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| 1852 |
1852 Gebeure
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Geboortes
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Sterftes
- Samuel Prout - Waterverfskilder
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1852년
Samuel ProutSamuel Palmer is bekend in die waterverfskilderkuns vir sy getroue en gedetaileerde uitbeelding van geboue en omgewings in Wes-Europa nadat oorlog van Napoleon tot 'n einde gekom het in 1815
Hierdie Dag In Die GeskiedenisLet wel: Die datums van die Afrikaanse wikipedia ondergaan tans heelwat veranderings. Hier is skakels na twee weergawes van die dae in geskiedenis. Die skakels in die boonste weergawe wys na die artikels wat uiteindelik gebruik sal word. Werk asb dae in die ander twee formate by sodat ons kan standardiseer. Daar is afgespreek dat 1 Junie as templaat gebruik sal word.
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Eksterne Engelse skakels
- [http://www.on-this-day.com/ on-this-day.com]
- [http://www.historychannel.com/today/ The history channel: this day in history]
- [http://www.todayinsci.com/ Today in science]
Kategorie:Lys
ja:365日
ko:366일
GeskiedenisDie geskiedenis is 'n gesistimatiseerde, chronologiese studie van die verlede met die doel om historiese gebeure so feitlik akkuraat moontlik weer te gee.
- Mousteriaans (Europa-Asië) 150,000 v.C. - 35,000 v.C.
- Middelsteentyd (Afrika) 150,000 v.C. - 35,000 v.C.
- Bo-Paleolitikum (Europa) 35,000 v.C. - 12,000 v..
- Laat-Steentyd (Afrika) 25,000 v.C - 2000 v.C.
- Mesolitikum (Europa) 12,000 v.C. 8000 v.C.
- Neolitikum (Midde-Ooste) 12,000 v.C. - 6000 v.C.
- Moderne mens6000 v.C. - 3000 v.C
- Bronstyd 3000 v.C - 750 v.C.
- Ystertyd 750 v.C.
- Antieke geskiedenis
- Middeleeue
- 15de Eeu
- Renaissance
- 16de Eeu
- 17de Eeu
- 18de Eeu
- 19de Eeu
- 20ste Eeu
- 21ste Eeu
- Eeue
Artikels met plaaslike inhoud:
- Geskiedenis van Brakpan
Kategorie:Geskiedenis
fiu-vro:Aolugu
ja:歴史
ko:역사
ms:Sejarah
simple:History
th:ประวัติศาสตร์
zh-min-nan:Le̍k-sú
19de eeuEeue:
Kategorie:19de eeu
ja:19世紀
ko:19세기
simple:19th century
th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19
zh-min-nan:19 sè-kí
1849 Gebeure
- 04-13 Hongarye word 'n republiek.
Geboortes
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Sterftes
- Peter de Wint - Waterverfskilder
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1849년
simple:1849
1851 Gebeure
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Geboortes
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Sterftes
- JMW Turner - Waterverfskilder
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1851년
simple:1851
th:พ.ศ. 2394
1853 Gebeure
- 30 Desember - Gadsden Purchase: Die Verenigde State koop 30,000 vierkante myl grond suid van die Gilarivier en wes van die Rio Grande van Mexiko vir 10 miljoen V.S. dollar.
Geboortes
- 30 Maart - Vincent van Gogh
- 5 Julie - Cecil Rhodes
Sterftes
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1853년
simple:1853
1854 Gebeure
- 25 Mei - Stigting van die kultureel-politieke beweging Félibrige in Oksitanië, Frankryk
Geboortes
- Christiaan De Wet
Sterftes
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1854년
simple:1854
1855 Gebeure
- Die gedrag van elektrisiteit en magnetisme word verenig deur Maxwell in 'n enkele teorie van elektromagnetisme soos beskryf deur Maxwell se vergelykings.
- Stigting van Kroonstad, Vrystaat (Suid-Afrika)
Geboortes
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Sterftes
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Dae | Eeue | Geskiedenis
Kategorie:19de eeu
ko:1855년
Mail-ArtMail art is art which uses the postal system as a medium.
Mail art is also, simultaneously, a message that is sent, the medium through which it is sent as well as one of the longest-lasting art movements in history. To be precise, an amorphous international mail art network evolved of thousands of participants in over fifty countries between the 1950s and the 1990s from the work of Ray Johnson and influenced by earlier groups, including Dada and Johnson's contemporaries in the Fluxus group. A theme involved in mail art is that of commerce-free exchange; early mail art was, in part, a snub of gallery art, juried shows, and exclusivity in art. A premise of mail art is that "senders receive," meaning that one must not expect mail art to be sent to them unless they are also actively participating in the movement.
