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Category:Streets And Squares Of Buenos Aires

Category:Streets and squares of Buenos Aires

Streets and Avenues of Buenos Aires, Argentina Category: Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires

Buenos Aires ("Good Airs" in Spanish, originally meaning "Fair Winds") is the capital of Argentina and its largest city and port, as well as one of the largest cities in Latin America. Buenos Aires is located on the southern shore of the River Plate, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent, opposite Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay. Buenos Aires is located at (-34.667, -58.40). Uruguay]] After the internal conflicts of the 19th century, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province; its city limits were enlarged to include the former towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are now neighbourhoods in the city). Argentines sometimes refer to the city as Capital Federal to differentiate the city from the province of the same name. Since 1994 its name formally includes the title of Autonomous City (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires).

Population

The people of Buenos Aires are known as porteños ("people of the port"), acknowledging the major historical importance of the port in the development of the city and the whole nation. The population of Buenos Aires consists primarily of Argentines of Spanish and Italian descent. The vast majority of these originate from the Galician, Asturian, and Basque regions of Spain, and the Calabrian, Ligurian and Neapolitan regions of Italy. There are also sizable communities of people with Arab, Jewish, Armenian, British, Irish, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean origins (see also: Asian-Argentines). Also, there is a mixed Spanish-aboriginal (mestizo/criollo) minority, which includes many recent immigrants from Bolivia and Paraguay. Most inhabitants are Roman Catholic. Sizable Jewish and Muslim communities have existed for over 100 years, and evangelic churches have steadily increased their ranks since the 1980s. The city proper has a population of 2,776,138 according to the , while the Greater Buenos Aires, which also encompasses suburbia that belong to the province of Buenos Aires, has more than 11.4 million inhabitants. Suburbanites are called porteños and also bonaerenses; only the last term applies to the rest of the province. suburbia

Economy

suburbia Buenos Aires is the financial, industrial, commercial, and cultural hub of Argentina. Its port is one of the busiest in the world; navigable rivers connect it to north-east Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the distribution hub for a vast area of the south-eastern region of the continent. To the west of Buenos Aires is the Pampa Húmeda, the most productive agricultural region of Argentina (as opposed to the dry southern pampa, mostly used for cattle farms). Meat, dairy, grain, tobacco, wool and hide products are processed or manufactured in the Buenos Aires area. Other leading industries are automobile manufacturing, oil refining, metalworking, machine building, and the production of textiles, chemicals, clothing, and beverages.

