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| Spliff Politics |
Spliff politicsSpliff politics are a dynamic which arises when rolling a spliff, or cannabis cigarette when in a group.
The problem arises when you do not have any spliffs of your own and are in a group that is about to light up. It's frowned upon to ask for drags of other people's spliffs, but if you manage to insinuate yourself into their group by striking up a conversation, they are obliged to include you in the spliff round.
Some general rules apply when smoking spliffs in a group:
- Whoever skins up gets first toke.
- Whoever supplied the gear shall always be asked permission before one skins up.
- The owner usually gets second toke.
- Always check with the next recipient before you kill a spliff.
- You're supposed to offer your spliff to your direct neighbour.
The phrase Spliff Politics was coined by Howard Marks in the film Human Traffic.
External links
- [http://imdb.com/title/tt0188674/ 'Human Traffic' page at IMDB.com]
Spliff
spliff (B); broken up cannabis (C); a booklet of rolling papers (D)]]
rolling papers
Spliff is slang for a cigarette rolled with a mixture of cannabis and tobacco. Spliffs come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and are also commonly referred to as joints (in America especially), although joint may also refer to a cigarette made with cannabis alone (no tobacco). They are sometimes called zoots, doobies, or (often sarcastically) referred to with their old slang name of reefers, especially by people who have seen the classic moral panic film Reefer Madness. While "reefer" and "joint" are almost certainly American terms, "spliff" is a term from Jamaica.
A large spliff is made by joining three cigarette papers, so that the long sticky side of paper (a) is attached to the non-sticky side of paper (b). Paper (c) is then stuck to either of the ends of the combined papers (a + b). The large surface area (papers a + b + c) is now set for the introduction of the cannabis (and possibly tobacco). It is usual to add tobacco if the cannabis product is in its resinous (hashish) or oil-based form, or to add bulk and make it more easily and uniformly combustible. If the cannabis is in its leaf and flower form it may be considered less desirable to use tobacco, though this is largely a matter of personal taste. Once the correct mix is achieved, the spliff is carefully rolled, and stuck together with a twist in the paper at the end where paper (c) was attached, sealing the spliff. Sometimes a rolled up strip of cardboard known as a crutch or roach is inserted into the open end to prevent the contents slipping back into the mouth of the smoker, to eliminate the need for a roach clip, and to provide better flow. The crutch, then, is analogous to the filter tip found on most commercial tobacco cigarettes. Upon completion, the spliff is then lit and smoked.
Not all spliffs are made of multiple rolling papers. Many smokers have been known to instead make "mini-spliffs" or "one-papes" from a single sheet of rolling paper.
There is a large sub-culture interested in preparing spliffs of different shapes and sizes, from the classic Camberwell Carrot (see Withnail and I) to more esoteric constructions that have a degree of engineering to them such as the Dutch Tulip. A certain Mexican technique, for example, produces a fairly conical spliff.
There are striking differences in spliffs prepared in various parts of the world. In the U.S., for example, spliffs are generally made without tobacco and crutches, usually with small rolling papers. In Europe, however, spliffs are often rolled with tobacco and crutches, and larger rolling papers generally are used.
There is a lot of debate over whether or not to use tobacco. Many anti-tobacco smokers see tobacco as unnecessary and harmful to smoke. People who use tobacco claim it helps the joint burn.
