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Army Of The Southern Cross

Army of the Southern Cross

The Army of the Southern Cross (ASC) is a fictional military organization in the Robotech universe. In the series´ second part, "The Robotech Masters", the ASC is the force tasked with defending Earth from the Robotech Masters, who came to retrieve the Protoculture Matrix, following the failure of the Zentraedi during the First Robotech War. This conflict is known as the Second Robotech War. The ASC is part of the larger United Earth Forces that took over the role of Earth´s defenders after the departure of the Robotech Expeditionary Force (REF) circa 2022. The leader of the ASC was Supreme Commander Anatole Eli Leonard, a powerful military commander from the Robotech Defense Force (RDF). The ASC was crushed during the Invid invasion of Earth. The force takes its name from the Southern Cross constellation, which contained Tirol, the homeworld of the Robotech Masters and the Zentraedi.

History

This is the history of the ASC, as of the 2003 series retcon.

Origins of the ASC

The origin of the ASC can be traced to the tumultuous years following the Zentraedi Holocaust in 2011. During those years the primary military force on Earth was the RDF, whose leaders began a process preparing to build a fleet to establish extra-solar colonies, setting up an expeditionary force and integrating the former Zentraedi soldiers into human society. Some Zentraedi rebelled against the Earth government in what became known as the Malcontent Uprisings. The Malcontents had their main strongholds in South America, especially in the Amazon river basin, thus leading to brutal fighting in this continent. A special task force was founded by the United Earth Government, known as the Southern Cross Group, led by RDF Colonel Leonard.

Malcontent Uprisings

After the Malcontent Uprisings were crushed, the effort was geared towards the forming of the REF, which was to prevent a war with the overlords of the Zentraedi, the Robotech Masters. Most of the RDF was gutted to provide men and equipment for the new force. The United Earth Government established the United Earth Forces (UEF), as the planet´s official military, combining the remaining RDF and Southern Cross Group under one command. Many officers and troops from the RDF became the Global Military Police, tasked with overseeing the UEF and policing the globe. The Southern Cross group became the Army of the Southern Cross, and the remainder of the RDF not absorbed into either remained as the RDF, primarily responsible for naval and near-space operations. Leonard became the Supreme Commander of the United Earth Defense Forces (having command over the UEF). The ASC expanded to incorporate mecha forces, such as the VHT-1 Centaur and VHT-2 Spartas hovertanks, the VF-8 Logan and AFH-10 Auoran Veritech Fighter/Helicopter. The ASC also maintained operational (if not administrative) control over RDF forces, such as the VF-7 Sylphid and the Tristar-class cruiser.

The Second Robotech War

When the Robotech Masters arrived at Earth, the UEF bore the brunt of the fight. Following a series of attacks on civilian targets by the Masters, Leonard was forced by the Prime Minister of the United Earth Government to order massive offensives against the enemy, disregarding the advice of his military advisors, especially Major General Rolf Emerson. Emerson, a former RDF officer, believed in a diplomatic approach to the aliens rather than Leonard´s "shoot first, ask later" policy, and despised Leonard´s careless offensives, which caused great loss of life and equipment to the ASC. Eventually Emmerson admitted that no other course of action was possible as a diplomatic approach was impossible with the invaders. Towards the end of the war Leonard ordered a grand space offensive led by Emerson himself, the ASC fared badly during the war, being defeated on many occasions by the Masters' superior technology, save for a few pyrrhic victories.

Downfall of the ASC

In the final weeks of the Second Robotech War, Leonard launched a final offensive with most of his troops and some reinforcements from the REF. This force managed to defeat the Robotech Masters, but at a great price, reducing the UEF to shambles. During the Masters' assault on Monument City (home of UEF headquarters), Leonard was killed along with several of his top officers. Combined with the death of Emerson, the UEF was left headless. When the Invid invaded Earth, the UEF was completely incapable of defeating the new invaders. The fight with the Masters had drained the Earth's defenders, and fighting with the remnant of the Masters' armies left the UEF little time to rebuild. As the Invid took control of Earth, the United Earth Forces, the Robotech Defense Force and the Army of the Southern Cross were completely destroyed, although some units continued to harass the Invid as members of the growing resistance.

Pre-reboot history

The following is the history of the ASC from the Robotech novels by Jack McKinney. This history is no longer considered secondary canon and may be apocryphal.

Origins

The origin of the ASC can be traced to the tumultuous years following the Zentraedi Holocaust. During those years the primary military force on Earth was the RDF, whose leaders began a process of integrating the former Zentraedi soldiers into human society; however, some Zentraedi rebelled against the Earth government in what became known as the Malcontent Uprisings, with most of the fighting occurring down in South America. Several political leaders in South America objected the RDF's policy regarding the suppression of the Uprisings, and the most extreme ones favored the eradication of the Zentraedi. Among these was the Governor of Brasilia, Anatole Leonard. Leonard decided to fight the Zentraedi (in his view, every Zentraedi was a potential malcontent) by himself, outside of the efforts of the RDF. To that end, he rallied local mercenaries, former members of the South American militaries and disaffected RDF officers to form a private militia. The first public action of Leonard´s army was the infamous Brasilia Massacre, where 1100 Zentraedi civil rights activists were killed in a riot. Even though the RDF frowned upon Leonard's actions, some members of the United Earth Government began to support the proactive governor. Viewing his private army as a means to further their own agendas, the United Earth Government deputized Leonard's army as an "auxiliary" force of the RDF, giving Leonard some funds to organize his forces. Leonard then organized his forces under the name of Army of the Southern Cross, of which he appointed himself Field Marshal. The ASC then proceeded to deal with the malcontents in its own way; brutally and without remorse. This led to some clashes with the alien-friendly RDF forces, which saw the ASC as an effort to undermine their position. Unlike the RDF, which relied upon expensive mecha, the ASC assembled a large force equipped with conventional military equipment, including pre-Robotech tanks and armored vehicles. Leonard´s star was on the rise, and he soon made powerful allies within the United Earth Government.

Rise of the ASC

After the Malcontent Uprisings were crushed, the effort was geared towards the forming of the REF, which was to prevent a war with the overlords of the Zentraedi, the Robotech Masters. Most of the RDF was gutted to provide men and equipment for the new military force, substantially weakening it against the ASC. Shortly after the departure of the REF, the United Earth Government established a new force, the Earth Defense Force, as the planet´s official military, combining the RDF and ASC. The tension between former RDF and ASC members led to the dissolution of the Earth Defense Force and the institution of the ASC as the Earth´s military force. The RDF became the Global Military Police, tasked with overseeing the ASC, a mission the new force embraced with gusto due to the bitter rivalry between the ex-RDF and the ASC. With the help of his allies, Leonard (now styling himself as "Supreme Commander", a historical irony considering that the late Zentraedi leader Dolza also was "Supreme Commander") became the most powerful figure in Earth politics. The ASC expanded to incorporate mecha forces and the elements of the space fleet not included into the REF. Leonard´s grip over Earth was unchallengeable. His personal control became his own curse, as it would be seen during and after the Second Robotech War.

Second Robotech War

When the Robotech Masters arrived at Earth, the ASC bore the brunt of the fight. Leonard ordered massive (and suicidal) offensives against the enemy, disregarding the counsel of his military advisors, especially Major General Rolf Emerson, his Chief of Staff. Emerson, a former RDF officer, believed in a diplomatic approach to the aliens rather than Leonard's "shoot first, ask later" policy, and despised Leonard´s careless offensives, which caused great loss of life and equipment to the Army of the Southern Cross. Eventually, Leonard ordered a grand space offensive led by Emerson himself and manned by many officers opposed to Leonard, as a way to get rid of them. The ASC fared badly during the war, being defeated on many occasions, save for a few Pyrrhic victories.

