziston de la ŝtato (la rajto je pluekzisto estas unu el la fundamentaj rajtoj de la ŝtato sur la internacia skalo).
2° Ili estas nemultaj.
La Unuiĝintaj Nacioj enkalkulas 191 ŝtatoj-membroj. Se oni inkluzivas la ŝtatojn ankoraŭ ne UN-membroj, oni nombras proksimume 210 ŝtatojn en la mondo.
3° Ili estas tre diverstipaj rilate siajn enloĝantarojn, teritoriojn, politikajn instituciojn, evolustatojn...
Ekzemple:
Areo: Loĝantoj: MNP/loĝanto:
USONO....... 9.150.000 km² .... 267.000.000 .... 26.280 $
VANUATUO.... 12.000 km² .... 200.000 .... 1.200 $
MONAKO...... 195 ha .... 30.000 (inkl. 5.000 monakanoj)
4° Ilin karakterizas ilia suvereneco, t.e. tiu povo ne agnoski ian aŭtoritaton supera. Tiu suvereneco garantias:
- la plenecon kaj universalecon de ilia kompetenteco enlande, kaj
- ilian sendependecon eksterlande.
Merkato estas ejo (reala aŭ virtuala), kie mendado kaj ofertado renkontiĝas, determinante la prezon, plej ofte dank' al la meĥanismo de mendado kaj ofertado. La merkato estas centra koncepto por la ekonomika teorio.
La mona merkato koncernas la kostojn (interezojn) por kreditoj. La borso estas la merkato pri akcioj, opcioj kaj similaj valorpaperoj.
Socialismo kaj komunismo proponas ekonomion sen la merkataj principoj, en kiu prezoj ne ekzistas aŭ determiniĝas nur de la produktadkostoj de varoj.
En multaj lingvoj la vorto por "merkato" egalas al aŭ deriviĝas de la vorto por "bazaro", ejo, kie historie evoluis la merkataj konceptoj.
La Malvarma milito estas nocio por la potenckonfrontacio inter la aliancanoj de Usono kaj Sovetio, kiu disvolviĝis post la dua mondmilito ĝis la komenco de la 90-aj jaroj de la 20-a jarcento kaj kondukis al la elformiĝo de dupolusa mondo. Dum la epoko de Malvarma milito ĉiu flanko uzis kontraŭ la alia politikajn, ideajn, kulturajn, militajn, ekonomiajn kaj psikajn rimedojn. La origino estis la konferenco en Moskvo la 9-an de oktobro 1944, kie Stalin kaj Churchill dividis Orient- kaj Sud-Eŭropon laŭ siaj interesoj. La vera malvarma milito komenciĝis post morto de Roosevelt (1945), kiu tre fidis je Stalin. Dum la epoko de Malvarma milito la internacian situacion karakterizis konkurenca armado, reciprokaj malfido kaj nigra-blanka propagando.
Oni nomis tion malvarma milito, ĉar ne okazis vera milito direkte inter NATO kaj Varsova pakto, sed la landoj kaŝis sin malantaŭ dorsoj de aliaj landoj. Tiel la veraj militoj okazis en la t.n. tria mondo ekz. Vjetnamio, Afganio. La du grandpotenco apogis personojn, movadojn plaĉajn al si, tiel kaŭzante civitan militon en multaj landoj de Afriko (Angolo).
...
varsovia pakto - [http://www.europaiutas.hu/20001/7.htm pri la Moskva Konferenco hungare]
ja:冷戦ko:냉전ms:Perang Dinginsimple:Cold Warth:สงครามเย็น
Dogano estas imposto por varoj, enirantaj aŭ elirantaj certan ŝtaton.
Ĝi servas por protekti la hejman industrion, laborlokojn, ekonomian intereson de iuj.
ja:関税
MOK
Ekonomiko > Monda Komerca Organizaĵo < Mondaj organizaĵoj
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Mondaj organizaĵoj
Monda Komerca Organizaĵo (mallonge MKO, angle : World Trade Organization mallonge : WTO, france : Organisation Mondiale du Commerce mallonge : OMC) aŭ Monda Organizo pri Komerco (MOK) estas internacia organizaĵo grupiganta multajn ŝtatojn (146 je la 4-a de aprilo 2003) kaj celanta reglamenti la internacian komercon almenaŭ inter siaj membroj.
MKO postsekvas la GATT-interkonsentoj kaj estis kreita je la 1-a de januaro 1995 post la negocadoj de la Urugvaja ciklo (1986 - 1994).
