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Clarkson, John

Clarkson, John

player John Clarkson.]] John Gibson Clarkson (July 1, 1861 - February 4, 1909) was a 19th century Major League Baseball pitcher. Playing for the Worcester Worcesters (1882), Chicago White Stockings (1884 - 1887), Boston Beaneaters (1888 - 1892) and Cleveland Spiders (1892 - 1894), Clarkson compiled a career 328-178 record. Clarkson pitched over 600 innings in a season twice and won a career-high 53 games in 1885. In MLB history, only Charles Radbourn has won more games in a single season (60 in 1884). Clarkson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963.

External links


- [http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/plaques/clarkson_john.htm Baseball Hall of Fame Plaque Page]
- Clarkson, John Clarkson, John Clarkson, John Clarkson, John Clarkson, John

1861

1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday.

Events

January


- January 1 - Benito Juárez captures Mexico City
- January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I
- January 3 - American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the United States
- January 9 - Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union, preceding the American Civil War.
- January 10 - American Civil War: Florida secedes from the United States
- January 11 - American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the United States
- January 18 - American Civil War: Georgia joins the Confederacy
- January 21 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate
- January 26 - American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union.
- January 29 - Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.

February


- February 1 - American Civil War: Texas secedes from the United States.
- February 4 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
- February 8 - American Civil War: The Confederate States of America are formed.
- February 9 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Confederate convention at Montgomery, Alabama.
- February 11 - American Civil War: US House unanimously passes resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.
- February 13 - Capture of Gaeta, last stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II, by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.
- February 18 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
- February 18 - Victor Emmanuel of Savoy becomes King of Italy. See: Kingdom of Italy
- February 19 - Serfdom is abolished in Russia.
- February 23 - President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, DC after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.
- February 27 - A crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland is fired upon by Russian troops killing five protesters.
- February 28 - Colorado is organized as a United States territory.

March-April


- March 2 - Nevada is organized as a United States territory.
- March 3 - Formal emancipation of the serfs in Imperial Russia
- March 4 - End of term for President of the United States James Buchanan. He is succeeded by Abraham Lincoln.
- March 4 - American Civil War: The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.
- March 11 - American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
- March 17 - Proclamation of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emanuel II as its king
- March 19 - First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand
- March 30 - Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of Thallium (see Discovery of the chemical elements)
- April 12 - American Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, South Carolina
- April 27 - American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.
- April 27 - American Civil War: West Virginia secedes from Virginia.

May-June


- May 6 - American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.
- May 7 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
- May 8 - American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the Confederate States of America.
- May 13 - American Civil War: Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of neutrality" which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.
- May 13 - Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") discovered in Australia.
- May 14 - The Canellas meteorite, an 859 gram chondrite type meteorite struck earth near Barcelona, Spain.
- May 20 - American Civil War: Kentucky proclaims its neutrality which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state. North Carolina secedes from the United States
- June 8 - American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.
- June 9 - Lebanon separated from Syrian administration and reunited under Ottoman governor with the approval of European powers
- June 15 - Benito Juárez formally elected president of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of foreign debt
- June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839-1861) dies and is succeeded by Abd-ul-Aziz (1861-1876).

July-August


- July 1 - First issue of Vatican's newspaper L'Osservatore Romano was published.
- July 2 - Ioan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate and introduces the Eastern Orthodox church into Japan.
- July 21 - American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run - At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins (Confederate victory).
- July 25 - American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.
- July 26 - American Civil War: George McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
- August 5 - American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).
- August 5 - US Army abolishes flogging
- August 27 - Last execution in Britain for attempted murder - Martin Doyle in Chester

September-October


- September 3 - American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.
- September 6 - American Civil War: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.
- October 21 - American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff - Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
- October 24 - The HMS Warrior, the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armoured battleship was completed and commisioned.
- October 31 - American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.

November


- November 1 - American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln appoints George McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing the aged General Winfield Scott.
- November 2 - American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.
- November 6 - American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.
- November 7 - American Civil War: Battle of Belmont - In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant overrun a Confederate camp but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.
- November 8 - American Civil War: The "Trent Affair" - The USS San Jacinto stops the United Kingdom mail ship Trent and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the UK and US.
- November 21 - American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin secretary of war.
- November 25 - Tenement collapses in the Old Town of Edinburgh and buries 50 - rescues find 15 of them alive

Unknown dates


- News of Henri Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat published.
- In Britain, the death penalty is limited to murder, embezzlement, piracy and to acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.
- British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade.