Downfall of the ASC

In the final weeks of the Second Robotech War, Leonard launched a final offensive with most of his troops and some reinforcements from the REF. This force managed to defeat the Robotech Masters, but at a great price, reducing the ASC to shambles. During the Masters' assault on Monument City, Leonard was killed along with several of his top officers and political allies. Combined with the death of Emerson, the ASC was left headless. The ASC's hastily-assembled new leadership was completely incapable of preventing mass desertion and the feudalization of the military, let alone replace the troops and units lost during the War. Combined with the collapse of the United Earth Government, this led to a period of anarchy on Earth. When the Invid invaded Earth, the ASC was only a shadow of its past glory and power, and was completely incapable of defeating the new invaders. As the Invid took control of Earth, the ASC was completely destroyed, although some units continued to harass the Invid as members of the growing resistance.

Technology

The UEF employed a number of Veritech mecha and equipment against the Robotech Masters. Some of the equipment used by the ASC include the following:
- VF-8 Logan Veritech Fighter
- VFH-10 Auroran AGACS Veritech Fighter/Helicopter
- VHT-1 Centaur Veritech Hovertank
- VHT-2 Spartas Veritech Hovertank
- Destroids from the First Robotech War that had been turned over to the ASC from the RDF. Additionally, the RDF forces had some remaining VF-1 Valkyries and a few test model VF/A-6 Alphas. However, the majority of RDF mecha at the time of the Second Robotech War consisted of the VF-7 Sylphid and the Tristar cruisers.
- The mainstay of the GMP were Destroids not under the control of the ASC. Category:Robotech Category: fictional organizations

Fictional

, were the goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility in Greek mythology.]] Fiction is storytelling of imagined events and stands in contrast to non-fiction, which makes factual claims about reality. A large part of the appeal of fiction is its ability to evoke the entire spectrum of human emotions: to distract our minds, to give us hope in times of despair, to make us laugh, or to let us experience empathy without attachment. Fictional works—novels, stories, fairy tales, fables, films, comics, interactive fiction—may be partly based on factual occurrences but always contain some imaginary content. The term is also often used synonymously with fictional prose. In this sense, fiction refers only to novels or short stories and is often divided into two categories, popular fiction (e.g., science fiction or mystery fiction) and literary fiction (e.g., Victor Hugo or William Faulkner). Fiction is largely perceived as a form of art and/or entertainment, although not all fiction is necessarily artistic. Fiction may be created for the purpose of educating, such as fictional examples used in school textbooks. Fiction is also frequently instrumentalized by propaganda and advertising. Fiction may be propagated by parents to their children out of tradition (e.g. Santa Claus) or in order to instill certain beliefs and values. Fables with an explicit moral goal are not necessarily targeted at children, however. Fiction may over time blend with factual accounts and develop into mythology. Many atheists perceive religion as no different from any fictional tale, whereas members of religious groups typically explain their beliefs with faith and claim they are fundamentally different from fictional tales (although they may call other religious views fictional). The sociological school of constructivism argues that every view of reality is fundamentally a construction of the self and that a safe distinction between fact and fiction is impossible, whereas the philosophy of naturalism holds that reality can be approximated and truth can be demonstrated through usefulness, allowing the distinction from fiction. Fiction has often been the target of censorship or boycotts, escalating into book burnings or bans. Extremist regimes like the Taliban have been even more prohibitive, restricting all reading to religious texts. There is an ongoing debate regarding sexual content in fiction and whether or not juveniles can be safely exposed to it; opponents of fiction with sexual content typically label it pornography. The Internet has had a massive impact on the distribution of fiction, calling into question the feasibility of copyright as a means to ensure royalties are payed to copyright holders. Also digital libraries such as Project_Gutenberg have come into being which make public domain texts more readily available. The combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be found online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. Through open writing systems like wikis, collaboratively written fiction is also becoming possible (see the [http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikifiction Wikifiction] initiative). Fiction is a fundamental part of human culture, and the ability to create fiction and other artistic works is frequently cited as one of the defining characteristics of humanity.

Elements of fiction

- antagonists
- conflicts
- climax
- characters
- plots
- protagonists
- resolution
- structures
- subplots
- themes
- fictional character
- suspension of disbelief

External links

- [http://book.awardannals.com/genre/fiction/ Most Honored Fiction] at the Book Award Annals
-
- ja:フィクション

Organization

:Alternative meaning: Organisation (band). An organisation (Commonwealth English) or organization (American English, and Oxford English) is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. This topic is a broad one. Organisations are studied by researchers from several disciplines: sociology, economics, political science, psychology, engineering, etc. The area is commonly referred to as organisation theory, organisational behaviour or organisation analysis. it however consists of a number of different theories and perspectives, some of which are compatible and others that are competing. Among those that are or have been most influential are:
- Weberian organisation theory (referring to Max Weber's chapter on Bureaucracy in his book 'Economy and Society'
- Marxist organisation analysis
- Scientific Management (mainly following Frederick W Taylor)
- Human Relations Studies (going back to the Hawthorne studies, Maslow and Hertzberg)
- Administrative theories (with work by e.g. Henri Fayol and Chester Barnard)
- Contingency theory
- New institutionalism and new institutional economics
- Network analysis
- Economic Sociology
- Organisation ecology (or demography of organisations)
- Transaction cost economics
- Agency theory (sometimes called principal - agent theory)
- Studies of organisation culture
- Postmodern organisation studies
- Labour Process Theory
- Critical Management Studies
- Unicist Natural Organisation The most prestigious scientific journals focused on the study of organisations include organisation, Organisation Studies, Administrative Science Quarterly and Academy of Management Review. "Organisation" can also be used to define how the different parts of computer hardware are linked in order to execute the many computational activities most efficiently. Organisations that are legal entities: government, international organisation, non-governmental organisation, armed forces, corporation, partnership, charity, not-for-profit corporation, cooperative, university. The study of organisations includes a focus on optimising [organisational structure]. According to management science, most human organisations fall roughly into four types:
- Pyramids or hierarchies
- Committees or juries
- Matrix organisations
- Ecologies Organisation studies also includes research efforts to inform the effective management of organisations, and addresses organisational culture, organisational learning and managing change as major factors affecting organisational effectiveness, beyond the basics of organisational structure.

Pyramids or hierarchies

A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads leaders. This arrangement is often associated with bureaucracy. Hierarchies were satirised in The Peter Principle (1969), a book that introduced the term hierarchiology and the saying that "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence". An extremely rigid, in terms of responsibilities, type of organisation is exemplified by Führerprinzip.

Committees or juries

These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision. In common law countries legal juries render decisions of guilt, liability and quantify damages; juries are also used in athletic contests, book awards and similar activities. Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. In the middle ages juries in continental Europe were used to determine the law according to consensus amongst local notables. Committees are often the most reliable way to make decisions. Condorcet's jury theorem proved that if the average member votes better than a roll of dice, then adding more members increases the number of majorities that can come to a correct vote (however correctness is defined). The problem is that if the average member is worse than a roll of dice, the committee's decisions grow worse, not better! Staffing is crucial. Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions.