MKO estas akuzata antaŭenigi liberalisman tutmondigon de la ekonomio.
Rimarkindaj eventoj estas la ministeriaj konferencoj kiaj en Seattle en 1999 kaj en Cancún okazinta de la 10-a ĝis la 14-a de septembro 2003. En Seattle dum la ministeria konferenco okazis la unuaj gravaj demonstracioj de la alimondistoj, kiuj klopodas batali kontraŭ la liberalisma organizado de la mondo.
La sidejo de MKO estas en Ĝenevo, Svislando.
La nuna ĝenerala direktoro estas Pascal Lamyi kiu sekvis Supaĉai PANIĈPAKDI-on.
Petro LEVI (naskita en 1926) estas esperantista verkisto aktiva en la SAT-movado.
Biografio
Petro LEVI naskiĝis en Parizo la 5an de majo 1926. Esperanton li eklernis en 1937 kun sia patro, kaj poste daŭrigis la studadon sola. Li aliĝis al SAT en 1947 kaj de tiam multe agadas en tiu asocio. Li estis membro de la plenumkomitato de SAT inter 1953 kaj 1981, kaj estis ĝia prezidanto de 1972 ĝis 1981. Li verkis multajn artikolojn, ĉefe pri socipolitikaj temoj, por diversaj esperantaj gazetoj, interalie por Sennaciulo kaj Sennacieca Revuo.
Rete legeblaj tekstoj
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=105 Funkciado de la kapitalisma ekonomio]
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=251 Kio estas en Francio la "providenca ŝtato?"]
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=254 Ĉu komunismo mortis?]
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=145 Kritikoj pri la Eŭropa konstitucio]
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=210 Lapenna pri la homaj rajtoj]
- [http://satesperanto.free.fr/satkulturo/article.php3?id_article=231 Esperanto kiel kulturlingvo el vidpunkto de Franca komunisto]
LEVI Petro
: See also The X-Files (books) and The X Files (film).
The X-Files was a popular Americantelevision series created by Chris Carter. It ran for nine seasons, from 1993 to 2002, spawning a feature film in 1998, with first-run episodes airing on the FOX network. It was a critical and commercial success, due in part to its stars, David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson.
Fox Mulder, played by Duchovny, and Dana Scully, played by Anderson, are two FBI agents tasked with investigating paranormal phenomena. With plots spanning alien conspiracy theories and high-level governmental cover-ups, the show mimicked episodic elements found in earlier shows such as The Outer Limits, The Twilight Zone, and the cult show Twin Peaks, in which Duchovny had appeared as a cross-dressing DEA agent. The series became a surprise run-away success, with a devoted following. Fans of the show became known as "X-Philes" or "eXcers". The term "X-Philes" was coined by Matt Grommes on an early FidonetX-Files message board.
The series popularized the catch-phrases "Trust No One," "The Truth Is Out There," and "I Want to Believe" and fostered a substantial fan following. Fans commonly divide X-Files stories into "Mytharc" ("mythology") episodes, which concerned the ongoing tale of an impending alien invasion and a conspirational coverup, and stand-alone "Monster-of-the-Week" episodes, which dealt with strange, other-worldly creatures and situations relating to the paranormal. The series was also known for its occasionally humorous episodes of this variety. Several installments also explored the relationship between Mulder and Scully, while some episodes focused on popular supporting characters such as Walter Skinner or the Lone Gunmen.
A separate fan base evolved, referred to as "shippers" (relationshippers), which chronicled and relished the sexual tension between Mulder and Scully; the term subsequently entered the fan lexicon, as "shipping". One pivotal shipper episode was "Triangle" (6x03), in which Mulder and Scully shared their first on-camera kiss - on a ship, in fact - although the events in the episode did not actually take place in the reality of the show (most of it taking place in a dream sequence).
The X-Files was declared by TV Guide to be one of the greatest television shows of all time, and the second greatest cult TV show of all time, behind Star Trek. Chris Carter used The X-Files as a springboard for one spin-off show in the same universe, The Lone Gunmen, one show that eventually crossed over with "The X-Files", Millennium, and the apparently unrelated Harsh Realm. These did not capture the public or critical attention to the same degree as The X-Files, however.
Current distribution
In the United States, episodes are shown frequently on cable television on the Sci-Fi Channel and TNT on at various times from Monday through Friday. Episodes can also be seen on a station-by-station basis in local markets thanks to syndication and syndication episodes are also available on weekends on the cable superstation WGN.
