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| Catégorie:Astronautique |
Catégorie:AstronautiqueArticle principal : Astronautique
catégorie:Techniques et sciences appliquées
Catégorie:Conquête de l'espace
Astronautique]]
L'astronautique ou spationautique ou cosmonautique, est constituée par l'ensemble des sciences et des techniques visant à envoyer dans l'espace extraterrestre un véhicule habité ou non, à naviguer à l'extérieur de l'atmosphère terrestre, et à exploiter des engins spatiaux.
Le terme « astronautique » a été introduit en 1927 par Robert Esnault-Pelterie.
Les techniques
- le véhicule spatial
- le vol spatial
- la station spatiale
- la propulsion spatiale
----
Astronomie | Conquête de l'espace | Liste des articles relatifs à l'astronautique
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Burundi legislative election, 2005
The Republic of Burundi held several elections in 2005. The polls returned the nation to constitutional democratic rule after a devastating civil war that arose from long-standing ethnic tensions between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority.
Four of the polls (28 February Constitutional Referendum, 3 June Communal, 4 July National Assembly, and 23 September 'Hills' Elections) were direct elections while two (29 July Senatorial and 19 August Presidential Elections) were indirect, as they were chosen by communal councilors and the parliament, respectively.
See the list of political parties in Burundi for information about the parties.
28 February 2005 Constitutional Referendum
The new constitution guarantees representation for both ethnic groups by setting out the share of posts they will have in parliament and government and the army, which had been dominated by Tutsis since independence. Most political parties urged a "Yes" vote in the poll, but some Tutsi parties urged a "No" vote, stating that the new constitution doesn’t give Tutsis enough guarantees. Election day was peaceful and no major incidents were reported. Voter turnout was high and the final results showed overwhelming support for the new constitution.
Main Points of the Constitution
- The ethnic composition of the National Assembly is 60% Hutu and 40% Tutsi. Three additional seats are reserved for members of the Twa ethnic group, which makes up approximately one percent of the national population.
- In the upper house of parliament, the Senate, seats are evenly divided (50%-50%) between Hutus and Tutsis.
- Military posts are to be shared equally between the two groups.
Results
3 June/7 June 2005 Communal Elections
On 3 June 2005, voters went to the polls to choose 3,225 communal councilors (25 seats per Commune; A total of 129 Communes). The election was largely peaceful in most parts of the country, however, violence and intimidation in some communes of Bujumbura Rural and Bubanza provinces led to a re-poll held on 7 June. Observers considered the communal elections generally free and fair, despite some minor irregularities. [http://www.cnebonline.org/article.php3?id_article=7]
The elections were won by the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD), who captured 55% (1,781) of the seats.
Results
4 July 2005 National Assembly Elections
National Assembly elections were held on 4 July 2005. Approximately 30 political parties and independents competed for 100 seats. Voting was largely peaceful throughout the country during election day. Observers deemed the polls generally free, fair, and transparent. [http://www.cnebonline.org/article.php3?id_article=11] Major political parties accepted the results as legitimate.
In order to ensure the 60%-40% ethnic split and 30% quota for women, a further 18 members, including the three Twa representatives foreseen by the Electoral Code, were co-opted after the elections.
As in the communal elections held a month earlier, the National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD) won the most seats.
Results
|Summary of the 4 July National Assembly election results
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Elected
seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Coopted
seats
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Total
seats
|-
|align="left"|National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie–Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie, CNDD-FDD)
|align="right"|1,417,800
|align="right"|58.55
|align="right"|59
|align="right"|5
|align="right"|64
|-
|align="left"|Front for Democracy in Burundi (Front pour la Démocratie au Burundi, FRODEBU)
|align="right"|525,336
|align="right"|21.70
|align="right"|25
|align="right"|5
|align="right"|30
|-
|align="left"|Union for National Progress (Union pour le Progrès national, UPRONA)
|align="right"|174,575
|align="right"|7.21
|align="right"|10
|align="right"|5
|align="right"|15
|-
|align="left"|National Council for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie, CNDD)
|align="right"|100,366
|align="right"|4.14
|align="right"|4
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|4
|-
|align="left"|Movement for the Rehabilitation of Citizens-Rurenzangemero (Mouvement pour la Réhabilitation du Citoyen-Rurenzangemero, MRC)
|align="right"|51,730
|align="right"|2.14
|align="right"|2
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|2
|-
|align="left"|Party for National Recovery (Parti pour le redressement national, PARENA)
|align="right"|42,223
|align="right"|1.74
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|-
|align="left"|Others & Independents
|align="right"|109,396
|align="right"|4.51
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|-
|align="left"|Ethnic Twa Members
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|3
|align="right"|3
|-
|style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total (Voter Turnout: 77.2%)
|width="75" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|2,421,426
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100.0
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|18
|width="30" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|118
|-
|align="left"|Registered Voters
|align="right"|3,167,124
|rowspan=3 colspan=4|
|-
|align="left"|Total Votes
|align="right"|2,446,001
|-
|align="left"|Invalid/Blank Votes
|align="right"|24,575
|{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left" scope="col" | Party
! scope="col" | Elected Members
(34 Seats)
! scope="col" | Co-opted & Other Members
(15 Seats)
! scope="col" | Total Seats
(49)
|-
| align="left" | National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD-FDD)
| align="center" | 30
| align="center" | 02
| align="center" | 32
|-
| align="left" scope="row" | Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU)
| align="center" | 03
| align="center" | 02
| align="center" | 05
|-
| align="left" scope="row" | National Council for the Defense of Democracy (CNDD)
| align="center" | 01
| align="center" | 02
| align="center" | 03
|-
| align="left" scope="row" | Union for National Progress (UPRONA)
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | 02
| align="center" | 02
|-
| align="left" scope="row" | Ethnic Twa Members
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | 03
| align="center" | 03
|-
| align="left" scope="row" | Ex-Presidents
| align="center" | -
| align="center" | 04
(FRODEBU-2)
(UPRONA-1)
(PARENA-1)
| align="center" | 04
|-
|{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
|align="center" colspan="3"|Pierre Nkurunziza for President
|-
|align="left"|Results
|align="center"|Number of Votes (162)
|-
|align="left"|For
|align="center"|151
|-
|align="left"|Against
|align="center"|09
|-
|align="left"|Abstention
|align="center"|01
|-
|align="left"|Null
|align="center"|01
|-
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