Mail artists characteristically exchange ephemera in the form of illustrated letters, zines, rubberstamped, decorated or illustrated envelopes, artist trading cards, postcards, 'artistamps', mail-interviews and three-dimensional objects.
Whether or not one is a formal mail artist, there exists a rich history of creative examples sent through the post to draw upon. The most familiar example is the illustrations on envelopes carrying first day issue postage stamps, which philatelists refer to as first day covers, but mail art encompasses other "decorated envelopes" as well as a wide range of other procedures and media such as rubberstamping and the creation of artistamps. Mail art is traditionally, though not always, distinguished from simply "mailed art," which is art that does not truly use the postal service but is simply regular art when sent through the mail.
Mail artists like to claim that mail art began when Cleopatra had herself delivered to Julius Caesar in a rolled-up carpet (although this was neither mail nor art). However, perhaps the initial genesis of mail art was in postal stationery, from which mail art is now typically distinguished (if not defined in its broadest sense). The first example of postal stationery was the pictorial design created by the English artist William Mulready (1786-1863) for mass printing-press reproduction on the first stock of prepaid postage wrappers or envelopes produced for the launch of the Penny Post in Britain in 1840. Mulready's design was not well-received by the public and various cartoonists and artists produced lampoon versions. However it was recognized that an innovative and powerful communication adjunct piggybacking on the basic letterpost service had become available, and over the next 50 years or so millions of pictorial envelopes with a wide variety of motifs and designs were processed by postal services worldwide.
As an art form the early genre produced low- and high-minded works ranging from the comic and satirical through commercial and industrial advertising to the promotion of social causes such as free trade, world peace and brotherhood, and the abolition of slavery. Examples exist of pictorial propaganda envelopes with patriotic motifs produced by both sides during the American Civil War.
The enthusiastic use of this piggyback medium continued throughout the second half of the 19th century until postal administrations worldwide began to authorize the use of picture postcards, which were first approved and offered for sale at all Post Offices in the Austrian Empire on October 1, 1869.
In a sense this was the beginning of the end of the heyday of the pictorial envelope. Producing a card with an illustration on it, whether executed by hand or by a mechanical printing process, is less involved than producing it on an envelope. A card is flat and usually rectangular like a canvas; an envelope starts out flat, but the sheet from which it is formed has to be shaped and then folded. The extra difficulty which producing multiple printed envelopes entails eventually led to the establishment of the commercial envelope printing and overprinting industry which, like commercial envelope manufacture, is perforce an economy-of-scale activity, which means it is at its most economically efficient when the print run is very long.
This was the situation prevailing until the advent of digital electronics in the late- 1960s through early-1970s. The convergence of this technology with telephone technology led to the development of the social-change engine known as the Internet by the early 1990s, so that by the end of the 20th century it had become increasingly common to find households with a digital computer and a sheet printer. By employing suitable software the printer could be used to customise machine-made envelopes, each with a unique composition of colorful digitised text and graphics.
In principle this meant even the most graphically challenged could employ the pictorial or illustrated envelope medium and produce a work categorizable as mail art.
Some works, whether or not produced with the aid of a computer, might be constructed with postal distribution in mind; others might make use of the postal service to facilitate a collaboration or work of 'correspondence art' between artists.
When the electronic telecommunications network known as the Internet gave rise to e-mail art, conventional mail-art artists came to refer to the international postal service as the 'paper net'. When a group of these artists are in some way linked through their works they are collectively referred to as a Mail Art Network.
The Mail-Art Network concept has roots in the work of earlier groups, including the Fluxus artists and the notion of 'multiples' or artworks manufactured as editions. Most commonly, Mail-Art Network artists have made and exchanged postcards, designed custom-made stamps or 'artistamps', and designed decorated or illustrated envelopes. But even large and unwieldy three-dimensional objects have been known to have been sent by Mail-Art Network artists, for many of whom the message and the medium are synonymous.
Fundamentally, mail art in the context of a Mail Art Network is a form of conceptual art. It is a 'movement' with no membership and no leaders.
The International Union of Mail Artists (see IUOMA external link) is a group of mail-art artists individually practicing in several countries. The IUOMA started in 1988 and has now their own online forum. Anyone can join just by saying so; in this way the group is merely unified conceptually.
