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| Ohio State Reformatory |
Ohio State ReformatoryThe Ohio State Reformatory, (OSR), is a historic prison located in Mansfield, Ohio.
The facility was built between 1886 and 1910 and remained in full operation until 1972 once the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility was opened. The facility was completely closed down in 1984. Part of the grounds and support buildings however, including the outer wall have been demolished since the closing.
In 1995, the "Mansfield Reformatory Preservation Society" was formed. They have turned the prison into a museum and conduct tours to help fund grounds rehabilitation projects and currently work to stabilize the buildings against further deterioration.
The facility still holds the largest free standing cell block in the world at six tiers high.
OSR is supposedly very haunted with several paranormal "hotspots" such as the two chapels, the area around the warden's office, the infirmary and solitary confinement. Over 200 prisoners died at the OSR, including a few guards who were killed during escape attempts.
Movies and Television:
The facility gained fame when it served as Shawshank State Prison in the 1994 movie The Shawshank Redemption starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.
The facility has also been used in many other productions, (even while it still held inmates), such as:
- Harry and Walter Go to New York movie 1976 starring James Caan. Harry and Walter spend some time behind bars at the Penetentary.
- Tango & Cash movie 1989 starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell. The facility is used for various prison scenes.
- Air Force One movie 1997 starring Harrison Ford and Gary Oldman. The prison was used for scenes of a Russian prison for General Radek.
- Godsmack "Awake" music video. Produced in 2000.
- Marilyn Manson promotional photography 1996. Marilyn Manson, a native Ohioan, grew up near the facility.
- OSR has been the subject of numerous paranormal investigation shows, including the Fox Familiy Channel's Scariest Stories on Earth, and Scariest Places on Earth. The SciFi Channel's Ghost Hunters series also investigated the prison.
- The Travel Channel did a tourism documentary on the OSR.
Category:Defunct prisons
Category:Prisons in the United States
Category:Buildings and structures in Ohio
Mansfield, Ohio
Mansfield is the largest city and county seat of Richland County, Ohio. According to the 2004 United States Census, the city had a total population of 50,557.
Mansfield's twin cities are Mansfield, England and Funehiki, Japan.
Geography
Funehiki, Japan
Mansfield is located at 40°45'17" North, 82°31'22" West (40.754856, -82.522855).
Funehiki, Japan
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 77.5 km² (29.9 mi²). All of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.
History
The city was founded in 1808 and named for Jared Mansfield, the U.S. surveyor-general who directed its planning. It was incorporated as a village in 1828 and as a city in 1857. The area that is now Richland County, so named for the fertility of its soil, and the City of Mansfield were first settled in 1800. The city grew towards the north and the west. The first courthouse in the country was one of two blockhouses erected on the public square during the war of 1812.
Mansfield associates itself with many famous names such as John Chapman, better known as Johnny Appleseed; as well as Pulitzer Prize winning author, Louis Bromfield. Chapman found the fertile land of Ohio ideal for his nurseries. The heartland of Chapman's nurseries was located along the stream valleys between Mansfield and Loudonville, just east of Interstate 71. Many of his orchards and nurseries are still found in Mansfield and the surrounding county. As a child, author Louis Bromfield played at his aunt's house, Oak Hill, in a neighborhood of Mansfield. The gothic house, built in 1847, served as the inspiration for "Shane's Castle" in his 1924 novel The Green Bay Tree.
The coming of the railroads in 1846, followed by the Lincoln Highway in 1913, ushered in Mansfield's greatest period of industrial expansion led by the city's nascent farm equipment and stove manufacturing industries, including the Tappan Company. By the late 1920s, Westinghouse became the city's largest employer, specializing in electric lighting and home appliances. However, like many Rust Belt cities, the City of Mansfield saw a precipitous decline in its manufacturing and retail sectors as heavy industy sought cheaper overseas labor markets, and downtown retail gradually moved to the suburbs, in particular for Mansfield the adjacent city of Ontario, Ohio, which now has become a major retail center for Richland County and North-Central Ohio.
Ontario, Ohio
People and culture
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there are 49,346 people in the city, organized into 20,182 households, and 12,028 families. The population density is 637.0/km² (1,650.1/mi²). There are 22,267 housing units at an average density of 287.4/km² (744.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 76.77% White, 19.65% African American, 0.63% Asian, 0.28% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. 1.23% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 20,182 households out of which 27.3% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.5% are married couples living together, 15.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% are non-families. 34.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 13.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.28 and the average family size is 2.93.
In the city the population is spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $30,176, and the median income for a family is $37,541. Males have a median income of $30,861 versus $21,951 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,726. 16.3% of the population and 13.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 24.5% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Media
- Mansfield's only daily newspaper is the Mansfield News Journal.[http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com]
- Mansfield's notable radio stations are WYHT(105.3FM), Mansfield's locally-owned pop/rock station, and WVNO(106.1FM), Mansfield's light-rock station.