Births


- January 14 - Mehmed VI, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1926)
- January 30 - Charles Martin Loeffler, American composer (d. 1935)
- February 12 - Lou Andreas-Salome, Russian-born author (d. 1937)
- February 15 - Charles Edouard Guillaume, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1938)
- February 26 - King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (d. 1948)
- February 27 - Rudolf Steiner, Austrian philosopher (d. 1925)
- April 8 - Son, Byong-Hi, Korean nationalist (d. 1922)
- April 15 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (d. 1929)
- May 7 - Rabindranath Tagore, Indian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1941)
- June 12 - William Attewell, English cricketer (d. 1927)
- June 19 - Doctor Jose Rizal, Philippine national hero (d. 1896)
- June 20, Frederick Hopkins, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947)
- October 16 - J. B. Bury, British historian (d. 1927)
- October 30 - Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (d. 1929)
- December 4 - Lillian Russell, American singer and vaudeville star (d. 1922)
- November 6 - James Naismith, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. 1939)
- December 8 - Georges Méliès, French film director (d. 1938)
- December 15 - Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Prime Minister and President of Finland (d. 1944)
- December 16 - Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (d. 1917)
- December 10 - Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian explorer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize d. 1930)
- December 20 - Ivana Kobilca, Slovenian painter (d. 1926)
- William H. Stayton, American founder of the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment

Deaths


- January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia (b. 1795)
- January 17 - Lola Montez, Irish-born Spanish dancer and mistress of King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1821)
- May 29 - Joachim Lelewel, Polish nationalist historian (b. 1786)
- June 3 - Stephen A. Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois and Presidential candidate (b. 1813)
- June 25 - Abd-ul-Mejid, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1823)
- June 29 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (b. 1806)
- July 25 - Jonas Furrer, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1805)
- August 24 - Pierre Berthier, French geologist (b. 1782)
- October 5 - Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski, Polish bishop (b. 1778)
- December 14 - Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, husband of Queen Victoria (b. 1819) Category:1861 ko:1861년 ms:1861 simple:1861 th:พ.ศ. 2404

February 4

February 4 is the 35th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 330 days remaining, (331 in leap years).

Events


- 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.
- 1454 - In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.
- 1703 - In Edo (now Tokyo), 46 of the Forty-Seven Ronin commit seppuku (ritual suicide) as recompense for avenging their master's death.
- 1783 - American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
- 1789 - George Washington is unanimously elected to be the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
- 1792 - George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
- 1794 - The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.
- 1801 - John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
- 1810 - British Navy seizes Guadeloupe.
- 1859 - Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Egypt.
- 1861 - American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
- 1862 - Bacardi, one of the world's largest spirits company, is founded as a small distillery in Santiago de Cuba in eastern Cuba.
- 1899 - The Philippine-American War begins.
- 1915 - Germany establishes a submarine blockade around the UK and declares any vessel in it a legitimate target.
- 1927 - The first talkie is released - The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson.
- 1932 - World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.
- 1932 - 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
- 1932 - Asteroid 1239 Queteleta discovered by Eugène Joseph Delporte.
- 1934 - Asteroid 2824 Franke discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth.
- 1936 - Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
- 1938 - Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
- 1938 - Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released, and it went on to become a major box-office success, making more money than any other motion picture in 1938.
- 1941 - World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
- 1943 - Battle of Stalingrad ends.
- 1945 - World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference.
- 1948 - Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.
- 1957 - USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, logs her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".
- 1960 - Lorraine, Quebec is founded.
- 1962 - Ian Fleming's The Living Daylights first published
- 1966 - All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay, killing 133
- 1968 - Bowie Kuhn becomes the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball, replacing William Eckert
- 1969 - Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
- 1974 - The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.
- 1976 - In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.
- 1976 - 1976 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruck, Austria.
- 1977 - Fleetwood Mac releases one of the biggest-selling albums of all time, Rumours.
- 1980 - Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
- 1984 - The Youth of the Left Socialists (VSU) founded in Denmark.
- 1991 - The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose.
- 1996 - Major snowstorm paralyzes Midwestern United States, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties all-time record low temperature at -26°F. (-32°C)
- 1997 - O. J. Simpson is found to be civilly liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
- 1997 - En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.
- 1997 - After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.
- 1998 - An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.
- 1999 - Hugo Chávez Frías, Venezuelan military and politician, is elected President of Venezuela.
- 1999 - Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, enflaming race-relations in the city.
- 2000 - USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) launched.
- 2000 - German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.
- 2003 - The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.
- 2007 - Super Bowl XLI will take place from Dolphins Stadium in Miami, Florida.