Staff organisation or cross-functional team

A staff helps an expert get all his work done. To this end, a "chief of staff" decides whether an assignment is routine or not. If it's routine, he assigns it to a staff member, who is a sort of junior expert. The chief of staff schedules the routine problems, and checks that they are completed. If a problem is not routine, the chief of staff notices. He passes it to the expert, who solves the problem, and educates the staff -- converting the problem into a routine problem. In a "cross functional team," like an executive committee, the boss has to be a non-expert, because so many kinds of expertise are required.

Matrix organisation

This organisational type assigns each worker to two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organisation is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organised by regions, customer types, or some other schema. See matrix management.

Ecologies

This organisation has intense competition. Bad parts of the organisation starve. Good ones get more work. Everybody is paid for what they actually do, and runs a tiny business that has to show a profit, or they are fired. Companies who utilise this organisation type reflect a rather one-sided view of what goes on in ecology. It is also the case that a natural ecosystem has a natural border - ecoregions do not in general compete with one another in any way, but are very autonomous. The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline talks about functioning as this type of organisation in [http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,3604,1294443,00.html this external article] from The Guardian.

"Chaordic" organisations

The chaordic model of organising human endeavours emerged in the [1990]s, based on a blending of chaos and order (hence "chaordic"), comes out of the work of Dee Hock and the creation of the VISA financial network. Blending democracy, complex system, consensus decision making, co-operation and competition, the chaordic approach attempts to encourage organisations to evolve from the increasingly nonviable hierarchical, command-and-control models. Similarly, see Emergent organisations, and the principle of self-organisation. See also group entity for an anarchist perspective on human organisations.

References

- Organisations by Richard Scott: ISBN 0132663546
- Organisations and Institutions by Richard Scott
- Understanding organisations by Charles Handy.
- The Peter Principle, Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull, Pan Books 1970 ISBN 0-330-02519-8
- The Nature of the Firm by Ronald Coase.

External links

- [http://www.globaldharma.org Website of Global Dharma Center, a not-for-profit organisation offering (free) training modules, research papers, workshop exercises etc on Culture Development and Individual/Organisation Transformation] Category:Organizational theory

Zentradi

The Zentradi are a militaristic race of giants and often the primary antagonist in The Super Dimension Fortress Macross anime series and Robotech adaptation. It is transliterated as Zentradi, Zjentohlauedy, and Zentraedi for the Japanese Macross series, with the Zentraedi spelling being the one most used in the Robotech adaptation.

In Macross

The Zentradi were created as proxy warriors by the first civilization in the galaxy, Protoculture. As war broke out with the Supervision Army, the Zentradi entered into combat with their fearsomely powerful force of warships and legions of expendable clone troops. After the end of the war with the Supervision Army, Zentradi travelled the galaxy in search of Supervision Army survivors until they encountered the human race in the Space War I (2009-2010). In order to better maintain control of the Zentradi, the Protoculture trained them only in the limited mix of skills which were necessary for the soldier's particular role in the Zentradi military. The Zentradi were also segregated so that males and females could not mix, which might lead to love and or natural procreation. The downfall of the Zentradi warrior culture came in Space War I, where the materially inferior but spiritually superior "Miclones" (humans) were able to reach the buried emotions of the Zentradi through their actions, especially music and acts of love and kindness. After 2012, the Zentradi are estimated to have 1000-2000 fleets of sizes similar to the 4.8-million-ship Boddole Zer Main Fleet in Space War I. However, the UN government of allied Humans and Zentradi became the reigning hegemon in near-Earth galactic space. Some of them use their minaturizing cloning technology known as micloning (maikuro-n ka in Japanese) to coexist with humanity. Notable Zentradi: Vrlitwhai Kridanik | Exsedol Folmo | Boddole Zer | Quamzin Kravshera | Milia Fallyna Jenius Notable Zentradi-Human Hybrids: Komilia Maria Fallyna Jenius | Guld Goa Bowman | Mylene Flare Jenius

In Robotech

The history of the Zentraedi is different in Robotech. In Robotech, the Zentraedi were created as slave clones to the Robotech Masters, to be the perfect miners and later the perfect warriors. The micronization process was created to shrink down the Zentraedi to fit into small mine shafts, while their giant size was intended to keep them from going anywhere the Robotech Masters didn't want them to go. When the Masters used the Tirolean biotechnician Zor's discovery of protoculture (which led naturally to Robotechnology) to defoliate the Invid homeworld of Optera, stirring the normally-placid Invid to war, they turned their miner slaves into warriors, building weapons, mecha and warships properly scaled to the giants. To control them, the Robotech Masters psychologially impaired them by orienting nearly the entire population to the sole purpose of war to the exclusion of all else. They had no arts, no learning beyond what was directly related to war; even sophisticated medical and technical skills were denied which restricted any advanced task with these skills to the automatic functions at special bases built by the Masters. In addition, the sexes were strictly segregated to minimize the chance of sexual reproduction which could profoundly alter the worldview of the race. To that end, the population was indoctrinated to view any sexual activity disgusting and dangerous. The Zentraedi under Admiral Breetai discovered their tragic origins in 2012 (two years before the destruction of the SDF-1 and the death of Khyron) and swore eternal enmity to their former masters; Zentraedi soldiers and spacers formed a major portion of the fleet contingent of the Robotech Expeditionary Force. Notable Zentraedi: Breetai | Exedore | Dolza | Khyron | Miriya Parina Sterling Notable Zentraedi-Human Hybrids: Dana Sterling Category:Macross and Robotech

Second Robotech War

In the fictional world of Robotech, the Second Robotech War (2029-2030) was a conflict between the earth-based Army of the Southern Cross and the alien Robotech Masters. The Second Robotech War ended in a Pyrrhic victory for the Army of the Southern Cross, weakening the Earth's defense forces to such a point that they were unable to present more than a token resistance to the Invid when they invaded in 2031.

Roots

For a full discussion of the preceding First Robotech War, see the associated article. The Second Robotech War traces its roots to the end of that conflict; specifically to the defeat of Supreme Commander Dolza's Grand Fleet. When Dolza was defeated, the Robotech Masters were already en route to Earth to meet the victorious Zentraedi and recover the missing battlefortress; their mission immediately changed from pacification to conquest. The Robotech Masters' Bioroids were considerably more advanced than the Earth's VF-1 Valkyrie Veritech fighters of the earlier conflict, and they expected swift victory (assuming that Terrestrial technology was as static as their own).

The War

The Second Robotech War began in early April of 2029, shortly after the graduation of the first full class of officers from the new Southern Cross Army Academy. The old Academy had been part of the Space Station Equality complex, and since the Station had been space folded to meet the REF in 2028 as part of an expanding search for the Robotech Masters, a new academy had just been completed in the global capital of Monument City. The Robotech Masters' assault defeated most of the Orbital Fleet's Tristar-class cruisers and Banshee class destroyers. Most of the war took place on Earth and in Earth's atmosphere, with the bulk of Earth's military efforts coming from the Tactical Armored Space Corps and the Alpha Tactical Armored Corps. Supporting units which saw action were the Tactical Air Force, Mountain Division, Global Military Police, Civil Defense Corps and Civil Defense Flying Corps, but TASC and ATAC did the majority of the fighting. In the war's most important battles, the 21st TASC (led by Lieutenant Marie Crystal) and the 15th ATAC (led by Lieutenant Dana Sterling) acquitted themselves quite amazingly, inflicting much of the Terran forces' damage upon the Robotech Masters fleet (including one of the five motherships shot down by the 15th). The war's end came in June, 2030 when the flagship of the Robotech Masters' fleet, along with the Prime Triumvirate, was self-destructed above the ruins of the SDF-1, breaching the ship's hull and letting loose the protoculture seeds inside which would eventually call the Invid to Earth.

