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Ceresio

Ceresio

Lake Lugano (Italian: Lago di Lugano or Ceresio) is a lake in the south-east of Switzerland, at the border between Switzerland and Italy. The lake, named after the city of Lugano, is situated between Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como, approximately at co-ordinates . Places at the lake include:
- Lugano (CH)
- Castagnola (CH)
- Gandria (CH/I)
- Porlezza (I)
- Campione d'Italia (I)
- Capolago (CH)
- Porto Ceresio (I)
- Ponte Tresa (I/CH)
- Agno (CH)
- Figino (CH)
- Morcote (CH)
- Melide (CH) Some of these places are in Switzerland (CH), others in Italy (I). The lake's surface of 48.7 km² is 270 m above sea level. Its volume is 6,500 million m³ and maximum depth 288 m. Lugano Lugano ja:ルガーノ湖

Italian language

Italian (Italian: ) is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people primarily in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the North. Like many languages it is written using the Latin alphabet, Italian has double consonants. However, contrary to, for example, French and Spanish, double consonants are pronounced as long (geminated) in Italian. As in most Romance languages (with the notable exception of French), stress is distinctive. Out of the Romance languages, Italian is generally considered to be the one most closely resembling Latin in terms of grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.

History

The history of the Italian language is quite complex but the modern standard of the language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. The earliest surviving texts which can definitely be called Italian (as opposed to its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are legal formulae from the region of Benevento dating from A.D. 960-963. Italian was first formalized in the 14th century through the works of Dante Alighieri, who mixed southern Italian dialects, especially Sicilian, with his native Tuscan in his epic poems known collectively as the Commedia, to which Boccaccio later affixed the title Divina. Dante's much-loved works were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became the canonical standard that others could all understand. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language. Italian has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, since the cities were up until recently city-states. Italians generally believe that the best spoken Italian is lingua toscana in bocca romana - 'the Tuscan tongue, in a Roman mouth' (Tuscan dialects spoken with Roman inflection). The Romans are known for speaking clearly and distinctly, while the Tuscan dialect (supposedly derived from Etruscan and Oscan), is the closest existing dialect to Dante's now-standard Italian. In contrast to the dialects of northern Italy, the older southern Italian dialects were largely untouched by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by bards from France, during the middle ages. (See La Spezia-Rimini Line.) The economic might and relative advanced development of Tuscany at the time (late middle ages), gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in medieval Italian commercial life. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of Florence during the periods of 'Umanesimo' and Rinascimento (Renaissance) made its vulgare (dialect) a standard in the arts.

Classification

Italian is most closely related to the other two Italo-Dalmatian languages, Sicilian and the extinct Dalmatian. The three are part of the Italo-Western grouping of the Romance languages, which are a subgroup of the Italic branch of Indo-European.

Geographic distribution

Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino, and is an official language in Ticino and Grigioni cantons of Switzerland. It is also the second official language in Vatican City and in some areas of Istria in Slovenia and Croatia with an Italian minority. It is widely used by immigrant groups in Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, the United States, Canada, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, and Australia, and is also spoken in neighbouring Albania. It is spoken, to a much lesser extent, in parts of Africa formerly under Italian rule such as Somalia, Libya and Eritrea. It is also widely known and taught in Monaco and in the neighbouring island of Malta and served as an official language of the country until English was enshrined in the 1934 Constitution. Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first non-native language of pupils. In anglophone parts of Canada, Italian is, after French, the second most taught language. In the United States and the United Kingdom, Italian ranks fourth (after Spanish-French-German and French-German-Spanish respectively). Throughout the world, Italian is the fifth most taught non-native language, after English, French, Spanish and German.

Official status

Italian is an official language of Italy, the European Union, San Marino, Switzerland and Vatican City. It is also an official language in the Istria County (Croatia) and municipalities of Koper, Piran and Izola (Slovenia).

Dialects and regional languages of Italy

:See Italian dialects The dialects of Italian identified by the Ethnologue are Tuscan, Abruzzese, Pugliese (Apulian), Umbrian, Laziale, Central Marchigiano, Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano, and Molisan. On the contrary Ethnologue and the Red book on endangered languages of UNESCO consider Piemontese, Lombard, Ligurian, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Venetian, Friulian, Neapolitan-Calabrese or Tricalabro (a range including Neapolitan and Sicilian) and Sardinian as regional minority languages, structurally separated from Italian. Most Italians, however, refer to these simply as "dialect", with the exception of Sardinian, which is usually recognized language status. Also the Corsican language has strong similarities to Italian and most linguists consider it as a Tuscany dialect, the closest to modern Italian. Many of the so-called dialects of Italian spoken around the country are different enough from standard Italian to be considered separate languages by most linguists and some speakers themselves. Thus a distinction can be made between "dialects of (standard) Italian" and "dialects (or languages) of Italy". A link to an Italian site with translation features between Italian dialects and Italian: [http://www.dialettando.com]

