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WTC Building 7

WTC Building 7

There are two buildings that have been named 7 World Trade Center. One of which was destroyed September 11, 2001 and one that now occupies the same site. Although the two buildings share a name and a location, they share no resemblance in architectural style.

1984-2001

Seven World Trade Center first began construction in 1984, and in March of 1987 the building opened to become the seventh structure comprising the World Trade Center. The building was destroyed on September 11, 2001 in a series of coordinated attacks. For more information on this event see the September 11th terrorist attacks. The structure had 47 floors and was 570 feet (174 m) in height. It was clad in a red exterior masonry and had a pedestrian bridge connecting it to the main WTC complex. Emery Roth & Sons designed the building which stood just north of the main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street. The Center's management leased space to financial institutions, insurance companies, and government agencies. From the former two categories, the building housed Salomon Smith Barney, American Express Bank International, Standard Chartered Bank, Provident Financial Management, ITT Hartford Insurance Group, First State Management Group, Inc., Federal Home Loan Bank, and NAIC Securities. The government agencies housed at 7 World Trade Center were the United States Secret Service, the Department of Defense, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), the Mayor's Office of Emergency Management, the Internal Revenue Service Regional Council ("IRS"), and the Central Intelligence Agency ("CIA").

The Collapse

At 5:20 pm EST on September 11, 2001 Seven World Trade Center collapsed. This event, in combination with the collapse of Towers 1 and 2 of the World Trade Center, constituted the worst building disaster in recorded American History. The Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology is conducting a three year $24 million investigation into the structural failure and progressive collapse of several WTC complex structures, including Seven World Trade Center. The study includes not only in house technical expertise, but draws upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions including: Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), and the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY). Since the collapse, controversy has grown and speculation has emerged regarding the exact cause of the building’s collapse. Conspiracy theorists have suggested a range of alternative possibilities surrounding the collapse, from planted explosives inside the building to missiles fired at the area from nearby structures.

2002-2005: Reconstruction

Reconstruction of 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and is scheduled for occupancy in the beginning of 2006. As of December 1, it was still under construction, though nearing completion. The 1,700,000 square foot building is 52 floors with a more narrow footprint at ground level than its predecessor as the course of Greenwich Street will be restored in an effort to re-unite Tribeca and the Financial District. The architect was David Childs of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill who worked in conjuction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a structure that capitalizes on reflectivity and light. According to Silverstein Properties, the building " will incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction..." This building is not included in the World Trade Center master plan by Daniel Libeskind and thus does not share the new architectural design of the rest of the site. It has been reported that the first tenant to lease space in the building besides Silverstein himself is American Express Financial Services. It is said that they have leased 20,000 square feet (1,858 m²). Its world headquarters is across the street at 3 World Financial Center.

Trivia

7 WTC was the setting of the 1988 movie Working Girl. The 1933 Double Eagle was temporarily stored in the US Secret Service Vaults at 7 WTC. It was removed months before the tragic event to Fort Knox before its record-breaking sale in New York for $7.59 Million in 2002.

See also


- World Trade Center
- 6 World Trade Center

External Links

General


- 7 World Trade Center ([http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114932 pre-September 11] and [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=170407 post-September 11]) on Emporis
- [http://www.wirednewyork.com/wtc/7wtc/default.htm WiredNewYork.com] - '250 Greenwich Street (7 World Trade Center)', Wired New York

September 11 collapse


- [http://www.physics.byu.edu/research/energy/htm7.html BYU.edu] - 'Why Indeed did the WTC Buildings Collapse' (draft version; P. Zarembka, editor), Steven E. Jones, Brigham Young University, Research in Political Economy, vol 23 (2006)
- [http://www.wtc7.net/ WTC7.net] - 'Building 7', Don Paul, Jim Hoffman
- [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/05/archive/main316911.shtml CBS report on the CIA facility at 7 WTC] Category:Former buildings and structures of the United States Category:New York City skyscrapers Category:Skyscrapers between 200 and 249 meters Category:World Trade Center

September 11

September 11 is the 254th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (255th in leap years). There are 111 days remaining. It is usually the first day of the Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar (in the period AD 1900 to AD 2099). The terms "September 11", "11th September", and "9/11" have been widely used in the Western media as a shorthand for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in the United States of America.

