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Abu Musa

Abu Musa

Abu Musa or Gap-Sabzu (in Persian ابوموسی) is an island in the eastern Persian Gulf that now belongs to Iran and UAE. Previously occupied by one of the predecessor emirates now composing the United Arab Emirates. Abu Musa is called by the local inhabitants گپ‌سبزو Gap-sabzu which in Persian means "the Great Green place". The name Abu Musa is attested in older sources as Bum-i Musa or Bumuf. The first one means "the land of Musa" in Persian. Abu Musa Island is one of six islands making up the Abu Musâ Island Group sub-province of Hormozgan province in Iran. Abu Musa is one of the strategic islands of Iran (Persia) in the Persian Gulf. It covers an area of about 12 sq. km., and has a population of about 500. :This is a geographical article. For the Palestinian leader, see Said al-Muragha.

External links


- [http://www.geocities.com/abu_musa_town/ History, description, map of Abu Musa and nearby islands]
- [http://www.thepersiangulf.org/abumusaandthetunbs.html History of Abu Musa and The Tunbs]
- [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iran/facility/abu-musa.htm Abu Musa's military garrison]
- [http://www.american.edu/ted/abumusa.htm Dispute between Iran and Sharjah] Category:Islands of Iran Category:Persian Gulf

Persian language

Persian (فارسی = Fârsi ... پارسی = Pârsi), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: ‘Fârsi’), ‘Pârsi’ (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, and elsewhere. Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors. Evidence of its former rank in the region can still be seen by the extent of its influence on Hindi or Urdu, as well as the popularity that Persian literature still enjoys in the region. Persian or its dialects have official-language status in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. There are 61-71 million native speakers [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90035]. It belongs to the Indo-European language family, and is of the Subject Object Verb type.

History

Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch. Scholars believe the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Old Persian (Avestan and Achaemenid Persian) → Middle Persian (Pahlavi, Parthian, and Sassanids Persian) → Modern Persian (Dari, c. 900 to present Persian). Old Persian, the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite language (see Behistun inscription). Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English. Additionally, many words were introduced from neighboring languages, including Aramaic and Greek in earlier times, and later Arabic and to a lesser extent Turkish. In more recent times, some Western European words have entered the language (notably from French and English). The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian like any other language. In Tehran the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is a center that evaluates the new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. In Afghanistan, the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan does the same for Afghan Persian (among other languages).

Nomenclature

Persian, the more widely used name of the language in English, is an Anglicized form derived from Latin
- Persianus, < Latin Persia, < Greek Persis, a hellenized form of Old Persian Parsa. Farsi is the Arabicized form of Parsi, due to a lack of the /p/ phoneme in Standard Arabic. Its use in the English language is very recent (since the 1970s). Native Persian speakers typically call it "Fârsi" in modern usage. ISO, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and many other sources call the language Persian. The government of Afghanistan uses both "Dari" and "Persian" in English communications. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as well as many lexicographers have announced that "Farsi" is not the appropriate term to use for the Persian language in English. In the ISO 639-1, the local names form the basis for the language codes and for this reason "fa" is the designation for the Persian language in that system.

Dialects and close languages

ISO 639-1 Communication is generally mutually intelligible between Iranians, Tajiks, and Persian-speaking Afghans; however, by popular definition:
- Dari is the local name for the eastern dialect of Persian, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, including Hazaragi — spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan.
- Tajik could also be considered an eastern dialect of Persian, but, contrary to Iranian and Afghan Persian, it is written in the Cyrillic script. The following are some of the closely related languages of various Iranian peoples within modern Iran proper:
- Mazerooni, or Mazandarani, spoken in northern Iran mainly in the province of Mazandaran.
- Guilaki, or Gilaki — spoken in the province of Guilan.
- Talysh, or Talishi — spoken in northern Iran and southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
- Luri, or Lori — spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian province of Lorestan.
- (a.k.a. Tati, or Eshtehardi) — spoken in parts of the Iranian provinces of East Azarbaijan, Zanjan and Qazvin.
- Dari or Gabri — spoken originally in Yazd and Kerman by the Zoroastrians of Iran. Also called Yazdi by some.
- Dzhidi or Judæo-Persian — a collection of languages or dialects spoken by the many varied and ancient Jewish communities throughout the former greatest extent of the Persian Empire, one of the many Jewish languages of Persian Jews.