Mail-art artists were among the first to see and use the networking possibilities of the World Wide Web when it appeared in 1992 to bring graphics to the previously text-oriented Internet. But at the same time, the Internet offered nothing new to them (as it is certainly not possible to send objects over the internet). Mail-art artists, like graffiti and poster artists, often work anonymously or collectively under aliases. Artist trading cards or ATCs can also be sent by mail and are actively traded by many mail artists.
There are similarities between the two creative activities, MailArt and ATCs, as well as a very distinctive difference. What is unique about the concept of ATCs is trading, specifically face-to-face trading. If ATCs are sent in the mail they become yet another variation of CMA, but, once one attends a Trading Session "the cards come to life".
What is unique to ATCs is the social activity that takes place at the Trading Session along with the face-to-face trading. There is no difference in a formal sense between ATCs and CMA — that is, in both cases they incorporate the full range of art media and disciplines, they are not a formal innovation such as Cubism. Conceptually ATCs are extremely close to CMA, they are both about exchanging art without the interface of the artworld and without money being involved. Except for the concept of the Trading Session, which is profound difference, the two activities could be, for all intents and purposes, the same — but, trading via mail if a very diminished experience when compared to an actual ATC Trading Session.
It is believed that some of the largest mail art projects are:
-Ryosuke Cohen's Brain Cell project, started in 1985. As of 1998, more than 400 issues had been created, with new issues every 8 to 10 days.
-Robin Crozier's Memo(random)/Memo(ry) project, started in the early 80-ies.
-The TAM Rubberstamp Archive by Ruud Janssen, started in 1983, in which he send out standard-sheets to document the use of rubber stamps in the mail-art network.
Mail artists
There are few stars of the mail-art circuits, but among the those with the highest profile are:
- Ray Johnson
- Guy Bleus
- Mark Bloch
- Hans Braumüller
- Al Williams
- Crackerjack Kid
- Snowflake
- John Held Jr.(not to be confused with illustrator John Held Jr.)
- Honoria
- Ruud Janssen
- Henning Mittendorf
- Shozo Shimamoto
- Ryosuke Cohen
- Dobrica Kamperelic
- Kiyotei
- Jean Kusina
- Anna Banana (VILE magazine)
- Monte Cazazza (VILE)
- Sean Woodward aka Planet Dada
- Genesis P-Orridge
- Geert de Decker
- ex posto facto
- buZ blurr
- BuBu
- Linda Hedges
- Litsa Spathi
- Clemente Padin
- Simone Rondelet
- Robin Crozier
- Keith Bates
- Michael Leigh
- Ko de Jonge
- Luc Fierens
- Sam Six
- Guglielmo Achille Cavellini
- Nadia Russ
Noted mail art collectors include: Christa Behmenburg
External links
- [http://www.crosses.net Crosses.Net Mail Art Networking Projects]
- [http://c.webring.com/hub?ring=mailart Mail Art WebRing]
- [http://www.panmodern.com/one/history.html History of Mail Art]
- [http://www.iuoma.org Interested in Mail-Art?]
- [http://www.mail-art.de Mail-art.de]
- [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/iuoma/ Discussion-group of the IUOMA]
- [http://www.art.net/kiyotei/ Kiyotei's den]
- [http://digitalmailart.blogspot.com/ Digital Mail Art Exhibition]
- [http://www.mailartist.com/ Mailartist.com]
- [http://iuoma.blogspot.com/ The IUOMA Blog]
- [http://www.geocities.com/planetdada Planet Dada Studios]
- [http://dmoz.org/Arts/Visual_Arts/Mail_Art_and_Artistamps/ Open Directory of Mailart & Artistamps]
- [http://www.flatchestedmama.com flatchestedmama]
- [http://www.pippoburro.com/mailart pippoburro.com]
- [http://latuff.blogspot.com/ Latuff Arte Postal - Mail Art]
- [http://www.kenbmiller.com/satpostman/ Shouting at the Postman]
- [http://www.humanprogresslandscape.com/archive/11.27.05.htm The Digital Postcard Project] - A digital take on mail art. ( November 27, 2005 )
- [http://www.humanprogresslandscape.com/archive/09.01.04.htm In the mail] - A recent mail art project. ( September 01, 2004 )
- [http://www.keithbates.co.uk/font_1.html Mailart font] - The MailArt Typeface Project (2004)
Category:Postal system
Category:Art genres
category:Philately
technologie rozstpy Pozycjonowanie sem Pozycjonowanie
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