The X-Files inspired numerous other TV series, including Strange World, Burning Zone, Special Unit 2, Mysterious Ways, Carnivàle, Dark Skies, The 4400, and Threshold none of which enjoyed the same popularity or following that The X-Files achieved.
The influence can also be seen on other levels: Alias has developed a complex mythology that brings to mind the "mytharc" of the X-Files. In addition, many procedural dramas feature a Mulder-esque lead with a supervisor similar to Skinner or Kersh. Some of these procedurals, such as NCIS, feature a quirky technogeek similar to the Lone Gunmen characters.
Fox also screened a companion series based upon The X-Files entitled Millennium, also produced by Chris Carter. The storylines of Millennium and The X-Files occasionally crossed over, with Scully and Mulder making cameo appearances - albeit on an overhead television - in at least one episode of Millennium. Frank Black, the protagonist of Millennium, eventually appeared in The X-Files to tie up loose ends after Millennium was abruptly cancelled.
Over the course of its nine seasons, The X-Files won two acting Emmy awards, one writing award, and several technical awards.
Acting
In 1996, Peter Boyle won the Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of the title character in the third-season episode "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose".
In 1997, Gillian Anderson won the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series award for her portrayal of Agent Dana Scully.
Writing
In 1996, Darin Morgan won the Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing for a Drama Series for his episode "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose". "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose" was one of four highly-acclaimed episodes Morgan wrote during his short time on the show's writing staff.
Technical
Throughout its run, The X-Files won the following awards in various technical categories:
- 1994 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences
- 1996 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Cinematography for a Series
- 1996 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Editing for a Series
- 1996 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series
- 1997 Outstanding Art Direction for a Series
- 1997 Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series
- 1998 Outstanding Art Direction for a Series
- 1998 Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series
- 1999 Outstanding Makeup for a Series
- 2000 Outstanding Makeup for a Series
- 2000 Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series
- 2000 Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series - 2001 Outstanding Makeup for a Series
The X-Files: Fight the Future
In 1998 the series produced a motion picture, The X-Files: Fight the Future. It was intended as a continuation of the season five finale, "The End" (5x20), but was also meant to stand on its own. The film was a commercial success. However, it attracted generally muted reviews from many major critics and, although the worldwide popularity of the show helped the movie's intake, the domestic box office was substantially less than what the studio had spent on producing and promoting the film. The movie, like much of what followed it on the series, remains a point of contention among fans - some of whom appreciate its place in the narrative, others deploring it for being the beginning of an unwieldy narrative structure which continued throughout the show.
The movie's opening sequence featured a bomb attack on a Federal office building in Dallas. Several media commentators noted parallels between this and the real-life 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing. [http://www.thedailypage.com/going-out/movies/reviews/movieReview.php?intReviewID=65] [http://www.thespinningimage.co.uk/cultfilms/displaycultfilm.asp?reviewid=365]
Change
Over the course of the final few seasons, the show underwent several changes by way of both character growth and plot direction, in addition to a steady ratings decline. One of the central mythologies of the show, Mulder's search for his sister, would finally be resolved, as well as a few turns of events involving the ever-deepening bond between Mulder and Scully and the dynamic between the two characters. Whether they "should" or "shouldn't" consummate their relationship was the subject of great debate among the fan community for many years, and is still subject to scrutiny, since even after numerous hints, Carter refuses to confirm whether the two characters ever had sex. Even after the show's cancellation it retains a fan following. It can be said, however, that The X-Files had two audiences - one composed of early fans, some of whom lost interest halfway through the series, and a new, enthusiastic fanbase who were enamoured of the show's mainstream popularity.
The Lone Gunmen, a trio of nerdish government watchdogs who occasionally assisted Mulder and Scully, had their own short-lived TV series. Its cancellation left its storyline unresolved, but all the characters from the series returned in the X-Files episode "Jump the Shark" (9x15) (definition of term "jump the shark"), which served as a final Lone Gunmen episode. The trio also made a short appearance, as ghosts or memories appearing to Mulder, in The X-Files final episode, "The Truth" (9x19 & 9x20).