Orthography

The vast majority of modern Persian text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. In recent years the Latin alphabet has been used by some for technological or internationalization reasons.

Arabic Alphabet

Modern Persian is normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet.

The adoption of the Arabic script

After the conversion of Persia to Islam (see Islamic conquest of Iran), it took approximately one hundred and fifty years before Persians adopted the Arabic alphabet as a replacement for the older alphabet. Previously, two different alphabets were used for the Persian language (Middle Persian, or Pahlavi, at that time): one was also called Pahlavi and was a modified version of the Aramaic alphabet, and the other was a native Iranian alphabet called Dîndapirak (literally: religion script).

Note: "independence" of Arabic and Persian languages

One should note that despite their shared standard alphabet, Persian and Arabic are entirely different languages: they are not closely genetically related (they belong to separate genetic language families, namely, Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic) and naturally have different phonology and grammar.

The features of the Persian variant

The Persian variant adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet for its use, due to the fact that four sounds that exist in Persian do not exist in Arabic. Additionally, it changes the shape of another two. Some people call this modified alphabet the Perso-Arabic alphabet. The additional four letters are: The letters different in shape are: The diacritical marks used in the Arabic script, a.k.a. harakat, are also used in Persian, although some of them have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic Damma is pronounced as /u/, while in Persian it is pronounced as /o/. The Persian variant also adds the notion of a pseudo-space to the Arabic script, called a Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) by the Unicode Standard. It acts like a space in disconnecting two otherwise-joining adjacent letters, but does not have a visual width.

Note: Spelling of Arabic words in Arabic and in Persian

It should also be noted that many Persian words with an Arabic root are spelled differently from the original Arabic word. Alef with hamza below ( إ ) always changes to alef ( ا ); teh marbuta ( ة ) usually, but not always, changes to teh ( ت ) or heh ( ه ); and words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول).

Further expansion of the Persian variant

The features of the Persian variant have been taken for other languages, such as Pashto or Urdu, and have sometimes been further extended with new letters or punctuation.

Latin Alphabet

The Universal Persian (UniPers / Pârsiye Jahâni) Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created over 50 years ago in Iran and popularized by Mohamed Keyvan, who had used it in a number of Persian textbooks for foreigners and travellers. It sidesteps the difficulties of the traditional Arabic-based alphabet, with its multiple letter shapes and ambiguous spellings, and fits particularly well in contemporary electronically written media. Fingilish is the name given to texts written in Persian using the Basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications.

Phonology

:Main article: Persian phonology The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /ʧ/ (ch) and /ʤ/ (j). Historically, Persian distinguished length: the long vowels , , contrasting with the short vowels , , respectively. Modern spoken Persian, however, generally does not make this distinction anymore. Persian phonology
Consonants
 
labial

alveolars
post-alveolars

velars

glottals
 voiceless stops
 voiced stops
 
 voiceless fricatives
 voiced fricatives
 
 nasals
    
 liquids  
,
   
 glides  
  
Note that and are affricates, not stops.

Grammar

:Main article: Persian grammar Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no grammatical gender for nouns, nor are pronouns marked for natural gender. Normal sentences are structured as "(S) (PP) (O) V". If the object is definite, then the order is "(S) (O + "rɑ:") (PP) V".

Vocabulary

There are many loanwords in the Persian language, mostly coming from Arabic, English, French, and the Turkic languages. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially Indo-Iranian languages and Turkic languages. Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language. See List of English words of Persian origin.

See also


- Academy of Persian Language and Literature
- Arabic numerals
- Dzhidi language
- History of Urdu
- List of English words of Persian origin
- List of Persian poets and authors
- Middle Persian literature
- Persian grammar
- Persian literature
- Persian mythology
- Persian phonology
- Persian or Farsi? - The announcement of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature

References


- Mace, J. (2003). Persian Grammar: For reference and revision. Routledge-Curzon, London.
- Mahootian, S. (1997). Persian. Descriptive Grammars. Routledge, London.
- Windfuhr, G. L. (1987). Persian. In Comrie, B., editor, The World’s Major Languages, pages 523–546. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

