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| Sean Boylan |
Sean BoylanSean Boylan is a retired Gaelic Football manager from Ireland.He retired from his position as manager of Meath on the night of 31st of August, 2005. During his time at Meath, he managed the team to four All-Irelands, three league titles, and eight Leinster championships.
:See Also - List of Irish sports people
External links
[http://meath.gaa.ie/ Meath GAA]
Boylan, Sean
Gaelic football
Gaelic football (Irish: peil ghaelach) is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. Teams of 15 players kick or punch a round ball towards goals at either end of a grass pitch. There is no offside rule.
General description
At first glance Gaelic Football resembles a combination of soccer and rugby and/or Australian rules football. Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates. Some plays include a ducking and weaving movement where the player in posession will run towards an opponent, and at the last minute change direction after wrong-footing the defender. Passing takes place to players on the run, so rather than passing directly to a team-mate, players will pass the ball into mid-air just ahead of the receiving player so that he can run into it. The scoring system adds another dimension to the game. If a team has a two-point deficit in the dying minutes of a match, they will start to try to get in closer to the goal and create a goal-scoring opportunity. As well as the high speed and frequent scoring, it is the unpredictable nature of the game, in that there are so many different ways to deliver the ball, that appeals to fans.
Rules
The pitch is of grass and rectangular, stretching 150 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organises both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage.
hurling
Teams consist of fifteen players plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which six may be used. Each player is numbered 1-15, starting with the goalkeeper.
goalkeeper
The game is played with a round leather ball, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier. It may be kicked or punched, but not thrown. Players must not carry the ball more than four steps unless they kick it to themselves (called soloing) or bounce it; it must not be bounced twice in succession. Players may not pick the ball directly off the ground (During the National League campaign of 2004/5 an experimental rule allowed players to pick the ball from the ground directly from an upright position but not when on their knees or lower.).
If the ball goes over the crossbar, a point is scored. If the ball goes below the crossbar, a goal, worth three points, is scored. The goal is guarded by a goalkeeper. Scores are recorded in the format - . For example, the 1991 All-Ireland semi-final finished: Meath 0-15 Roscommon 1-11. Thus Meath won "fifteen points to one-eleven" (1-11 being worth 14 points).
The level of tackling allowed is more robust than in soccer, but less than rugby: shoulder-charging is permitted, grappling is not. The rule has attracted criticism as being too vague, producing inconsistent interpretations between different referees.
History
The first reference to any code of football in Ireland occurs in the Statute of Galway of 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery but banned "hokie' — the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves" as well as other sports. The earliest recorded football match in Ireland was one between Louth and Meath, at Slane, in 1712.
However Gaelic football was not formally arranged into an organised playing code by the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) until 1887. The GAA sought to promote traditional Irish sports, such as hurling and to reject "foreign" (particularly English) imports. The first Gaelic football rules, showing the influence of hurling and a desire to differentiate from association football — for example in their lack of an offside rule — were drawn up by Maurice Davan and published in the United Ireland magazine on February 7, 1887.
While it is clear even to casual observers that Gaelic football is similar to Australian rules football, the exact relationship is unclear, or even controversial. Australian rules was devised in Melbourne, in the Colony of Victoria, from 1858. Because of the Australian goldrushes, there were many Irishmen in Victoria at the time. The Australian historian B. W. O'Dwyer points out that both games have always been differentiated from rugby football by having no limitation on ball or player movement (in the absence of an offside rule); the need to bounce or toe-kick the ball, known as a solo in Gaelic football, while running; punching the ball (hand-passing) rather than throwing it, and other traditions. As O'Dwyer says:
:These are all elements of [older] Irish football [games]. There were several variations of Irish football in existence, normally without the benefit of rulebooks, but the central tradition in Ireland was in the direction of the relatively new game [i.e. rugby]...adapted and shaped within the perimeters of the ancient Irish game of hurling... [These rules] later became embedded in Gaelic football. Their presence in Victorian [i.e. Australian] football may be accounted for in terms of a formative influence being exerted by men familiar with and no doubt playing the Irish game. It is not that they were introduced into the game from that motive [i.e. emulating Irish games]; it was rather a case of particular needs being met... [B. W. O'Dwyer, March 1989, "The Shaping of Victorian Rules Football", Victorian Historical Journal, v.60, no.1.]