Duchovny leaves
Hoping to capitalize on his small-screen popularity and make more movies, David Duchovny ceased to be a regular on The X-Files after the seventh season. His leaving made for some interesting plot twists. The Season 7 finale found Mulder abducted by aliens and Scully pregnant. At the very end of the Season 8 finale, Scully asks Mulder how this could have happened, and he responds by referring to "the truth we both know" and proceeds to kiss her. (What is unclear is whether she is referring to her supposed infertility or the possibility that she had not been with a man recently [although the proceeding kiss makes things a little less vague]) Having supposedly been rendered infertile during her abduction in Season 2, a fact first revealed during "Memento Mori" (4x14) in Season 4, this was indeed a shock to both Scully and the show's fan base.
As far as the paternity of the child was concerned, there were scattered hints that Mulder could be the father. One of the biggest hints came in the Season 9 episode "Trust No 1." In this episode, a government agent known as the "Shadow Man" who had been spying on Scully tells Scully that:
"I know your blood type, resting heart rate and your
childhood fear of clowns. I know the name of your college boyfriend,
your true hair color, your ATM PIN number, favorite charity and pet
peeves. I know you spend too much time alone, and I know one lonely
night you invited Mulder into your bed. (cut to Scully) I was as
surprised as you are."
The fact that Scully doesn't vehemently deny this statement (as would be in her personality to do so) lends credence to his claim.
In the series finale "The Truth," Mulder also refers to William as "my son" when questioned by a military officer and "our son" when speaking to Scully.
Season 8 and beyond
Duchovny returned for brief stints in seasons eight and nine. In season eight, Mulder reappeared as a corpse, was buried for several months (of the story's time frame), and then later revived. With both Duchovny and Anderson's involvement reduced, the show introduced two new X-Files agents, John Doggett and Monica Reyes (played by Robert Patrick and Annabeth Gish). It was Chris Carter's belief that the series could continue for another ten years with new leads. This was not to be the case, however, as Doggett and Reyes did not provide the ratings boost Chris Carter had hoped.
Annabeth Gish filming the finale episode in 2002]]
The show completed its ninth and final season with the two-hour episode "The Truth", which first aired on May 19, 2002. The show ceased production at the end of the ninth season—on a cliffhanger, though Carter knew that this would be the final episode. Plans for another movie are announced periodically but have yet to come to fruition. While Carter, Duchovny and Anderson have all expressed their desire for involvement, there is still no script and no official shooting schedule. The earliest possible release for the film would be September 2006. It is widely believed that a second X-Files movie would be a standalone adventure, leaving some question as to how (or if) the mythology-based series finale cliffhanger will be resolved.
Trivia
- The number 42 occurs frequently (Mulder lives in Apartment 42, Mulder has seen Plan 9 From Outer Space 42 times, etc.). This is The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything in Douglas Adams' novel The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
- The season 8 episode "Alone" has artifacts from previous episodes; in Scully's desk drawer are Queequeg's dog tag (from the episode "Quagmire"), the keychain Mulder gave her (from "Tempus Fugit") and the fused coins (from "Dreamland"). Also appearing in this episode is the character of Agent Leyla Harrison, named for an actual person. Leyla Harrison was an X-Files fan and a writer of fanfiction who died in February 2001. Well-known and well-loved among The X-Files internet community, writers on the show created the character (a self-professed admirer of Mulder and Scully) to honor her memory.
- When "Requiem" (the season 7 finale) completed shooting, the producers were unsure if they would come back for an eighth season.
- Many episodes feature a "mirror shot" usually involving a medicine cabinet. Such a shot shows a character opening a medicine cabinet with a mirror on the front, taking something out, closing the cabinet, and revealing something in the mirror. "Deep Throat," "Anasazi," "Underneath," and "Paper Clip" are episodes featuring such a shot.
- The Maya calendar predicts that current era of the world will end on December 22, 2012 ("The Truth")
- You can identify episodes directed by Kim Manners; he frames the camera so as to show the face, but not the top of the head.
- On Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, George Huang's FBI badge number is 2317616, as shown in the SVU episode "Charisma." Scully's badge number is identical, as told in the season 5 episode "Christmas Carol." Both were revealed while asking that a phone call be traced. In addition, B.D. Wong, who plays George Huang on SVU, had a guest appearance on The X-Files in the season 3 episode "Hell Money."
- It was David Duchovny who suggested that Skinner play a larger role, hoping that it would result in some time off for him.
- The eerie, yet catchy theme song is by Mark Snow. It was released with other songs from and inspired by the show on the 1996 soundtrack Songs in the Key of X.