Cultural acceptance of dialects

The dialect of Tuscany became the basis for what would become the official language of Italy, by way of the famous Tuscan author Dante Alighieri. Alighieri and other Tuscan poets were inspired by the Sicilian koine wanted by the Sicilian School under holy roman emperor Frederick II. His project (in which Giacomo da Lentini invented the sonnet) was accomplished by enriching the Sicilian language with new words adapted from French, Latin, and Apulian. The Sicilians produced a collection of love-poems which can be considered the first standard Italian ever produced, though it was only used for literary purposes until Guittone d'Arezzo. When the Svevs dynasty ended the Tuscans and Dante re-discovered it (see De Divina Eloquentia and Vita Nova)and integrated the Sicilians into Florence's linguistic heritage. Dolce stil novo, the platonic school of courtly love can be considered the link between the old southern school and Tuscan poetry which aimed to express the new intellectual sensibility and fervor of the newly-born city-states, as Florence. Dante's work, Divina Commedia was the first of its kind to be written in a dialect (though sensibly enriched compared with its spoken counterpart), as opposed to the traditional Latin. The success of his work spread the Florentine dialect, and gave it prestige and acceptance. For this he is referred to as the father of the Italian Language. By the time Italy was unified 1861, and Rome was annexed (1870) the Italian standard had further been influenced by Florentine through the work of the Accademia della Crusca (Cardinal Pietro Bembo and followers). Bembo laid the foundation for what is today's modern standard. But Bembo was a purist and had accepted no other influence than that from Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio. As time went on, the language was losing touch with linguistic change, and could not put up with technology and science. The much-needed update would have to wait a little longer until, in what is commonly regarded as the first modern novel of the Italian literature, I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed) (Alessandro Manzoni further refined its widely read novel by "rinsing" it in the waters of the Arno (Florence's river), as he states in his 1840 Preface. However, Manzoni refused the Crusca's purist, written Florentine-only attitude and admitted a certain influence from other dialects, though he reduced it as compared to the first edition of (1821). After unification the huge number of civil servants and soldiers recruited from all over the country introduced many more words and idioms from their home dialects ("ciao" is Venetian, "panettone" is Milanese etc.), in fact confirming Manzoni's linguistic views. Tuscan has thus become one of the twenty official dialects of Italy. Though technically speaking the division between dialect and language is purely conventional, it has been used by scholars, for eg. by Francesco Bruni, to distinguish between the languages that made up the Italian koine, and those which had very little or no part in it, as Albanian, Greek, Südtirolean, Ladino, Friulian and Occitan, still spoken by small ethnic or linguistic minorites. Dialects are generally not used for general communication, e.g. on TV, but are limited to groups of people who can actually speak them and to informal contexts. Speaking dialect is often shunned upon in Italy as it is a sign of lacking education. Younger generations, especially those under 35 (though it may vary in different areas), speak almost exclusively standard Italian in all situations, usually with a slight local accent. Dialects have their share of enthusiasts, but this is a small niche of the population. The promotion of dialects by some political forces as the Lega Nord has possibly damaged rather than promoted their status. Dialects are often used in movies to provide comic relief or to produce stereotypes: northern dialects can be connected to greedy merchants; a Roman accent is associated with arrogant, simple-minded bullies; Neapolitan reminds of dishonest, cunning slackers, and, even in Italy, Sicilian is often associated with the mafia. However, many screenwriters also explore the more expressive and spontaneous features of a dialect, often to challenge the common cliches and present a richer, less explored reality.

Sounds

Vowels

Italian has seven vowel phonemes: , , , , , , . The 'couples' ( - ) and ( - ) get mixed up in spoken Italian, even though each variety of Italian employs both phonemes consistently: compare, for example: (because) and (you listen), employed by some northern speakers, with and , as pronounced by most central and southern speakers. As a result, the usage is strongly indicative of a person's origin. The standard (Tuscan) usage of these vowels is listed in vocabularies, and employed outside Tuscany mainly by the more educated people, especially actors and (television) journalists. These are truly different phonemes, however: compare (fishing) and (peach), both spelled "pesca" (). Similarly (barrel) and (beatings), both spelled as "botte", discriminate and (). In general, vowel combinations usually pronounce each vowel separately. Diphthongs exist, (e.g. "uo", "iu", "ie", "ai"), but are limited to the pattern: (unstressed "u" or "i", or zero) + (stressed vowel) + (unstressed "u" or "i", or zero) The unstressed "u" in a diphthong approximates the English semivowel "w", the unstressed "i" approximates the semivowel "y". E.g.: buono, ieri. As a semivowel, "j" is an alternate spelling of i, currently obsolete but common until early 20th century and preserved in specific words like "Jesi" (a town) or "Jacopo" (a first name). Triphthongs are limited to a diphthong plus an unstressed "i". (e.g. miei, tuoi.) Other sequences of three vowels exist (e.g. noia, febbraio), but they are not triphthongs; they consist of a vowel followed by a diphthong.

Consonants

Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively. The phoneme undergoes assimilation when followed by a consonant, e.g., when followed by a velar ( or ) it's pronounced , etc. Italian plosives are not aspirated (unlike in English). Italian speakers hear the difference as a foreign accent. Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length. Length is distinctive for all consonants except for , , , , which are always geminate, and which is always single. Geminate plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives, nasals, and are realized as lengthened continuants. Geminate is realized as the trill .

Assimilation

Italian has few diphthongs, and so most unfamiliar diphthongs heard in foreign words (in particular, those with a first vowel that is not "i" or "u", or a first vowel that is stressed), will be assimilated as the corresponding dieresis (i.e., the vowel sounds will be pronounced separately: "strive" and "hive" will rhyme with "naïve").

Grammar

see Italian grammar.

Writing system

Italian grammar Italian is written using the Latin alphabet. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the standard Italian alphabet, but are seen in imported words (such as jeans, whiskey, taxi). J may also appear in many words from different dialects. Each of these foreign letters had an Italian equivalent spelling: gi, ch, u, cs or s, and i, but these are now obsolete.
- Italian uses the acute accent over the letter E (as in perché, why/because) to indicate a mid-close vowel, and the grave accent (as in tè, tea) to indicate a mid-open vowel. The grave accent is also used on letters A, I, O, and U to mark the stress position when it is on the last letter of a word (for instance gioventù, youth). Typically, the penultimate syllable is stressed. If other syllables are stressed, no accent is marked, as is instead done in Spanish.
- The letter H is always silent when it begins a word, and is only used to distinguish ho, hai, ha, hanno (present indicative of avere, to have) from o (or), ai (to the), a (to), anno (year). H is otherwise used for some combinations with other letters (see below), but the /h/ sound does not exist in Italian.
- The letter Z is pronounced , or sometimes , depending on context, though there are few minimal pairs. The same goes with S, which can be pronounced or . However, these two phonemes are in complementary distribution everywhere except between two vowels in the same word, and even in such environment there are extremely few minimal pairs, therefore this distinction is being lost in most accents.
- The letters C and G are affricates: as in "chair" and as in "gem", respectively, before the front vowels I and E. They are pronounced as plosives , (as in "call" and "gall") otherwise¹. But, the normally silent H is added between CI, CE, GI or GE if the consonant is to be a plosive. For example: : :¹(Front/back vowel rules for C and G are similar in French, Romanian, and to some extent English (including Old English). Swedish and Norwegian have similar rules for K and G. See also palatalization.)
- There are two special digraphs in Italian: GN and GL. GN is always pronounced , and GL is pronounced ) but only before i, and never when at the beginning of the word, except in the plural form gli of the masculine definite article. (Compare with Spanish "ñ" and "ll", Portuguese "nh" and "lh".)
- In general all letters are clearly pronounced, and always in the same way. (The only notable allophonic variations in the pronunciation of phonemes in standard Italian are the assimilation of /n/ before consonants, and vowel length (vowels are long in stressed open syllables, and short elsewhere) — compare with the enormous number of allophones of the English phoneme /t/. Spelling is clearly phonetic and difficult to mistake given a clear pronunciation. Exceptions are generally only found in foreign borrowings. There is less dyslexia than in languages like English.