The Aftermath

Since the Earth was already badly devastated from the previous Robotech War and its aftereffects, the attacks of the Robotech Masters on the surface were minor by comparison. Far worse, though, was its fragmentation of global government. The near-destruction of Monument City emboldened phalangist movements like the Eastern Bloc Soviet Independent States and weakened the global response to the Invid invasion a year after the war's end. Category:Robotech wars

Robotech Armed Forces

The Robotech Armed Forces are the fictional military force depicted in Robotech.

Robotech Defense Force: 2005-2019

The Robotech Defense Force was primarily responsible for the defense of the planet Earth from the Zentraedi invasion of 2009, during the First Robotech War of 2009-2014. Because of Robotech's unaltered reuse of footage from The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, distinctive signage reading "Robotech Defense Force" or "RDF" never appears in the show, instead reading "UN Spacy" (the fictional military force depicted in Macross; the term "Spacy" is an extrapolation of the terms 'Army' and Navy' - though some Japanese sources also use the term 'Space Army' and some English-language sources use the term 'Space Navy,' suggesting that the term is a contraction). After the events of The Macross Saga the Robotech Expeditionary Force is formed and leaves Earth to hunt for the Robotech Masters; returning during the 2030s and 2040s to battle the Invid. The Robotech Defense Force's primary air and light infantry mecha during the war with the Zentraedi was the VF-1 Valkyrie Veritech fighter. At this time its primary ground mecha were the Destroid series: MBR-04-VII Tomahawk, MBR-07-II Spartan, ADR-04-X Defender, HWR-00-II Monster and SDR-04-XII Phalanx.

Robotech Expeditionary Force: 2019-onwards

The REF departs Earth in a fruitless quest for the Robotech Masters' homeworld of Tirol; they become involved in a long-running battle with both a faction of the Invid led by a male leader known as the Regent, who claims to be a fragment of the same entity that is known as the Regess (or Regis), and a renegade faction of the REF itself which follows the power-mad General Thomas Riley Edwards, a former member of the Anti-Unification League. In 2038 the REF learns that Earth is under occupation by the Invid when surviving Southern Cross refugees reach the main fleet, and two hurried expeditionary missions, the Luna and Mars Expeditions, are sent to Earth with less than total success. Fearing the worst - that the Invid have slaughtered the entire population of Earth and now control the galaxy's only source of Protoculture - Admiral Rick Hunter orders the annihilation of the Earth with Neutron-S nuclear missiles. Fortunately, the missiles are stopped and the Earth spared when the Regis' forces abandon the planet in 2045. The Robotech Expeditionary Force's primary ships include the SDF-3 Pioneer, the SDF-4 Izumo and large numbers of Ikazuchi class battlecruisers, Garfish class light cruisers and other miscellaneous warships. Its primary mecha are the Alpha and VFB-9 Beta Fighters. The upcoming Shadow Chronicles sequel is expected to introduce at least two new classes of capital ship: the Shimakaze class (a cruiser slightly larger than the Tristar class, and the Shinano class (an apparent battleship slightly smaller than the SDF-4). See also: Robotech Category:Robotech Category:Space navies

2022

2022 is a common year starting on Saturday. (see link for calendar). It corresponds to 5782-5783 in the Hebrew Calendar.

Events

November 8 - United States mid-term elections Category:Years in the future

Anatole Eli Leonard

Anatole Eli Leonard is a fictional character appearing in the Robotech Universe.

Post Global Civil War

This paragraph refers to events that have been relegated to secondary continuity in the Robotech universe. Anatole Leonard was first active in the years following the Global Civil War as a behind the scenes organizer against the rebuilding of the crashed alien ship which would become known as the SDF-1. Most notable of the organizations that he worked with and helped to fund was The Faithful, a religious order that deemed the SDF-1 and Robotechnology to be a tool of the Devil. Leonard would also engineer the kidnapping of Dr. Emil Lang's sister, Nina, in the hopes that she would use her own celebrity status as a rock star to speak out against Robotechnology. These tactics failed and Leonard disappeared only to re-emerge years later as Governor of Brasilia in South America during the Zentraedi Malcontent Uprisings that followed the First Robotech War. This would lead to his formation of the Army of the Southern Cross and a tense but steady relationship with the Earth based Robotech Defense Force which would eventually come under his command as Supreme Commander of the United Earth Forces.

Second Robotech War

During the battle with the Robotech Masters, Supreme Commander Leonard's tactics proved to be wasteful in men and equipment as he stubbornly sent large groups to attack the invulnerable Master's flagships. A thoroughly bigoted attitude towards aliens, he preferred to kill captured bioroid pilots rather than learn from them. Leonard frequently clashed with more the more compassionate Chief of Staff Rolf Emerson who seeked peaceful negotiations with the Robotech Masters. In the final battle, an attack force by the Masters targeted the Southern Cross Command towers in Monument City. Realizing defeat, Leonard was killed when he refused to evacuate with the rest of his aides.

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Category:Robotech stubs

Robotech Armed Forces

The Robotech Armed Forces are the fictional military force depicted in Robotech.

Robotech Defense Force: 2005-2019

Robotech Expeditionary Force: 2019-onwards

Southern cross

Crux, being Latin for cross, commonly known as the Southern Cross (in contrast to the Northern Cross), is the smallest of the 88 modern constellations, but nevertheless one of the most famous. It is surrounded on three sides by the constellation Centaurus while to the south lies the Fly (Musca).

Notable features

With the lack of a significant pole star in the southern sky (Sigma Octantis is closest to the pole, but is so faint as to be useless for the purpose), two of the stars of Crux (Alpha and Gamma, Acrux and Gacrux respectively) are commonly used to mark south. Following the line defined by the two stars for approximately 4.5 times the distance between them leads to a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole. Alternatively, if a line is constructed perpendicularly between Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, the point where the above line and this line intersect marks the Southern Celestial Pole. Contrary to some people's belief, it is not opposite Ursa Major. In fact, in tropical regions both Crux (low in the South) and Ursa Major (low in the North) can be in the sky from April to June. It is exactly opposite Cassiopeia on the celestial sphere, and therefore cannot be in the sky with the latter at the same time. For locations south of 34° southern latitude Crux is always completely in the sky. In Ancient Hindu Astrology, what is referred to as 'trishanku' is the modern 'crux'.

Notable deep sky objects

The Coalsack Nebula is the most prominent dark nebula in the skies, well visible to the naked eye as big dark patch in the southern Milky Way. Another deep sky object within Crux is the Open Cluster NGC 4755, better known as the Jewel Box or Kappa Crucis Cluster, that was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751-1752. It lies at a distance of about 7,500 light years and consists of approximately 100 stars spread across an area of about 20 ly.

History

light year Due to precession of the equinox the stars comprising Crux were visible from the Mediterranean area in antiquity, so their stars had to be known by Greek astronomers. However, it was not regarded as a constellation of its own, but rather as part of Centaurus. The invention of Crux as a separate constellation is generally attributed to the French astronomer Augustin Royer in 1679. It was known in that shape well before that, however. The five brightest stars of Crux (α, β, γ, δ and ε Crucis) appear on the flags of Australia, Brazil, New Zealand (epsilon omitted), Papua New Guinea and Samoa, and the Australian States and Territories of Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory as well as the flag of Magallanes Region of Chile. The flag of the Mercosur trading zone displays the four brightest stars (epsilon omitted). Crux also appears on the Brazilian coat of arms. A stylised version of Crux appears on the Eureka Flag. The constellation was also used on the dark blue, shield-like patch worn by personnel of the U.S. Army's Americal Division, as well as the blue diamond of the 1st Marine Division. A stone image of the constellation has also been left at the archaelogical site of Macchu Picchu, Peru.