Other accounts suggest that the relationship may have originated from the opposite direction: Archbishop Thomas Croke, one of the founders of the GAA, lived in New Zealand in the early 1880s and had the opportunity to witness Australian rules being played there. Like Australian rules, the Irish football games of the 1880s allowed players were allowed to grab or push each other. However the two games were soon developed and diverging, largely in isolation from each other.
Whatever the truth, since 1967, there have been many matches between Australian Football and Gaelic football teams, under various sets of hybrid, compromise rules. In 1984, the first official representative matches of International Rules football were played, and these are now played annually each October. However, the precise connections between the two games are unclear.
Gaelic football has become increasingly popular with women since the 1970s.
Leagues and Team structure
All Gaelic sports are amateur.
The basic unit of each game is organised at the club level, which is usually arranged on a parish basis, with various local clubs playing to win the County Championship at various levels:
- Senior: the better adult clubs
- Junior: weaker adult clubs, from small communities
- Under-21
- Minor: under-18
- Underage: all ages from under-16 down to under-9
On a national level, the team is organised on the old Irish county system , producing 34 teams representing the original 32 counties that cover the island of Ireland, plus teams representing the Irish diaspora in London and New York. There are also clubs in other parts of the USA, Britain, Asia, Australia, continental Europe and Canada (see ClubGAA link at bottom).
Though Ireland was partitioned into two states in 1920, Gaelic sports (like most cultural organisations and all religions) continue to be organised on an all-island basis.
A team of 15 players plus substitutes is formed from the best players playing at club level.
Nearly all counties play against each other in a knockout tournament known as the All Ireland Championship.
These modified knockout games are organised on the four Irish provinces of Ulster, Munster, Leinster and Connacht.
In the past, the best team from each would play one of the others, at a stage known as the All-Ireland semi-finals, with the winning team from each game playing each other in the All-Ireland Final.
A recent re-organisation now provides a 'back door' method of qualifying, with knocked out teams getting another chance to win back into the competition.
County teams also compete in the National Football League, held every spring. The League is not as prestigious as the All-Ireland, but in recent years attendances have grown and interest, from the public and from players, has grown. This is due in part to the organisation of the league into the above format, the provision of the Division 2 final stages and the relatively new change of starting the league in February rather than November. Live matches are shown on the Irish-language TV station TG4, with highlights shown on RTE2.
The All Ireland Final
The final game of the inter-county series is the All Ireland Final which takes place on the fourth Sunday of September in Croke Park. Before 1999, the final was held on the third Sunday of the month, but this custom was changed due to an overloaded schedule of matches.
Over a series of weeks, All Ireland Finals in men's football, women's football, hurling and camogie take place, each on a Sunday.
Croke Park, the national stadium of the GAA, regularly attracts crowds of up to eighty thousand for the final phases of the competition.
Guests who attend include Uachtarán na hÉireann, an Taoiseach and leading dignitaries.
Two levels of the game are played at each All Ireland, the senior team and the minor team (consisting of younger players, usually under the age of 18, who have played their own Minor All Ireland competition.)
The winning senior male football team wins the Sam Maguire cup. The most successful county in the history of Gaelic football is Kerry, with 33 All-Ireland wins, followed by Dublin, with 22 wins.
Recent Winners of GAA All-Ireland Football Championships
- 1989: Cork
- 1990: Cork
- 1991: Down
- 1992: Donegal
- 1993: Derry
- 1994: Down
- 1995: Dublin
- 1996: Meath
- 1997: Kerry
- 1998: Galway
- 1999: Meath
- 2000: Kerry
- 2001: Galway
- 2002: Armagh
- 2003: Tyrone
- 2004: Kerry
- 2005: Tyrone
See also
- List of Gaelic football clubs
- List of footballers (Gaelic football)
- Ladies' Gaelic football
External links
- [http://www.gaa.ie Official GAA website]
- [http://www.gaaboard.com Non-Official GAA Messageboard]
Category:Gaelic football
Meath
County Meath (Contae na Mí in Irish) is a county in the Republic of Ireland, often informally called The Royal County. The de facto county town is Navan, where the county hall and government is located, although Trim has a historical significance, including the location of the circuit court, Norman castle and Anglo-Norman parliament. Other major towns include Ashbourne, Dunshaughlin, Ratoath, Dunboyne and Kells with its round tower and monastic past. Slane is well known both for its castle, and the occasional rock concerts. Other less significant places are Athboy, Bettystown, Laytown and Moynalty.
