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Kelda

- [http://laurentius.lub.lu.se/volumes/Mh_15/14.html Lund University Library: "Medeltidshandskrift 15, ff. 130v-140r"]

Bøkur

- Seyðabrævið / greitt úr hondum hava Jóhan Hendrik W. Poulsen og Ulf Zachariasen ; enskar týðingar: Michael Barnes & David R. Margolin ; tekningar: Janus Kamban. - Tórshavn: Føroya fróðskaparfelag, 1971. - 68 s. : myndir
- Hans Jacob Debes: Føroya søga 2 - Skattland og len. Tórshavn: Føroya Skúlabókagrunnur, 1995
- G. V. C. Young: Færøerne: fra vikingetiden til reformationen; på dansk ved Georg Rona. - Kbh.: Rosenkilde og Bagger, 1982. - 179 s. : myndir (við seyðabrævinum á donskum; upprunatittul : From the Vikings to the Reformation, Douglas, Isle of Man: Shearwater Press, 1979).
- Mikjel Sørlie: En færøysk-norsk lovbok fra omkring 1310: en studie i færøysk språkhistorie. - Tórshavn; Bergen: Universitetsforlaget : Mentunargrunnur Føroya Løgtings, 1965. - 76 s.

Útvortis ávísing

- [http://www.faroestamps.fo/index.php?side=e04885015070829f2b120ab94925df06 Faroestamps.fo - Historic Writings] Bólkur:Føroya søga

Bólkur:Føroya søga

Bólkur:Føroyar Bólkur:Søga

Military of Singapore

Military of Singapore
Military manpower
Availability	males age 15-49: 1,292,471 (2004 est.)
Fit for military service	males age 15-49: 934,317 (2004 est.)
Military expenditure
Dollar figure	USD4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Percent of GDP	4.9% (FY01)

The Military of Singapore comprises of various armed forces, collectively known as the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Supporting the combat role of the SAF, are other governmental organisations of the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF), such as the Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA), the Central Manpower Base (CMPB), and the Military Security Department (MSD). Private companies also play a role in building up Singapore's military capabilities, particularly the government-linked Singapore Technologies Kinetics, which designed and built some of the SAF's more advanced weaponry and equipment based on specific local requirements which may be expensive for foreign companies to adapt and produce. One of the most modernised in Asia, its current standing reflects the continued Singapore government's emphasize in military defence, with military expenditure dominating the government's budget annually. The defence budget accounts for approximately 28% of government operating expenditures (or 5% of GDP). In 2003, governmental expenditures on national security and foreign relations totalled S$9,248.9 million, 48% of total expenditures for that year. Out of this expenditure, 5% is dedicated to military research and development.

History

Singapore's military role stems from its strategic geographical location, an asset exploited by local settlers and foreign colonists alike. Archaeological excavations have discovered remnants of forts and other forms of military fortifications in pre-colonial Singapore. Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of modern Singapore, selected Singapore to establish a new colony with the security concerns of British interests in the Far East in mind. Thus, Singapore played an active role in British military interests for decades, particular in the years leading up to the world wars.

Defence policy

Deterrence and diplomacy have been the fundamental tenets of Singapore's military defence policy [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/index2.asp?cat=dp]. Through the years, the military has developed extensive links with armed forces from other countries. In recent years, there has also been an increased emphasis in military operations other than war, notably peace-keeping operations in East Timor and the Persian Gulf and disaster relief in the Indian Ocean earthquake-tsunami of 2004.

Total Defence

In 1984, the Total Defence concept was introduced to augment the need for the entire country, and not just the military, to contribute and work together in national defence issues. Consisting of five aspects, namely Military Defence, Civil Defence, Economic Defence, Social Defence, and Psychological Defence, it is actively promoted annually in schools as well as to the general public through schemes, programmes, courses as well as utilising the mass media to spread its message.

Manpower

The size of Singapore's resident population meant that a military fully composed of career militarymen was not adequate to meet the country's military needs. National service was thus introduced in 1967 to build up the required manpower resouces in a relatively quick and cost effective manner. Today, a career military force of 20,000 is supplemented by 55,000 men on active National Service. Another 225,000 reservists who have completed active National Service and are placed on a 10 years stand-by period. These reservists, also known as Operationally Ready NSMen, are liable for up to 40 days of active service every work year.

Military service

All fit and able-bodied men are enlisted into two years of compulsory military service, and are known as National Servicemen (Fulltime) (NSF). Service is compulsory for all able-bodied young men who has reached 16½ years of age and not on deferment for educational reasons. Upon enlistment, combat fit recruits have to go through three to six months of basic military training. The bulk of these recruits will have their training conducted at Basic Military Training Centre on the offshore island of Pulau Tekong. Upon completion of basic training, servicemen will be promoted to the rank of private and will be reassigned to various units and camps within Singapore. Upon completion of two years of national service, servicemen will be known as NSmen and are part of the SAF's reserves. Most NSmen will have to go through a 10-year cycle of military training with their assigned reservist unit. NSmen are called up annually for training, courses and physical fitness tests.

Training

All combatant troops go through a 3-month Basic Military Training (BMT). This is where they will learn field craft, basic jungle survival, camouflaging, operating their personal weapon and basic marksmanship. After which, potential officers and specialists are selected to go through either a 9-month officer cadet course or a 21-week infantry specialist course, while the rest are posted to various units and schools to continue their vocational training till their operationally-ready date (ORD), when they will be put into reserve units and continue their civilian lives. Due to limited space within Singapore's territorial land and waters, some training programmes and facilities are located overseas, including in Thailand, Brunei, the Republic of China (Taiwan), Australia, New Zealand. France and the United States. In addition, join military exercises are regularly conducted with all ASEAN nations and with the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Republic of China (Taiwan), and India.

Foreign Defence Relations

Singapore is a member of the Five Power Defence Arrangement together with the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Malaysia. Designed to replace the former defense role of the British in the Singapore-Malaysia area, the arrangement obligates members to consult in the event of external threat and provides for stationing Commonwealth forces in Singapore. Singapore has consistently supported a strong U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific region. In 1990, the U.S. and Singapore signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) which allows the U.S. access to Singapore facilities at Paya Lebar Airbase and the Sembawang wharves. Under the MOU, a U.S. Navy logistics unit was established in Singapore in 1992; U.S. fighter aircraft deploy periodically to Singapore for exercises, and a number of U.S. military vessels visit Singapore. The MOU was amended in 1999 to permit U.S. naval vessels to berth at the Changi Naval Base, which was completed in early 2001.

References and links

- [http://www.mindef.gov.sg/ Singapore Ministry of Defence (MINDEF)]
- [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2798.htm US Department of State] Singapore ja:シンガポールの軍事

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