- Mansfield's only local television station is WMFD-digital television in Northern Ohio.
Transportation
Mansfield is located on a major east-west transportation corridor that was originally known in the early 1900s as "Ohio Market Route 3." This route was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historical Lincoln Highway which was America's first transcontinental road, connecting New York City to San Francisco. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Mansfield was a major influence on the development of the city. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1928, the Lincoln Highway through Mansfield became U.S. Highway 30.
Today, Mansfield serves as a transportation hub and is connected by eight major highways:
- Interstate 71, which connects Columbus to the southwest with Cleveland to the northeast.
- U.S. Highway 30 (the Lincoln Highway), which connects Wooster to the east with Ontario and Bucyrus to the west.
- U.S. Highway 42, which connects Lexington to the southwest with Ashland to the northeast.
- Ohio State Highway 13, which connects Bellville to the south with Norwalk to the north.
- Ohio State Highway 39, which connects Shelby to the northwest with Lucas to the southeast.
- Ohio State Highway 309, which connects Ontario and Galion to the west.
- Ohio State Highway 430, which connects Ontario to the west with Mifflin to the east.
- Ohio State Highway 545, which connects Olivesburg and Savannah to the northeast.
Mansfield is served by Richland County Transit (RCT), a bus station that serves downtown and the Mansfield-Ontario area.
Mansfield is served by Mansfield Lahm Airport, a city-owned and operated, joint usage facility with global ties, located about four miles north of downtown.
Main tourist attractions
- Kingwood Center, a 47 acre estate and gardens, former home of Ohio Brass industrialist Charles Kelly King
- Malabar Farm State Park, country home and farm of Mansfield native and Pulitzer Prize winning author Louis Bromfield, and location of Humphrey Bogart's wedding to Lauren Bacall
- Renaissance Theatre, a historic 1600-seat theatre in downtown Mansfield, opened in 1929 as the Ohio Theatre
- Mansfield Playhouse, one of Ohio's most successful community theatres
- The Miss Ohio Pageant (Miss America preliminary), staged annually at the Renaissance Theatre
- Richland Carrousel Park, located in downtown Mansfield's Historic Carrousel District. Mansfield is known as the carrousel capital of Ohio.
- Snow Trails Ski Resort
- Clearfork Ski Resort
- Mohican State Park
- Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course
- Bible Walk aka Living Bible Museum
- Mansfield Motorsports Speedway
Mansfield natives
- Louis Bromfield (b. December 27, 1896) Author: The Green Bay Tree, Early Autumn (Pulitzer Prize), The Rains Came, Mrs. Parkington
- Martha Mansfield (b. July 14, 1899) Actress: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (with John Barrymore), Till We Meet Again
- Amy Douglass (b. December 21, 1902) Actress: The Unsinkable Molly Brown, Close Encounters of the Third Kind
- Robert F. Simon (b. December 2, 1908) Actor: Seven Angry Men, Foxfire, The Benny Goodman Story, Operation Petticoat, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
- Lee Adams (b. August 14, 1924) Lyricist: Bye Bye Birdie, All American, Applause, The Night They Raided Minsky's, and All in the Family TV show theme song Those Were the Days
- James Lapine (b. January 10, 1949) Director & Playwright: Sunday in the Park with George, Into the Woods, Passion
- Paul Gilger (b. October 13, 1954) Playwright: Showtune; Architect: Industrial Light and Magic Film Studios for George Lucas (Star Wars, Indiana Jones)
- Sylvia McNair (b. June 23, 1956) Operatic Soprano: The Rake's Progress, Idomeneo, Il Viaggio a Reims, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Grammy Award recipient
- Luke Perry (b. October 11, 1966) Actor: Beverly Hills 90210, Buffy the Vampire Slayer
- Hugh Douglass III (b. August 23, 1971) Athlete: Philadelphia Eagles Defensive End
Special interest
- Johnny Appleseed, American Pioneer & Conservationist
- The Shawshank Redemption, which was filmed in and around Mansfield
- Elektro, eight robots built by the Westinghouse Corporation in Mansfield
- Copus Massacre and Zimmer Massacre
Film industry
The old abandoned Ohio State Reformatory, located north of downtown Mansfield, has been the location for many major films, including The Shawshank Redemption, Harry and Walter Go to New York, Air Force One and Tango and Cash. Most of the prison yard has now been demolished to make room for expansion of the adjacent Mansfield Correctional Facility, but the Reformatory's Gothic-style Administration Building remains standing, and due to its prominent use in films, and has become a tourist attraction.