Several songs have mentioned spliffs such as
- Afroman - "Because I Got High"
- Pato Banton - "Don't Sniff Coke"
- Bone Thugs-n-Harmony - "Creepin' on Ah Come Up"
- Burning Spear - "Ganja Man"
- Jimmy Buffett & The Coral Reefers - "Jamaica Mistaica"
- Cypress Hill - "Mary Jane"
- Fraternity of Man - "Don't Bogart Me (Don't Bogart That Joint)" (from the Easy Rider soundtrack)
- Bob Marley & The Wailers - "Easy Skanking"
- Ziggy Marley - "One Good Spliff"
- Sean Paul - "We Be Burning"
- Tom Petty - "You Don't Know How It Feels" (censored by MTV by using the word Niowge)
- Phish - "Run Like An Antelope"
- Peter Tosh - "Legalize It"
- The Toyes - "Smoke Two Joints" (covered by Sublime)
- UB40 - "Mi Spliff"
- Mindless Drug Hoover - "The Reefer Song"
See also
- Cigarette
- Roach clip
- Rolling papers
External links
- [http://www.drugs-plaza.com/marijuana/rolling.htm How to roll a spliff or joint]
- [http://www.concept420.com/how_to_roll_a_joint_spliff.htm Another guide on how to roll a joint]
- [http://www.rollmate.com Tool for rolling spliffs or joints]
- [http://www.dutch-headshop.com Headshop for Europe specialized in Rolling machines]
Category:Cannabis
Cannabis
Cannabis indica
Cannabis ruderalis
Cannabis sativa
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plant that includes one or more species. The plant is believed to have originated in the mountainous regions just north of the Himalayas in India. It is also known as hemp, although this term usually refers to cannabis cultivated for non-drug use. As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried flowers (marijuana), resin (hashish), or various extracts collectively referred to as hash oil. Its use in this regard is documented more extensively in the article cannabis (drug).
Species
The genus Cannabis was formerly placed with nettles in the family Urticaceae or with mulberries in the family Moraceae, but is now considered along with hops (Humulus sp.) to belong to the family Cannabaceae. Whether the different strains of Cannabis constitute a single species (Cannabis sativa L.) or multiple species has been a contentious issue for well over two centuries.
Ernest Small conducted a taxonomic investigation of Cannabis and concluded that there is only a single species with two subspecies, sativa and indica, each divisible into a cultivated and a wild variety. According to this concept, C. sativa subsp. sativa was selected for traits that enhance fiber or seed production and has low levels of the psychoactive delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), whereas C. sativa subsp. indica was primarily selected for drug production and has relatively high levels of THC.
Botanists Richard E. Schultes and Loran Anderson also conducted taxonomic studies of Cannabis, and concluded that sufficient evidence exists to support recognition of three species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis. According to their species descriptions, C. sativa is tall and laxly branched with relatively narrow leaflets, Cannabis indica is shorter, conical in shape, and has relatively wide leaflets, and Cannabis ruderalis is short, branchless, and grows wild in central Asia. This concept was embraced by cannabis aficionados who commonly distinguish narrow-leafed "sativa" drug strains from wide-leafed "indica" drug strains.
A recent study of genetic variation in Cannabis supports recognition of C. sativa and C. indica as separate species, although the existence of a third species, "C. ruderalis", is less certain. This study assigned hemp (fiber/seed) landraces and feral populations from Europe, central Asia, and Asia Minor to C. sativa. Cannabis indica includes both narrow-leafed drug (NLD) and wide-leafed drug (WLD) strains, as well as southern and eastern Asian hemp strains and feral Himalayan populations.
Cannabis is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Ghost Moth and The Nutmeg.
Etymology
The name cannabis is thought to be of Scythian origin. Possibly it has an earlier origin in Semitic languages like Hebrew, in Exodus 30:23 God commands Moses to make a holy anointing oil of myrrh, sweet cinnamon, kaneh bosm, and kassia. In kaneh bosm (Hebrew kannabos or kannabus) kan means "reed" or "cane", while bosm means "aromatic". Greek translations of the Old Testament rendered kan as "reed", leading to possibly erroneous English translations as sweet calamus (Exodus 30:23), sweet cane (Isaiah 43:24; Jeremiah 6:20) and calamus (Ezekiel 27:19; Song of Songs 4:14).
Sara Benetowa of the Institute of Anthropological Sciences in Warsaw is quoted in the Book of Grass as saying: The astonishing resemblance between the Semitic kanbos and the Scythian cannabis lead me to suppose that the Scythian word was of Semitic origin. These etymological discussions run parallel to arguments drawn from history. The Iranian Scythians were probably related to the Medes, who were neighbors of the Semites and could easily have assimilated the word for hemp. The Semites could also have spread the word during their migrations through Asia Minor.