Meath (the "middle") was once a province of Ireland in its own right - see Kings of Mide - but now forms part of Leinster. Historically this province of Meath included all of the current county as well as all of Westmeath and parts of Cavan, Dublin, Kildare, Longford, Louth and Offaly. The High King of Ireland sat at Tara in Meath. The archaeological complex of Brú na Bóinne, including the 5,000-year-old burial site Newgrange, in the northeast of the county, is a UNESCO designated World Heritage Site.
Geography
- Rivers Boyne and Blackwater
- 16 km of coastline with the Irish Sea
- Bordered by Irish Sea and counties Cavan, Fingal, Kildare, Louth, Monaghan, Offaly and Westmeath
Economy
- Farming (cattle, potatoes, grain), although this is decreasing in importance
An increasing proportion of Meath residents commute into Dublin, with a resulting shift to a services based economy in the developing dormitory towns.
Population Change
The population in Co. Meath has been characterised since 1861 as a period of significant decline in population between 1861 and 1936 (67,497 to 71,729) when the population was almost halved (110,373 to 67,497) and stablisation from 1901 to 1971, and an explosion in population since then which has seen the population almost double between 1971 to 2002 from 71,729 to 134,005.
This population growth has seen divergent trends emerge in recent years, with mild depopulation in the north and west of the county being more than offset by large increases in the population of the eastern part of the county, principally due to overspill from Dublin. The county is considered part of the "Greater Dublin Area".
Populatiion by census in Co. Meath since 1861:
- 1861: 110,373
- 1871: 95,558
- 1881: 87,469
- 1891: 76,987
- 1901: 67,497
- 1911: 65,091
- 1926: 62,969
- 1936: 61,405
- 1946: 66,232
- 1961: 65,122
- 1971: 71,729
- 1981: 95,419
- 1991: 105,370
- 2002: 134,005
Source
- [http://www.meath.ie/ Meath County Council]
- [http://www.cso.ie/census/ CSO Website]
- [http://meath.travelinireland.com/ County Meath History Geography map guide]
Meath
Category:Gaelic footballersCategory:Gaelic football
Category:Footballers
Category:Irish sportspeople
Category:Sportspeople by sport Nova posoniensiaTýždenník Nova Posoniensia (Bratislavské noviny) boli prvé pravidelne vychádzajúce noviny v Uhorsku. Vychádzali v rokoch 1721 - 1722 v latinčine.
Vydavateľ Matej Bel
Vydával ho slovenský polyhistor a rektor bratislavského evanjelického lýcea Matej Bel. Jeho všestranné vedecké záujmy (filozofia, medicína, prírodné vedy, teológia i jazykoveda), ako aj znalosť viacerých jazykov (slovenčina, maďarčina, nemčina, latinčina, gréčtina a hebrejčina) i vzácne schopnosti literárne, boli solídnym základom pre vedenie náročných novín. Ako priekopník moderných vedeckých snáh napísal množstvo článkov, úvah a kníh o otázkach historických, zemepisných, národopisných a literárnych. Mal mnoho priateľov a spolupracovníkov doma aj za hranicami, čo mu umožňovalo získavanie všestranných informácií o kultúrnych a spoločenských aktualitách. Jeho priateľstvo s Jozefom Petrášom - zakladateľom olomouckej učenej Spoločnosti nepoznaných (Societas incognitorum) priviedlo ho aj k spolupráci s tlačovým orgánom tejto spoločnosti zvaným Monatliche Auszüge alter und neuer gelehrten Sachen (Mesačné výťahy starých a nových učených záležitostí).