The Highway Safety Foundation
From the 1950s through the 1970s, Mansfield was the home of the infamous [http://www.cinemaweb.com/highwaysafety/index.html/ Highway Safety Foundation], the organization that created the controversial driver's education films that featured actual film photography taken at fatal automobile accidents in the Mansfield area. The films include Signal 30, Mechanized Death, Wheels of Tragedy, Highways of Agony among many others. The Highway Safety Foundation also created other controversial "education" films, including The Child Molestor, and Camera Surveillance (AKA Mansfield, Ohio Tearoom Busts).
External links
- [http://www.ci.mansfield.oh.us/ Mansfield's official website]
- [http://www.mansfieldtourism.com/ Mansfield/Richland County Convention and Visitors Bureau]
- [http://www.downtownmansfield.com Main Street Mansfield]
- [http://www.mansfieldnewsjournal.com/ Mansfield News Journal] - Mansfield's main newspaper that serves northcentral Ohio.
- [http://www.mrcpl.org/ Mansfield Richland County Public Library]
- [http://www.tygerpride.com Mansfield City Schools]
- [http://www.kingwoodcenter.org/ Kingwood Center]
- [http://www.malabarfarm.org/index_ie.html Malabar Farm]
- [http://www.missohio.org/ The Miss Ohio Pageant]
- [http://www.rparts.org/ Renaissance Theatre]
- [http://www.mansfieldartcenter.com/ Mansfield Art Center]
- [http://www.mansfieldplayhouse.com/ Mansfield Playhouse]
- [http://www.jahci.org/ Johnny Appleseed Outdoor Drama]
- [http://www.richlandcarrousel.com/ Richland Carrousel Park]
- [http://www.biblewalk.us/ Bible Walk aka Living Bible Museum]
- [http://www.mrps.org/index2.html Ohio State Reformatory]
- [http://www.universalstudios.com/cgi-bin/g2script.cgi?universalrec/godsmack/video/awake.rm Link to Godsmack video "Awake" (realplayer) shot in the Reformatory]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~ohrichla/Hist-Fire.htm The Great Fire of 1871]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~ohrichla/Fire1890.htm The St. James Hotel fire in 1890]
Category:Cities in Ohio
Category:Richland County, Ohio
Category:County seats in Ohio
18861886 is a common year starting on Friday (click on link to calendar)
Events
- January 18 - Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England.
- January 29 - Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile.
- March 17 - Carrollton Massacre: 20 African Americans are killed in Mississippi.
- March 19 ? Complete darkness for 10 minutes in Oshkosh, Wisconsin
- April 25 - Easter occurs on latest possible date (next in 1943)
- May 1 - the start of the general strike in the United States which escalated into Haymarket Riot and eventually won the eight-hour workday in the U.S.
- May 4 - Emil Berliner started working on inventing the gramophone.
- May 8 - Pharmacist Dr. John Stith Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that would be named "Coca-Cola."
- May 10 - The Football Association approves N. L. Jackson's proposal that each player be awarded a cap for each international match in which he plays.
- May 29 - Chemist John Pemberton begins to advertise Coca-Cola (ad in the Atlanta Journal).
- June 2 - U.S. President Grover Cleveland marries Frances Folsom in the White House, becoming the first and only president to wed in the executive mansion.
- June 10 - Eruption of Mount Tarawera volcano in New Zealand, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people and the destruction of the famous Pink and White Terraces.
- July 25 ? Steve Brodie fakes a jump from the Brooklyn Bridge
- June 13 - A fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia.
- August 4 ? William Ewart Gladstone fails to secure enough support for the Irish Home Rule in the British parliament
- August 20 - A massive hurricane demolishes the town of Indianola, Texas
- August 31 - Huge Earthquake hits South Carolina USA. Earthquake rods installed afterwards... Much Damage.
- September 4 - Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.
- October 7 - Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba.
- October 28 - In New York Harbor, US President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.
- November 30 - Folies Bergère stages its first revue.