Stars

:Stars with proper names: :
- (α^{1,2^{Cru) – double 0.77, 1.73 Acrux
:
- (β Cru) 1.25 Becrux or Mimosa
:
- (γ Cru) – double 1.59, 6.42 Gacrux
:
- (δ Cru) 2.79; Decrux [Delcrux]
:Stars with Bayer designations:
:: ε Cru 3.59; ζ Cru 4.06; θ¹ Cru 4.32; θ² Cru 4.72; η Cru 4.14; ι Cru 4.69; κ Cru 5.89; λ Cru 4.62; μ¹ Cru 4.03; μ² Cru 5.08
:Other notable stars:
:
- HD 108147 7.00 – has a planet

External links

- [http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms7860 Letter of Andrea Corsali 1516-1989: with additional material] ("the first description and illustration of the Southern Cross, with speculations about Australia ...") digitised by the National Library of Australia.

- [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/crux/ The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Crux]

ko:남십자자리

ja:みなみじゅうじ座

th:กลุ่มดาวกางเขนใต้

Tirol (planet)
In the fictional Robotech universe, Tirol is the homeworld of the Robotech Masters and their bioengineered Zentraedi troops. Tirol is a moon of the giant, mineral rich world Fantoma in the Valivarre star system.

When the Robotech Expeditionary Force arrived at Tirol, the Masters had already departed, leaving behind the old, young, infirm, and incomplete clone triumvirates. These Tirolians would later establish a successor government to the Masters, designed after Earth-based democracies.

Outside of the show's storyline, the planet is named after the state of Tirol in Austria.

Category: Robotech
Category: Fictional planets

Retcon
Retroactive continuity – commonly contracted to the portmanteau word retcon – refers to adding new information to "historical" material, or deliberately changing previously established facts in a work of serial fiction. The change itself is referred to as a retcon, and the act of writing and publishing a retcon is called "retconning".

Retcons are common in comic books, especially those of large publishing houses such as Marvel Comics and DC Comics, due to the lengthy history of many series and the number of independent authors contributing to their development. Retconning also occurs in TV shows, movies sequels, video games, radio series, series of novels, and can be done in any other type of episodic fiction. It is also used in roleplaying, when the game master feels it is needed to maintain consistency in the story or to fix significant mistakes that were missed during play.

Origins

The term "retroactive continuity" was popularized by comic book writer Roy Thomas in his 1980s series All-Star Squadron, which featured the DC Comics superheroes of the 1940s. The earliest known use of the term is from Thomas's letter column in All-Star Squadron #20 (April 1983), where Thomas wrote that he heard it at a convention. The term was shortened to "retcon" by Damian Cugley in 1988 on USENET to describe a development in the comic book Swamp Thing, in which Alan Moore reinterpreted the events of the title character's origin. (See "Examples", below.)

Kinds

Although there is considerable ambiguity and overlap between different kinds of retcons, there are some distinctions that can be made between them, depending on whether they add to, alter, or remove material from past continuity.

Addition

Some retcons do not directly contradict previously established facts, but "fill in" missing background details necessary for current plot points. This was the sense in which Thomas used "retroactive continuity", as a purely additive process that did not "undo" any previous work. Kurt Busiek took a similar approach with Untold Tales of Spider-Man, a series which told stories that fit between issues of the original Amazing Spider-Man series – sometimes explaining discontinuities between those earlier stories.

Related to this is the concept of shadow history or secret history, in which the events of a story occur within the bounds of already-established (especially real-world historical) events, but have been hitherto unrevealed.

Alan Moore's additional information about the Swamp Thing's origins didn't contradict or change any of the events depicted in the character's previous appearances, but changed the underlying interpretation of them. This verges on making alterations to past continuity.

Alteration

Retcons often add information that effectively states "what you saw isn't what really happened" and then introduces a different version. This is usually interpreted by the audience as an overt change rather than a mere addition. The most common form this takes is when a character shown to have died (sometimes explicitly) is later revealed to have survived somehow. This is well known in horror films, which may end with the death of the monster, but when the film becomes successful, the studio plans a sequel, revealing that the monster survived after all. This has been done many times in superhero comics, so frequently that the term comic book death has been coined for it. The first famous example in popular culture is the return of Sherlock Holmes.

It is commonplace for characters to remain the same age, or to age out of synch with real time; this can be considered an ongoing implicit retcon of their birthdate. When historical events are involved in their biography, overt retcons may be used to accommodate this; a character who served in the army during World War 2 might have his service record retconned to place him in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, etc. This is similar to a problem faced by many works of future history: the events they describe happening in years after the initial publication do not conform to history as it actually happens. To accommodate such discrepancies, retcons may be used in later stories, altering dates or other details. (See Star Trek examples, below.)

While retconning is usually done without comment by the creators, DC Comics has on rare occasions promoted special events dedicated to revising the history of the DC Comics universe. The most important and well known such event was the mini-series Crisis on Infinite Earths; this allowed for wholesale revisions of their entire multiverse of characters. It has been argued that these were not true retcons, however, because the cause of the changes to their universe actually appeared within the story, similar to stories in which a time traveler to the past changes history from how he remembered it.

Subtraction

Sometimes retconned alterations are so drastic as to render prior stories untenable. Many of the retcons introduced in Crisis on Infinite Earths and DC's later Zero Hour were specifically intended to wipe the slate clean, and permit an entirely new history to be written for the characters. This is commonly referred to as a reboot. This is often unpopular, upsetting fans of the material that has been removed from continuity.

Unpopular or embarrassing stories are sometimes later ignored by publishers, never referred to again, and effectively erased from a series' continuity. They may publish stories that contradict or explicitly establish that the previous story "never happened". An unpopular retcon may even be re-retconned away.

Fans may use Krypto-revisionism to ignore a particular retcon, itself a form of meta-retcon stating that "it was never published". Similarly, fans may invent unofficial explanations for inconsistencies, the challenge itself becoming a source of entertainment. (See Fanon (fiction), Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome.)

Related

Retroactive continuity is similar to, but not the same as, plot inconsistencies introduced accidentally or through lack of concern for continuity; retconning is done deliberately. However, retcons are sometimes created after the fact to explain such mistakes. It is also generally distinct from replacing the actor who plays a part in an ongoing series, which is more properly an example of loose continuity (i.e. the different appearance of the character is ignored), rather than retroactively changing past continuity.

Retconning is also distinct from direct revision; when George Lucas re-edited the original Star Wars trilogy, he made changes directly to the source material, rather than introducing new source material that contradicted the contents of previous material. However, the later series of Star Wars prequels did qualify as "new source material", and many fans have pointed out instances that apparently retcon elements of the original trilogy. (See below.)

The "clean slate" reinterpretation of characters - as in movie and television adaptations of books, or the reintroduction of many superheroes in the Silver Age of Comics - is similar to a reboot retcon, except that the previous versions are not explicitly or implicitly eliminated in the process. They are merely alternate or parallel reinterpretations.

Notable examples

The following examples are not comprehensive. For the sake of brevity, neutrality, and factuality, they don't attempt to explain or justify alteration-type retcons in the context of their respective continuities (a popular activity among some fans), nor do they address the real-world reasons for them.