Events


- 1226 - The Catholic practice of Perpetual adoration begins.
- 1297 - Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots led by William Wallace defeat the English.
- 1541 - Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors.
- 1609 - Henry Hudson lands on Manhattan island.
- 1690 - Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.
- 1649 - Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's English Parliamentarian troops take the town and massacre its garrison.
- 1709 - Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria fight against France.
- 1714 - Barcelona surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbonic armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.
- 1776 - British-American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolution.
- 1777 - Battle of Brandywine - Major American Revolutionary war victory for British in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
- 1786 - The Beginning of the Annapolis Convention.
- 1789 - Alexander Hamilton is appointed as first Secretary of the Treasury.
- 1814 - The Battle of Plattsburgh.
- 1847 - Stephen Foster's most memorable song, Oh! Susanna, is first performed at a saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- 1857 - The Mountain Meadows Massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.
- 1869 - Work completed on the Wallace Monument.
- 1888 - Death of the Argentine politician Domingo Sarmiento, after whom the Latin American Teacher's Day was chosen.
- 1893 - First World Parliament of Religions conference held.
- 1897 - After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
- 1911 - Middle Tennessee State University is founded in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, as Middle Tennessee Normal School.
- 1914 - Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent there.
- 1916 - The Quebec Bridge collapses for a second time, killing 11 men. The bridge initially collapsed on August 29, 1907.
- 1918 - Baseball: The Boston Red Sox won the World Series; they would do so again on October 27, 2004 after 86 years.
- 1919 - US Marines invade Honduras.
- 1921 - Motion picture star Fatty Arbuckle is arrested for rape.
- 1922 - The British Mandate of Palestine begins.
- 1922 - One of the Herald Sun of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers The Sun News-Pictorial is founded.
- 1926 - An assassination attempt on Benito Mussolini fails.
- 1931 - Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Charles Luciano's hitmen.
- 1932 - Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish Challenge 1932 winners, killed in a plane crash as their RWD 6 crashed into the ground during a storm.
- 1940 - George Stibitz pioneers the first remote operation of a computer.
- 1941 - Ground broken for the construction of The Pentagon.
- 1941 - World War II: US Navy ordered to attack German U-boats.
- 1943 - World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohien
- 1943 - World War II: start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis
- 1944 - World War II: the first allied troops of the US Army cross the western border of Nazi Germany
- 1948 - Henri Queuille becomes Prime Minister of France.
- 1955 - Dedication of the first Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Europe, the Bern Switzerland Temple.
- 1960 - Young Americans for Freedom meeting at home of William F. Buckley, Jr. promulgates the Sharon Statement.
- 1961 - Formation of the World Wildlife Fund.
- 1962 - The Beatles record their debut single, Love Me Do.
- 1965 - The 1st Cavalry Division of the United States Army arrives in Vietnam.
- 1970 - The Ford Pinto is introduced.
- 1971 - The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.
- 1972 - Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) in America begins regular service.
- 1973 - A military coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet topples the democratically elected President Salvador Allende.
- 1974 - The Stranglers are a British rock music group, was formed in Guildford.
- 1981 - The Pee-wee Herman Show airs as a special on HBO.
- 1985 - Baseball: Pete Rose gets his 4,192nd career base hit, breaking Ty Cobb's record which stood for over 60 years.
- 1987 - 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day.
- 1987 - CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, angry over being preempted for a tennis match, marches off the set, leaving affiliates with six minutes of an empty news desk.
- 1987 - Reggae musician Peter Tosh is murdered in his own home in Kingston.
- 1989 - The iron curtain opens between the communist Hungary and Austria. From Hungary thousands of East Germans throng to Austria and West Germany.
- 1990 - President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait, which Iraq had recently invaded.
- 1992 - Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricane in United States history during its time, devastates the State of Hawai'i, especially the islands of Kaua'i and Oahu.
- 1996 - Union Pacific Railroad purchases Southern Pacific Railroad
- 1997 - Scotland votes to re-establish its own Parliament on the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Stirling Bridge, after 290 years of union with England.
- 1998 - Independent counsel Kenneth Starr sends a report to the U.S. Congress accusing President Bill Clinton of 11 possible impeachable offenses.
- 1999 - Tennis: Serena Williams, 2 weeks short of her 18th birthday, wins her first Grand Slam tournament when she became US Open champion, becoming the first African American woman to win a Grand Slam tournament since Althea Gibson in 1958.
- 2000 - Activists protest against the World Economic Forum meeting in Melbourne, Australia.
- 2001 - The September 11 attacks destroy the World Trade Center in New York City, part of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and down a passenger airliner in Pennsylvania. In total, almost 3,000 are killed.
- 2003 - Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh dies after being assaulted and fatally wounded on September 10.
- 2004 - Petros VII, the (Greek Orthodox) Patriarch of Alexandria and his company are killed in an unexplained helicopter crash outside Mount Athos, Greece.
- 2005 - The State of Israel officially declares an end to military rule in the Gaza Strip after 38 years of occupation.
- 2005 - Monsters of Rock held up in Buenos Aires, Argentina at the F. C. O. Stadium. Headlined by Judas Priest, Whitesnake and Rata Blanca were also in the show.