History

Pampa Spanish seaman Juan Díaz de Solís discovered the Río de la Plata (River Plate) in 1516 but his expedition was cut short by an attack in which he was killed (and supposedly cannibalized) by the native Charrúa or Guaraní tribe (disputed). The city was first founded as Santa María del Buen Ayre on February 2, 1536 by a Spanish gold-seeking expedition under Pedro de Mendoza. The name was chosen by Mendoza's chaplain, who was a devout follower of the Virgine de Bonaria (Our Lady of the Fair Winds) of Cagliari, Sardinia. The location of Mendoza's city was on today's San Telmo district (south of the city center). More attacks by the indigenous peoples forced the settlers away and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción (now capital of Paraguay). From its earliest days the success of Buenos Aires depended on trade. The Spanish administration of the 17th and 18th centuries insisted that all trade to Europe initially pass through Lima, Peru so that taxes could be collected. This scheme frustrated the traders of Buenos Aires and a thriving contraband industry developed. Unsurprisingly, this also instilled a deep resentment in porteños towards Spanish authorities. Lima, Peru Sensing this instability, Charles III of Spain progressively eased the trade restrictions and finally declared Buenos Aires an open port in the late 1700s. Those placating actions did not have the desired effect, and the porteños, some of them versed in the ideology of the French revolution, became even more desirous of independence from Spain. During the British invasions of the River Plate British forces invaded Buenos Aires twice in 1806–1807 but were rebuffed by local militias. Ultimately, on May 25, 1810, while Spain endured the Peninsular War and after a week of mostly pacific deliberations, the creole citizens of Buenos Aires successfully ousted the Spanish Viceroy and established a provincial government; the date is now celebrated as a national holiday (May Revolution Day). Formal independence from Spain was declared only in 1816. Buenos Aires historically was Argentina's main stage for liberal and free-trade ideas, with many of the provinces advocating for a more conservative-Catholic approach. Many tensions within Argentine history, starting with the centralist-federalist conflicts of the 19th century, can be traced back to this contrast. In the 19th century the city suffered naval blockades on two occasions: first by the French, from 1838 to 1840, and then a joint Anglo-French blockade from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades failed to surrender the city, and the foreign powers eventually desisted from their demands. Railroad construction during the second half of the 19th century increased the economic power of Buenos Aires as raw materials flowed into its factories, and the town became a metropolitan and multicultural city that ranked itself with the major European capitals. For example, the Teatro Colón was one of the world's top opera venues. The city's main avenues were built in those years, and the dawn of the 20th century saw the construction of South America's tallest buildings and first subway. By the 1920s Buenos Aires was a favoured destination for immigrants from Europe, as well as from the poorer provinces and neighboring countries, and large shanty towns (villas miseria) started growing around the city's industrial areas, leading to extensive social problems. villas miseria During the 20th century, military juntas and governments seized power several times, to impose a combination of political repression and neoliberal economics. Buenos Aires was also the cradle of Peronism: the now-mythical demonstration of October 17 1945 took place in Plaza de Mayo. Industrial workers of the Buenos Aires suburbia have been Peronism's main support base ever since, and Plaza de Mayo became the site for social demonstrations and many of the country's political events. In 1955, the military uprising that would depose President Perón (the Revolución Libertadora) sent planes that bombed the Plaza de Mayo area. It was the only time the city was attacked from the air. In the 1970s, the city suffered from the fighting between revolutionary movements (the left-wing Montoneros, E.R.P. and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A. The military coup of 1976 only escalated this conflict; the "Dirty War" produced between 10,000 and 30,000 desaparecidos. The silent marches of their mothers (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo) are a well-known image of Argentine suffering during those times. The city was visited by Pope John Paul II on two occasions: in 1982, due to the outbreak of the Falklands (Malvinas) War, and a second visit in 1987, which gathered crowds never seen before in the city. On March 17, 1992 a bomb exploded in the Israeli Embassy killing 29 and injuring 242. Another explosion, on July 18, 1994 destroyed a building housing several Jewish organizations killing 96 and injuring many more (See AMIA bombing).

Culture

Language variations

Argentines refer to their language as castellano (Castilian). The dialect spoken in Buenos Aires (as well as in other large cities like Rosario and Montevideo, Uruguay) is characterised by voseo, yeísmo and aspiration or loss of syllable-final -s. Due to its geographical location, it is known as Rioplatense Spanish. In the early 20th century, Argentina absorbed millions of immigrants, mostly from Italy and Spain. Italian immigrants spoke mostly in their local dialects (mainly Napulitano, Sicilianu and Genovese), and their adoption of Spanish was gradual. A pidgin of Italian dialects and Spanish called cocoliche was widely heard in the beginning of the 20th century; its usage decayed around the 1950s, and today survives mostly as comic relief. As many Spanish immigrants were from Galicia, to the extent that Spaniards are still called gallegos (Galicians), Galician language and culture had a major presence in the city for most of the 20th century. In recent years, descendants of Galician immigrants have led a mini-boom in Celtic music (which also highlighted the Welsh traditions of Patagonia). Yiddish was common in Buenos Aires, especially in the Balvanera garment district, until the 1960s. A lively Korean language and Chinese language press has developed since the 1980s. Most of the newer immigrants learn Spanish quickly and assimilate into city life. The lunfardo argot originated within the prison population, and spread to all porteños with time. Lunfardo uses words from Italian dialects, and tricks such as inverting the syllables within a word (vesre). Lunfardo is used by porteños mostly in informal settings.

Tango

Many immigrants arrived in Buenos Aires without their families. This led to a significant phenomenon of prostitution starting around 1870. The erotically charged tango dance originated in brothels, but later found a wider audience. In 1902, the Teatro Opera started organising tango balls. In the 1920s, tango was adopted by the Parisian high society and then all over the world. The Buenos Aires style of tango music evolved into an elaborated genre. In its heyday, tango had many famous orchestras such as those led by Aníbal Troilo and Juan D'Arienzo, and singers such as Carlos Gardel and Edmundo Rivero. Buenos Aires now holds an annual "Tango Day" each December 11. In San Telmo, Sundays are devoted to tango shows on the streets and antiques trade in the bazaars around Dorrego Square.