Usage among Younger Generations

Some variations in the usage of the writing system may be present in practical use. Most scholars consider these to be mistakes, but they are so common that knowledge of these may be useful to read an Italian text.
- Usage of x instead of per: this is very common among teenagers and in SMS abbreviations. Since per means "to", "for you" becomes x te, similar to the English 4 U. Words containing per can also have it substituted with x, and once an university student allegedly pronounced the surname of Italian revolutionary Nino Bixio as Biperio at an oral exam[http://pacs.unica.it/rassegna/rassegna0905.txt]. Perché (both "why" and "because") is often shortened as x`.
- Usage of foreign letters such as k, j and y, especially in nicknames and SMS language: ke instead of che, Giusy instead of Giuseppina. This is curiously mirrored in the usage of i in English names such as Staci instead of Stacey, or in the usage of c in Northern Europe (Jacob instead of Jakob). The letter k also appears to give words a certain strenght and threatening aspect, possibly because it is associated with Germany. Politician Francesco Cossiga used to be nicknamed Kossiga by rioting students as early as 1968, because of his role as minister of internal affairs.
- Accents are often substituted by apostrophes, such as in perche instead of perché. È is particularly rare, as it is absent from the Italian keyboard layout. Few are aware of the distinction between grave and acute accents.
Examples

- cheers (generic toast): salve
- English: inglese
- good-bye: arrivederci
- hello: ciao (informal); buongiorno (good morning/good afternoon), buonasera (good evening)
- Yes: sì /si/
- No: no
- Sorry: scusi //
- Again: ancora //
- Always: sempre //
- When: quando /kwando/
- Why? / Because: perché /per'ke/
- how much?: quanto (masculine); quanta (feminine)
- thank you!: grazie!
- you're welcome!: prego!
Sample texts
You can hear a recording of Dante's Divine Comedy read by Lino Pertile at http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp/. From the Holy Bible, Luke 2, 1-7 (for an English version see http://www.gnpcb.org/esv/search/?q=luke+2) You can listen to a rendition of this text as recorded by an Italian native speaker from Milan. 2:1 In quei giorni, un decreto di Cesare Augusto ordinava che si facesse un censimento di tutta la terra. 2 Questo primo censimento fu fatto quando Quirino era governatore della Siria. 3 Tutti andavano a farsi registrare, ciascuno nella propria città. 4 Anche Giuseppe, che era della casa e della famiglia di Davide, dalla città di Nazaret e dalla Galilea si recò in Giudea nella città di Davide, chiamata Betlemme, 5 per farsi registrare insieme a Maria, sua sposa, che era incinta. 6 Proprio mentre si trovavano lì, venne il tempo per lei di partorire. 7 Mise al mondo il suo primogenito, lo avvolse in fasce e lo depose in una mangiatoia, poiché non c'era posto per loro nella locanda.
See also

- Italian phonology
- Sicilian School
- Veronese Riddle
External links

-
- [http://www.ielanguages.com/italian.html Italian Language Tutorial at ielanguages.com]
- [http://www.ilm.it/ Italian Language School]
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Italian-english/ Italian English Dictionary] from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://www.garzantilinguistica.it A free Italian-English Dictionary, Italian Dictionary, and Thesaurus] from Garzanti Linguistica (in Italian, requires free registration)
- [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report on Italian]
- [http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/italian/italy.php/ Learn Italian in Italy]
- [http://how-to-learn-any-language.com/e/languages/italian/index.html A profile of the Italian language]
- [http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?k1=53 All free Italian dictionaries]
- [http://italian-language-test.scuolaleonardo.com/ Test your Italian - Free Italian language test]
- [http://www.centropuccini.it/ Learn Italian in Italy by the sea]
- [http://www.locuta.com/ Centro Studi Italiani]
- [http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/modlang/carasi/site/pageone.html Online Italian language course]
- [http://www.loecsen.com/travel/discover_pop.php?lang=en&to_lang=8&learn-Italian/ Learn and listen to useful expressions in Italian]
- Category:Languages of Italy Category:Languages of Switzerland Category:Languages of Vatican City Category:Languages of San Marino Category:Languages of Slovenia als:Italienische Sprache ko:이탈리아어 ja:イタリア語 simple:Italian

Lugano

Lugano is a city in south-east Switzerland, in the Italian speaking canton of Ticino, which borders Italy. The city clearly has an Italian character. The origin of the name is most likely the Latin word Lucus meaning wood or sacred wood.

Geography

Lugano lies at the Lake of Lugano (Italian: Lago di Lugano or Ceresio), which is situated between the lakes Lago Maggiore and Lago di Como. The city is located where the river Cassarate enters the lake between the San Salvatore (925m) and the Brè (912m) mountains.

Demographics

Lugano is the largest town in Ticino. Since its merger with some surrounding municipalities (Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona, and Viganello) in 2004 the city has a population of 52,000 (the whole agglomeration has a population of around 90,000). This was the second major expansion after the merging in 1972 with the municipalities of Brè-Aldesago and Castagnola. The population is Italian-speaking and mainly Roman Catholic. Roman Catholic

Sights

- St. Lawrence Cathedral (IX and XV Century)
- St. Mary of the Angels Church (XVI Century) with the famous fresco of the Christ's Passion from Bernardino Luini

Museums

- Modern Art Museum (Museo d'Arte Moderna) [http://www.mdam.ch official site]
- Museum of Extraeuropean Cultures (Museo delle culture extraeuropee)
- Cantonal Art Museum (Museo cantonale d'arte) [http://www.museo-cantonale-arte.ch official site]
- Foundation Aligi Sassu and Helenita Olivares (Fondazione Aligi Sassu e Helenita Olivares)
- Historical Museum (Museo storico)
- Cantonal Museum on Natural History (Museo cantonale di storia naturale) [http://www.ti.ch/DT/DA/MUSEO official site]
- Swiss Custom Museum (Museo doganale svizzero)
- Municipal Art Museum (Museo civico di belle arti)
- Wilhelm Schmid Museum (Museo Wilhelm Schmid)
- Gottardo Gallery (Galleria Gottardo) [http://www.galleria-gottardo.org) official site] Wilhelm Schmid

Education and research

- Università della Svizzera Italiana: Lugano is the home of the faculties of economics and communication sciences.
- Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence: a non-profit oriented research institute for artificial intelligence, affiliated with both the Università della Svizzera Italiana and SUPSI.
- Franklin College Switzerland: Lugano is home to the internationally accredited Franklin College which hosts a diverse student body. [http://www.fc.edu]