External links


- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PRS Ethnologue report for Eastern Persian]
- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PES Ethnologue report for Western Persian]
- [http://www.easypersian.com/ Easypersian.com]
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Farsi/ Dictionary] with Farsi - English Translations from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://www.aryanpour.com/ Aryanpour Persian-English English-Persian Dictionary]
- [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63 UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian]
- [http://www.unipers.com/ UniPers.com A proposed Latin-based writing system designed specifically for the Persian language.]
- [http://www.persiandirect.com Persian Linguistics Association]
- [http://homepages.nyu.edu/%7Emmk4/AATP.htm American Association of Teachers of Persian (AATP)]
- [http://www.apersian.org The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature]
- [http://www.voanews.com/persian VOA’s Persian Language Service]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian BBC’s Persian Language Service]
- [http://www.dwelle.de/persian Deutche Welle’s Persian Service]
- [http://iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-articles.htm An Online Persian Language Forum] Category:Classical languages Category:Iranian culture Category:Iranian languages Category:Languages of Afghanistan Category:Languages of Iran Category:Languages of Tajikistan Category:Languages of Uzbekistan Category:Languages of Pakistan Category:Languages of Russia ko:페르시아어 ja:ペルシア語 th:ภาษาเปอร์เซีย

Persian Gulf

. Detail from larger map of the Middle East.]] The Persian Gulf (Persian: خلیج فارس, Khaleej-é-Fars), (Arabic: الخلیج الفارسی, Al-Khaleej Al-Farsi) in the Middle East region,it is an extension of the Gulf of Oman located between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. Since the 1960s, Persian Gulf Arabs and their states have often referred to the water body as Arabian Gulf (which is in fact the ancient name of the Red Sea) but this is not commonly used in English and is not acknowledged by organizations such as the United Nations. See Persian Gulf naming dispute. This inland sea of some 233,000 km² is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz, and its western end is marked by the major river delta of Arvand/Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. Its length is 989 kilometres separating mainly Iran from Saudi Arabia with the shortest divide of about 56 kilometres in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow and have a maximum depth of 90 metres, and an average depth of 50 metres. Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf, called the Persian Gulf States or the Gulf States, are (clockwise, from the north): Iran (Persia), United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast, Bahrain on an island, Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands lie within the Persian Gulf. The oil-rich Arab countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf Arab States. They are the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman. The Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the world's largest single source of crude oil and related industries dominate the region. crude oil The Persian Gulf was the focus of the Iraq-Iran War that lasted from 1980 to 1988, with each side attacking the other's oil tankers. In 1991 the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or "The Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict. The natural environment of the Persian Gulf is very rich with good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs and pearl oysters in abundance, but has become increasingly under pressure due to the heavy industrialisation and in particular the repeated major oil spillages associated with the various recent wars fought in the region.

See also

Persian Gulf War
- Cradle of Humanity
- Deluge (prehistoric)
- Dispute over the name of the Persian Gulf

External links


- [http://www.thepersiangulf.org The Persian Gulf], Information, history and resources of the Persian Gulf
- [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/hormuz.html The Portuguese in the Arabian peninsula and in the Persian Gulf]
- [http://www.parstimes.com/events/tehran_bookfair.html Persian Gulf Pavillion of Tehran Int'l Book Fair]
- [http://www.payvand.com/news/05/sep/1099.html Publication of Historical Maps of the Persian Gulf in Tehran]
- [http://web.mit.edu/isg/persiangulffactsheet.pdf Factsheet on on the Legal and Historical Usage of the "Persian Gulf" - ISG MIT]
- [http://www.niacouncil.org/Files/Persian_Gulf_bro-scrn.pdf The Persian Gulf: The Politics of Geographic Renaming] Category:Gulfs Category:Indian Ocean Category:Middle East ko:페르시아 만 ja:ペルシア湾

UAE

The United Arab Emirates (also called the UAE) is an oil-rich Middle Eastern country situated in the south-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, comprising seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Before 1971, they were known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference of a nineteenth-century truce between the British and some Arab Sheikhs. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia.

History

The seven Trucial Sheikdom States of the Persian Gulf coast granted the United Kingdom control of their defense and foreign affairs in nineteenth-century treaties. In 1971, six of these states — Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, and Umm Al Quwain — merged to form the United Arab Emirates. They were joined in 1972 by Ras Al Khaimah.