Births


- 1575 - Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1629)
- 1620 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)
- 1646 - Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
- 1677 - Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
- 1688 - Pierre de Marivaux, French writer (d. 1763)
- 1725 - Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1804)
- 1778 - Augustin Pyrame de Candolle, Swiss botanist (d. 1841)
- 1840 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American weapons inventor (d. 1916)
- 1841 - Clément Ader, French aviation pioneer (d. 1926)
- 1842 - Arrigo Boito, Italian poet and composer (d. 1918)
- 1849 - Jean Richepin, French poet
- 1871 - Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
- 1873 - Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (d. 1905)
- 1875 - Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)
- 1881 - Fernand Léger, French painter (d. 1955)
- 1892 - Prince George I, Duke of Westrogothia (d. 1971)
- 1897 - Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
- 1902 - Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
- 1902 - Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
- 1904 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)
- 1906 - Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)
- 1906 - Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)
- 1912 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (d. 1993)
- 1912 - Byron Nelson, American golfer
- 1913 - Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (d. 2005)
- 1914 - Alfred Andersch, German writer (d. 1980)
- 1915 - William Talman, American actor (1968)
- 1915 - Norman Wisdom, English actor and comedian
- 1917 - Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
- 1918 - Janet Waldo, American actress
- 1921 - Betty Friedan, American feminist
- 1921 - K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-born actor
- 1925 - Russell Hoban, American writer
- 1931 - Isabel Martínez de Perón, third wife of Argentine dictator Juan Perón
- 1935 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
- 1936 - David Brenner, American comedian
- 1936 - Gary Conway, American actor
- 1940 - George Romero, American screenwriter, producer, and director
- 1940 - John Schuck, American actor
- 1943 - Ken Thompson, American computer scientist
- 1947 - Dan Quayle, Vice President of the United States
- 1948 - Alice Cooper, American musician
- 1949 - Michael Beck, American actor
- 1950 - Pamela Franklin, British actress
- 1951 - Patrick Bergin, Irish actor
- 1953 - Kitaro, Japanese composer
- 1957 - Don Davis, American composer
- 1958 - Tomasz Pacyński, Polish writer
- 1959 - Pamelyn Ferdin, American actress
- 1959 - Lawrence Taylor, American football player
- 1960 - Jonathan Larson, American composer (d. 1996)
- 1961 - Stewart O'Nan, American author
- 1962 - Clint Black, American musician
- 1964 - Noodles, American guitarist (The Offspring)
- 1967 - Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)
- 1968 - Marko Matvere, Estonian actor
- 1969 - Duncan Coutts, Canadian bassist (Our Lady Peace)
- 1970 - Gabrielle Anwar, English actress
- 1971 - Rob Corddry, American actor and comedian
- 1972 - Giovanni Silva De Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
- 1973 - Oscar De La Hoya, Mexican-born boxer
- 1975 - Natalie Imbruglia, Australian musician and actress
- 1987 - Lucie Safarová, Czech tennis player
- 1988 - Carly Patterson, American gymnast