Comparing the English word hemp and the Greek word kannabis shows that the word came down from the Common Indo-European language. Words like kanapish for "hemp" occur in some Finno-Ugrian languages. It is likely that, soon after agriculture started, hemp as a cultivated plant spread widely, carrying its name with it.
Aspects of cannabis use
- Cannabis (drug) discusses its use as a psychoactive drug.
:
- Cannabis cultivation
:
- Health issues and the effects of cannabis
:
- Legal issues of cannabis
:
- List of cannabis strains
:
- Wiktionary Appendix of Cannabis Slang
- Pot tea discusses its use as an herbal beverage.
- Cannabis (spiritual use) discusses traditional and entheogenic use of cannabis, by Rastafari, Hindus, Sufis and others.
- Medical cannabis discusses its use as a medicinal drug.
- Hemp discusses its uses as a source of housing, oil, food, fibers, and industrial materials.
Pharmacology
fibers]]
The pharmacology of cannabis is complex, due to a wide variety of terpenoid and terpenophenolic compounds (cannabinoids) in the essential oil. The most important pharmacologically active cannabinoids are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol, and cannabinol (a degradation product of Δ9-THC).
Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
cannabinol.]]
The best known component of cannabis is THC. This psychoactive compound may produce relaxation, euphoria, concentration or diffusion of attention, altered space-time perception, alteration of visual, auditory, and olfactory senses, and appetite stimulation.
Cannabis strains cultivated for medicinal, spiritual, and recreational use have a high content of THC, whereas certified industrial hemp strains have a low THC content.
Most hemp farmers try to maximize the amount of fiber, seed, or oil that the plants produce. However, most marijuana growers try to maximize the number of glandular trichomes produced on the floral clusters of unfertilized female plants. The glandular trichomes secrete an essential oil having high concentrations of cannabinoids.
Cannabinoids
recreational
In addition to Δ9-THC, the essential oil of cannabis includes the non- psychoactive cannabinoids cannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinolic acid. These latter compounds are thought to produce certain beneficial effects such as cell protection, immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory properties.
Cannabinoids usually contain a 1,1'-di-methyl-pyrane ring, a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and a variedly unsaturated cyclohexyl ring and their immediate chemical precursors, constituting a family of about 60 bi-cyclic and tri-cyclic compounds.
Cannflavins
Cannabis also contains a related class of compounds, the cannflavins. These compounds have been suggested to contribute certain beneficial effects of cannabis, such as analgesia and anti-inflammatory properties, and are considerably more effective than aspirin.
Cannaflavins usually contain a 1,4-pyrone ring fused to a variedly derivatized aromatic ring and linked to a 2nd variedly derivatized aromatic ring and include for example the non-psychoactive cannflavins A and B.
Terpenoids
The essential oil of cannabis also contains many fragrant terpenoids, which may synergize with the cannabinoids to produce its unique effects.
The cannabinoid receptor system
Humans and other animals have two types of cannabinoid receptors: CB1 and CB2. The activation of these receptors is responsible for several of the medicinal and psychotropic effects of consuming cannabis. The discovery of these receptors in the 1980s revolutionized the understanding of cannabis pharmacology, reinforcing many long-standing assertions about its medical efficacy, and suggesting possibilities for cannabis-derived pharmaceutical compounds developed for specific medical purposes.
See also
External links
- [http://www.erowid.org/plants/cannabis/cannabis.shtml Erowid's Cannabis Vault] - In-depth collection of cannabis-related resources.
- [http://www.overgrow.com/ Overgrow.com] - Compliments erowid, is superior in the supply of first generation knowledge, and caters to the recreational, medicinal, spiritual, horticultural, and scientific cannabis communities.