Politics

Federal Institutions

The Supreme Council consists of the individual rulers of the seven emirates. The President and Vice-President are elected by the Supreme Council every five years. Although unofficial, the Presidency is de facto hereditary to the Al-Nahyan clan of Abu Dhabi and the Premiership is hereditary to the Al-Maktoom clan of Dubai. The Supreme Council also elects the Council of Ministers, while an appointed 40-member Federal National Council, drawn from all the emirates, reviews proposed laws. There is a federal court system; all emirates except Dubai and Ras al-Khaimah have joined the federal system; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the union's president from the nation's founding until his death on 2 November 2004. His son, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahayan was elected president the next day.

The 7 Emirates and their present rulers

Emirates of the United Arab Emirates
- The UAE comprises the following seven emirates:
  - Abu Dhabi - Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, since 2004
  - Ajman - Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi, since 1981
  - Dubai - Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, since 1990
  - Fujairah - Sheikh Hamad bin Muhammad Al Sharqi, since 1974
  - Ras Al Khaimah - Sheikh Saqr bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, since 1948
  - Sharjah - Dr. Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, since 1987
  - Umm Al Quwain - Sheikh Rashid bin Ahmad Al Mualla, since 1981

Economy

1981 The UAE's wealth is largely based on oil and gas output, some 33% of GDP. It is the third largest oil producer in the Persian Gulf after Saudi Arabia and Iran (Iraq's oil output has fluctuated due to war). Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. The country's per capita GDP is not far below the GDPs of the leading West European nations. Its generosity with oil revenues and its moderate foreign policy stance have allowed it to play a vital role in the affairs of the region. In recent years the government has sought to diversify its sources of income and lessen its dependence on finite oil reserves. One result of these efforts is a steadily developing tourism industry, centered on coastal, desert and sporting resorts and infrastructure. The success of these ventures, along with other factors like the relatively low price of commodities, the warm temperatures that prevail for most of the year, the engineering marvels such as Burj Al Arab and The Palm Islands, and friendliness to the West have led many to call it the Singapore or Hong Kong of the Middle East.

Human rights and labor issues

It is common practice for employers to retain employees' passports for the duration of the employment contract to prevent expatriate employees from changing jobs. This is an illegal practice, but it is almost never investigated, let alone punished by the government. On termination of an employment contract, certain categories of expatriates are banned from obtaining a work permit in the country for six months. The United States Department of State has cited widespread instances of blue collar labor abuse within the city and in the general context of the United Arab Emirates [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41734.htm]. The government has been criticized by human rights agencies such as Human Rights Watch for its inaction in addressing the discrimination against Asian workers in the emirate. Salary structures based on nationality, sex, age, and race rather than on qualification are common [http://www.hrw.org/press/2003/09/migrant091903.htm]. The United Arab Emirates also lacks a fair immigration and naturalization policy. A thriving sex industry, although illegal, exists in the emirates, especially in Dubai. This complements the tourism and hospitality industry which forms a major part of Dubai's economy [http://www.socialaffairsunit.org.uk/blog/archives/000345.php].

Geography

sex industry The UAE lies in Southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia. It is a flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; with mountains in the east. Its strategic location along southern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz makes it a vital transit point for world crude oil. The UAE is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the so-called "Cradle of Humanity". The border demarcation treaties of 1974 and 1977 between the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia were never made public. Therefore the exact border of the two countries is only known to their governments.

Exclaves and enclaves

There is an Omani enclave inside UAE territory, known as Wadi Madha. It is located halfway between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman, on the Dubai-Hatta road in the Emirate of Sharjah. It covers approximately 75 km² (29 mi²) and the boundary was settled in 1969. The north-east corner of Madha is closest to the Khorfakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 m (33 ft) away. Within the enclave is an UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about 8 km (5 mi) on a dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about 40 houses with its own clinic and telephone exchange [http://geosite.jankrogh.com/nahwa.htm].

Demographics

The UAE's population of 4.041 million (2005) includes more than 3.23 million non nationals. Indeed, around 50% of the population is South Asian, with the remainder being Emirati, Arab, European and East Asian. Some of the natives are originally of Persian and Indian subcontinent descent. Religious beliefs are mostly Muslim (Islam is the state religion). However, there are sizable minorities of Christians, Hindus and other faiths. Arabic is the country's official language and is used in the government and bureaucracy, while English is increasingly important commercially and as the lingua franca for non-Arab expatriates. Around 90% of the population can read and write (2005 estimate).