- Britain annexes Burma
- Etna erupts
- Piccadilly Circus
- William Grant & Sons founded
- Wilhelm Steinitz becomes first official World Chess Champion
Births
January-April
- January 2 - Florence Lawrence, Canadian-born actress (d. 1938)
- January 14 - Hugh Lofting, English-born author (d. 1947)
- January 25 - Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor (d. 1954)
- February 8 - Charles Ruggles, American actor (d. 1970)
- February 27 - Hugo Black, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (d. 1971)
- March 1 - Oskar Kokoschka, Austrian artist and poet (d. 1980)
- March 3 - Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet (d. 1968)
- March 8 - Edward Calvin Kendall, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972)
- March 15 - Sergei Kirov, Soviet revolutionary (d. 1934)
- March 18 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (d. 1970)
- March 24 - Edward Weston, American photographer (d. 1958)
- March 25 - Patriarch Athenagoras of Constantinople (d. 1972)
- March 27 - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German architect (d. 1969)
- April 14 - Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (d. 1950)
- April 26 - Ma Rainey, American singer (d. 1939)
May-December
- May 2 - Gottfried Benn, German poet (d. 1956)
- May 3 - Marcel Dupré, French composer (d. 1971)
- May 17 - King Alfonso XIII of Spain (d. 1941)
- May 20 - John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever, British businessman (d. 1971)
- May 26 - Al Jolson, American trumpeter (d. 1950)
- June 7 - Henri Coanda, Romanian aerodynamics pioneer (d. 1972)
- June 18 - George Mallory, English climber (d. 1924)
- July 12 - Jean Hersholt, Danish-born actor (d. 1956)
- July 24 - Junichiro Tanizaki, Japanese writer (d. 1965)
- July 25 - Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Danish big-game hunter (d. 1946)
- August 27 - Rebecca Clarke, English composer and violist (d. 1979)
- August 27 - Eric Coates, English composer (d. 1957)
- September 13 - Robert Robinson, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1975)
- September 16 - Jean Arp, Alsatian sculptor, painter, and poet (d. 1966)
- September 20 - Charles Williams, British author (d. 1945)
- September 26 - Archibald Vivian Hill, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1977)
- October 6 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (d. 1960)
- October 16 - David Ben-Gurion, first Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973)
- November 1 - Hermann Broch, Austrian author (d. 1951)
- November 9 - Ed Wynn, American actor (d. 1966)
- November 15 - René Guénon, French-Egyptian author (d. 1951)
- November 20 - Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1982)
- December 3 - Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978)
- December 5 - Rose Wilder Lane, American author and reporter (d. 1968)
- December 8 - Diego Rivera, Mexican painter (d. 1957)
- December 12 - Owen Moore, Irish actor (d. 1939)
- December 18 - Ty Cobb, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1961)
- December 25 - Kid Ory, American jazz musician (d. 1973)
- Jacques Majorelle - French painter (d. 1962)
Deaths
- January 17 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
- January 26 - David Rice Atchison, American politician (b. 1807)
- May 15 - Emily Dickinson, American poet (b. 1830)
- June 13 - King Ludwig II of Bavaria (b. 1845)
- July 1 - Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich, German geologist (b. 1806)
- July 31 - Franz Liszt, Hungarian pianist and composer (b. 1811)
- August 16 - Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Indian spiritual figure (b. 1836)
- September 14 - Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard, American land speculator (b. 1802)
- November 18 - Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States (b. 1829)
Category:1886
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1910
1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).
Events
January-April
- January - In Greece, the Military League forces parliament and George I of Greece to summon National Assembly to revise Constitution.
- January 15 - In the United Kingdom, General Election held in response to House of Lords rejection of the (1909) budget results in reduced Liberal Party majority (Liberals, 275 seats; Labour, 40; Irish Nationalists, 82; Unionists (the title then preferred by the British Conservative Party), 273).
- January 16 - Constant rains in Paris, France cause the Seine to overflow its banks, flooding the city. All but one line of the Paris Métro become filled with water, effectively draining water from the city.
- February 20 - Boutros Ghali, first native born prime minister of Egypt, assassinated.
- March - Uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania.
- March 19 - In America, Republicans reduce the powers of the Speaker of the House of Representatives to influence Committee membership.
- April - Albanian revolt suppressed by Turkish army.
- April 27 - Louis Botha and James Hertzog (James Barry Munnik Hertzog) found South Africa Party.
- April 27 - British House of Commons passes David Lloyd George's (1909) 'People's Budget' for second time; passed by House of Lords, 28 April
- April 29 - Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.
May-July
- May 6 - George V becomes King of the United Kingdom upon the death of his father, Edward VII.
- May 11 - U.S. Congress establishes Glacier National Park in Montana.
- May 16 - The U.S. Congress authorizes the creation of the United States Bureau of Mines.
- May 18 - The earth passes through the tail of Comet Halley.
- May 31 - creation of the Union of South Africa.
- June - Edinburgh Missionary Conference is held in Scotland, presided over by Nobel Peace Prize recipient John R. Mott, launching the modern ecumenical movement and the modern missions movement.
- June 22 - First flight of Zeppelin airship.
- July 2 - Demonstrations in France against public executions.
- July 4 - African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer James J. Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match sparking race riots across the United States.
- July 24 - James MacGillivray publishes first account of Paul Bunyan in the Detroit News.
August-October
- August 14 - fire at World Exhibition in Brussels destroys exhibitions of Britain and France.
- August 22 - Japan annexes Korea.
- August 28 - Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom under Nicholas I.
- September 1 - the Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism, to be taken by all priests upon ordination.
- September 16 - Australian Treasury given power to issue currency
- October 1 - bomb explodes on the Los Angeles Times building - 21 dead, several injured. James B. McNamara and Joseph J. McNamara later arrested and sentenced.