Comics

- When Alan Moore took over writing Swamp Thing, he wrote a story revealing that the title character was not Alec Holland transformed into a monster, but - to the surprise of both the readers and the character - was instead a monster that had grown from plant material infected with the memories and personality of the deceased Alec Holland.

- The deceased Phoenix was revealed to be not Jean Grey but an alien force masquerading as her, thus allowing other superheroes to discover Grey's body and resuscitate her. Other popular comic book characters whose deaths were retconned away include Green Goblin, Nick Fury, The Punisher, Green Arrow, Colossus and Spider-Man's Aunt May.

- Prior to Crisis on Infinite Earths, DC Comics featured characters who lived on a variety of alternate versions of Earth; afterward, these characters were said to have always lived together on the same Earth. Many characters' origins or back-stories were altered, and Superman, Wonder Woman, Hawkman, and other characters were fully rebooted. A second major set of retcons in DC Comics was in a similar event called Zero Hour, which rebooted the Legion of Super-Heroes.

- In the original Spider-Man story, Peter Parker only wore glasses at the insistence of his Aunt May, to protect his eyes from his constant reading, and he stopped wearing them because they had been broken. In retellings of his origin, Peter's eyesight really was poor, but improved after he gained his powers. Before the 1980s, Spider-Man writers stated that his love interest Mary Jane Watson did not know he was Spider-Man. It was later retconned that she had known of his dual life since it began. J. Michael Straczynski's run on Amazing Spider-Man has included several retcons, ranging from the mild (raising the possibility of a mystical/totemic origin for Spider-Man's powers) to the drastic (revealing that Gwen Stacy had given birth to Norman Osborn's children).

- The symbiote Venom was originally said to have merged with Eddie Brock because he was suicidally despondent and resentful of Spider-Man. However, it was later presented that Eddie had been diagnosed with terminal cancer, and the symbiote had chosen him as a host because the cancer caused him to produce more of the adrenaline that it "feeds" on.

- The Batman origin story Batman: Year One stated that Police Commissioner James Gordon was the father of a boy named James, contradicting stories set in the present involving his daughter Barbara (Batgirl). It was then retconned that Gordon was the uncle and adoptive father of Barbara.

- In the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga, it is explained by Sugoroku Mutou in the first chapter that a team of British archaeologists took the Millennium Puzzle out of a pharaoh's crypt in the Valley of the Kings, and that they all died afterwards. In a later chapter, it is revealed that Sugoroku Mutou discovered the puzzle in a tomb that had not been successfully breached by anyone else.

- The 2004 series Identity Crisis included a retcon involving the rape of Sue Dibny (wife of the Elongated Man) and the brainwashing of several other characters, notably Batman.

- In the final issue of X-O Manowar, it was revealed that the entire series up to that point (and perhaps the entire Valiant Universe as a whole) was a prophetic vision of a possible future. The final panel of X-O Manowar #68 features a slightly modified version of the first panel of X-O Manowar #1.

- The first issue of Marvel's original Transformers comic begins by explaining the history of sentient mechanical life on Cybertron as a natural evolution process. This was later retconned in issues #60-#61 with the introduction of Primus, a god-like being dating back to the creation of the universe itself, who created the Transformers as a "last line of defense" against Unicron.

- In 2005, the webcomic Melonpool was rebooted. Creator Steve Troop also removes the original material from the strip's online archives, including the storyline in which the reboot took place.

Radio

- In the 1940s radio serial The Green Hornet, the crime-fighting hero's faithful manservant Kato was originally described as Japanese. In 1941, in anticipation of hostilities between the United States and Japan, his ethnicity was changed to Filipino.

Television

- In the sitcom Cheers, Frasier Crane said that his father was a deceased research scientist. However, the spin-off Frasier featured Frasier's father Martin as an ex-cop living in Seattle. Frasier later explained that he had lied to his friends in Boston after having a bitter argument with his father.

- An entire season of the soap opera Dallas was later dismissed as Pam Ewing's dream, including the death of her ex-husband Bobby, who famously emerges from a shower as if it nothing had happened. The spin-off series, Knots Landing continued as though the events of this season had occurred, and the two series never crossed paths again.

- The final episode of Newhart revealed that the entire series had been a dream of Bob Newhart's character from the earlier series The Bob Newhart Show, by showing him wake up in bed with his former co-star Suzanne Pleshette, briefly reprising her role as his fictional wife Emily. Unlike most other examples, this was done for comedic effect.

- A similar plot device was used in the final season of Roseanne, stating that Roseanne's husband had died of a heart attack at the end of the previous season, and the entire series had been a book she was writing.

- At the beginning of Happy Days the Howard and Marion Cunningham have an oldest son Chuck who is never seen after the first season, and Richie and Joanie are frequently referred to as the couple's only children. (See Chuck Cunningham Syndrome.)

- In the pilot episode of The Cosby Show, an exasperated Clair Huxtable says to her husband, Cliff, "Why do we have four children?" He replies, "Because we do not want to have five." However, later that season, the Huxtables refer to having five children, with an oldest daughter away at Princeton.

- In the popular children's TV show Captain Planet and the Planeteers, the character Linka was originally referred to being "from the Soviet Union" in the opening credits. When the Soviet Union collapsed on December 25, 1991 she became "from Eastern Europe" instead.

- In the sci-fi series Lexx, the key to the Lexx spacecraft is stored in the hand of the captain (episode 1.02, "Supernova") and is released as the captain dies (episode 1.01, "I Worship His Shadow"). In later seasons, the key is stored in the captain's brain (episode 3.08, "The Key") and can be released even when the captain's life is merely threatened (episode 4.01, "Little Blue Planet").

- In the 1970s TV series Wonder Woman, the character's backstory was altered during the second season. During the first year, it was established that Wonder Woman had never left Paradise Island nor encountered men prior to travelling to the US to help fight World War II. In the second season, the character dropped numerous hints that not only did she encounter various men previously (e.g. a Chinese acupressure specialist she had met "centuries ago", and references to historical figures she had met) but that she may have been active as either Wonder Woman or in some other crime-fighting guise as early as the 19th century.

- In the soap opera One Life to Live, Dorian Lord originally tried to pass off her adopted grandson's girlfriend Adriana as her long-lost daughter. Later it was stated that Adriana is in fact her daughter.

- In the soap opera Days of our Lives, an amnesiac newcomer named John Black was revealed in 1986 to be the believed-dead policeman/ex-secret agent Roman Brady, who had been given plastic surgery and brainwashed to believe he was an assassin in Stefano DiMera's criminal organization. This explanation was further verified in 1988 with a story arc that involved flashbacks to his brainwashing and "training" by Stefano. However, in 1991 it was revealed that the real Roman Brady was still being held captive by DiMera and the man known as John Black was in fact a DiMera mercenary with no memory of his true past.

- In the soap opera Passions, Sheridan Crane originally believed she had killed her lover Luis' father Martin when she was a child. In 2004, it was revealed that Martin (and Sheridan's supposedly dead mother) were alive. Then it was revealed that Sheridan had stabbed Martin in the back. In 2005, the story was changed to say that Sheridan killed her aunt Rachel.

- In the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer the character of Angel was not originally penned as a vampire with a soul, though this retconning later in the series did not actively contradict previous episodes.

- Retcons abound in the British TV series Red Dwarf - such matters as what century the characters originated from, how many people were on the ship and many others have been changed. Series co-creator Doug Naylor has gone on record saying that they have always had a very relaxed attitude to continuity, and if something could be changed for the better then they would change it.

- The Odd Couple had three episodes presenting different versions of how Oscar Madison and Felix Unger first met: in the Army, on jury duty, or as children.