Technology and telecommunications

Federal Act No. 1[http://www.etisalat.co.ae./federalactlawe.pdf] of 1976 establishes the Emirates Telecommunications Corporation as the sole telephone and telecommunications provider in the country, however freezones and modern housing developments are exempt from this and utilise a separate telecommunications company. For the majority of the UAE, Etisalat runs a monopoly in business and personal telecommunications services. By order of the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA), Etisalat actively censors internet sites, they are known to block a number of materials they deem offensive. In the light of recent property development which allows expatriates to purchase their own freehold property with a lease of ninety nine years by a company called EMAAR (the owner of which is a member of the ruling family) a new Telephone company and Internet Service Provider has been launched. This company previously called Sahamnet is now a subsidiary of Dubai Internet City. This new ISP and Phone company was created to serve as a competition to the previous monopoly of The Emirates Telecommunications Corporation "Etisalat" but its scope of operations is limited to the local region and in fact they even use the Etisalat internet backbone to offer its services. No internet censorship of any kind is enforced to serve as a blow to its competitor but however they operate a stringent firewall that restricts any incoming port connections of any kind. 100 MBit Internet inter-connectivity is offered between all its subscribers which makes it a haven for illegal file sharing.

Culture

Rooted in Islamic culture, the UAE has strong ties with the rest of the Arab world. The government is committed to preserving traditional forms of art and culture, including via the Abu Dhabi Cultural Foundation. Change is very apparent in social life however - attitudes towards women are shifting, and new sports are becoming popular alongside traditional camel racing including the world's richest horse race, the Dubai World Cup, held annually in March. [http://www.dubaiworldcup.com/]
- Music of the United Arab Emirates
- Islam in the United Arab Emirates

Holidays

Universities


- [http://www.ajman.ac.ae Ajman University of Science and Technology Network]
- [http://www.aus.edu/ American University of Sharjah]
- [http://www.aud.edu American University in Dubai]
- [http://www.hct.ac.ae/ Higher Colleges of Technology]
- [http://www.uaeu.ac.ae/ UAE University in Al Ain]
- [http://www.zu.ac.ae Zayed University]
- [http://www.buid.ac.ae/ The British University in Dubai]
- [http://www.pi.ac.ae/ The Petroleum Institute in Abu Dhabi]
- [http://www.sharjah.ac.ae/ University of Sharjah]

Miscellaneous topics


- Communications in the United Arab Emirates
- Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
- List of cities in the United Arab Emirates
- List of UAE companies
- Prominent UAE Citizens
- Schools in the UAE
- Military of the United Arab Emirates
- Sarah Balabagan
- Transportation in the United Arab Emirates

External links

Government
- [http://www.government.ae/gov/en/index.jsp Government of United Arab Emirates] official site
- [http://www.uaeinteract.com/news/default.asp?ID=245 UAE Ministry Of Information] General information
- [http://dubai-network.ryze.com Dubai Business Network] largest business forum in the UAE
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ae.html CIA World Factbook - United Arab Emirates] directory category
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/United_Arab_Emirates Open Directory Project - United Arab Emirates] directory category
- [http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2422.htm US State Department - United Arab Emirates] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- [http://guide.theemiratesnetwork.com/ The Emirates Network]
- [http://www.mepra.org/ Middle East Public Relations Association (MEPRA)] Category:Arab League Category:Arabia Category:Persian Gulf states Category:Middle Eastern countries Category:Southwest Asian countries
- Category:Arab Gulf states zh-min-nan:A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok ko:아랍에미리트 ms:Amiriah Arab Bersatu ja:アラブ首長国連邦 th:สหรัฐอาหรับเอมิเรตส์

Musa

Musa may refer to:
- Musa, one of three genera in the family Musaceae that includes bananas and plantains.
- Abu Musa, an island in the Persian Gulf.
- Musa, queen of Parthia c. 2 BC–AD 4.
- Musa, the name of Moses in the Qur'an.
- Mansa Musa - leader of the Mali Empire.
- Musa, a 17th century ruler of Darfur.
- Musa, a 2001 South Korean epic film.
- Musa, a character in the story of "The City of Brass" in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.
- MUSA video patch standard connector.
- MUSA the Multiple-unit steerable antenna for shortwave reception developed by HT Friis (Proc. IRE, vol. 25, no. 7, p. 841, 1937)
- Musa, an impact crater on Saturn's moon Enceladus
- Jebel Musa, a mountain in the northernmost part of Morocco on the African side of the Straits of Gibraltar. It is also known as one of the pillars of Hercules.
- [http://www.mohammadmusa.com Mohammad Musa], founder and president of the Engineering & Business Alliance