- October 5 - Portugal becomes a republic. King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.
- October 10 - Tau Epsilon Phi Fraternity is established at Columbia University.
- October 18 - Eleutherios Venizelos becomes prime minister of Greece.
November-December
- November 7 - First air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight occurs between Dayton, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio by the Wright Brothers and department store owner Max Moorehouse.
- November 20 - Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero denounces President Porfirio Díaz, declares himself president, and calls for a revolution to overthrow the government of Mexico.
- November 23 - Last execution in Sweden (by guillotine) - murderer Johan Ander
- December - British Prime Minister Asquith makes second appeal in the same year to the electorate to resolve battle of wills with the House of Lords (Liberals, 272; Labour, 42; Irish Nationalists, 84; Unionists, 272 - making a majority of 126 for restriction of the powers of the Lords and for Irish Home Rule).
- December 12 - New York socialite Dorothy Arnold disappears. Her family does not notify the police until six weeks later, after their own investigations have come to nothing
- December 16 - Henri Coanda makes first short flight in a plane with a jet engine.
- December 16 - In Houndsditch, London, four (Latvian) anarchists shoot three policemen in botched raid on a jewellers - three are arrested, other members of the gang escape but are later (January 1911) cornered in the 'siege of Sidney Street'.
Unknown dates
Births
January-April
- January 5 - Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (d. 1949)
- January 7 - Orval Faubus, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1994)
- January 8 - Galina Sergeyevna Ulanova, Russian dancer (d. 1998)
- January 12 - Luise Rainer, German-born actress
- January 16 - Dizzy Dean, baseball player (d. 1974)
- January 23 - Django Reinhardt, Belgian guitarist (d. 1953)
- January 30 - C Subramaniam, Indian politician ( d. 2000)
- February 5 - Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer
- February 6 - Irmgard Keun, German author (d. 1982)
- February 9 - Jacques Monod, French biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
- February 10 - Georges Pire, Belgian monk, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1969)
- February 13 - William Shockley, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
- February 27 - Joan Bennett, American actress (d. 1990)
- March 1 - Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
- March 1 - David Niven, English actor (d. 1983)
- March 9 - Samuel Barber, American composer (d. 1981)
- March 11 - Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982)
- March 13 - Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
- March 23 - Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer, and director (d. 1998)
- March 28 - Frederick Baldwin Adams, Jr. Bibliophile and director of the Pierpont Morgan Library (d. 2001)
- April 10 - Ivan Goff, Australian screenwriter (d. 1999)
- April 10 - Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (d. 2004)
- April 23 - Simone Simon, French actress (d. 2005)
May-August
- May 12 - Charles B. Fulton, American jurist (d. 1996)
- May 12 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
- May 22 - Johnny Olson, American game show announcer (d. 1985)
- May 23 - Scatman Crothers, American actor and musician (d. 1986)
- May 23 - Artie Shaw, American clarinetist and bandleader (d. 2004)
- May 28 - T-Bone Walker, American blues singer (d. 1976)
- May 30 - Ralph Metcalfe, American athlete (d. 1978)
- May 30 - Inge Meysel, German actress (d. 2004)
- June 8 - Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (d. 2003)
- June 12 - Bill Naughton, British playwright (d. 1992)
- June 14 - Rudolf Kempe, German conductor (d. 1976)
- June 18 - E.G. Marshall, American actor (d. 1998)
- June 19 - Paul Flory, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- June 22 - Peter Pears, English tenor (d. 1986)
- June 23 - Jean Anouilh, French dramatist (d. 1987)
- June 23 - Peaches Browning, American actress (d. 1956)
- June 23 - Gordon B. Hinckley, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- July 4 - Gloria Stuart, American actress
- July 11 - Irene Hervey, American actress (d. 1998)
- July 14 - Vincent Brome, English biographer and novelist (d. 2004)
- July 14 - William Hanna, American animator (d. 2001)
- July 30 - Edgar de Evia, American photographer (d. 2003)
- August 14 - Pierre Schaeffer, French composer (d. 1995)
- August 27 - Mother Teresa, Albanian nun and humanitarian, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1997)
- August 28 - Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
September-December
- September 16 - Karl Kling, German race car driver (d. 2003)
- September 23 - Elliott Roosevelt, American author and World War II hero (d. 1990)
- October 8 - Ray Lewis, Canadian runner (d. 2003)
- October 14 - John Wooden, American basketball coach
- October 19 - Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Indian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
- October 27 - Jack Carson, Canadian actor (d. 1963)
- November 14 - Eric Malpass, English novelist (d. 1996)
- December 1 - Alicia Markova, English ballerina (d. 2004)
- December 11- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Singh%2C_Inspector_General_of_Forests_of_India Hari Singh] , Inspector General of Forests of India (d. 2003)
- December 15 - John Hammond, American record producer (d. 1987)
- December 19 - Jean Genet, French writer (d. 1986)
- December 29 - Frank Abbandando, American gangster (d. 1942)