- Near the end of the Frieza Saga in Dragon Ball Z, it is revealed that Goku is the Super Saiyan, fulfulling a legend that there would be one born every thousand years. However, as the story continues, every other Saiyan character in the story eventually attains the state of Super Saiyan.

- In South Park, Kenny dies in almost every episode, yet is alive to die in the next, as a running gag. This phenomenon was itself satirically retconned in an episode that "revealed" that after every time Kenny died, his parents had a new baby and named him "Kenny".

- In WWE, the biography of the character Kane has been repeatedly revised.

- On Columbo, the title detective (Peter Falk) frequently mentions his wife, who is never seen. In 1979, NBC's Fred Silverman produced Mrs. Columbo, a television series starring Kate Mulgrew, initially as Lt. Columbo's wife Kate. The character's last name was changed to Callahan after an off-screen divorce, the series was renamed Kate Loves a Mystery, and the character was established as not the woman to whom the lieutenant frequently referred.

- On the 35th anniversary special of Sesame Street in 2005, Ernie took Elmo on a trip through time, showing him scenes he would not remember, since they were (supposedly) before he was born (the character often said to be about three and a half years old). These included many events that the character - who debuted in 1979 and has been a featured character since 1985 - was in fact present for, and was even visible in some of the scenes depicted.

- The Simpsons is known for having very casual continuity, with events in any given episode routinely contradicted in later episodes.

- The 2005 "Divided We Fall" episode of Justice League Unlimited retcons a scene from the 1997 Superman: The Animated Series episode "Ghost in the Machine", stating that a laser shot at Lex Luthor contained a nanotech payload which enabled the artificial intelligence Brainiac to inhabit his body.

- In the television series Futurama, there are numerous facts which are retconned. Among them are the revelation that Turanga Leela is a mutant and not an alien in "Leela's Homeworld," the revelation that Fry was forced into the cryogenic chamber by a time-traveling alien (Nibbler) in "The Why of Fry," and the revelation that Fry is his own grandfather in "Roswell That Ends Well." These mostly serve to clarify or expand upon the initially stated histories of these characters and not to supercede them.

Film

- Notable examples of movies in which the monster or villain is revived in sequels include James Whale's Frankenstein, the original 1954 Godzilla movie, the Friday the 13th series, and the revival of the seemingly-vaporized Chief Inspector Dreyfus in Revenge of the Pink Panther.

- By their very nature, the Star Wars prequels are loaded with retcons in the broader sense of the term, such as a previously unmentioned relationship between Yoda and Chewbacca introduced in Revenge of the Sith. The prequels also contain some overt revisions of history, as in The Phantom Menace, where it is revealed that Anakin Skywalker built C-3PO, and in Episode III, where we find that C-3PO and R2-D2 knew Owen Lars and his wife, Beru, despite their apparent unfamiliarity with Luke's family and Tatooine itself at the beginning of A New Hope (partially explained by C-3PO's memory wipe at the end of Revenge of the Sith, coupled with the ambiguity of R2-D2's unintelligible dialogue, though this does not explain why Owen and Beru do not recognize their former droid).

- In the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, a machine is sent from the future to kill John Connor, who is established as being ten years old during the film's events. The opening narration of Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines changes this, stating that the machine tried to strike when John was thirteen.

- The film Clue was originally shown in theatres with one randomly chosen ending from a pool of three; the VHS release and subsequent television airings included all three endings. Each ending had at least one discontinuity that was retconned within the context of the film's story itself.

Literature

- In art based on mythology, the opening of a poem or play is often based on an assumption which explicitly changes the source material. A famous example from Greek drama is the premise of Euripides play Helen, which explains its premise early in the work. The play recounts that Helen of Troy did not run off with Paris (thereby inciting the Trojan War), but was whisked away to Egypt by Hera.

- Sherlock Holmes reappears in The Adventure of the Empty House following Watson's report of his death in Arthur Conan Doyle's "last" Holmes story The Adventure of the Final Problem.

- J.R.R. Tolkien rewrote the way Bilbo Baggins acquired his Ring in The Hobbit, to better suit the story he wanted to tell in The Lord of the Rings. Narratively this was explained by depicting the original version as a misrepresentation perpetuated by Bilbo – already under the Ring's influence – and only later corrected.

- In his sequels to the novel version of 2001: A Space Odyssey, Arthur C. Clarke made slight alterations to background history in order to keep each novel consistent with progressing developments in the real world. He also changed the location of the third monolith from Iapetus to the Jupiter system, to conform with the movie version of 2001 by Stanley Kubrick. Clarke has stated that each sequel to 2001 exists in its own continuity and follows the film rather than the book.

- In the book Jurassic Park, Ian Malcolm is said to have died at the end. However, in its sequel, The Lost World, Ian Malcolm's death turns out to be a misreporting of the incident, bringing the books into line with the movies, in which he did not die. Additionally, characters who survived in the book but were killed in the film (such as the lawyer Gennaro and the gamekeeper Muldoon), are mentioned in The Lost World novel as having died shortly after the park incident (e.g. from illness or a plane crash).

- So Long and Thanks for All the Fish from the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series is set in a parallel universe where the destruction of planet earth never took place, and Arthur Dent returns home, telling his friends he had "a marvellous time in California" and has had a "face-drop" to look substantially older than he should be.

Star Trek in various media

- The 1967 Star Trek: The Original Series episode, "Space Seed" referred to the Eugenics Wars as a conflict taking place in the 1990s. A 1996 episode of Star Trek: Voyager ("Future's End") was set in a year when the wars should have been a current or recent event, yet no mention of them was made. A 1998 episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ("Dr. Bashir I Presume?") contained a statement that suggested the wars took place in the 22nd Century (later said to be an error). Greg Cox's series of The Eugenics Wars novels, published in the early 2000s, retconned the wars into shadow affairs hidden by real-life major conflicts, but the producers of the TV series don't consider the novels to be canon. A 2004 episode of Star Trek: Enterprise stated that the Eugenics Wars were a wide conflict in which 30 million people died, but without identifying the timeframe; the producer of the series, however, stated that the Eugenics Wars as referenced in the episode still occurred in the 1990s.

- When Star Trek: The Motion Picture was released in 1979, Gene Roddenberry claimed that the radically different appearance of the Klingons in the film was how they were always supposed to have looked, but they didn't have the budget for it in the 1960s. In the 1990s, an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine featured three Klingon characters from the original series, made up to fit the new look. However, the later episode "Trials and Tribble-ations", used footage from the original series with old-look Klingons; Commander Worf acknowledged their different appearance, adding that it was "a long story" that Klingons "do not discuss with outsiders." A two episode arc of Star Trek: Enterprise ("Affliction"/"Divergence") in 2005 indicated that Klingons resembling the 1960s portrayal were the product of genetic engineering using augmented human genes, essentially retconning the retcon.

- The character of Zefram Cochrane was presented in the original Star Trek episode "Metamorphosis" as a dignified humanoid research scientist from Alpha Centauri. When he appeared in Star Trek: First Contact, the character's place of origin had been retconned to Montana (implying that he would later become a resident of Alpha Centauri), and he was an eccentric alcoholic who invented warp drive working independently with equipment salvaged from an abandoned missile launching facility.

Video games

- In Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, Snake confronts and kills Big Boss, but nothing is mentioned about the two being related. However, in the sequel Metal Gear Solid, it is revealed that not only did Snake learned that he was Big Boss' son during the events of Metal Gear 2, but that he is also a clone of him.

- Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, which is set in 1964, follows the exploits of Big Boss and Ocelot, adding many details about their past and motivations, and details about the story in general. A few minor details from the previous games were retconned, such as the loss of Big Boss' right eye (originally established to have been lost during the 1980s) and Ocelot's age during the events of Metal Gear Solid (originally established to be in his fifties).

- The Mortal Kombat character Kano was originally an American born in Japan. Following Trevor Goddard's portrayal of Kano as an Australian in the movie adaptation, the character was rectonned to be Australian in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance.

- In Myst, the brothers Sirrus and Achenar were trapped in Trap Books, in the void between the Ages. If the player frees them, he is trapped himself. Originally, Atrus presumably burned the books, thus trapping or killing his sons forever. This was revised to say that the brothers were not trapped in the void, but in desolate Ages.

- Similar to Star Trek: The Motion Picture, the Kilrathi of the Wing Commander movie were different in appearance to those in the Wing Commander games. Chris Roberts claimed that this was how they were supposed to have looked, but they didn't come up with their definite appearance while making the games.

- In the original English-language version of Street Fighter II, Guile seeks revenge against M. Bison for killing his best friend, Charlie in the Vietnam War, over 20 years before. However, this is revised in each game that Charlie has appeared in. The final canon version, as depicted in Guile's ending in Street Fighter Alpha 3, has Charlie dying while working with Guile and Chun-Li to destroy Bison's Psycho Drive.

- Squaresoft re-released the Super Nintendo video game Chrono Trigger for the Playstation prior to the release of its sequel, Chrono Cross. The updated version featured a brand new ending which tied the two games together, most notably a scene where Lucca finds a young infant wearing a pendant. The infant would later turn out to be Kid from Chrono Cross.

Ignored sequels in various media

- The 88MPH Studios series Ghostbusters takes place in the same continuity as the first film, but retconned out the sequel, Ghostbusters II. Rather than facing massive debt and going out of business like in the second movie, the Ghostbusters became a global organization.

- The film Superman Returns is a direct sequel to Superman: The Movie and Superman II. It disregards the events of Superman III and Superman IV: The Quest For Peace.

- The film Halloween H20: 20 Years Later is a direct sequel to Halloween and Halloween II, dismissing the events that take place in the sequels Halloween 4, Halloween 5, and Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. (Halloween III was an unrelated story unaffected by the retcon.) The subsequent film Halloween: Resurrection follows the new continuity of Halloween H20.

- In the second Highlander film it is revealed that the Immortals are aliens from the Planet Zeist, although no mention of this is made in the first film, and exposition as to the nature of "The Game" is inconsistent with the implications of the first film. These developments are largely ignored in the subsequent films, as well as the television series, which also retcon Connor's triumph in the original Highlander as merely a major victory, rather than the final battle of "The Game."

- In the Mortal Kombat movie series, the upcoming third film, Mortal Kombat: Devastation is reportedly going to retcon the second movie Annihilation out of existence, making it the official sequel to the first movie.

- Ian Fleming was unhappy with his James Bond novel The Spy Who Loved Me, and subsequent stories ignored and even directly contradicted the events of the book.

- After developing Twisted Metal and Twisted Metal 2, SingleTrac left Sony. Twisted Metal 3 and Twisted Metal 4 were developed by Sony's 989 Studios. The original developer later returned and created Twisted Metal: Head-On, a direct sequel to Twisted Metal 2 which disgarded the events of Twisted Metal 3 and Twisted Metal 4.

- A sequel to Metal Gear titled Snake's Revenge was produced for the North American and European markets without the involvement of Hideo Kojima or any of the original game's development team. When Kojima later designed Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake, the events of Snake's Revenge were disregarded and the game has been removed from the series' canon.

- The Game Boy game Castlevania Legends featured the story of Sonia Belmont, and was originally set as the official beginning of the series timeline. However, Konami eventually produced Castlevania: Lament of Innocence, which has been firmly established as the official beginning. Castlevania Legends was subsequently dropped from continuity altogether.

See also

- back-story

- canon (fiction)

- prequel

- reboot

- fanon

- fanwankery

Category:Continuity (fiction)
Category:Portmanteaus

2011

2011 (MMXI) is a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. It corresponds to 5771/5772 in the Hebrew Calendar.

Predicted events

- January 2 - Conjunction between Jupiter and Uranus, Jupiter 34' south. Third conjunction of triple conjunction Jupiter/Uranus.

- January 3 - The 112th session of the United States Congress will convene on or around this date.

- January 4 - Partial solar eclipse

- March - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft is scheduled to arrive in orbit around Mercury.

- April 2 to April 4 - NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four to be held at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas.

- April 24 - Easter has not been as late as this since 1943.

- May 5 - election to Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly.

- June 1 - Partial solar eclipse

- July 1 - Partial solar eclipse

- July - the International Olympic Committee is set to meet and decide the location of the 2018 Winter Olympics.

- November 25 - Partial solar eclipse

Unknown dates

- The Asian Winter Games will be held in Beirut, Lebanon.

- The Egyptian Presidential Elections of 2011

- The United Kingdom plans to continue 5-year process to cease analog television broadcasts region-by-region, with Meridian, ITV London, Tyne Tees and UTV.

- Dublin Institute of Technology will complete its move to Grangegorman

- The DSM-V is tentatively scheduled to be published

- Statistics Canada's decennial census

- Microsoft Windows Blackcomb is scheduled for release.

- Rugby world cup in New Zealand

Category:2010s
Category:Years in the future

ko:2011년

ja:2011年

FleetFleet can refer to several things:
Fleet is the name of several places:

- Fleet, a village in Dorset, England

- Fleet, in the county of Hampshire, England

- the River Fleet, a subterranean river in London, England

- Fleet Street, named after the river

- Fleet Prison, named after the river

- Fleet Marriages, named after the prison

- Fleet, in the county of Lincolnshire, England

- Gatehouse of Fleet a small town in Dumfries and Galloway, lying on the Water of Fleet

- Fleet, in the Scottish Highlands, Scotland

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- Two or more vehicles (fleet vehicles) owned by a company

- A small group of ships, also known as a flotilla

- A substantial group of ships:

- Battle fleet, a term for a force composed of all battle-ready ships

- Fishing fleet

- German High Seas Fleet

- Naval fleet

- US Naval fleets are number}}

Army of the Southern Cross

History

Origins of the ASC

Malcontent Uprisings

The Second Robotech War

Downfall of the ASC

Pre-reboot history

Origins

Rise of the ASC

Second Robotech War

Downfall of the ASC

Technology

Fictional

Categories of fiction

Elements of fiction

See also

External links

Organization

Pyramids or hierarchies

Committees or juries

Staff organisation or cross-functional team

Matrix organisation

Ecologies

"Chaordic" organisations

See also

Related lists

References

External links

Zentradi

In Macross

In Robotech

Second Robotech War

Roots

The War

The Aftermath

Robotech Armed Forces

Robotech Defense Force: 2005-2019

Robotech Expeditionary Force: 2019-onwards

2022

Events

Anatole Eli Leonard

Post Global Civil War

Second Robotech War

Robotech Armed Forces

Robotech Defense Force: 2005-2019

Robotech Expeditionary Force: 2019-onwards

Southern cross

Notable features

Notable deep sky objects

History

Stars

External links

Tirol (planet)

Retcon

Origins

Kinds

Addition

Alteration

Subtraction

Related

Notable examples

Comics

Radio

Television

Film

Literature

Star Trek in various media

Video games

Ignored sequels in various media

See also

2011

Predicted events

Unknown dates

Fleet