Deaths


- 211 - Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (b. 146)
- 708 - Pope Sisinnius
- 784 - Hrabanus Maurus, German poet
- 856 - Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz
- 869 - Saint Cyril, Greek missionary to the Slavs (b. 827)
- 1590 - Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (b. 1517)
- 1615 - Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese warlord (b. 1552)
- 1694 - Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (b. 1651)
- 1713 - Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politican and philosopher (b. 1671)
- 1774 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (b. 1701)
- 1781 - Josef Mysliveček, Czech composer (b. 1737)
- 1894 - Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker (b. 1814)
- 1905 - Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841)
- 1928 - Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1853)
- 1933 - Archibald Sayce, English educator (b. 1846)
- 1936 - Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (b. 1895)
- 1944 - Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (b. 1867)
- 1944 - Arsen Kotsoyev, Russian writer (b. 1872)
- 1958 - Henry Kuttner, American author (b. 1915)
- 1968 - Neal Cassady, American writer (b. 1926)
- 1968 - Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American president of the National Geographic Society (b. 1875)
- 1969 - Thelma Ritter, American actress (b. 1905)
- 1974 - Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (b. 1894)
- 1975 - Louis Jordan, American musician (b. 1908)
- 1977 - Brett Halliday, American writer (b. 1904)
- 1983 - Karen Carpenter, American singer and musician (Carpenters) (anorexia) (b. 1950)
- 1984 - Anna Anderson, claimant to the throne of Russia
- 1987 - Liberace, American musician (b. 1919)
- 1987 - Carl Rogers, American psychologist (b. 1902)
- 1992 - Lisa Fonssagrives, supermodel (b. 1911)
- 1995 - Godfrey Brown, British athlete and teacher (b. 1915)
- 1995 - Patricia Highsmith, American author (b. 1921)
- 2000 - Carl Albert, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1908)
- 2000 - Doris Coley, American singer Shirelles (b. 1941)
- 2001 - J. J. Johnson, American jazz trombonist and composer (b. 1924)
- 2001 - Iannis Xenakis, Greek-born composer (b. 1922)
- 2005 - Ossie Davis, American actor (b. 1917)

Holidays and observances


- Ancient Latvia - Biezputras Diena observed
- Saint Paul of Tarsus
- Independence Day in Sri Lanka (1948)
- Angolan Anniversary of the Outbreak of Armed Struggle against Portuguese Colonialism

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/4 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050204.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- February 3 - February 5 - January 4 - March 4 -- listing of all days ko:2월 4일 ms:4 Februari ja:2月4日 simple:February 4 th:4 กุมภาพันธ์

1909

1909 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).

Events

January – March


- January 16 - Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
- January 28 - United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War.
- February 12 - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded.
- February 23 - The Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
- February 24 - The Hudson Motor Car Company is founded.
- March 4 - End of term for Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States. He is succeeded by William Howard Taft.
- March 18 - Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter becoming the first to broadcast as a ham radio operator.
- March 23 - Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip was sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society.
- March 31 - Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia-Herzegovina.

April – June


- April 6 - Robert Peary allegedly reaches the North Pole.
- April 27 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Muhammad V. He leaves the country the next day.
- May - Choosing a vocation by Frank Parsons (died 1908) is published.
- June 1 - The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition opens in Seattle.
- June 2 - Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.
- June 9 – Alice Huyler Ramsey, a 22-year-old housewife and mother from Hackensack, New Jersey, became the first woman to drive across the United States. With three female companions, none of whom could drive a car, for fifty-nine days she drove a Maxwell automobile the 3,800 miles from Manhattan, New York to San Francisco, California.
- June 15 - Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lords and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.
- June 22 - Construction begins on the Cape Cod Canal, which would separate Cape Cod from mainland Massachusetts, United States.

July – September


- July 13 - Gold discovered near Cochrane, Ontario.
- July 16 - A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah, Persian Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds in leaving Persia for Imperial Russia, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.
- July 25 - Louis Bleriot is the first man to fly across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft.
- August 8 - Launching of The Rosicrucian Fellowship at Seattle (Washington). Later, in October 28 1911, its international headquarters, till today, were physically launched at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside (California, United States) and the Healing Temple "The Ecclesia" was lauched in December 25 1920.
- September 9 - Comet Halley first recorded on a photographic plate.
- September 10-21 – Hurricane sweeps over Louisiana and Mississippi - 350 dead
- September 25 – Auroras seen in Singapore.

October – December


- October 2 - The first rugby football match played in Twickenham
- November 11 - US Navy founds a navy base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
- November 13 - Ballinger-Pinchot scandal begins: Collier's magazine accuses US Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of questionable dealings in Alaskan coal fields.
- November 18 - Two United States warships are sent to Nicaragua after 500 revolutionaries (including two Americans) are executed by order of dictator José Santos Zelaya.
- November - First edition of Max Heindel's magnum opus The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception.
- December 4 - The University of Bristol was founded and received its Royal Charter.
- December 17 - Léopold II of Belgium dies and is succeeded by his nephew Albert I of Belgium

Month/date unknown


- William Dickson Boyce, a United States businessman visiting London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is introduced to members of the Scouting movement. The following year Boyce becomes founder of the Boy Scouts of America.
- Karl Landsteiner develops system of blood groups.
- Leon's, a Canadian furniture chain is first opened.
- Britain introduces Minimum Wage Laws.
- Old age pensions in Britain
- The laboratory of Paul Ehrlich creates the Salvarsan treatment for syphilis
- Mohorovičić discontinuity discovered
- Centennial anniversary of Miami University (Ohio)
- American Issue Publishing House of Anti-Saloon League incorporated.