- December 29 - Michel Aflaq, Syrian political theorist, founder of Ba'athism (d. 1989)
- December 29 - Ronald Coase, British economicst, Nobel Prize laureate
- December 29 - Konsta Jylhä, Finnish violinist (d. 1984)
- December 30 - Paul Bowles, American author (d. 1999)
Deaths
- January 27 - Thomas Crapper, English inventor (b. 1836)
- March 26 - An Jung-geun, assassin of Japanese politician Ito Hirobumi (executed) (b. 1879)
- April 21 - Mark Twain, American novelist (b. 1835)
- April 26 - Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832)
- May 6 - King Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1841)
- May 18 - Pauline Garcia-Viardot, French mezzo-soprano and composer (b. 1821)
- May 27 - Robert Koch, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1843)
- May 29 - Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (b. 1837)
- May 31 - Elizabeth Blackwell, first female physician in the United States (b. 1821)
- July 4 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (b. 1835)
- July 12 - Charles Stewart Rolls, British aviator and automobile manufacturer (b. 1877)
- July 19 - Johann Gottfried Galle, German astronomer (b. 1812)
- August 13 - Florence Nightingale, English nurse (b. 1820)
- September 2 - Henri Rousseau, French painter (b. 1844)
- October 15 - Stanley Ketchel, American boxer (murdered) (b. 1886)
- October 23 - Chulalongkorn, King of Siam (b. 1853)
- October 30 - Jean Henri Dunant, Swiss founder of the Red Cross, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1828)
- November 6 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (b. 1838)
- November 15 - Wilhelm Raabe, German writer (b. 1831)
- November 20 (N.S.) - Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (b. 1828)
Nobel Prizes
- Chemistry - Otto Wallach
- Literature - Paul Heyse
- Medicine - Albrecht Kossel
- Peace - Permanent International Peace Bureau
- Physics - Johannes Diderik van der Waals
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1984:For George Orwell's novel, see Nineteen Eighty-Four. For other uses, see 1984 (disambiguation).
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January
- January 1 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state.
- January 1 - AT&T is broken up into 24 independent units.
- January 5 - Richard Stallman starts developing GNU.
- January 7 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- January 9 - Clara Peller is featured in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's for the first time.
- January 10 - The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.
- January 23 - Hollywood Hulk Hogan defeats The Iron Sheik to win the WWF Championship, thus beginning Hulkamania.
- January 23 - Pop star Michael Jackson's scalp is seriously burned by pyrotechnics during filming of a Pepsi commercial.
- January 24 - The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.
February
- February 1 - Medicare comes into effect in Australia.
- February 2 - Melbourne newspaper The Age publishes phone taps incriminating an unknown judge.
- February 3 - Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on the tenth space shuttle mission.
- February 6 - A bomb blast wrecks the Belrose Sydney home of high court judge Richard Gee. High Court Judge, Justice Lionel Murphy is named in Parliament as the judge referred to in the Age tapes as published on February 2.
- February 7 - Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.
- February 9 - Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies.
- February 13 - Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- February 18 - Vatican and Italian government sign new concordant changing Roman Catholic as the official religion.
- February 26 - United States Marines pull out of Beirut,Lebanon.
- February 29 - Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.
March
- March 5 - Iran accuses Iraq of the use of chemical weapons - UN condemns the use on March 30.
- March 5 - Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden Temple, the Sikh holy spot.
- March 6 - Twelve month long strike in British coal industry begins See UK Miners' Strike (1984-1985).
- March 14 - Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams and three others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the UVF.
- March 16 - The CIA station chief in Beirut, William Buckley, is kidnapped by Islamic fundamentalists Islamic Jihad and later dies in captivity.
- March 22 - Teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the children in the school. The charges were later dropped as completely unfounded.
- March 23 - Sarah Tisdall, the young British civil servant who told The Guardian newspaper that cruise missiles were coming to Britain, is sentenced to six months imprisonment.
- March 24 - Wran Government re-elected in NSW for a 4th term.
April
- April 4 - President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
- April 12 - Palestinian gunmen take Israeli bus number 300 hostage. Israeli special forces storm the bus freeing the hostages (1 hostage, 2 hijackers killed). 2 other hijackers were captured and then killed in secret service interrogations, causing a major scandal and secret service upheaval (Kav 300 affair).
- April 13 - India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.
- April 17 - WPC Yvonne Fletcher is shot dead by a secluded gunman during a siege outside the Libyan Embassy in London in the event known as the 1984 Libyan Embassy Siege.
- April 19 - Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
- April 25 - End of term for Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, Sultan of Johor becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May
- May 2 - The Liverpool International Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.