Miscellaneous

Buenos Aires was home for Argentine writers Jorge Luis Borges, Adolfo Bioy Casares, Ernesto Sábato and Victoria Ocampo. Writer Julio Cortázar, who was born in Brussels, lived for a long period in Buenos Aires, before relocating to France where he died. International figures who lived in Buenos Aires include René Goscinny, Witold Gombrowicz, Jerry Masucci, and businessmen John S. Reed and Aristotle Onassis. During the Spanish Civil War and in its aftermath, Buenos Aires provided refuge for many, including philosopher José Ortega y Gasset. The University of Buenos Aires, which used to be the premier learning institution in South America, has produced five Nobel Prize winners. For much of the 20th century, Buenos Aires was the cultural capital of the Spanish-speaking world, and many porteños flaunted their riches abroad (for example, famed New York nightclub El Morocco was owned by a porteño playboy). This led to an stereotype of Argentines as vain and arrogant that became widespread across Latin America; some (especially Uruguayans) make the distinction between porteños and provincianos (people from the provinces), who are excluded from this characterization.

Transportation

Uruguay Buenos Aires used to be relatively congestion-free for a city of its size. Toll freeways opened in the late 1970s by then-mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore provided fast access to the downtown area, increasing the number of cars coming into the city. During Cacciatore's tenure, the streets of the downtown financial district (roughly one square kilometer in size) were declared off-limits to private cars during daytime. Following the economic mini-boom of the 1990s, more people started commuting by car, and congestion increased. Most major avenues are gridlocked at peak hours, and congestion also results from people driving from and to weekends in the country. A majority of commuters use public transportation. An original Buenos Aires invention is the colectivo (a small bus built out of a truck chassis and sitting 21 to 27). Renovation of the fleet is severely lagging, and colectivos are decried as old, noisy and polluting. Diferenciales (differential-rate buses) have better sitting arrangements and air conditioning, which is a major advantage during the summer. Buenos Aires has an extensive subway network, known as the subte (short for subterráneo—"underground"). Also, all of Argentina's extensive railway network converges on Buenos Aires. Commuter trains are popular with suburbanites, but some lines have serious crime issues. Black-and-yellow taxis roam the streets at all hours. Some of these are unlicensed (controls are not fully enforced), so visitors are advised to phone a reputable radio-link company. Limo services, known as remises, have become more popular in the last few years. The Buenos Aires international airport, Ministro Pistarini International Airport, is located in the suburb of Ezeiza and is often called simply "Ezeiza". The Aeroparque Jorge Newbery airport, located within city limits near the riverbank, serves mostly domestic traffic.

Barrios

The city is divided into 47 barrios (neighbourhoods) for administrative purposes. The division was originally based on Catholic parroquias (parishes), but has undergone a series of changes since the 1940s. A newer administrative scheme has divided the city into comunas.

Sports

Football is a passion for Argentines. The city has many teams playing in the major league. The best-known rivalry is the one between Boca Juniors and River Plate. Other major clubs include San Lorenzo de Almagro and Vélez Sársfield. Diego Armando Maradona, who was born in a poor suburb of Buenos Aires and is widely hailed as one of the greatest football players ever, started his career with Argentinos Juniors and later played for Boca Juniors (he also played for other clubs, notably Italian side SSC Napoli). Buenos Aires has been a candidate city for the Summer Olympic Games on three occasions: for the 1956 Games, lost by a single vote to Melbourne; for the 1968 Summer Olympics, which were held in Mexico City (to this date, the only Games held in Latin America); and in 2004, when the games were awarded to Athens. As of 2005, Argentina is the only founding member of the International Olympic Committee that has never hosted the games. Buenos Aires hosted the first Pan American Games which started on February 25, 1951, as well as the 1950 and 1990 basketball world championships and the 1978 football (soccer) World Cup (Argentina won that cup on June 25, 1978, defeating the Netherlands by a score of 3-1). Buenos Aires Oscar Gálvez track hosted twenty editions of the Formula One Argentine Grand Prix between 1953 and 1998; its discontinuation was due to financial reasons. The track features local categories on most weekends. Argentines' preference for horses can be experienced in several ways: horse racing in the Hipódromo Argentino de Palermo racetrack, polo in the Campo Argentino de Polo (located just across Libertador Avenue from the Hipódromo), and pato, a kind of basketball played on horseback that was declared the national game in 1953 by President Juan Perón. Other popular sports in Buenos Aires are basketball, rugby, tennis, and field hockey.