Hormozgan

.]] Hormozgan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is in the south of the country, facing Oman. Its area is 68475 km2, and it's provincial capital is Bandar Abbas. The province has 14 islands located in the Persian Gulf, and 1000 km of coastline. The province has eight major cities, namely: Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh, Minab, Bandar Charak, Jask, Bastak, Bandar Khamir and Fin. The province also has 21 counties (or districts), 69 municipalities, and 2046 villages. In 1996, the population of the province was at almost 1.1 million.

History

Fin era.]] Although Hormozgan is known to have had settlements during the Achaemenid era and when Nearchus passed through this region, recorded history of the main port of Hormozgan ("Bandar-e-Hormoz") begins with Ardashir I of Persia of the Sassanid empire. The province is said to have been particularly prosperous between 241 BC and 211 BC, but is said to have grown even further in trade and commercial significance after the arrival of the Islamic era. Marco Polo visited the port of Bandar Abbas in 1272 and 1293, and reported widespread trading in Persian jewelry, the ivory and silk of IndoChina, and pearls from Bahrain in the Bazaars in the port of Hormuz. In 1497, European colonialists landed in the region for the first time, headed by Vasco da Gama. In 1506, the Portuguese, led by Alfonso d'Albuquerque invaded the area with 7 warships, under the pretext of protecting their interests from Egypt and Venice. The port of Hormuz was at this time considered a strategic port for commercial interests in the Persian Gulf. Ismail I who was trying to counter the Ottoman Empire to the west, was unable to save the port from the Portuguese, until Shah Abbas I was finally able to drive them out of the Persian Gulf with the aid of the British. The name of Bandar Abbas comes directly from the name of Shah Abbas I. The British, meanwhile were competing for influence in the region with Dutch colonialists who finally invaded Qeshm island and dispatched warships to Bandar Abbas during the final years of Shah Abbas' reign. The Persian government was unable to defend itself against this attack. However, with the souring of British and Dutch relations, military tensions further grew in the region. The Dutch finally resorted to moving their base up to Kharg Island. The Amir of Kharg, Mir Mahna, was however able to defeat the Dutch forces at Kharg, leaving the British firmly in charge of the entire region. Soon Britain took control over the entire Persian Gulf via the interests of British East India Company. The British adopted a policy of encouraging local autonomy throughout the Persian Gulf so as to prevent any possible formidable unified force from threatening their establishments in the Persian Gulf. The strategic importance of the Persian Gulf further increased after World War I with the discovery of oil in the region.

Geography and Culture

World War I era for Indian soldiers serving in the British Army during the British occupation.]]The province is primarily mountainous, consisting of the southern tip of the Zagros range. The province experiences a very hot and humid climate, with temperatures sometimes exceeding 120F (49C) in summers. There is very little precipitation year round.

Islands of the province

Fourteen Iranian islands in the Persian Gulf are part of this province, including:
- Qeshm,
- Kish,
- Greater and Lesser Tunbs,
- Abu Musa,
- Lavan,
- Hengam,
- Hormuz,
- Sirri,
- Forur,
- Forurgan,
- Shotur,
- Lark,
- Hendurabi

Hormozgan today

Hendurabis create natural cool ventilation inside the house during the hot days of summer.]] Hormozgan today has 11 ports, 5 national airports, and 3 international airports. The province has an active agriculture sector, ranking first in Iran in lime production and second in date production. 30% of Iran's fishery produce comes from this province. Two major hydro dams serve the water needs of the province, namely Jegin Dam and Shemil Dam. Germany has recently offered to build a bridge that would connect Qeshm island to the mainland, a formiddable project. Hormozgan has two free trade zones, one in Kish, the other on Qeshm island.