Births


- 1182 - Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)
- 1522 - Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605)
- 1524 - Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d. 1585)
- 1611 - Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, Marshal of France (d. 1675)
- 1681 - Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (d. 1741)
- 1700 - James Thomson, Scottish poet (d. 1748)
- 1711 - William Boyce, English composer (d. 1779)
- 1723 - Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790)
- 1798 - Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist and physicist (d. 1895)
- 1816 - Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (d. 1888)
- 1825 - Eduard Hanslick, German music critic (d. 1904)
- 1836 - Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author (d. 1870)
- 1838 - John Ireland, American Catholic archbishop (d. 1918)
- 1862 - O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)
- 1865 - Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1929)
- 1885 - D.H. Lawrence, English novelist (d. 1930)
- 1899 - Jimmie Davis, composer (d. 2000)
- 1903 - Theodor Adorno, German sociologist (d. 1969)
- 1913 - Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983)
- 1917 - Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
- 1917 - Jessica Mitford, British writer (d. 1996)
- 1923 - Dharmsamrat Paramhans Swami Madhavananda, Hindu guru
- 1924 - Tom Landry, American football coach (d. 2000)
- 1927 - G. David Schine, American businessman (d. 1996)
- 1933 - Dr. William L. Pierce, American author and activist (d. 2002)
- 1935 - Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer
- 1935 - Gherman Titov, cosmonaut (d. 2000)
- 1939 - Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman
- 1940 - Brian de Palma, American film director
- 1940 - Theodore Olson, U.S. Solicitor General
- 1942 - Lola Falana, American singer
- 1943 - Mickey Hart, American drummer (Grateful Dead)
- 1943 - Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian terrorist
- 1944 - Everaldo, Brazilian football player
- 1945 - Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer
- 1945 - Felton Perry, American actor
- 1948 - John Martyn, English musician
- 1950 - Barry Sheene, British motorcyclist
- 1957 - Brad Bird, American animator
- 1961 - Virginia Madsen, American actress
- 1962 - Elizabeth Daily, American actress
- 1962 - Filip Dewinter Belgian politician
- 1962 - Kristy McNichol, American actress
- 1964 - Ellis Burks, baseball player
- 1964 - Roxann Dawson, American actress
- 1964 - Victor Wooten, American musician
- 1965 - Bashar al-Assad, Syrian dictator
- 1965 - Paul Heyman, American professional wrestling promoter, manager, and writer
- 1965 - Moby, American musician
- 1965 - David Roe, English snooker player
- 1967 - Maria Bartiromo, Canadian broadcast journalist
- 1967 - Harry Connick, Jr., American singer
- 1968 - Kay Hanley, American musician
- 1971 - Richard Ashcroft, British singer
- 1976 - Elephant Man, Jamaican musician
- 1977 - Ludacris, American rapper
- 1977 - Matthew Stevens, Welsh snooker player
- 1978 - Ed Reed, American football player
- 1981 - Dylan Klebold, American mass murderer (d. 1999)

Deaths


- 1161 - Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (b. 1105)
- 1279 - Robert Kilwardby, Archbishop of Canterbury
- 1298 - Philip of Artois, French soldier (b. 1269)
- 1349 - Bonne of Luxembourg, queen of John II of France (b. 1315)
- 1599 - Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman executed for conspiring to kill her father (b. 1577)
- 1677 - James Harrington, English politicial philosopher (b. 1611)
- 1680 - Roger Crab, English Puritan political writer (b. 1621)
- 1680 - Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596)
- 1721 - Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (b. 1665)
- 1760 - Louis Godin, French astronomer (b. 1704)
- 1823 - David Ricardo, economist
- 1843 - Joseph Nicollet, mathematician and explorer
- 1851 - Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist
- 1888 - Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, President of Argentina
- 1921 - Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil poet (b. 1882)
- 1931 - Salvatore Maranzano, crime boss
- 1932 - Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish pilots (plane crash)
- 1948 - Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan
- 1950 - Jan Smuts, South African soldier and statesman
- 1956 - Billy Bishop, Canadian pilot in World War I
- 1958 - Robert W. Service, Scottish-born Canadian poet
- 1966 - C. E. Woolman, American airline magnate
- 1971 - Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Soviet politician and leader (b. 1894)
- 1972 - Max Fleischer, American animator (b. 1883)
- 1973 - Salvador Allende, President of Chile (presumed suicide) (b. 1908)
- 1978 - Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (assassinated) (b. 1929)
- 1978 - Janet Parker, medical photographer, the final victim of smallpox
- 1985 - William Alwyn, English composer (b. 1905)
- 1987 - Lorne Greene, Canadian actor (b. 1915)
- 1987 - Peter Tosh, Jamaican musician and singer (b. 1944)
- 1988 - John Sylvester White, American actor (b. 1919)
- 1990 - Myrna Mack, Guatemalan anthropologist (assassinated) (b. 1949)
- 1993 - Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (b. 1912)
- 1994 - Jessica Tandy, American actress (b. 1909)
- 1995 - Anita Harding, neurologist
- 1998 - Dane Clark, American actor (b. 1913)
- 2001 - David Angell, American sitcom creator (9/11 attacks) (b. 1946)
- 2001 - Muhammad Atta, Egyptian terrorist (9/11 attacks) (b. 1968)
- 2001 - Todd Beamer, passenger on United Airlines Flight 93 (9/11 attacks) (b. 1968)
- 2001 - Angel Juarbe, Jr., American firefighter, winner of Murder in Small Town X (9/11 attacks) (b. 1966)
- 2001 - Barbara Olson, American political commentator (9/11 attacks) (b. 1955)
- 2002 - Kim Hunter, American actress (b. 1922)
- 2002 - Johnny Unitas, American football player (b. 1933)
- 2003 - Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs (assassinated) (b. 1957)
- 2003 - John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
- 2004 - Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (helicopter crash) (b. 1949)
- 2004 - Fred Ebb, American lyricist (b. 1933)
- 2004 - David Mann, U.S. artist (emphysema) (b. 1939)
- 2005 - Chris Schenkel, American sportscaster (b. 1923)