Internet

Buenos Aires ISPs provide dial-up and ADSL connections to the Internet, at rates of less than US$ 50/month. In 2004, a major ISP introduced download quotas, which prompted a switch by many subscribers to smaller ISPs that still allow unlimited use, as of 2005. Suburban users routinely experience lower DSL speeds, but their situation is improving steadily as investment in new facilities has been stepped up. The Internet boom in the early 2000s gave birth to cibercafés. Their hourly rates are usually 50 centavos to 3 pesos), much lower than those charged in developed countries.

Tourist attractions and places of interest

pesos
- Casa Rosada
- Plaza de Mayo
- Florida Street
- Teatro Colón
- San Telmo
- Puerto Madero
- Palermo Hollywood and Palermo SOHO
- La Boca
- La Recoleta Cemetery
- Aeroparque Jorge Newbery

External links

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- [http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar www.buenosaires.gov.ar - Buenos Aires City Government]
- [http://www.buenosaires.com www.buenosaires.com - Buenos Aires City Guide]
- [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=buenos+aires&ll=-34.609758,-58.421860&spn=0.133683,0.240704&t=k&hl=en Google Maps Satellite city View] ;Online newspapers:
- [http://www.buenosairesherald.com/ The Buenos Aires Herald] Online edition of a local English language newspaper
- [http://www.clarin.com/ Clarín]
- [http://www.lanacion.com.ar/ La Nación]
- [http://www.pagina12web.com.ar/ Página 12]
- [http://www.infobae.com/ Infobae]
- [http://www.laprensa.com.ar/ La Prensa] Category:Capitals in South America Category:Cities in Argentina Category:Coastal cities ko:부에노스아이레스 ms:Buenos Aires ja:ブエノスアイレス simple:Buenos Aires

Argentina

Argentina is a country in South America, situated between the Andes in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. It also claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands (known in Spanish the Islas Malvinas ) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Under the name of Argentine Antarctica, it claims around 1,000,000 km² of Antarctica, overlapping other claims by Chile and the United Kingdom. By area, it is the second largest country of South America after Brazil and the 8th largest country in the world. The country is formally named República Argentina (Argentine Republic), while for purposes of legislation the form Nación Argentina (Argentine Nation) is used.

Origin and history of the name

The name Argentina derives from the Latin argentum (silver) and the first Spanish conquerors to the River Plate. Indigenous people gave silver gifts to the survivors of the shipwrecked expedition, who were led by Juan Díaz de Solís. The legend of Sierra del Plata — a mountain rich in silver — reached Spain around 1524. The Spaniards named the river of Solís, Río de la Plata (River of the Silver). The name Argentina was first used in Ruy Diaz de Guzman's 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the River Plate), naming the territory Tierra Argentina (land of silver).