Airport

- Lugano Airport

Sports

- Ice hockey: the Hockey Club Lugano (HCL) plays in the Switzerland National League. They play at the Resega and won six national titles, partecipated twice in the European Cup final round and once in the top four final in Euroleague. In 1991, Lugano reached the final of the famous Spengler Cup. It reached twice the third place in the IIHF Continental Cup Superfinal.
- Soccer: The Associazione Calcio Lugano (AC Lugano) plays in the Swiss Challenge League. They play at the Cornaredo stadium. The former Football Club Lugano won the Swiss title in 1938, 1941 and 1949 and the Swiss Cup in 1931, 1968 and 1993.
- Basketball: The BC Lugano Tigers (former Basket Club Lugano) plays in the Swiss National League A (LNA). They play at the Elvetico gym, won the Swiss Cup in 2001 and have been Swiss LNA Champions in 2000 and 2001. 2001

External links

- [http://www.lugano.ch/welcome.cfm?&language=E City of Lugano], the official site.
- [http://www.lugano-tourism.ch/framework/DesktopDefault.aspx?red=true&newlang=en-US Lugano Tourism], the official site. Category:Cities in Switzerland

Lago Maggiore

Lake Maggiore (in Italian: Lago Maggiore or lago Verbano) is the most westerly of the three large Prealpine lakes of Europe and the second largest after Lake Garda. It lies approximately at co-ordinates . It has a surface area of about 213 km², a maximum length of 54 km and, at its widest, is 12 km. The lake basin has tectonic-glacial origins and its volume is 37 km³. Its tributaries are the Ticino, the Maggia and the Toce rivers, and its outlet is the Ticino River. Its jagged banks are surrounded by the Prealps of Piedmont and Lombardy. The western bank is in Piedmont (provinces of Novara and Verbania) and the eastern in Lombardy (province of Varese), whereas the most northerly section extends thirteen kilometres into Switzerland. The climate is mild in both summer and winter, producing Mediterranean vegetation, with beautiful gardens growing rare and exotic plants.

Towns and villages on the lake

Islands

Mediterranean
- Brissago Islands
- Borromean Islands

External links

- [http://www.illagomaggiore.com Portale del Lago Maggiore], tourist information. Maggiore Maggiore als:Lago Maggiore ja:マッジョーレ湖

Lugano

Geography

Demographics

Sights

- St. Lawrence Cathedral (IX and XV Century)
- St. Mary of the Angels Church (XVI Century) with the famous fresco of the Christ's Passion from Bernardino Luini

Museums

Education and research

Airport

- Lugano Airport

Sports

External links

Gandria

With about 200 inhabitants, Gandria is a small picturesque village at the Lake of Lugano in Switzerland. It is near the city of Lugano, and easy to reach by boat. It is also possible to walk from Gandria to Lugano and other surrounding cities. The olive path between Gandria and Castagnola leads along fields of olive trees and offers a splendid view of the Lake of Lugano. Category:Villages in Switzerland

Campione d'Italia

Campione (also known as Campione d'Italia) is an Italian enclave within the Swiss canton of Ticino, separated from the rest of Italy by Lake Lugano and mountains. Its status came about when Ticino chose to become part of the Swiss Confederation in 1798, and Campione's people chose to remain part of Lombardy, which subsequently became part of Italy in 1871. The d'Italia was added to the appelation under Mussolini, who was keen to showcase Campione to its neighbours. Campione has a considerable amount of economic and administrative integration with Switzerland, using the Swiss Franc, and benefitting of special customs arrangements to allow Italian citizens to cross Swiss territory. Similarly, the telephone system is operated by Swisscom, meaning that calls from Italy require the international dialling code for Switzerland: 00 41 91. Mail may be sent using either a Swiss postal code: via Volta 3 CH-6911 Campione d'Italia or an Italian one: via Volta 3 I-22060 Campione d'Italia Campione takes advantage of its status by operating a famous casino, as gambling laws are less strict than in both Italy and Switzerland (also a legacy of the pre-World War II era). Campione d'Italia is unique among the world's enclaves in that in one direction the territory that separates it from the main territory of its country is a lake. That is, one can go from Campione to the contiguous territory of Italy by crossing Lake Lugano without ever crossing Swiss land, although the lake itself is Swiss territory. One other European enclave, Büsingen (a German enclave surrounded by Swiss territory), has a somewhat similar situation, since it lies on the Rhine which provides it with a navigable water route to the contiguous portion of Germany.

External links

- [http://www.campioneitalia.com/english/english.html Campione d'Italia] Category:Exclaves Category:Special territories of the EU
- [http://campione.enclaves.org/ The Border of Campione d'Italia] ja:カンピョーネ・ディターリア nb:Campione d'Italia

Ponte Tresa

Lavena Ponte Tresa Pictoresque village near Ponte Tresa on the italian west headland of Lake Lugano, approx 12 km from Lugano.

Rent weekly - Saturday to Saturday

Villa with 2 apartments, 3 storeys, semi-detached, built in 1910, renovated in 2003, in the centre of Lavena, directly by the lake. For shared use: garden 300 m2 (fenced) with lawn, plants, flowers and trees, garden furniture, barbecue. Individual garage at 20 m, public parking 50 m. Shop, grocers 200 m, restaurant 300 m. Swimming pool, sandy beach, tennis 150 m. Interion description 5-room terraced house 120 m2 on 3 levels, on the ground floor: dining room. Kitchen (oven, deep freezer). Upper floor: 1 double bedroom. 1 room with 1 bed. Shower/bidet/WC. 2nd upper floor : 1 double bedroom. 1 room with 1 x 2 bunk beds. Shower/bidet/WC. Gas heating. View of the lake and the mountains. Storeroom. Outdoor separate WC. Access to the single bedroom on the 1st floor and to the bunk beds bedroom on th 2nd floor one must walk through the double bedrooms.Access to all floors via central staircase. For info , prices or photos please contact : paolo.b.bernasconi@alcatel.it

1 E7 m²

To help compare sizes of different geographic regions, we list here areas between 10 km² (1000 hectares) and 100 km² (10,000 hectares). See also areas of other orders of magnitude.
- Areas smaller than 10 km²
- 10 km² is equal to:
- 3.86 square miles
- 1000 hectares
- 10⁷ m²
- 12 km² -- Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
- 12.48 km² -- Chek Lap Kok, the site of Hong Kong International Airport
- 15 km² -- Beverly Hills, California
- 21 km² -- Nauru
- 27.3 km² -- Macau
- 30 km² -- Hayling Island
- 47 km² -- Pelee Island, largest island in Lake Erie
- 59 km² -- Manhattan
- 61 km² -- Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
- 61 km² -- San Marino
- 70 km² -- Amherst Island, largest island in Lake Ontario
- 75 km² -- Arapawa Island, Marlborough, New Zealand
- 81.7 km² -- Huntington Beach, California
- 92 km² -- Waiheke Island, Auckland, New Zealand
- Areas larger than 100 km² See also: Orders of magnitude