Holidays


- RC Saints - Virgin of the Holy cave; Saint Deiniol, Our Lady of Coromoto, Protus & Hyacynthus Also see September 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Coptic Orthodox Church - Feast of Neyrouz, the New Year's Day in the Coptic calendar
- New Year's Day in the Ethiopian calendar (Enkutatash)
- Catalonia (Spain) - National Day
- Patriot Day (USA) - Anniversary of the September 11 attacks
- Latin America Teacher's Day, after the death of Argentine Domingo F. Sarmiento
- Death anniversary of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan

Other observances


- Proclaimed 9-1-1 Emergency Number Day by President Reagan on August 26 in 1987 and celebrated since then by some United States communities, particularly the local emergency services.
- Feast day of Saint Deiniol

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/20050911.html The New York Times: On This Day] ---- September 10 · September 12 · August 11 · October 11 · more historical anniversaries ko:9월 11일 ms:11 September ja:9月11日 simple:September 11 th:11 กันยายน

1984

:For George Orwell's novel, see Nineteen Eighty-Four. For other uses, see 1984 (disambiguation). 1984 (MCMLXXXIV) is a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January


- January 1 - Brunei becomes a fully independent state.
- January 1 - AT&T is broken up into 24 independent units.
- January 5 - Richard Stallman starts developing GNU.
- January 7 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- January 9 - Clara Peller is featured in the "Where's the Beef?" commercial campaign for Wendy's for the first time.
- January 10 - The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.
- January 23 - Hollywood Hulk Hogan defeats The Iron Sheik to win the WWF Championship, thus beginning Hulkamania.
- January 23 - Pop star Michael Jackson's scalp is seriously burned by pyrotechnics during filming of a Pepsi commercial.
- January 24 - The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.

February


- February 1 - Medicare comes into effect in Australia.
- February 2 - Melbourne newspaper The Age publishes phone taps incriminating an unknown judge.
- February 3 - Space Shuttle Challenger is launched on the tenth space shuttle mission.
- February 6 - A bomb blast wrecks the Belrose Sydney home of high court judge Richard Gee. High Court Judge, Justice Lionel Murphy is named in Parliament as the judge referred to in the Age tapes as published on February 2.
- February 7 - Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.
- February 9 - Soviet leader Yuri Andropov dies.
- February 13 - Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- February 18 - Vatican and Italian government sign new concordant changing Roman Catholic as the official religion.
- February 26 - United States Marines pull out of Beirut,Lebanon.
- February 29 - Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.

March


- March 5 - Iran accuses Iraq of the use of chemical weapons - UN condemns the use on March 30.
- March 5 - Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders an attack on the Golden Temple, the Sikh holy spot.
- March 6 - Twelve month long strike in British coal industry begins See UK Miners' Strike (1984-1985).
- March 14 - Sinn Fein's Gerry Adams and three others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the UVF.
- March 16 - The CIA station chief in Beirut, William Buckley, is kidnapped by Islamic fundamentalists Islamic Jihad and later dies in captivity.
- March 22 - Teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the children in the school. The charges were later dropped as completely unfounded.
- March 23 - Sarah Tisdall, the young British civil servant who told The Guardian newspaper that cruise missiles were coming to Britain, is sentenced to six months imprisonment.
- March 24 - Wran Government re-elected in NSW for a 4th term.