History

The area of present Argentina was relatively sparsely populated until it was colonised by Europeans. The Diaguita lived in northwestern Argentina on the edge of the expanding Inca Empire; the Guaraní lived farther east. Europeans arrived in 1502. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580, and the Viceroyalty of the River Plate in 1776. Independence from Spain was declared on 9 July 1816. Centralist and federationist groups were in conflict, until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853. Foreign investment and immigration from Europe aided the introduction of modern agricultural techniques and integration of Argentina into the world economy in the late 19th century. In the 1880s the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued or exterminated the remaining native tribes of Patagonia. From 1880 to 1930 Argentina became one of the ten wealthiest nations. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the government. The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930 leading to another decade of Conservative rule. 1930, and the Antarctica, that overlaps both Chilean and British claims, though all three are signatory to the Antarctic Treaty]] Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who aimed at empowering the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionised workers. The Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him. In the 1950s and 1960s, military and civilian administrations traded power. When military governments failed to revive the economy and suppress escalating terrorism in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the way was open for Perón's return to the presidency in 1973, with his third wife, María Estela Isabel Martínez de Perón, as Vice President. During this period, extremists on the left and right carried out terrorist acts with a frequency that threatened public order. Perón died in 1974. His wife succeeded him in office, but a military coup removed her from office in 1976, and the armed forces formally exercised power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganisation Process, until 1983. The armed forces repressed opposition using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents were "disappeared". Economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime. Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl Alfonsín's Radical government took steps intending to account for the "disappeared", establishing civilian control of the armed forces and consolidating democratic institutions. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence caused his early departure. President Carlos Menem imposed peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation, and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatisation program. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s. The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness of exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, which led to a total freezing of the bank accounts (the corralito), and culminated in a financial panic in November 2001. Next month, amidst bloody riots, President de la Rúa resigned. Several new presidents followed in quick succession. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. The peso's almost 12-year-old link with the dollar was abandoned, resulting in massive currency depreciation and inflation, in turn triggering a spike in unemployment and poverty. In 2003, Néstor Kirchner became the president, and started implementing new policies based on re-industrialisation, import substitution, increased exports, consistent fiscal surplus, and high exchange rate.

Politics

Néstor Kirchner The Argentine constitution of 1853, as revised in 1994, mandates a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. The president and vice president are directly elected to 4-year terms. Both are limited to two consecutive terms; they are allowed to stand for a third term or more after an interval of at least one term. The president appoints cabinet ministers, and the constitution grants him considerable power as both head of state and head of government, including authority to enact laws by presidential decree under conditions of "urgency and necessity" and the line-item veto. Argentina's parliament is the bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Nación, consisting of a Senate (Senado) of 72 seats and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members. Since 2001, senators have been directly elected, with each province, including the Federal Capital, represented by three senators. Senators serve 6-year terms. One-third of the Senate stands for reelection every 2 years via a partial majority system in each district. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to 4-year term via a system of proportional representation. Voters elect half the members of the lower house every 2 years. See also Argentinian Legal System

Administrative Divisions

Argentinian Legal System Argentina is divided into 23 provinces (provincias; singular: provincia), and 1 autonomous city (commonly known as capital federal), marked with an asterisk: ^- The current official name for the federal district is "Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires". Buenos Aires has been the capital of Argentina since its unification, but there have been projects to move the administrative centre elsewhere. During the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín a law was passed ordering the move of the federal capital to Viedma, a city in the Patagonic province of Río Negro. Studies were underway when hyperinflation, in 1989, killed off the project. Though the law was never formally repealed, it has become a mere historical relic, and the project has been forgotten.

Urbanization

hyperinflation About 2.7 million people live in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and roughly 11.5 million in Greater Buenos Aires (2001), making it one of the largest urban conglomerates in the world. Together with their respective metropolitan areas, the second and third largest cities in Argentina, Córdoba and Rosario, each comprise about 1.3 million inhabitants. Most European immigrants to Argentina (coming in great waves especially around the First and the Second World Wars) settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Since the 1930s many rural workers have moved to the big cities. The 1990s saw many rural towns become ghost towns when train services were abandoned and local products manufactured on a small scale were replaced by massive amounts of imported cheap goods, in part because of the monetary policy which kept the U. S. dollar exchange rate fixed and low. Many slums (villas miseria) sprouted in the outskirts of the largest cities, inhabited by empoverished low-class urban dwellers and migrants from smaller towns in the interior of the country. Argentina's urban areas have a European look, reflecting the influence of their European settlers. Many towns and cities are built like Spanish cities around a main square called a plaza. A cathedral and important government buildings often face the plaza. The general layout of the cities is called a damero, that is, a checkerboard, since it is based on a pattern of square blocks, though modern developments sometimes depart from it (for example, the city of La Plata, built at the end of the 19th century, is organised as a checkerboard plus diagonal avenues at fixed intervals). In descending order by number of inhabitants, the major cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, La Plata, Tucumán, Mar del Plata, Salta, Santa Fe, and Bahía Blanca. For a more comprehensive list, see List of cities in Argentina.