Attractions

Hormozgan has 4 and 5 star hotels with modern amenities. The Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran lists 212 sites of historical and cultural significance in the province. Some of the more popular attractions are:
- Emarat e Kolah Farangi (built by and during the Dutch occupation)
- Berkeh haye Baran (6 traditional water reservoirs)
- Gele-dari traditional Bath
- The Hindu temple
- Latidan Bridge, built during the era of Shah Abbas I
- Fekri House
- Sa'di House
- The Portuguese fortress
- Qeshm Island
- Kish Island, the most popular tourist resort in southern Iran in the Persian Gulf.
- Geno UNESCO natural biosphere reserve
- Hara UNESCO natural biosphere reserve
- Various hotwater springs

Colleges and Universities


- # [http://www.hums.ac.ir/ Bandar Abbas University of Medical Sciences]
- # [http://www.hormozgan.ac.ir/ University of Hormozgan]
- # [http://www.qeshm.ac.ir/ Qeshm Institute of Higher Education]
- # [http://www.iauba.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Bandar Abbas]
- # Kish University

External links


- [http://www.hormozgan.ir/ Official website of Hormozgan Governorship]
- [http://www.hormozganmiras.ir/ Hormozgan Cultural Heritage Organization]
- [http://www2.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=IRA+05&mode=all Hara UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]
- [http://www2.unesco.org/mab/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=IRA+03&mode=all Geno UNESCO Biosphere Reserve] Category:Provinces of Iran Category:Persian Gulf ja:ホルモズガーン州

Said al-Muragha

Col. Said Musa al-Muragha (b. 1927) is a Palestinian leader better known as Abu Musa. A Palestinian refugee, Abu Musa served in the Jordanian Army, an artillery specialist. He was sent to receive a military education at the prestigeous British Sandhurst Military Academy. He was involved in a coup attempt in Jordan in 1970, and joined Fatah the same year. After the Black September in Jordan|Black September fighting, he relocated with most of the Palestinian Resistance to Lebanon. There he became known as a skilled commander of the forces in south Lebanon, and was promoted to deputy military head of the PLO's military presence in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War. In that capacity he led Palestinian forces against the Christian Maronite village Damour, where a massacre was enacted. Between 1980-83, he was a member of Fatah's ruling body, the Revolutionary Council. In 1978 the Syrian government, then in conflict with the PLO, is believed to have tried to assassinate him. Still, he gravitated increasingly into conflict with Yassir Arafat, head of Fatah and PLO. Abu Musa was a member of Fatah's leftist opposition, known to advocate the view that the Palestinians and the Lebanese National Movement were in fact fighting a class war against the Lebanese bourgeoisie, rather than participating in a sectarian conflict. He was also known for hardline views on Israel, and outspoken in his opposition to what he saw as Arafat's attempt to reach a negotiated solution to the conflict (see Rejectionist Front). He also complained over corrupt practices within the PLO, especially the promotion of political appointees loyal to Arafat to important military posts. After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 he was vocal in his criticism of the leadership, accusing Arafat in particular for the breakdown of the PLO's defenses, and in May 1983 he started criticising Arafat publicly. This led to a widening rift within the organization, as anti-Arafat, leftist and hardliner elements of Fatah rallied to Abu Musa, who was simultaneously being courted by Hafez al-Assad of Syria. Mediation attempts by the "loyal opposition" to Arafat, such as the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), failed. In October 1983, full-scale fighting broke out, and Abu Musa's organization - dubbed Fatah Uprising - received massive backing from Syria, in the form of supplies and ammunition, but also direct military assistance from the Syrian Army, the Syrian brigades of the Palestinian Liberation Army, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) and as-Sa'iqa. The rebel forces eventually succeeded with heavy Syrian backing to push the Arafatist Fatah and PLO out of Lebanon, after years of fighting, but the price was total loss of independence. Fatah Uprising became in effect a Syrian puppet organization such as as-Sa'iqa, and has had limited or no importance for the Palestinian movement since the Lebanon years. It remains as a minor faction organing in the Palestinian refugee camps in Syria and, until recently, Lebanon. Abu Musa retreated from his leadership role in the 1990s, and is today believed to reside in Damascus. Abu Musa Abu Musa Abu Musa al-Muragha (Abu Musa), Said

Category:Islands of Iran

Category:Geography of Iran Iran

Camden County

Camden County
- Camden County (Georgia), USA
- Camden County (Missouri), USA
- Camden County (New Jersey), USA
- Camden County (North Carolina), USA

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