Births

January


- January 1 - Barry Goldwater, American politician (d. 1998)
- January 3 - Victor Borge, Danish entertainer (d. 2000)
- January 5 - Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (d. 1994)
- January 8 - Willy Millowitsch, German actor (d. 1999)
- January 13 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (d. 1934)
- January 15 - Jean Bugatti, German-born automobile designer (d. 1939)
- January 15 - Gene Krupa, American drummer (d. 1973)
- January 16 - Clement Greenberg, American art critic (d. 1994)
- January 19 - Hans Hotter, German bass-baritone (d. 2003)
- January 22 - Ann Sothern, American actress (d. 2001)
- January 22 - U Thant, Burmese United Nations Secretary General (d. 1974)
- January 24 - Martin Lings, British Islamic scholar (d. 2005)

February


- February 3 - Simone Weil, French philosopher (d. 1943)
- February 9 - Carmen Miranda, Portuguese-born actress and singer (d. 1955)
- February 9 - Dean Rusk, United States Secretary of State (d. 1994)
- February 11 - Max Baer, American boxer and actor (d. 1959)
- February 11 - Joseph Mankiewicz, American filmmaker (d. 1993)
- February 15 - Guillermo Gorostiza Paredes, Spanish footballer (d. 1966)
- February 15 - Miep Gies, Dutch friend and biographer of Anne Frank
- February 18 - Wallace Stegner, American writer (d. 1993)
- February 24 - August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
- February 26 - King Talal of Jordan (d.1972)

March


- March 1 - David Niven, English actor (d. 1983)
- March 2 - Mel Ott, baseball player (d. 1958)
- March 4 - Harry Helmsley, American real estate entrepreneur (d. 1997)
- March 19 - Louis Hayward, South African-born actor (d. 1985)
- March 22 - Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author (d. 1983)
- March 24 - Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (d. 1934)
- March 27 - Golo Mann, German historian (d. 1994)

April


- April 13 - Stanislaw Marcin Ulam, Polish-born mathematician (d. 1984)
- April 22 - Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italian neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- April 30 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)

May


- May 7 - Edwin H. Land, American camera inventor (d. 1991)
- May 10 - Mother Maybelle Carter, American musician (d. 1978)
- May 15 - James Mason, British actor (d. 1984)
- May 18 - Fred Perry, English tennis player (d. 1995)
- May 30 - Benny Goodman, American musician (d. 1986)

June


- June 6 - Isaiah Berlin, Russian historian of ideas (d. 1997)
- June 7 - Jessica Tandy, English actress (d. 1994)
- June 14 - Burl Ives, American singer (d. 1995)
- June 17 - Elmer Lee Andersen, Governor of Minnesota (d. 2004)
- June 20 - Errol Flynn, Australian actor (d. 1959)
- June 26 - Colonel Tom Parker, Dutch-born celebrity manager (d. 1997)

July


- July 18 - Mohammed Daoud Khan, President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)
- July 28 - Malcolm Lowry, British novelist (d. 1957)
- July 30 - C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian and author (d. 1993)

August


- August 9 - Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer and diplomat (d. 1944)
- August 25 - Ruby Keeler, Canadian singer and actress (d. 1993)
- August 25 - Michael Rennie, English actor (d. 1971)
- August 26 - Jim Davis, American actor (d. 1981)

September


- September 7 - Elia Kazan, Hungarian-born film director (d. 2003)
- September 14 - Peter Scott, British ornithologist and painter (d. 1989)
- September 21 - Kwame Nkrumah, Ghanian politician (d. 1972)
- September 24 - Carl Sigman, American songwriter (d. 2000)
- September 28 - Al Capp, American cartoonist (d. 1979)

October


- October 14 - Bernd Rosemeyer, German race car driver (d. 1938)
- October 24 - Bill Carr, American athlete (d. 1966)
- October 28 - Francis Bacon, British painter (d. 1992)