Geography

List of cities in Argentina Argentina can roughly be divided into three parts: the fertile plains of the Pampas in the central part of the country, the centre of Argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in the southern half down to Tierra del Fuego; and the rugged Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point being the Cerro Aconcagua at 6,960 m. Major rivers include the Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. The latter two flow together before meeting the Atlantic Ocean, forming the estuary of the River Plate. The Argentine climate is predominantly temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to arid/sub-Antarctic in far south.

Enclaves and exclaves

There is one Argentine exclave: the island of Martín García (co-ordinates ). It is situated near the confluence of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, a mere kilometre inside Uruguayan waters, about 3.5 km from the Uruguayan coastline, near the small city of Martín Chico (itself about halfway between Nueva Palmira and Colonia). An agreement reached by Argentina and Uruguay in 1973 reaffirmed Argentine jurisdiction over the island, ending a century-old dispute between the two countries. According to the terms of the agreement, Martín García is to be devoted exclusively to a natural preserve. Its area is about 2 km², and the population about 200 people.

Economy

Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. The country historically had a large middle class, compared to other Latin American countries, but this segment of the population was decimated by a succession of economic crises. Today, while a significant segment of the population is still financially well-off, they stay in sharp contrast with millions who live in poverty or on the brink of it. Since the late 1970s the country piled up public debt and was plagued by bouts of high inflation. In 1991, the government pegged the peso to the U. S. dollar and limited the growth in the monetary base. The government then embarked on a path of trade liberalisation, deregulation, and privatisation. Inflation dropped and GDP grew, but external economic shocks and failures of the system diluted its benefits, causing it to crumble in slow motion, from 1995 and up to the collapse in 2001. By 2002 Argentina had defaulted on its debt, its GDP had shrunk, unemployment was over 18%, the peso had devalued 75% after being floated, and inflation was hitting again. However, careful spending control and heavy taxes on now soaring exports gave the state the tools to regain resources and conduct monetary policy. In 2003, import substitution policies and soaring exports, coupled with a lower inflation and expansive economic measures, triggered a surge in the GDP, which was repeated in 2004, creating jobs and encouraging internal consumption. Capital flight decreased, and foreign investment slowly returned. The influx of foreign currency from exports created such a huge trade surplus that the Central Bank was forced to buy dollars from the market, which it continues to do at the time, to be accumulated as reserves. The situation in 2005 is much improved, but there are still large numbers of unemployed people that beg for some money or food, especially in the outskirts of Buenos Aires. Some of them are homeless, and there is at least one small non-profit humanitarian organisation which distributes free food to some of them most days of the week.

Demographics

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Unlike most of its neighbouring countries, Argentina's population descends overwhelmingly from Europeans. The basic demographic stock (85% of the population) is made up of descendants of the Spanish colonists, augmented by descendants of later Italian and Spanish settlers. Around 56% of Argentinians, however, possess at least some indigenous Amerindian ancestry (as discovered by genetic research). Those who claimed their ancestry as Spanish — or Spanish and another ancestry, such as Spanish-Italian — were most likely to have some remnant Amerindian ancestry; a legacy of the almost complete absorption of colonial Argentina's mestizo majority by the post-colonial mass migratory influx of Europeans. The indigenous Amerindian — poorly estimated between 500,000 and 2 million — and identifiably mestizo populations are concentrated in the provinces of the north, northwest and south. As of 2001, 2.8% of Argentine households host a person that identifies as belonging to an indigenous group. Waves of immigrants from European countries arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Patagonian Chubut Valley has a significant Welsh-descended population and retains many aspects of Welsh culture. Other important immigrant groups came from Germany (German colonies were settled in the provinces of Entre Ríos, Misiones, Formosa, Córdoba and the Patagonian region, as well as in Buenos Aires itself), France (mostly settled in Buenos Aires city and province), Scandinavia (especially Sweden) the United Kingdom and Ireland (Buenos Aires and the Patagonia) and Eastern European nations, such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine and the Balkans region (especially Croatia and Serbia) and others. The Jewish community in Argentina is comprised predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews of Northern and Eastern European origin, and [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/jewpop.html numbers about 395,379], which is the largest in Latin America and fifth largest in the world. Syrian, Lebanese, and other Middle Eastern immigrants number about 500,000, mainly in urban areas. Small numbers of people from East Asia have settled Argentina, mainly in Buenos Aires. The first Asian-Argentines were of Japanese descent, but Koreans, Vietnamese, India and Chinese soon followed. There was a substantial immigration from other Latin American countries during the 1990s from Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile number about 2,000,000 and 4,000,000.