External link

[http://www.ex.ac.uk/trol/scol/ccarea.htm Conversion Calculator for Units of AREA] Category:Orders of magnitude (area) ja:1 E7 m²

Above sea level

The term above mean sea level (AMSL) refers to the elevation (on the ground) or altitude (in the air) of any object, relative to the average sea level. AMSL is used extensively in radio (both in broadcasting and other telecommunications uses) by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach. It is also used in aviation, all heights are recorded and reported with respect to AMSL (though also see flight level). When referring to geographic features such as mountains on a topographic map, variations in elevation are shown by contour lines. The elevation of a mountain denotes the highest point or summit and is typically illustrated as a small circle on a topo map with the AMSL height shown in either metres or feet or both. The height above average terrain (HAAT) for a station is determined from topographic maps by averaging the elevation AMSL at points along several radials or radii. This is subtracted from the elevation AMSL of the antenna, including both the tower itself and the ground it is on, to determine the difference. Negative numbers for HAAT sometimes result from this when the station or airport is in a valley, which is significantly lower AMSL than the surrounding mountains. In the rare case that a location is below sea level, AMSL itself is a negative number. For one such case see Schiphol Airport. AMSL is also important to engineers in high-elevation areas because some equipment is not designed with enough airflow for sufficient cooling in the thin air, which can cause overheating, damage, and failure of the electronic components within a transmitter. It should be noted that the concept of a "mean sea level" is in itself rather artificial, because it is not possible to determine a figure for mean sea level for the entire planet, and it varies quite a lot even on a much smaller scale. This is because the sea is in constant motion, affected by the high and low pressure zones above it, the tides, local gravitational differences, and so forth. The best one can do is to pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the Ordnance Survey uses a height datum based on the mean sea level of a particular gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall for their maps of Great Britain, and this datum is actually some 80cm different from the mean sea level reading obtained on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on a ellipsoid of the entire earth, which is what systems such as GPS do. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. For sample elevations, see 1 E3 m, list of mountains, Ranges, peaks and passes of the Alps. Category:Physical geography Category:Antenna terminology