- May 8 - The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
- May 8 - Denis Lortie kills three government employees in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
- May 11 - A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.
- May 14 - The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.
- May 19 - Game show contestant Michael Larson takes $100,000 in winnings from the game show Press Your Luck. It is later revealed he won the money by focusing exclusively on two squares of the Press Your Luck "Big Board."
- May 22 - Canadian heiress Helen Branch declared legally dead (she disappeared 1977)
- May 27 - Fluminense wins the Brazilian soccer league, against the Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama.
June
- June 5 - The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
- June 6 - Indian troops storm the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikh's holiest shrine, killing an estimated 1000 people.
- June 8 - A deadly F5 tornado nearly destroys the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, killing nine people, injuring nearly 200, and causing over $25,000,000 in damage.
- June 8 - The film Ghostbusters is released into theaters -- becoming a summer blockbuster hit with the song "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr. becoming a Top 40 hit.
- June 20 - The biggest exam shake-up in the British education system in over 10 years is announced with O-level and CSE exams to be replaced by a new exam, the GCSE.
- June 22 - The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into Sanliurfa.
- June 22 - Inaugural flight of Virgin Atlantic.
- June 27 - France beat Spain 2-0 to win Euro 84.
- June 30 - John Turner becomes Canada's seventeenth prime minister. Hurray!
July-August
- July 9 - Lightning sets fire to York Minster.
- July 10 - British custom officials open a wooden crate of diplomatic post due to an unpleasant smell and find the body of Alhaji Umaru Dikko, former transportation minister of Nigeria
- July 14 - New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.
- July 18 - In San Ysidro, California, 41-year-old James Oliver Huberty sprays a McDonald's restaurant with gunfire, killing 21 people before being shot dead.
- July 18 - The National Crime Authority is estabished in Australia.
- July 21 - In Jackson, Michigan, a factory robot crushes a worker against a safety bar in what is apparently the first robot-related death in the United States.
- July 23 - Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appeared in "Penthouse" magazine.
- July 25 - Salyut 7 Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
- July 28 - Opening day of the 1984 Olympics
- August 1 - Australian banks are deregulated.
- August 4 - The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
- August 16 - John De Lorean is acquitted of all eight charges of possessing and distributing cocaine.
- August 21 - Half a million people in Manila demonstrate against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos.
- August 21 - The federal budget is first televised in Australia.
- August 30 - STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.
September-October
- September 2 - 7 people are shot dead and 12 are wounded in a bikie shootout between rival gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in the Sydney suburb of Milperra.
- September 4 - The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney wins 211 seats in the House of Commons, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history
- September 5 - STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.
- September 5 - Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
- September 17 - Brian Mulroney becomes Canada's eighteenth prime minister.
- September 26 - United Kingdom and People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.
- September 4 - The Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends television series was first broadcasted on ITV.
- October 5 - Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger (41-6).
- October 11 - Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.
- October 12 - The PIRA attempts to assassinate the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing.
- October 19 - Polish secret police arrests Jerzy Popiełuszko, a Catholic priest, because of his support of the Solidarity movement. His dead body is found in a reservoir 11 days later on October 30.
- October 31 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots soon broke out in New Delhi, and some 2,700 innocent Sikhs were killed.
November
- November 2 - Capital punishment: Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the United States since 1962.
- November 6 - Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale in the U.S. presidential election with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states and Mondale manages to win only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.
- November 19 - A series of explosions at the PEMEX petroleum storage facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec in Mexico City ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.
- November 25 - 36 of Britain and Ireland's top pop musicians gathered in a Notting Hill studio to form Band Aid and recorded the song "Do They Know It's Christmas" in order to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia.
- November 26 - Fmr NSW Corrective Services Minister Rex Jackson appears in court on conspiracy charges for the early release of prisoners.
- November 28 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made Honorary Citizens of the United States.
- November 30 - The Tamil Tigers begin the purge of the Sinhalese from North and East Sri Lanka, and 127 are killed.
December
- December 1 - The first half of the Manila LRT opens from Baclaran to Central Terminal.
- December 2 - Bob Hawke's government is re-elected in Australia with a reduced majority.
- December 3 - Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, kills more than 2,000 people outright and injures anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
- December 3 - British Telecom privatised.
- December 19 - The People's Republic of China and United Kingdom signs the Sino-British Joint Declaration which concerns the future of Hong Kong.
- December 22 - Four African-American youths, Barry Allen, Troy Canty, James Ramseur, and Darrell Cabey, board an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City. They attempt to rob Bernhard Hugo Goetz, who shoots them. The event starts a national debate about urban crime, which was a plague in 1980s America.
- December 22 - In Malta, prime minister Dom Mintoff resigns. Karmenu Mifsud-Bonnici succeeds him.