- [http://www.cannabis.com/ Cannabis.com]
- [http://www.norml.org/ NORML] - U.S. organization for reforming Marijuana laws.
- [http://www.acmed.org/ Int'l Association for Cannabis as Medicine] - International association promoting medicinal marijuana.
- [http://www.drugpolicy.org/marijuana/factsmyths/ Drug Policy Alliance] - Cannabis myths and facts
- [http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana.htm How Marijuana Works] - the "how stuff works" article on marijuana.
- [http://friendsofcannabis.com People using Cannabis] - A list with historical and contemporary users of cannabis
- [http://www.geopium.org/Photos/Maroc_Rif2005/Maroc_Rif2005.htm Four full pages of photos of cannabis cultivation in Morocco (Rif) on www.geopium.org]
- [http://theivorytree.com/blog/?p=65 The Ivory Tree] - What evolutionary purpose does the 'high' from cannabis serve?
- [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10266097/ "Regular marijuana use damages teen brains:] Scans show heavy smokers have abnormalities in key development regions" Reuters, Nov. 30, 2005. (Study by researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.)
References
#[http://www.xanga.com/michaelstoddard2004 Emboden], W. A. 1981. The genus Cannabis and the correct use of taxonomic categories. J. Psychoactive Drugs 13: 15–21.
#Schultes, R. E., and A. Hofmann. 1980. Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL., pp. 82–116.
#Small, E., and A. Cronquist. 1976. A practical and natural taxonomy for Cannabis. Taxon 25: 405–435.
#Schultes, R. E., et. al. 1974. Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 23: 337–367.
#Anderson, L. C. 1974. A study of systematic wood anatomy in Cannabis. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 24: 29–36.
#Anderson, L. C. 1980. Leaf variation among Cannabis species from a controlled garden. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets 28: 61–69.
#Hillig, K.W. 2005. Genetic evidence for speciation in Cannabis (Cannabaceae). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 161-180.
Category:Rosales
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Howard MarksHoward Marks is a Welsh-born author who studied physics at Balliol College, Oxford. He now lives in York and is a friend of the rock band Super Furry Animals. He achieved notoriety as an international marijuana smuggler through high-profile court cases and his eventual conviction at the hands of the American Drug Enforcement Agency. He spent seven years in America's infamous Terre Haute penitentiary. In his smuggling career he did not use violence and refused to deal with hard drugs.
Since his release, Marks has published a best-selling autobiography, Mr Nice (Secker and Warburg, 1996), which has been translated into many languages. He is a campaigner for the legalisation of cannabis and tours the world with a one-man show.
Howard Marks stood for election to UK Parliament in 1997, on the single issue of the legalise cannabis campaign. He contested 4 seats at once: Norwich South (against future Home Secretary Charles Clarke), Norwich North, Neath and Southampton Test. The average vote was over 1%.
This led to the formation of the Legalise Cannabis Alliance (LCA) by Alun Buffry in 1999.
External links
[http://howardmarks.co.uk/ howardmarks.co.uk]
Marks, Howard
Marks, Howard
Marks, Howard
Marks, Howard
Marks, Howard
Marks, Howard
Green peafowl
The Green Peafowl, Pavo muticus, is a species of bird in the peafowl genus Pavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. It is a resident breeder in north east India and Myanmar east to Java.
It is a forest bird which nests on the ground laying 4-8 eggs. It eats mainly seeds, but also some insects and fruit.
The male has an iridescent green colour. His tail feathers have a series of eyes that are best seen when fanned. There is a tufted crest, different in shape to the fanned crest of the Indian Peafowl. The female plumage is mainly dull grey-green. She lacks the long tail of the male. The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen.
Peafowl are most notable for the male's extravagant tail, a result of sexual selection, which it displays as part of courtship. The peacock's rituals include the display of its startling plumage and a loud call. This species will hybridise with the closely related Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus.
The IUCN lists the Green Peafowl as vulnerable to extinction due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat.
Reference
- Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp, ISBN 0-691-04910-6
Category:Peafowls
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