Pozadie vzniku novín
Matej Bel a jeho najbližší spolupracovníci - profesori bratislavského evanjelického lýcea Matej Marth a Viliam Frigyes Beer - redaktori Nova Posoniensia chceli umožniť študentom, aby sa zdokonalili v gramatike a v štylistike latinčiny, ale aj ostatným čitateľom - mešťanom a šľachticom, aby mohli sledovať najmä vývoj politických udalostí v Uhorsku, ako aj za jeho hranicami. Belova myšlienka využiť noviny ako vhodný pedagogický prostriedok nebola nová. Už v druhej polovici 17. storočia v Nemecku riaditeľ gymnázia Christian Weiss vo svojom diele Schediasma curiosum de lectione Novellarum tvrdil, že noviny sa môžu stať dobrým výchovným prostriedkom, pričom odporúčal študentom, aby diskutovali o tom, čo sa dočítali v novinách.
Aj v Uhorsku, pravda oveľa neskoršie, Mária Terézia vo svojom výnose Ratio educationis (Spôsob výchovy) z roku 1777 žiadala, aby sa do rozvrhu vyšších škôl zaradilo týždenne dve hodiny čítania novín - a to ako povinný predmet. Aj to mohla byť jedna z pohnútok vedúca M. Bela k iniciovaniu založenia Nova Posoniensia.
Obsah a forma novín
Obsahom i formou boli Nova Posoniensia skutočnými predchodcami dnešných novín. Ďaleko prevýšili predchádzajúci Mercurius veridicus ex Hungaria. Vyplývalo to z toho, že redaktormi Nova Posoniensia boli vysokovzdelaní odborníci, ktorí dobre poznali najvýznamnejšie tlačové orgány Európy a sami vedecky i publicisticky tvorili. Naviac sa im podarilo získať za spolupracovníkov popredných vzdelancov žijúcich na Slovensku. Matej Bel a jeho spolupracovníci - redaktori Nova Posoniensia, dokázali Nova Posoniensia prispôsobiť európskym novinárskym požiadavkám. Svedčí o tom aj ich bohaté spravodajstvo a štylisticky vytríbená latinčina. M. Bel nielen v týchto bratislavských novinách, ale aj v zahraničných zborníkoch a v časopisoch, uverejňoval svoje prírodovedecké a jazykovedné príspevky.
Nova Posoniensia neboli číslované, mali vytlačený len rok a mesiac a deň vydania. Ich prvé číslo vyšlo 12. marca 1721. Nie je celkom jasné kedy zanikli. Ich posledné zachované číslo je z 10. septembra 1722. Je možné, že po tomto dátume vyšli ešte ich dve - tri čísla. V zbierke čísel Nova Posoniensia uloženej v knižnici bratislavského ev. lýcea - dnes tvoriacej súčasť Univerzitnej knižnice - sa nachádza v ich predtlači trojstranový rukopisný záznam významného slovenského vedca a literáta Michala Institorisa-Mošovského. Tento záznam považujeme za prvé dejiny slovenského novinárstva.
Po formálnej stránke Nova Posoniensia, v porovnaní s predchádzajúcimi novinami, neprinášajú veľa nového. Boli vysádzané do dvoch stĺpcov a väčšinou obsahovali krátke správy, oznamy a noticky. Na začiatku každej z nich býval uvedený dátum a názor mesta z ktorého správa pochádzala. Viac sa o ich zdroji informácie nič neuvádzalo. Tu sa ešte nepoužívali titulky a materiál sa nerozdeľoval do rubrík. Nenájdeme tu ani náročnejšie novinové žánrové formy - článok, komentár, úvodník, reportáž, fejtón a pod. V novinách nie sú uvedení ani autori správ, ba ani ich redaktori. Len v prílohe novín Syllabus rerum memorabilium, ktorá obsahovala prehľad najdôležitejších udalostí v Európe za posledný mesiac, je priamo v titulku vysádzané meno jej tlačiara Jána Pavla Royera.