1 E9 m²

To help compare orders of magnitude of different geographical regions, we list here areas between 1,000 km² and 10,000 km². See also areas of other orders of magnitude.
- areas less than 1000 km²
- 1,000 km² is equal to:
- 1 E9 m² in scientific notation
- 100,000 hectares
- approx. 386 square miles
- approx. 247,105 acres.
- a circle of radius of approx. 18 km.
- a square of side of approx. 32 km.
- 1,004 km² -- Samut Prakan Province, Thailand
- 1,004 km² -- Valkeala, Finland
- 1,015 km² -- Ylikiiminki, Finland
- 1,025 km² -- Schwarzwald-Baar District, Germany
- 1,030 km² -- Saarijärvi, Finland
- 1,057 km² -- Ulsan, metropolitan city in South Korea
- 1,074 km² -- Changhua County, Taiwan
- 1,086 km² -- Haapavesi, Finland
- 1,089 km² -- Eno, Finland
- 1,092 km² -- Hong Kong
- 1,100 km² -- Lake Champlain
- 1,130 km² -- Conwy
- 1,130 km² -- Omagh, Northern Ireland
- 1,139 km² -- Paltamo, Finland
- 1,142 km² -- Kitee, Finland
- 1,161 km² -- Liperi, Finland
- 1,179 km² -- Kuopio, Finland
- 1,186 km² -- Jämsä, Finland
- 1,188 km² -- Ruokolahti, Finland
- 1,210 km² -- Mäntyharju, Finland
- 1,221 km² -- Taoyuan County, Taiwan
- 1,222 km² -- South Ayrshire, Scotland
- 1,235 km² -- Rautavaara, Finland
- 1,238 km² -- Puumala, Finland
- 1,243 km² -- Lolland, Denmark
- 1,246 km² -- Val-d'Oise, France
- 1,248 km² -- Pihtipudas, Finland
- 1,262 km² -- Berkshire, England
- 1,262 km² -- East Ayrshire, Scotland
- 1,276 km² -- Greater Manchester, England
- 1,290 km² -- Los Angeles, California, USA
- 1,291 km² -- Yunlin County, Taiwan
- 1,315 km² -- Kauhajoki, Finland
- 1,319 km² -- Heinävesi, Finland
- 1,325 km² -- Fife, Scotland
- 1,327 km² -- Kangasniemi, Finland
- 1,346 km² -- Juva, Finland
- 1,398 km² -- Pulwama District in Jammu and Kashmir, India
- 1,399 km² -- Faroe Islands
- 1,406 km² -- Pielavesi, Finland
- 1,414 km² -- Alappuzha District in Kerala, India
- 1,423 km² -- Kiuruvesi, Finland
- 1,428 km² -- Hsinchu County, Taiwan
- 1,431 km² -- Keuruu, Finland
- 1,446 km² -- Island of Kaua'i, Hawai'i, USA
- 1,460 km² -- Pyhäjärvi, Finland
- 1,466 km² -- Shetland Islands, Scotland
- 1,484 km² -- Simo, Finland
- 1,493 km² -- Canton of Lucerne
- 1,511 km² -- Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- 1,519 km² -- Leppävirta, Finland
- 1,521 km² -- Hyrynsalmi, Finland
- 1,526 km² -- Pathum Thani Province, Thailand
- 1,550 km² -- Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada
- 1,552 km² -- South Yorkshire, England
- 1,569 km² -- Bangkok Province, Thailand
- 1,577 km² -- Sonkajärvi, Finland
- 1,579 km² -- Greater London
- 1,589 km² -- Viitasaari, Finland
- 1,590 km² -- Pembrokeshire
- 1,595 km² -- Tervola, Finland
- 1,643 km² -- Hertfordshire, England
- 1,660 km² -- Fuerteventura, Spain
- 1,663 km² -- Surrey
- 1,668 km² -- Rohtak District in Haryana, India
- 1,700 km² -- Isle of Skye
- 1,700 km² -- Lake Toba in Indonesia
- 1,705 km² -- Guadeloupe
- 1,729 km² -- Canton of Zürich, Switzerland
- 1,736 km² -- Utajärvi, Finland
- 1,745 km² -- Worcestershire, England
- 1,766 km² -- Vaala, Finland
- 1,772 km² -- South Lanarkshire, Scotland
- 1,795 km² -- Ceredigion
- 1,820 km² -- Muonio, Finland
- 1,820 km² -- Miaoli County, Taiwan
- 1,846 km² -- Juuka, Finland
- 1,846 km² -- Jeju, South Korea
- 1,855 km² -- Nurmes, Finland
- 1,860 km² -- Mauritius
- 1,862 km² -- Kagawa Prefecture, Japan
- 1,866 km² -- Pello, Finland
- 1,876 km² -- Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
- 1,880 km² -- Pelkosenniemi, Finland
- 1,883 km² -- Maui
- 1,893 km² -- Osaka Prefecture, Japan
- 1,902 km² -- Chiayi County, Taiwan
- 1,912 km² -- Vättern, 2nd largest lake in Sweden
- 1,918 km² -- Begusarai, district in Bihar, India
- 1,940 km² -- Pattani Province, Thailand
- 1,975 km² -- Warwickshire, England
- 1,980 km² -- Guipúzcoa, smallest province in Spain
- 1,990 km² -- Irrigated land in Israel
- 1,991 km² -- West Sussex, England
- 2,016 km² -- Tainan County, Taiwan
- 2,026 km² -- Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland
- 2,029 km² -- West Yorkshire, England
- 2,034 km² -- Tenerife, Spain
- 2,051 km² -- Taichung County, Taiwan
- 2,053 km² -- Taipei County, Taiwan
- 2,122 km² -- Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand
- 2,142 km² -- Snowdonia National Park, Wales
- 2,144 km² -- Yilan County, Taiwan
- 2,150 km² -- Impact of Tunguska event
- 2,168 km² -- Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand
- 2,170 km² -- Comoros
- 2,180 km² -- Herefordshire, England
- 2,182 km² -- Angus, Scotland
- 2,187 km² -- Tokyo
- 2,187 km² -- Stirling, Scotland
- 2,238 km² -- Moray, Scotland
- 2,271 km² -- Okinawa Prefecture, Japan
- 2,284 km² -- Yvelines, France
- 2,358 km² -- Australian Capital Territory
- 2,364 km² -- Northamptonshire, England
- 2,395 km² -- Carmarthenshire
- 2,415 km² -- Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
- 2,439 km² -- Saga Prefecture, Japan
- 2,470 km² -- Chai Nat Province, Thailand
- 2,479 km² -- East Riding of Yorkshire, England
- 2,479 km² -- Satun Province, Thailand
- 2,512 km² -- Réunion, France
- 2,547 km² -- Derbyshire, England
- 2,548 km² -- Gwynedd
- 2,557 km² -- Ayutthaya Province, Thailand
- 2,586 km² -- Luxembourg
- 2,600 km² -- Puolanka, Finland
- 2,601 km² -- Vorarlberg, Austria
- 2,605 km² -- Oxfordshire, England
- 2,618 km² -- Kolari, Finland
- 2,658 km² -- Taivalkoski, Finland
- 2,670 km² -- Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- 2,757 km² -- Drenthe, Netherlands
- 2,766 km² -- Manitoulin Island, largest island in the Great Lakes
- 2,775 km² -- Pingtung County, Taiwan
- 2,779 km² -- Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 2,793 km² -- Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
- 2,819 km² -- Trat Province, Thailand
- 2,844 km² -- County Antrim, Northern Ireland
- 2,860 km² -- Antwerp, Belgium
- 2,860 km² -- Samoa
- 2,950 km² -- Sotkamo, Finland
- 3,000 km² -- Lake Tana
- 3,046 km² -- Cambridgeshire, England
- 3,161 km² -- Amnat Charoen Province, Thailand
- 3,212 km² -- Vaud, Switzerland
- 3,249 km² -- Rhône, France
- 3,263 km² -- Valle d'Aosta, Italy
- 3,298 km² -- Ranong Province, Thailand
- 3,314 km² -- Dunedin City, New Zealand
- 3,355 km² -- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- 3,425 km² -- Phattalung Province, Thailand
- 3,500 km² -- Lake Peipsi, eastern Europe
- 3,507 km² -- Tottori Prefecture, Japan
- 3,515 km² -- Taitung County, Taiwan
- 3,525 km² -- Haut-Rhin, France
- 3,526 km² -- Giurgiu, Romania
- 3,541 km² -- Posio, Finland
- 3,552 km² -- Rayong Province, Thailand
- 3,563 km² -- Cornwall, England
- 3,566 km² -- Long Island, United States
- 3,577 km² -- Saraburi Province, Thailand
- 3,691 km² -- Nara Prefecture, Japan
- 3,694 km² -- Ranua, Finland
- 3,710 km² -- Covasna, Romania
- 3,755 km² -- Lake Van, largest lake in Turkey
- 3,767 km² -- Saitama Prefecture, Japan
- 3,801 km² -- Suffolk, England
- 3,859 km² -- Nongbua Lamphu Province, Thailand
- 3,864 km² -- Salaj, Romania
- 3,900 km² -- South Nation River, Ontario, Canada
- 3,903 km² -- South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- 3,930 km² -- Kemijärvi, Finland
- 3,965 km² -- Burgenland, Austria
- 3,980 km² -- Anantnag District in Jammu and Kashmir, India
- 4,005 km² -- Rhode Island, smallest state in USA
- 4,017 km² -- Shiga Prefecture, Japan
- 4,033 km² -- Cape Verde
- 4,054 km² -- Dambovita, Romania
- 4,068 km² -- Lieksa, Finland
- 4,093 km² -- Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan
- 4,101 km² -- Glacier National Park, Montana, USA.
- 4,106 km² -- Nantou County, Taiwan
- 4,145 km² -- Tokushima Prefecture, Japan
- 4,162 km² -- Yasothon Province, Thailand
- 4,167 km² -- French Polynesia
- 4,170 km² -- Phang Nga Province, Thailand
- 4,185 km² -- Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan
- 4,189 km² -- Fukui Prefecture, Japan
- 4,247 km² -- Toyama Prefecture, Japan
- 4,299 km² -- Alpes-Maritimes, France
- 4,340 km² -- Mukdahan Province, Thailand
- 4,363 km² -- Chon Buri Province, Thailand
- 4,388 km² -- Haute-Savoie, France
- 4,418 km² -- Satu Mare, Romania
- 4,453 km² -- Ialomita, Romania
- 4,465 km² -- Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
- 4,466 km² -- Galati, Romania