November


- November 4 - Skeeter Webb, baseball player (d. 1986)
- November 10 - Paweł Jasienica, Polish historian (d. 1970)
- November 18 - Johnny Mercer, American songwriter (d. 1976)
- November 23 - Nigel Tranter, Scottish historian and writer (d. 2000)
- November 24 - Gerhard Gentzen, German mathematician (d. 1945)
- November 27 - James Agee, American writer (d. 1955)

December


- December 14 - Edward Lawrie Tatum, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1975)
- December 20 - Vagn Holmboe, Danish composer (d. 1996)
- December 22 - Alan Carney, American actor (d. 1973)
- December 23 - Barney Ross, American boxer (d. 1967)
- December 23 - Donald Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)
- December 23 - Giulio Racah, Israeli mathematician and physicist (d. 1965)

Deaths


- January 12 - Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
- January 14 - Arthur William a Beckett, British journalist (b. 1844)
- April 10 - Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (b. 1837)
- May 19 - Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (b. 1860)
- June 24 - Sarah Orne Jewett, American writer (b. 1849)
- August 27 - Emil Christian Hansen, Danish fermentation physiologist (b. 1842)
- September 4 - Clyde Fitch, American dramatist (b. 1865)
- October 26 - Prince Hirobumi Ito, Japanese governor of Korea (assassinated) (b. 1841)
- December 17 - Léopold II of Belgium (b. 1835)

Date unknown


- Gideon T. Stewart, American educator and politician (b. 1824)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun for the development of wireless telegraphy (radio)
- Chemistry - Wilhelm Ostwald for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria, and reaction velocities
- Medicine - Emil Theodor Kocher for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland
- Literature - Selma Lagerlöf
- Peace - Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert and Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant Category:1909 ko:1909년 ms:1909 ja:1909年 simple:1909 th:พ.ศ. 2452

Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB) is the highest level of play in professional baseball in the world. More specifically, Major League Baseball ("MLB") refers to the entity that operates North America's two top leagues, the National League and the American League, by means of a joint organizational structure which has existed between them since 1920. On an organizational level, MLB effectively operates as a single "league", and as such it constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. Major League Baseball is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution, an agreement that has undergone several incarnations since 1876 then called the NL Constitution, with the most recent revisions being made in 2005. Major League Baseball, under the direction of its Commissioner, Bud Selig, hires and maintains the sport's umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, and television contracts. As is the case for most North American sports leagues, the 'closed shop' aspect of MLB effectively prevents the yearly promotion and demotion of teams into the Major League by virtue of their performance. MLB also maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of minor league baseball. This is due in large part to a 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League which declared baseball is not considered interstate commerce (and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law), despite baseball's own references to itself as an "industry" rather than a "sport." The production/multimedia wing of MLB is New York-based MLB Advanced Media, which oversees MLB.com and all 30 of the individual teams' websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the League itself, but it is indeed under the same ownership group and revenue-sharing plan. MLB Productions is a similarly-structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media.

Current Major Leagues

The Major League season runs from late March or early April to late September or early October. Players and teams prepare for the season in spring training, primarily in Florida and Arizona, during February and March. Three rounds of playoffs follow the season, culminating in the World Series in late October.

Teams and schedule

At the time of writing the Commissioner of Baseball, Bud Selig, has often floated the idea of international expansion and realignment of the major leagues. At the moment, however, the major leagues are each split into three divisions, and structured as listed in the table below. In all there are 30 teams in the two leagues: 16 in the older National League ("NL") and 14 in the American League ("AL"). Each has its teams split into three divisions grouped generally by geography. They are (number of teams in each division in parenthesis): NL East (5), NL Central (6), NL West (5), AL East (5), AL Central (5) and AL West (4). Each team's regular season consists of 162 games, a duration established in 1961. From 1904 to 1960, except for 1919, a 154-game schedule was played. Shortened seasons were played in 1918 due to the outbreak of World War I, and in 1972, 1981, 1994 and 1995 due to player strikes and lockouts. Games are played predominantly against teams within each league through an unbalanced schedule which heavily favors intra-divisional play. In 1997 Major League Baseball introduced interleague play, which was criticized by the sport's purists but has since proven very popular with most fans. Each year in June, Major League Baseball conducts a draft for first year players who have never signed a Major or Minor League contract. The MLB Draft is among the least followed of the professional sports drafts in the United States. For a detailed history of the length of the regular season, see Major League Baseball season.