Nova Posoniensia sa takmer výlučne orientovali na zahraničné spravodajstvo. Asi len jednu desatinu obsahu tvorili domáce správy týkajúce sa hlavne Bratislavy. Redakcia pri zaraďovaní zahranično-politických správ do čísla začínala od najvzdialenejších krajín a postupne prechádzala k blízkym. Občas sa tu nachádzali aj správy zo Severnej Ameriky, ba aj z Afriky. Časté sú správy z najvýznamnejších európskych miest týkajúce sa vojnových výprav, činnosti veľvyslancov, diplomatických rokovaniach, živote na panovníckych dvoroch, sú tu aj informácie o svadbách významných osobnosti, ale aj o námornej doprave, obchode, o epidémiách, o cirkevnom živote, ako aj správy hospodárske, ale aj informácie o budúcej úrode a počasí. Tvorcovia bratislavských latinských novín venovali veľkú pozornosť vojenským akciám v Európe, mierovým rokovaniam ruského cára so Švédmi, vedeckým expedíciám, ako aj miestopisu Slovenska.
Nova Posoniensia preberali zahraničné spravodajstvo z cudzej periodickej tlače, pričom nevenovali väčšiu pozornosť bližším krajinám, ako vzdialenejším. Tak napr. l. júla 1722 iba stručne zaznamenali požiar v Starom meste pražskom, pričom sa ani slovom nezmienili o tamojších politických, hospodárskych, či kultúrnych pomeroch. Naproti tomu požiar v Bratislave v noci z 13. na 14. júna 1722 opisovali veľmi podrobne a dramaticky. Upozorňujú tu hlavne na utrpenie postihnutých obyvateľov, ktorí za niekoľko hodín prišli na mizinu.
Väčšina domáceho spravodajstva Nova Posoniensia pochádzala z Bratislavy. Častejšie sa tu spomínala činnosť kráľovskej komisie, ktorá sa zaoberala skúmaním náboženských pomerov evanjelikov v monarchii domáhajúcich sa náboženskej slobody a rovnoprávnosti. Píše sa tu tiež o veľkých fašiangových zábavách, o vraždách a o iných mimoriadnych udalostiach. Redakcia prinášala pravidelné informácie o zasadaniach mestského magistrátu, o voľbách do mestskej rady, ako aj o prípravách na výstavbu pontónového mostu cez Dunaj. l. júla 1722 oznámila čitateľom, že tento komunikačný spoj v Bratislave je už hotový. Most dlhý 900 metrov bol postavený na 67 člnoch. V redakčných odkazoch sa na čitateľov novín neobracal redaktor, ale tlačiar Ján Pavel Royer, ktorý hradil ich náklad a preto mu aj veľmi záležalo na zvýšení počtu ich predplatiteľov.
Finančné ťažkosti
Nova Posoniensia mali stále finančné ťažkosti. Vyplývalo to z toho, že počet ich predplatiteľov sa nezväčšoval - a preto aj Ján P. Royer na noviny doplácal. Preto aj viackrát v redakčných odkazoch predpovedal ich skorý zánik, ak sa táto nepriaznivá situácia nezmení.
Hodnotenie novín
Tomuto tlačovému orgánu nemožno vyčítať ani malý rozsah, stručnosť informácií, ani chudobné domáce spravodajstvo. Ich prevládajúca "čistá faktografia", publikovanie úradných oznamov, výnosov a nariadení bez komentára bolo nevyhnutné, lebo cenzúra iný spôsob publikovania nepripúšťala. V Uhorsku bola vtedy cenzúra veľmi prísna. Vyplývalo to z mocenského postavenia centralizovanej štátnej správy. Ešte aj o Márii Terézii, ktorá panovala v rokoch 1740-1780, sa hovorilo, že "vedu, školstvo a tlač vodila na povrázku."
Napriek všetkým obmedzeniam a nedostatkom však možno hodnotiť Nova Posoniensia ako priekopnícky a významný novinársky čin. Stali sa vzorom aj pre neskoršie vychádzajúce noviny v latinčine, ale aj v nemčine a v maďarčine.
Kategória:Slovenské novinárstvo
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