- 4,475 km² -- Narathiwat Province, Thailand
- 4,506 km² -- Lamphun Province, Thailand
- 4,521 km² -- Yala Province, Thailand
- 4,531 km² -- Phichit Province, Thailand
- 4,613 km² -- Kyoto Prefecture, Japan
- 4,629 km² -- Hualien County, Taiwan
- 4,709 km² -- Krabi Province, Thailand
- 4,716 km² -- Prahova, Romania
- 4,726 km² -- Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
- 4,732 km² -- Scottish Borders, Scotland
- 4,762 km² -- Prachin Buri Province, Thailand
- 4,766 km² -- Braila, Romania
- 4,781 km² -- Loire, France
- 4,850 km² -- Great Peshtigo Fire, smallest estimate
- 4,857 km² -- Vrancea, Romania
- 4,917 km² -- Akershus, Norway
- 4,918 km² -- Trang Province, Thailand
- 4,933 km² -- Mehedinti, Romania
- 4,971 km² -- Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan
- 4,986 km² -- Botosani, Romania
- 4,992 km² -- Balearic Islands
- 4,999 km² -- Jura, France
- 5,013 km² -- Northumberland, England
- 5,045 km² -- La Rioja, Spain
- 5,088 km² -- Calarasi, Romania
- 5,128 km² -- Trinidad and Tobago
- 5,154 km² -- Aichi Prefecture, Japan
- 5,156 km² -- Chiba Prefecture, Japan
- 5,196 km² -- Powys
- 5,197 km² -- Ratchaburi Province, Thailand
- 5,224 km² -- Valais, Switzerland
- 5,234 km² -- Doubs, France
- 5,250 km² -- Lake Nasser
- 5,286 km² -- Perth and Kinross, Scotland
- 5,292 km² -- Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand
- 5,300 km² -- Perthshire, Scotland
- 5,318 km² -- Vaslui, Romania
- 5,321 km² -- Cantabria, Spain
- 5,351 km² -- Chachoengsao Province, Thailand
- 5,355 km² -- Bistrita-Nasaud, Romania
- 5,358 km² -- Suphanburi Province, Thailand
- 5,360 km² -- Haute-Saône, France
- 5,361 km² -- Lot-et-Garonne, France
- 5,363 km² -- Brasov, Romania
- 5,371 km² -- Utsjoki, Finland
- 5,432 km² -- Sibiu, Romania
- 5,458 km² -- Kuhmo, Finland
- 5,471 km² -- Aguascalientes, Mexico
- 5,476 km² -- Iasi, Romania
- 5,498 km² -- Olt, Romania
- 5,500 km² -- Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan
- 5,512 km² -- Nakhon Phanom Province, Thailand
- 5,548 km² -- Calvados, France
- 5,565 km² -- Creuse, France
- 5,600 km² -- West Bank
- 5,602 km² -- Gorj, Romania
- 5,655 km² -- Vänern, Sweden's largest lake
- 5,660 km² -- Prince Edward Island
- 5,676 km² -- Ehime Prefecture, Japan
- 5,700 km² -- Bali
- 5,743 km² -- Nord, France
- 5,761 km² -- Mie Prefecture, Japan
- 5,762 km² -- Ain, France
- 5,765 km² -- Valcea, Romania
- 5,770 km² -- Brunei
- 5,790 km² -- Teleorman, Romania
- 5,804 km² -- Oita Prefecture, Japan
- 5,805 km² -- Kuusamo, Finland
- 5,857 km² -- Suomussalmi, Finland
- 5,860 km² -- Oise, France
- 5,866 km² -- Pudasjärvi, Finland
- 5,878 km² -- Salla, Finland
- 5,880 km² -- Eure-et-Loir, France
- 5,896 km² -- Neamt, Romania
- 5,915 km² -- Seine-et-Marne, France
- 5,959 km² -- Canton of Bern, Switzerland
- 6,009 km² -- Chumphon Province, Thailand
- 6,028 km² -- Savoie, France
- 6,040 km² -- Eure, France
- 6,096 km² -- Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
- 6,101 km² -- Herault, France
- 6,103 km² -- Buzau, Romania
- 6,103 km² -- Orne, France
- 6,111 km² -- Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan
- 6,200 km² -- Lop Buri Province, Thailand
- 6,211 km² -- Meuse, France
- 6,225 km² -- Phetchaburi Province, Thailand
- 6,242 km² -- Alba, Romania
- 6,304 km² -- Maramures, Romania
- 6,313 km² -- Aberdeenshire, Scotland
- 6,335 km² -- Phayao Province, Thailand
- 6,338 km² -- Chanthaburi Province, Thailand
- 6,340 km² -- Shanghai Municipality, China
- 6,343 km² -- Loir-et-Cher, France
- 6,361 km² -- Graham Island, Canada
- 6,363 km² -- Gunma Prefecture, Japan
- 6,368 km² -- Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand
- 6,408 km² -- Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
- 6,426 km² -- Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
- 6,452 km² -- Delaware, USA
- 6,471 km² -- Savukoski, Finland
- 6,500 km² -- Siple Island, Antarctica
- 6,530 km² -- Drome, France
- 6,539 km² -- Phrae Province, Thailand
- 6,596 km² -- Sukhothai Province, Thailand
- 6,605 km² -- Falkland Islands
- 6,617 km² -- Grande Terre de Kerguelen
- 6,621 km² -- Kalat, city in Pakistan
- 6,621 km² -- Bacau, Romania
- 6,639 km² -- Harghita, Romania
- 6,641 km² -- Banff National Park, Canada
- 6,671 km² -- Pas-de-Calais, France
- 6,674 km² -- Cluj, Romania
- 6,675 km² -- Prince of Wales - Outer Ketchikan Census Area, Alaska, USA
- 6,685 km² -- Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
- 6,707 km² -- Shimane Prefecture, Japan
- 6,714 km² -- Mures, Romania
- 6,720 km² -- Vendee, France
- 6,730 km² -- Uthai Thani Province, Thailand
- 6,733 km² -- Finistère, France
- 6,768 km² -- Cumbria, England
- 6,775 km² -- Loiret, France
- 6,775 km² -- Ille-et-Vilaine, France
- 6,791 km² -- Indre, France
- 6,817 km² -- Nièvre, France
- 6,862 km² -- Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
- 6,864 km² -- Arges, Romania
- 6,864 km² -- Charente-Maritime, France
- 6,908 km² -- Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
- 6,909 km² -- Argyll and Bute, Scotland
- 6,947 km² -- Kalasin Province, Thailand
- 6,995 km² -- Cornwallis Island, Canada
- 7,009 km² -- Okayama Prefecture, Japan
- 7,031 km² -- Sjaelland, Denmark
- 7,063 km² -- Hunedoara, Romania
- 7,071 km² -- Constanta, Romania
- 7,105 km² -- Kochi Prefecture, Japan
- 7,105 km² -- Grisons, Switzerland
- 7,154 km² -- Salzburg, Austria
- 7,195 km² -- Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand
- 7,214 km² -- Leyte, Philippines
- 7,215 km² -- Kerguelen Islands
- 7,234 km² -- Basque Country, Spain
- 7,235 km² -- Cher, France
- 7,308 km² -- Malaga, Spain
- 7,329 km² -- Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
- 7,332 km² -- Nong Khai Province, Thailand
- 7,369 km² -- Aisne, France
- 7,394 km² -- Songkhla Province, Thailand
- 7,414 km² -- Dolj, Romania
- 7,427 km² -- Yonne, France
- 7,431 km² -- Isère, France
- 7,436 km² -- North Chungcheong, South Korea
- 7,442 km² -- Cádiz, Spain
- 7,447 km² -- Canary Islands
- 7,500 km² -- Roosevelt Island, part of Antarctica
- 7,544 km² -- Bihor, Romania
- 7,725 km² -- Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada
- 7,754 km² -- Arad, Romania
- 7,839 km² -- Uttaradit Province, Thailand
- 7,850 km² -- Vrangelya, Russia
- 7,941 km² -- Anticosti, Canada
- 7,975 km² -- Lake Geneva, the largest freshwater lake in central Europe
- 8,028 km² -- Madrid, Spain
- 8,043 km² -- North Jeolla, South Korea
- 8,061 km² -- Dhule in Maharashtra, India
- 8,124 km² -- Surin Province, Thailand
- 8,261 km² -- Crete, Greece
- 8,280 km² -- Alsace, France
- 8,299 km² -- Roi Et Province, Thailand
- 8,300 km² -- Lake Titicaca, largest lake in South America
- 8,352 km² -- South Chungcheong, South Korea
- 8,392 km² -- Hyogo Prefecture, Japan
- 8,394 km² -- Chiloe, Chile
- 8,412 km² -- Kittilä, Finland
- 8,477 km² -- Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
- 8,499 km² -- Tulcea, Romania
- 8,500 km² -- Carney Island, Antarctica
- 8,514 km² -- Caras-Severin, Romania
- 8,553 km² -- Suceava, Romania
- 8,578 km² -- Sangli in Maharashtra, India
- 8,592 km² -- North East England
- 8,607 km² -- Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand
- 8,624 km² -- Lake Nicaragua
- 8,661 km² -- New Ireland
- 8,681 km² -- Corsica, France
- 8,697 km² -- Timis, Romania
- 8,763 km² -- Côte-d'Or, France
- 8,769 km² -- Almería, Spain
- 8,840 km² -- Si Sa Ket Province, Thailand
- 8,900 km² -- Yellowstone National Park
- 8,900 km² -- Kingdom of Judah
- 9,006 km² -- Komsomolets, Russia
- 9,060 km² -- Dordogne, France
- 9,104 km² -- Puerto Rico
- 9,132 km² -- Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan
- 9,251 km² -- Cyprus (Island)
- 9,293 km² -- Kodiak Island, USA
- 9,323 km² -- Yamagata Prefecture, Japan
- 9,505 km² -- Buru, Indonesia
- 9,521 km² -- Prince Charles Island
- 9,536 km² -- Carinthia, Austria
- 9,598 km² -- Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand
- 9,606 km² -- Aomori Prefecture, Japan
- 9,606 km² -- Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand
- 9,735 km² -- Mindoro, Philippines
- 9,894 km² -- Lake Onega, Russia
- 9,942 km² -- Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand
- areas more than 10,000 km² See also: Conversion of units