- December 28 - A Soviet cruise missile plunges into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland. Finnish authorities announce the fact in public on January 3, 1985
- December 31 - Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
Unknown dates
- Ethiopian famine begins.
- A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia was signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo in December 1984. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounced its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.
Births
January-April
- January 1 - Keyra Augustina, model
- January 2 - Lauren Bush, model
- January 3 - Maya Ababadjani, actress
- January 3 - Charlotte Marshall, model
- January 4 - Mey Vidal
- January 5 - Tiffany Teen
- January 12 - Chaunte Howard
- January 13 - Eleni Ioannou, Greek martial artist (d. 2004)
- January 15 - Reena Kumari
- January 15 - Megan Quann, swimmer
- January 19 - Zakia Mrisho Mohamed
- January 25 - Ines Cudna, model
- January 26 - Rebecca Ritters, actress
- January 26 - Kelly Stables, actress
- January 26 - Luo Xuejuan, swimmer
- January 29 - Natalie du Toit, South African swimmer
- January 30 - Tan Xue
- January 31 - Ashley Blue
- February 10 - Kim Hyo Jin, Korean actress
- February 12 - Alexandra Dahlström, actress
- February 25 - Xing Huina, Chinese athlete
- February 28 - Karolina Kurkova, model
- March 20 - Christy Carlson Romano, actress
- March 20 - Marcus Vick, American football player
- March 20 - Nomura Yuka, Japanese actress
- March 28 - Nikki Sanderson, British actress
- April 3 - Allana Slater, Australian gymnast
- April 8 - Kirsten Storms, American actress
- April 10 - Mandy Moore, American singer and actress
- April 11 - Kelli Garner, American actress
- April 13 - Kris Britt, Australian cricketer
- April 17 - Rosanna Davison, Irish model
- April 18 - America Ferrera, American actress
- April 22 - Michelle Ryan, British actress
- April 23 - Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player
- April 29 - Taylor Cole, American actress and model
- April 29 - Lina Krasnoroutskaya, Russian tennis player and commentator
May-August
- May 1 - Farah Fath, American actress
- May 4 - Markus Rogan, Austrian swimmer
- May 17 - Christine Robinson, Canadian water polo player
- May 25 - Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Miss Iceland, crowned Miss World in 2005
- May 29 - Carmelo Anthony, American basketball player
- May 31 - Jason Smith, Australian actor
- June 11 - Vagner Love, Brazilian footballer
- June 13 - Berangere Schuh, French archer
- July 11 - Tanith Belbin, Canadian figure skater
- August 12 - Sherone Simpson, Jamaican athlete
- August 13 - Luke Thompson, American entrepreneurial failure
- August 20 - Mirai Moriyama, Japanese actor
- August 21 - Alizée Jacotey, French singer
September-December
- September 7 - Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player
- September 14 - Adam Lamberg, American actor
- September 15 - Prince Harry of Wales
- September 16 - Katie Melua, Georgian singer
- September 19 - Kevin Zegers actor
- September 23 - Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch actress
- September 27 - Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer and songwriter
- September 28 - Helen Oyeyemi, British novelist
- September 30 - Megan Ewing, American model
- October 3 - Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress
- October 10 - Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress
- October 14 - Santino Quaranta, American soccer player
- October 17 - Michelle Ang, Australian actress
- October 18 - Holly Dunaway, boxer
- October 26 - Sasha Cohen, American figure skater
- October 27 - Kelly Osbourne, English singer
- November 7 - Amelia Vega, Dominican beauty queen
- November 9 - Delta Goodrem, Australian actress and singer
- November 21 - Jena Malone, American actress
- November 22 - Scarlett Johansson, American actress
- November 28 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- December 30 - LeBron James, American basketball player
Deaths
January-April
- January 7 - Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- January 20 - Johnny Weissmuller, Austrian-born swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
- January 21 - Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934)
- January 30 - Luke Kelly, Irish folk singer (b. 1940)
- February 8 - Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903)
- February 9 - Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914)
- February 12 - Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
- February 15 - Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (b. 1908)
- February 21 - Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- February 22 - Jessamyn West, American writer (b. 1902)
- March 1 - Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914)
- March 5 - Tito Gobbi, Italian baritone (b. 1915)
- March 5 - William Powell, American actor (b. 1892)
- March 12 - Arnold Ridley, English playright and actor (b. 1896)
- March 16 - John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947)
- March 21 - Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor (b. 1908)
- March 24 - Sam Jaffe, American actor (b. 1891)
- April 1 - Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
- April 8 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894)
- April 15 - Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedian and magician (b. 1921)
- April 20 - Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer (b. 1943)
- April 22 - Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902)
- April 26 - Count Basie, American musician and composer (b. 1904)
May-August
- May 2 - Jack Barry, American television host and producer (b. 1918)
- May 16 - Andy Kaufman, American comedian (b. 1949)
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