April


- April 4 - President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
- April 12 - Palestinian gunmen take Israeli bus number 300 hostage. Israeli special forces storm the bus freeing the hostages (1 hostage, 2 hijackers killed). 2 other hijackers were captured and then killed in secret service interrogations, causing a major scandal and secret service upheaval (Kav 300 affair).
- April 13 - India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.
- April 17 - WPC Yvonne Fletcher is shot dead by a secluded gunman during a siege outside the Libyan Embassy in London in the event known as the 1984 Libyan Embassy Siege.
- April 19 - Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
- April 25 - End of term for Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- April 26 - Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, Sultan of Johor becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.

May


- May 2 - The Liverpool International Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.
- May 8 - The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
- May 8 - Denis Lortie kills three government employees in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
- May 11 - A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.
- May 14 - The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.
- May 19 - Game show contestant Michael Larson takes $100,000 in winnings from the game show Press Your Luck. It is later revealed he won the money by focusing exclusively on two squares of the Press Your Luck "Big Board."
- May 22 - Canadian heiress Helen Branch declared legally dead (she disappeared 1977)
- May 27 - Fluminense wins the Brazilian soccer league, against the Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama.

June


- June 5 - The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
- June 6 - Indian troops storm the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikh's holiest shrine, killing an estimated 1000 people.
- June 8 - A deadly F5 tornado nearly destroys the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, killing nine people, injuring nearly 200, and causing over $25,000,000 in damage.
- June 8 - The film Ghostbusters is released into theaters -- becoming a summer blockbuster hit with the song "Ghostbusters" by Ray Parker Jr. becoming a Top 40 hit.
- June 20 - The biggest exam shake-up in the British education system in over 10 years is announced with O-level and CSE exams to be replaced by a new exam, the GCSE.
- June 22 - The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into Sanliurfa.
- June 22 - Inaugural flight of Virgin Atlantic.
- June 27 - France beat Spain 2-0 to win Euro 84.
- June 30 - John Turner becomes Canada's seventeenth prime minister. Hurray!

July-August


- July 9 - Lightning sets fire to York Minster.
- July 10 - British custom officials open a wooden crate of diplomatic post due to an unpleasant smell and find the body of Alhaji Umaru Dikko, former transportation minister of Nigeria
- July 14 - New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.
- July 18 - In San Ysidro, California, 41-year-old James Oliver Huberty sprays a McDonald's restaurant with gunfire, killing 21 people before being shot dead.
- July 18 - The National Crime Authority is estabished in Australia.
- July 21 - In Jackson, Michigan, a factory robot crushes a worker against a safety bar in what is apparently the first robot-related death in the United States.
- July 23 - Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appeared in "Penthouse" magazine.
- July 25 - Salyut 7 Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
- July 28 - Opening day of the 1984 Olympics
- August 1 - Australian banks are deregulated.
- August 4 - The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
- August 16 - John De Lorean is acquitted of all eight charges of possessing and distributing cocaine.
- August 21 - Half a million people in Manila demonstrate against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos.
- August 21 - The federal budget is first televised in Australia.
- August 30 - STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.

September-October


- September 2 - 7 people are shot dead and 12 are wounded in a bikie shootout between rival gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in the Sydney suburb of Milperra.
- September 4 - The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney wins 211 seats in the House of Commons, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history
- September 5 - STS-41-D: The Space Shuttle Discovery lands after its maiden voyage.
- September 5 - Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
- September 17 - Brian Mulroney becomes Canada's eighteenth prime minister.
- September 26 - United Kingdom and People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.
- September 4 - The Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends television series was first broadcasted on ITV.
- October 5 - Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger (41-6).
- October 11 - Aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.
- October 12 - The PIRA attempts to assassinate the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing.
- October 19 - Polish secret police arrests Jerzy Popiełuszko, a Catholic priest, because of his support of the Solidarity movement. His dead body is found in a reservoir 11 days later on October 30.
- October 31 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by two Sikh security guards. Riots soon broke out in New Delhi, and some 2,700 innocent Sikhs were killed.

November


- November 2 - Capital punishment: Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the United States since 1962.
- November 6 - Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale in the U.S. presidential election with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states and Mondale manages to win only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.
- November 19 - A series of explosions at the PEMEX petroleum storage facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec in Mexico City ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.
- November 25 - 36 of Britain and Ireland's top pop musicians gathered in a Notting Hill studio to form Band Aid and recorded the song "Do They Know It's Christmas" in order to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia.
- November 26 - Fmr NSW Corrective Services Minister Rex Jackson appears in court on conspiracy charges for the early release of prisoners.
- November 28 - Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made Honorary Citizens of the United States.
- November 30 - The Tamil Tigers begin the purge of the Sinhalese from North and East Sri Lanka, and 127 are killed.