All-Star game

Early July marks the midway point of the season, during which a three day break is taken when the Major League Baseball All-Star Game is staged. The All-Star game pits players from the NL, headed up by the manager of the previous NL World Series team, against players from the AL, similarly managed, in an exhibition game. The 2002 contest ended in an 11-inning tie because both teams were out of pitchers, a ridiculous result which proved highly unpopular with the fans. In 2003 and 2004, the league which won the game received the benefit of home-field advantage (four of the seven games of that year's World Series taking place at their home park). The 2005 contest, played in Detroit, followed this format, and it is expected that it will remain that way until the MLB says otherwise. Since the 1970s, the eight position players for each team who take the field initially have been voted into the game by fans. The remaining position players and all of the pitchers on each league's roster were, for a long number of years, solely at the discretion of that team's manager. In 2004, however, MLB instituted a system where some reserves and pitchers were selected by a vote of MLB players, and some were selected by the manager after consulting with the Commissioner's Office. By MLB regulation, every team in the majors must have at least one designated all-star player, regardless of voting. This rule exists so that fans of every team have a player to watch for in the All Star Game.

Post-season

When the regular season ends around October 1st, eight teams enter the post-season playoffs. The first six teams are each league's three division champions. The remaining two "wild-card" spots are filled by each league's team that has the best regular season record and is not a division champion. Three rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion: # American League Division Series and National League Division Series, each a best-of-five game series; # American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series, each a best-of-seven game series played between the surviving teams from the ALDS and NLDS; and # World Series, a best-of-seven game series played between the champions of each league. The team belonging to the league that won the mid-season All-Star game receives home-field advantage in that series.

MLB Steroid Policy

Over most of the course of Major League Baseball, steroid testing was never a major issue. However, after the BALCO steroid scandal, which involved allegations that top baseball players had used illegal performance enhancing drugs, Major League Baseball has finally decided to issue harsher penalties for steroid users. The new policy, which was accepted by Major League Baseball players and owners, was issued at the start of the 2005 season and goes as follows: The 1st positive test will result in a suspension of up to 10 days. The 2nd positive test will result in a suspension of 30 days. The 3rd positive test will result in a suspension of 60 days. The 4th positive test will result in a suspension of one full year. Finally, the 5th positive test will result in a penalty at the commissioner’s discretion. Players will be tested at least once per year, with the chance that several players can be tested a numerous amount of times per year. (See: List of Major League Baseball players suspended for steroids) This program would replaces the previous steroid testing program under which, for example, no player was even suspended in 2004. Under the old policy, which was established in 2002, a first time offense would only result in treatment for the player. The new agreement makes sure that first time offenders are rightfully suspended. In recent news, Bud Selig, the Commissioner of MLB, has proposed even tougher penalties for positive tests than the ones in place today. The new penalties that Bud Selig has proposed are a “three strikes and you’re out approach” and go as follows: The 1st positive test would result in a 50 game suspension. The 2nd positive test would result in a 100 game suspension. Finally, the 3rd positive test would result in a lifetime suspension from MLB. These new proposed penalties are much harsher, however they must be accepted by MLB players and owners before any changes can be made. MLB's reluctance to take a hard line on drugs (as many other sports feature far more strict testing and penalties) is widely seen as one of the main reasons why baseball has been dropped from the Olympics with effect from 2012.