Culture

See also the articles on the cuisine, the music, and the football of Argentina. For a prevalent custom among Argentines, see mate. For the traditional Buenos Aires dance, see tango. Also see the list of people from Argentina.

Language

The only official language is Spanish, although some immigrants and indigenous communities have retained their original languages in specific points of the country. Argentina is the largest Spanish-speaking community that employs voseo (the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú, associated with some alternate verb conjugations). The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, with most speakers located in the basin of the River Plate.

Religion

River Plate Most of Argentina's population is at least nominally Roman Catholic (78%, though regular church attendance is much lower). Roman Catholicism is supported by the Argentine state, as stated in the Constitution. Evangelical churches gained a place in Argentina especially since the 1980s. The country also has the largest Jewish population in Latin America, about 300,000 strong, and is home to one of the largest Islamic mosques in Latin America. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) number over 330,300, the seventh largest concentration in the world[http://www.lds.org.ar/noticias2005/noti_ene2005/info_noti_ene2005_05.htm]. Traditional Protestant communities are also present.

References

External links

Government
- [http://www.info.gov.ar Gobierno Electrónico] - Official governmental gateway
- [http://www.presidencia.gov.ar Presidencia] - Official presidential site (in Spanish)
- [http://www.senado.gov.ar Honorable Senado de la Nación] - Official senatorial site (in Spanish)
- [http://www.diputados.gov.ar Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación] - Official lower house site (in Spanish) Directories
- [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/hispanic/argentina/argentina.html Library of Congress Portals on the World - Argentina]
- [http://dmoz.org/Regional/South_America/Argentina Open Directory Project -Argentina] directory category
- [http://ar.todalanet.net Todalanet.net Argentina] - Search engine of Argentinean only web pages. News
- [http://www.telam.com.ar Official news agency]
- [http://www.tageblatt.com.ar Argentinisches Tageblatt] (in German)
- Buenos Aires Herald[http://www.buenosairesherald.com] (in English)
- Clarín[http://www.clarin.com], Argentina's most popular newspaper, published in Buenos Aires, distributed nationwide
- [http://www.diariodecuyo.com.ar Diario de Cuyo], from San Juan
- La Capital[http://www.lacapital.com.ar], from Rosario, Santa Fe Province
- [http://www.diariouno.net.ar Diario UNO], from Mendoza
- [http://www.eldiariodeparana.com.ar El Diario], from Paraná, Entre Ríos Province
- [http://www.infobae.com InfoBae], newspaper from Buenos Aires
- [http://www.lavozdelinterior.com.ar La Voz Del Interior], from Córdoba city
- [http://www.lagaceta.com.ar La Gaceta], from Tucumán
- La Nación[http://www.lanacion.com] ("The Nation"), from Buenos Aires, distributed nationwide
- [http://www.larazon.com.ar La Razón], Buenos Aires free evening newspaper (belongs to the Clarín group)
- [http://www.lanueva.com.ar La Nueva Provincia] ("The New Province"), from Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires
- Página/12[http://www.pagina12.com.ar], from Buenos Aires (Clarín Group), distributed nationwide
- [http://www.lacapitalnet.com.ar La Capital], from Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires
- [http://www.lavozdelpueblo.com.ar La Voz del Pueblo], local newspaper from Tres Arroyos city Images
- [http://cometoargentina.tripod.com/ Mundo Argentina] - Has pictures
- [http://www.vester.com.ar/argentina/ Pictures of Argentina] - Pictures of Argentina. Provinces, regions, landscapes and people.
- [http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america.htm South America Pictures]
- [http://www.geographicguide.com/south-america-map.htm South America Map]
- [http://www.globe-images.com/south-america.htm South America Satellite Images]
- [http://www.fotos-de-argentina.com.ar/ Argentina Photos] Argentina Photos - Photographs of Argentina. Travel
- [http://www.turismo.gov.ar/ Secretaria de Turismo de la Nacion] Official site of the Tourism Department of the Argentine Government
- [http://www.argentinatravelnet.com/ Argentina Travel Net] Directory of travel websites in Argentina
- [http://www.roadjunky.com/argentina/guide_argentina.shtml Guide to Argentina] - Travel tips and a deep look at Argentine culture. (in English)
- [http://www.argentinacafe.com/ Argentina Cafe Travel Guide] - Travel highlights, costs, guidebook reviews, cheap flight tips, background articles, etc.
- [http://www.thowra.com/argentina.html Travelling in Argentina] - Find out about some of the main places to go. (in English)
- [http://www.VisitGayBA.com VisitGayBA.com] - A Gay Guide to Buenos Aires, Argentina. (in English) Other
- [http://www.josemariarosa.galeon.com/ Argentine History] - Prestigious Argentine historian José María Rosa (1906-1991).
- [http://www.argentina-information.com/ Argentina Information] - Facts and information on different aspects of life in Argentina.
- [http://www.coha.org Council on Hemispheric Affairs] Latin American information and analysis
- [http://expat-argentina.blogspot.com/ Expat Argentina] - Blog about expat life and issues in Argentina Argentina ko:아르헨티나 ms:Argentina ja:アルゼンチン simple:Argentina th:ประเทศอาร์เจนตินา fiu-vro:Argentina