December


- December 1 - The first half of the Manila LRT opens from Baclaran to Central Terminal.
- December 2 - Bob Hawke's government is re-elected in Australia with a reduced majority.
- December 3 - Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, kills more than 2,000 people outright and injures anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others (some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries) in one of the worst industrial disasters in history.
- December 3 - British Telecom privatised.
- December 19 - The People's Republic of China and United Kingdom signs the Sino-British Joint Declaration which concerns the future of Hong Kong.
- December 22 - Four African-American youths, Barry Allen, Troy Canty, James Ramseur, and Darrell Cabey, board an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City. They attempt to rob Bernhard Hugo Goetz, who shoots them. The event starts a national debate about urban crime, which was a plague in 1980s America.
- December 22 - In Malta, prime minister Dom Mintoff resigns. Karmenu Mifsud-Bonnici succeeds him.
- December 28 - A Soviet cruise missile plunges into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland. Finnish authorities announce the fact in public on January 3, 1985
- December 31 - Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.

Unknown dates


- Ethiopian famine begins.
- A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia was signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo in December 1984. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounced its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.

Births

January-April


- January 1 - Keyra Augustina, model
- January 2 - Lauren Bush, model
- January 3 - Maya Ababadjani, actress
- January 3 - Charlotte Marshall, model
- January 4 - Mey Vidal
- January 5 - Tiffany Teen
- January 12 - Chaunte Howard
- January 13 - Eleni Ioannou, Greek martial artist (d. 2004)
- January 15 - Reena Kumari
- January 15 - Megan Quann, swimmer
- January 19 - Zakia Mrisho Mohamed
- January 25 - Ines Cudna, model
- January 26 - Rebecca Ritters, actress
- January 26 - Kelly Stables, actress
- January 26 - Luo Xuejuan, swimmer
- January 29 - Natalie du Toit, South African swimmer
- January 30 - Tan Xue
- January 31 - Ashley Blue
- February 10 - Kim Hyo Jin, Korean actress
- February 12 - Alexandra Dahlström, actress
- February 25 - Xing Huina, Chinese athlete
- February 28 - Karolina Kurkova, model
- March 20 - Christy Carlson Romano, actress
- March 20 - Marcus Vick, American football player
- March 20 - Nomura Yuka, Japanese actress
- March 28 - Nikki Sanderson, British actress
- April 3 - Allana Slater, Australian gymnast
- April 8 - Kirsten Storms, American actress
- April 10 - Mandy Moore, American singer and actress
- April 11 - Kelli Garner, American actress
- April 13 - Kris Britt, Australian cricketer
- April 17 - Rosanna Davison, Irish model
- April 18 - America Ferrera, American actress
- April 22 - Michelle Ryan, British actress
- April 23 - Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player
- April 29 - Taylor Cole, American actress and model
- April 29 - Lina Krasnoroutskaya, Russian tennis player and commentator

May-August


- May 1 - Farah Fath, American actress
- May 4 - Markus Rogan, Austrian swimmer
- May 17 - Christine Robinson, Canadian water polo player
- May 25 - Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Miss Iceland, crowned Miss World in 2005
- May 29 - Carmelo Anthony, American basketball player
- May 31 - Jason Smith, Australian actor
- June 11 - Vagner Love, Brazilian footballer
- June 13 - Berangere Schuh, French archer
- July 11 - Tanith Belbin, Canadian figure skater
- August 12 - Sherone Simpson, Jamaican athlete
- August 13 - Luke Thompson, American entrepreneurial failure
- August 20 - Mirai Moriyama, Japanese actor
- August 21 - Alizée Jacotey, French singer

September-December


- September 7 - Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis player
- September 14 - Adam Lamberg, American actor
- September 15 - Prince Harry of Wales
- September 16 - Katie Melua, Georgian singer
- September 19 - Kevin Zegers actor
- September 23 - Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch actress
- September 27 - Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer and songwriter
- September 28 - Helen Oyeyemi, British novelist
- September 30 - Megan Ewing, American model
- October 3 - Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress
- October 10 - Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress
- October 14 - Santino Quaranta, American soccer player
- October 17 - Michelle Ang, Australian actress
- October 18 - Holly Dunaway, boxer
- October 26 - Sasha Cohen, American figure skater
- October 27 - Kelly Osbourne, English singer
- November 7 - Amelia Vega, Dominican beauty queen
- November 9 - Delta Goodrem, Australian actress and singer
- November 21 - Jena Malone, American actress
- November 22 - Scarlett Johansson, American actress
- November 28 - Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
- December 30 - LeBron James, American basketball player