References


- http://www.wnbc.com/mikedup/4077510/detail.html

Historical Major Leagues

In 1969, the centennial of professional baseball, a commission chartered by Major League Baseball identified the following leagues as "major leagues". The list is sometimes disputed by baseball researchers. The MLB list included the following:
- 1876-present: National League of Professional Baseball Clubs
- 1882-1891: American Association
- 1884: Union Association
- 1890: Players League
- 1901-present: American League
- 1914-1915: Federal League Some researchers contend that the following leagues deserve consideration as major leagues due to the caliber of player and the level of play exhibited:
- The National Association (1871-1875)
- The first year of the American League (1900)
- The Negro Leagues (primarily during the years from 1921-1946) In general, the official stance is that game and statistical records for these particular leagues were not kept in a consistent manner and/or those leagues did not have a significant direct impact on the major leagues. Specifically, the following can be said of these leagues:
- The NA is unquestionably recognized as the first professional league, and is the direct precursor to the NL, most of whose original eight teams came from the NA. The standard position is that the NA was a "transitional" league that was not quite up to major league standards. The NL was a wholly new entity that took the best remnants of the NA and imposed a discipline that was lacking in the failed NA.
- The AL itself asserted that it was a minor league in 1900, although it was already located in most of the cities it would be operating in the following year. However, in 1900 it operated independently and did not conduct raids on major league rosters. That changed in 1901.
- The Negro Leagues are the toughest call. Some historians have labeled their time the era of "shadow ball", a segregated parallel to the (all-white) major leagues. The fact that many young players were able to come into the majors in the late 1940s and early 1950s, and have immediate impact, possibly argues for major status. It could also be argued that the Negro Leagues were more properly equated to the highest levels of minor league ball, such as the Pacific Coast League. It is a debate that has no clear resolution, which is why most historians are content to simply regard them as a category unto themselves. Conversely, some historians question whether the Union Association really qualifies as "major", because it really only had one major-league calliber team (St. Louis) and its membership was a revolving door. The Union's chief claim to major status would rest on having had some direct impact on the other majors, due to roster-raiding. None of the three "non-major" groups listed above could make that claim.

See also

:For results of annual regular season final standings, see years in baseball
- History of baseball, for a detailed history of the Major Leagues
- 2005 Free Agents
- 1994 baseball strike
- 1981 baseball strike
- 1972 baseball strike
- Minor league baseball, for a list of Minor Baseball teams
- Negro League baseball
- Continental League - Proposed by Branch Rickey as a "third major league"; folded before play began, but forced majors to expand
- 19th century National League teams
- Current Major League Baseball Players by Nationality
- Major League Baseball television contracts
- Major League Baseball transactions
- List of Major League Rivalries
- MLB Draft

Players, ownership, ballparks and officials


- Baseball Commissioners
- List of highest paid baseball players
- List of major league players with articles
- List of Major League Baseball principal owners
- List of Major League Baseball stadiums
- List of Major League Baseball retired numbers
- List of Free Agents 2005-2006 season

Statistics, milestones and records


- Baseball statistics: BA, ERA, etc.
- Baseball Hall of Fame
- 30-30 club and 40-40 club
- 300-300 club
- List of lifetime home run leaders through history
- 500 home run club
- List of major league players with 2,000 hits
- 3000 hit club
- 300 win club
- 3000 strikeout club
- Major League Baseball franchise post-season droughts
- Perfect game
- Unassisted triple play
- Triple crown
- Hitting for the cycle
- Major League Baseball titles streaks
- Major League Baseball titles leaders
- Major League Baseball attendance records
- Major League Baseball home run milestones
- List of most experienced baseball players never to play in a World Series
- List of Major League Baseball No-hitters
- Home run leaders by letter

Post-season awards


- Comeback Player of the Year Award
- Cy Young Award
- Rawlings Gold Glove Award.
- Hank Aaron Award
- Manager of the Year Award
- Most Valuable Player Award
- The Sporting News Reliever of the Year Award (prior to 2001, TSN Fireman of the Year)
- Rolaids Relief Man of the Year Award
- Rookie of the Year Award
- Silver Sluggers

Exhibition and playoffs


- All-Star Game
- National League pennant winners 1876-1900
- American League pennant winners 1901-68
- National League pennant winners 1901-68
- MLB division winners (since 1969)
- American League Division Series (ALDS)
- National League Division Series (NLDS)
- American League Championship Series (ALCS)
- National League Championship Series (NLCS)
- World Series

External links


- [http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/index.jsp Official MLB website]
- [http://baseballhalloffame.org National Baseball Hall of Fame]
- [http://www.baseballreference.com Baseball-Reference.com]
- [http://www.baseballprospectus.com Baseball Prospectus]
- [http://www.baseballthinkfactory.com Baseball Think Factory]
- [http://www.all-baseball.com All-Baseball.com]
- [http://www.hardballtimes.com The Hardball Times]
- [http://www.ballparks.com Ballparks.com]
- [http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/index ESPN.com - Baseball Index]
- [http://insidetheparks.com/ InsideTheParks.com]
- [http://www.gridmarks.com/mlb.html MLB Rankings] Category:Sports leagues of the United States
- ko:메이저 리그 야구 ja:メジャーリーグ simple:Major League Baseball

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