Category:Buenos Aires

This category refers to the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Category:Cities in Argentina

Algisch

Algisch (auch Algonkin-Wiyot-Yurok oder Algonkin-Ritwan) ist eine Sprachfamilie in Amerika. Sie kommt hauptsächlich in Nordamerika und Mexiko vor. Sie gehört zu den indigenen amerikanischen Sprachen und stammt vom Proto-Algischen ab. Die meisten algischen Sprachen gehören zur Unterfamilie der Algonkin-Sprachen. Die weiteren algischen Sprachen sind Yurok und Wiyot im Nordwesten Kaliforniens. Der letzte Wiyot-Sprecher starb 1962; die Yurok-Sprache beherrschen nur noch bis zu zehn Sprecher. Der ISO-Code ist 639-2.

Klassifikation von den Algischen Sprachen

- Yurok
- Wiyot
- Algonkin
- Arapaho-Gruppe
- Arapaho
- Atsina (Gros Ventre)
- Besawunena
- Haʔanahawunena
- Nawathinehena
- Blackfeet
- Cheyenne
- Fox-Gruppe
- Fox
- Sauk
- Kickapoo
- Cree
- Menomini
- Miami-Illinois
- Ojibwa
- Potawatomi
- Shawnee
- Ostalgonkin
- Ost-Abnaki
- West-Abnaki
- Etchemin
- Loup A
- Loup B
- Mahican (Mohican)
- Maliseet-Passamaquoddy
- Massachusett
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac)
- Mohegan-Pequot (Mohican
- Munsee (Delaware)
- Nanticoke
- Narragansett
- Nipmuck
- Pamlico
- Powhatan
- Quiripi-Naugatuck-Unquachog-Shinnecock
- Unami (Delaware, Lenape)
- Delaware Jargon†

Siehe auch

- Sprache
- Sprachfamilie
- Sprachfamilien nach Kontinenten geordnet
- Einzelsprache
- Algonquianische Sprache

Weblinks

- [http://www.indianersprachen.de Indianersprachen]
- [http://home.snafu.de/duerr/NAM.html Nord- und mesoamerikanische Sprachen]
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp Ethnologue: Languages of the World englisch] Kategorie:Einzelsprache Kategorie:Sprachfamilie

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कोहिमा भारतस्‍य नागालैंड प्रान्‍तस्‍य राजधानी अस्‍ति. In 1944 during World War II the Battle of Kohima along with the simultaneous Battle of Imphal was the turning point in the Burma Campaign. For the first time in South-East Asia the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies which they then retained until the end of t