Deaths

January-April


- January 7 - Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- January 20 - Johnny Weissmuller, Austrian-born swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
- January 21 - Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934)
- January 30 - Luke Kelly, Irish folk singer (b. 1940)
- February 8 - Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903)
- February 9 - Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914)
- February 12 - Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
- February 15 - Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (b. 1908)
- February 21 - Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- February 22 - Jessamyn West, American writer (b. 1902)
- March 1 - Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914)
- March 5 - Tito Gobbi, Italian baritone (b. 1915)
- March 5 - William Powell, American actor (b. 1892)
- March 12 - Arnold Ridley, English playright and actor (b. 1896)
- March 16 - John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947)
- March 21 - Sir Michael Redgrave, English actor (b. 1908)
- March 24 - Sam Jaffe, American actor (b. 1891)
- April 1 - Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
- April 8 - Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894)
- April 15 - Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedian and magician (b. 1921)
- April 20 - Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer (b. 1943)
- April 22 - Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902)
- April 26 - Count Basie, American musician and composer (b. 1904)

May-August


- May 2 - Jack Barry, American television host and producer (b. 1918)
- May 16 - Andy Kaufman, American comedian (b. 1949)
- May 16 - Irwin Shaw, American author (b. 1913)
- May 19 - John Betjeman, English poet (b. 1906)
- May 28 - Eric Morecambe, British comedian (d. 1926)
- June 26 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1926)
- July 1 - Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainain founder of the Feldenkrais Method (b. 1904)
- July 8 - Brassaï, Hungarian-born photographer (b. 1899)
- July 14 - Philippe Wynne, American musician (b. 1941)
- July 26 - Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
- August 2 - Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (b. 1896)
- August 5 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
- August 11 - Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (b. 1892)
- August 13 - Tigran Petrosian, Georgian chess player (b. 1929)
- August 14 - J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (b. 1894)
- August 25 - Waite Hoyt, baseball player (b. 1899)

September-December


- September 25 - Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897)
- October 5 - Leonard Rossiter, British actor (b. 1926)
- October 12 - Sir Anthony Berry, British politician (bombing) (b. 1925)
- October 14 - Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1918)
- October 20 - Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
- October 20 - Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
- October 21 - François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)
- October 31 - Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (assassinated) (b. 1917)
- November 6 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (b. 1929)
- November 16 - Leonard Rose, American cellist (leukemia) (b. 1918)
- December 8 - Luther Adler, American actor (b. 1903)
- December 14 - Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
- December 15 - Jan Peerce, American tenor (b. 1904)
- December 20 - Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1946)
- December 28 - Sam Peckinpah, American film director (b. 1926)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
- Chemistry - Robert Bruce Merrifield
- Medicine - Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
- Literature - Jaroslav Seifert
- Peace - Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel


- Richard Stone

Templeton Prize


- Michael Bourdeaux

Right Livelihood Award


- Imane Khalifeh, SEWA (Self-Employed Women's Association) / Ela Bhatt, Winefreda Geonzon / FREE LAVA (Free Legal Assistance Volunteers' Association) and Wangari Maathai / Green Belt Movement

Fictional references


- The novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, written by George Orwell in the 1940's, presents a dystopian view of how life might be in the year the protagonist believes to be 1984.
- In the movie The Terminator both the title character and Kyle Reese are sent back through time from 2029 to May 12, 1984. Category:1984 als:1984 ko:1984년 ms:1984 ja:1984年 simple:1984 th:พ.ศ. 2527

September 11th terrorist attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks were a series of coordinated suicide attacks upon the United States of America carried out on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, in which hijackers simultaneously took control of four U.S. domestic commercial airliners. The hijackers crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City — one into each of the two tallest towers, about 18 minutes apart — shortly after which both towers collapsed. The hijackers crashed the third aircraft into the U.S. Department of Defense headquarters, the Pentagon, in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed into a rural field in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, 80 miles (129 km) east of Pittsburgh, following passenger resistance. The official count records 2,986 deaths in the attacks including the hijackers. The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission) states in its final report that the nineteen hijackers who carried out the attack were terrorists, and were all affiliated with the Islamic Al-Qaeda organization. The report named Osama bin Laden, a Saudi national, as the leader of Al-Qaeda, and as the person ultimately suspected responsible for the attacks, with the actual planning being undertaken by Khalid Shaikh Mohammed. Bin Laden categorically denied involvement in two 2001 statements , although the denial is widely disbelieved in the West. Bin Laden himself remains at liberty at this time. The 9/11 Commission reported that these hijackers turned the planes into the largest suicide bombs in history. The September 11th attacks are among the most significant events to have occurred so far in the 21st century in terms of the profound economic, social, political, cultural and military effects that followed in the United States and many other parts of the world.