- Much of the season 3 finale, "Talitha Cumi" was inspired by The Grand Inquisitor, including the Cigarette Smoking Man's line "Anyone who can appease a man's conscience can take his freedom away from him."
- As has become commonplace with dramatic TV series in recent years, actual episode titles were never displayed on screen. This was one of the first TV series whose fans disseminated information such as episode titles strictly via the Internet.
- From season 2 on, the firearm of choice for most characters is the Sig Sauer P228.
- The controversial and violent episode "Home", which featured a story about a family that has been inbred to almost proto-human levels of development, was kept out of syndication for three years after its initial airing.
- The town known as Gibsonton, Florida in the circus freak centric episode Humbug is a real town that really is populated with former circus performers.
- The season 5 episode "Bad Blood" contains a number of clever references and homages to classic vampire and horror films, one of the most memorable yet subtle being the name of the town in which the episode takes place. Known as Chaney, Texas, the name is most likely a reference to famous 1940's monster movie actor Lon Chaney. Whether it is Lon Chaney Sr. or Jr. is unclear, but both father and son were known for their parts in classic monster movies.
- Creator Chris Carter's birthday is October 13, thus the frequent references to the number 1013 on the show and the reason Fox Mulder's birthday is also October 13. It is also the name of Carter's production company, Ten Thirteen Productions.
- The season 4 episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man" was inspired by a Superman comic book story titled Lex Luthor: The Unauthorized Biography.
- Chris Carter eats a lot of sunflower seeds, hence Mulder's appetite for them on the show. However, David Duchovny hated them.
- Scully was named after sportscaster Vin Scully.
- Scully's telephone number is 555-3564 and (202) 555-6431 (at home). Mulder's number is 555-0199.
- Mulder's address is #42, 2630 Hegal Place, Alexandria, VA 23242.
- The number of Scully's files (stolen by Duane Barry) is 73317.
- Mulder has been shot 3 times (once in "Beyond the Sea", once in "Anasazi," and once in the film). Scully has been shot only twice (in "Young At Heart" and "Tithonus"). Skinner was only shot once (in "Piper Maru").
- Mulder used his gun 16 times, Scully 13 times.
- While Mulder believes in extraterrestrial life, and Scully doesn't (until season 6), the opposite is true of David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson (i.e. Duchovny doesn't believe in ETs, and Anderson does).
- The season 5 episode "Unusual Suspects", which tells the origin of the Lone Gunmen, features a cameo by Detective Munch, from the popular crime dramas Homicide: Life on the Street and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.
- In the movie Men in Black, Will Smith makes a reference to Alex Trebek and Jeopardy!. Alex Trebek actually makes a cameo appearance as a Man in Black in the season 3 episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space".
- The Fight the Future movie was originally intended to make its network broadcast premiere on Fox the Sunday after 9/11, but was immediately pulled from the line-up.
- In the season 8 episode "Salvage" Robert Patrick remarks "You only see metal men in movies." In the movie Terminator 2, Robert Patrick played a metal man.
- In the season 7 episode "Sein Und Zeit", one of the characters is watching Harsh Realm—another series by X-Files creator Chris Carter—on his TV. He remarks, "I don't know what this is but it's fantastic." In another of Chris Carter's shows, Millennium, you can hear someone watch The X-Files on their TV.
Taglines
Harsh Realm]]
The phrase "The Truth is Out There" is usually shown on screen at the end of the opening credits sequence. However, over the course of the series, this phrase would occasionally be replaced with something else.
- Trust No One - "The Erlenmeyer Flask"
- Deny Everything - "Ascension"
- 'éí 'aaníígÓÓ 'áhoot'é' - "Anasazi" ("The truth is far from here" in Navajo)
- Apology is Policy - "731"
- Everything Dies - "Herrenvolk" ("Master race" in German)
- Deceive Inveigle Obfuscate - "Teliko"
- E pur si muove - "Terma" ("And still it moves" in Italian)
- Believe the Lie - "Gethsemane"
- All Lies Lead to the Truth - "Redux"
- Resist or Serve - "The Red and the Black"
- The End - "The End"
- Die Wahrheit ist irgendwo da draußen - "Triangle" ("The truth is out there somewhere" in German)
- In the Big Inning - "The Unnatural"
- Amor Fati - "Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati" ("Love of fate" in Latin)
- Believe to Understand - "Closure"
- Nothing Important Happened Today - "Nothing Important Happened Today II"
- erehT tuO si hturT ehT - "4D"
- They're Watching - "Trust No One"
- Dio t'ama - "Improbable" ("God loves you" in Italian)
- I Want to Believe - "The Truth"
- ABH - Alien Bounty Hunter (the shapeshifting alien.), aka MMBH - Mighty Morphin' Bounty Hunter (a play on the title of the children's series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers).
- CSM - Cigarette Smoking Man
- Dipper - a Shipper who thinks that Doggett is the Big One
- MIM - Mulder It's Me
- MoW or MOTW - Monster-of-the-week
- NoRomo (no romance): a fan who doesn't want romance between Mulder and Scully.
- OBSSE - The Order of the Blessed Saint Scully, The Enigmatic (a group of fans of Scully who have their own group on the Internet)
- Ratboy - Alex Krycek
- Shipper (relationshipper) - a fan who wants Mulder and Scully to come together.
- SIJ - Scully in Jeopardy
- Skinman - Skinner
- SMAK - Scully/Mulder Almost Kiss
- SRE - Scully Rational Explanations
- SWLD - Shipper who likes Doggett
- TLG - The Lone Gunmen
- UST - Unresolved Sexual Tension
- WMM - Well-Manicured Man
The X-Files around the world
- Argentina - Código X (X Code) - Brazil - O Arquivo X
- Germany - Akte X (File X) - Finland - Salaiset Kansiot (Secret Folders) - Spain - Expediente X (X Records) - France - X-Files, aux frontières du réel (X Files, at the board of reality) - Italy - X-Files
- Hungary - X-akták (X Records) - Netherlands - The X-Files
- Sweden - Arkiv X (Archive X) - Poland - Z Archiwum X (From the X Archive) - Portugal - Ficheiros Secretos (Secret Files) - Russia - Секретные материалы (Secret Materials) - Slovakia - Akty X (X Records) - Slovenia - Dosjeji X (X Files) - Serbia and Montenegro - Dosije X / Досије Икс (File X)
- [http://www.foxhome.com/xfilesportal/ The X-Files Official Site] Contains information on X-Files DVD releases.
- (provides among other things more links to fanpages)
- [http://www.themareks.com/xf/ The X-files Timeline]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/xfiles/ BBC X-Files Site (Unofficial).] The BBC's X-Files section, with information, pictures, interviews, and more. Useful resource now that the official site is mainly used to sell DVDs.
- The X-Files Wiki - a wiki about "the X-Files television series, movie, books, and related spin-offs"
- [http://www.the11thhour.com/archives/091999/features/muldermass1.html The X-Files compared to Quatermass]
- [http://www.keleka.net/deepbackground/ Deep Background (unofficial)] Fan-maintained site, including extensive episode summaries, character and theme analysis, and background material on related subjects
- The X-FilesX-Files, TheX-Files, TheX-Files, TheX-Files, TheX-Files, TheX-Files, TheX Files, Thezh-min-nan:X Tóng-ànko:엑스파일ja:Xファイル
Osorkon III.
Osorkon III. war ein Pharao im Alten Ägypten. Nach Thomas Schneider "Lexikon der Pharaonen" gilt er als der 3. Herrscher der 23. Dynastie. Seine Regierungszeit ist um 790 – 762 v. Chr. anzusetzen.
Seine Titulatur:
- Horus-Name: Starker Stier, der in Yonne, der Region Burgund, Frankreich, in der Nähe von Auxerre und Pontigny. Die Gemeinde hat 2594 Einwohner (Erhebung 1999), verfügt über eine Grundfläche von 38,83 km² und liegt auf einer Höhe von 140 m ü. NN.
Zahlmeister
Mit dem Begriff Zahlmeister versteht man allgemein eine Person, die berufsmäßig Zahlungen vornimmt und Gelder verwaltet. Beim Militär war Zahlmeister auch ein Offiziersrang. Sowohl der Beruf als auch der militärische Rang existiert heute nicht mehr und das Wort wird lediglich noch gelegentlich als Metapher verwendet. Eine Ausnahme besteht in der Schifffahrt, wo allerdings das englische Wort Purser de
Kartesisch abgeschlossene Kategorie
Eine (mathematische) Kategorie heißt kartesisch abgeschlossen, wenn die Morphismenmengen wieder Objekten entsprechen.
Falls in einer Kategorie mit endlichen Produkten der Produktfunktor
:
einen rechtsadjungierten Funktor besitzt, so heißt das Objekt X exponentiell. Der adjungierte Funktor wird dann häufig
: oder
g