The attacks

The attacks started with the hijacking of four commercial airliners. With jet fuel capacities of nearly 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 litres) per aircraft [http://www.boeing.com/commercial/767family/pf/pf_200prod.html], the planes were turned into flying incendiary bombs. American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the north side of the north tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) at 8:46:40 AM local time (12:46:40 UTC). At 9:03:11 AM local time (13:03:11 UTC), United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the south tower, covered live on television. American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37:46 AM local time (13:37:46 UTC). The fourth hijacked plane, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed in a field near Shanksville and Stonycreek Township in Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC), with parts and debris found up to eight miles away. The crash in Pennsylvania is believed to have resulted from the hijackers either deliberately crashing the aircraft or losing control of it as they fought with the passengers. No one survived in any of the hijacked aircraft. The fatalities were in the thousands: 265 on the four planes; 2,595, including 343 New York City firefighters, 23 NYPD police officers, and 37 Port Authority police officers in the WTC; and 125 civilians and military personnel at the Pentagon. At least 2,986 people were killed in total. In addition to the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, five other buildings at the WTC site and four subway stations were destroyed or badly damaged. In total, on Manhattan Island, 25 buildings were damaged. Communications equipment such as broadcast radio, television and two way radio antenna towers were damaged beyond repair. In Arlington, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed. Some passengers and crew members were able to make phone calls from the doomed flights. They reported that multiple hijackers were aboard each plane. A total of 19 were later identified, four on United 93 and five each on the other three flights (though confusion remains over their exact names and photographs, with some of those first identified still alive in Saudi Arabia [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1559151.stm]). The hijackers reportedly took control of the aircraft by using box cutter knives to kill flight attendants and at least one pilot or passenger. The 9/11 Commission could only establish that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools [http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife], but some form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray, was reported to have been used on American 11 and United 175 to keep passengers out of the first-class cabin. Bomb threats were made on three of the aircraft, but not on American 77.

The fourth aircraft

It has been speculated that the hijackers of the fourth hijacked aircraft, United Airlines Flight 93, intended to crash into the U.S. Capitol or the White House in Washington, D.C. Black box recordings reportedly revealed that passengers, led by Todd Beamer, Jeremy Glick and Mark Bingham, attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers, who then rocked the plane in a failed attempt to subdue the passengers. Soon afterwards, the aircraft crashed in a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania at 10:03:11 AM local time (14:03:11 UTC). There is a dispute about the exact timing of the crash, founded on the seismic evidence which indicates that the impact actually occurred at 10:06. [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline/nodate/seismicobservations.html] The 9/11 Panel reports that captured al-Qaeda mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed said that Flight 93's target was the U.S. Capitol, which was given the code name "The Faculty of Law".

9/11

The attacks are often referred to simply as September 11th, 9/11, or 9-11. The latter two are from the U.S. style for writing short dates, in which the month precedes the day. Both are pronounced "nine-eleven", though a few people prefer "nine-one-one" (the same as the telephone number for emergency services in the U.S., 9-1-1). Some people dislike the use of "nine-eleven" due to the similarity to "9-1-1" (which implies a call for help) and the obvious practical point - that this would be far more confusing and potentially ambiguous, and prefer to state the date as "September 11th"; this is also the preferred form in academic writing. Nonetheless, "nine-eleven" is the most common form. With the Madrid attacks on March 11, 2004 called "M11" and the London attacks 7/7, the convention has been extended.

Fatalities

At the World Trade Center, faced with a desperate situation of smoke and burning heat from the jet fuel, an estimated 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers, landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below (a reaction to the attacks similar to the effects of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire and the burning of the General Slocum). In addition, some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward towards the roof in hope of helicopter rescue. No rescue plan existed for such an eventuality. By some accounts, fleeing occupants instead encountered locked access doors upon reaching the roof. As many as 1,366 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the North Tower (1 WTC). None of them survived. As many as 600 people were trapped at and above the floors of impact in the South Tower (2 WTC). Only about 18 managed to escape in time from above the impact zone and out of the South Tower before it collapsed. As the suburbs around New York City learned of the destruction so close to home, many schools closed for the day, evacuated or were locked-down. Other school districts shielded students from watching television because many parents held jobs in the World Trade Center towers. In New Jersey and Connecticut, private schools were evacuated. Scarsdale, New York schools closed for the day. In Greenwich, Connecticut, about 15 miles north of the city, hundreds of students had direct ties to vic