External link

- [http://www.ex.ac.uk/trol/scol/ccarea.htm Conversion Calculator for Units of AREA] Category:Orders of magnitude (area) ja:1 E9 m²

Depth

Depth is a geometrical term referring to the distance between the viewer and a far point or face. For instance, when viewing a prism, depth refers to the distance between the "front" face and the opposing face, which is furthest from our perspective. In marine studies, depth refers to the distance between the sea floor and the surface. Depth most commonly refers to vertical distance below a body of water, or a distance in to the Earth's crust, although it is also commonly used in geometry and physics. Depth can also be used as a literary term to indicate how intricate or involving a plot is.

Craters

The depth of any crater in a solid planet or moon - whether it is an impact crater, a volcanic crater, or a subsidence crater - may be measured from the local surface to the bottom of the crater, or from the rim of the crater to the bottom. Image:Crater-depth-diagram.gif The diagram above shows the full (side) view of a typical crater. Depth "A" measures from the surface to the bottom of the crater. Depth "B" measures from the mean height of the rim to the bottom of the crater.

How to find Depth

To find the depth of an object, you have to measure one of the dimensions, depending on which way the object gets thicker, or deeper. You have to find the distance from one side of the object to the other side, usually from the top of a hole or pool to the bottom of it. That way, you will know how deep it is from top to bottom, how long it is from one point to the other, or how wide it is from one side to the other, and that is the Depth.

Example

For example, if you wanted to know the depth of a container of water, you would: 1. Find a ruler, or other measuring tool. 2. Put it inside the container, against the side of it and touching the bottom. 3. Record what you measured, that is the Depth.

Depth, Height, and the other dimensions

Even though depth may sound a lot like height or width, it is a completely different measurement. In fact, the opposite of depth is height! Think about it, when you measure depth don't you usually measure down (e.g. A hole in the earth)? When you measure height you measure up (e.g. Your own height). As we learned in kindergarten, up and down are opposites, so depth and height must be opposites too!

Formula for Depth

The mathmatical formula for depth is Depth = (Volume / length x width). Why? Because Volume is Depth x width x length, and if you take away the length and width, you get the depth.

Category:Lakes of Switzerland

These are lakes of Switzerland. See List of lakes of Switzerland for a structured list. Switzerland Lakes Switzerland als:Kategorie:See in der Schwyz

Category:Lakes of Italy

The lakes of Italy. Italy Category:Geography of Italy Italy ja:Category:イタリアの湖

Croyance celtique mondiale

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Opony �mieszne zdj�cia statystyki disco polo �mieszne filmy

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Α

- Αγία Λουκία: Sons and Daughters of St. Lucia (Γιοί και κόρες της Αγίας Λουκίας)
- 20ος αιώνας | 21ος αιώνας | 22ός αιώνας Δεκαετία 1980 |Δεκαετία 1990 | Γης που έχουν θεσμοθετήσει την ίδια ώρα που αναφέρεται ως τοπική ώρα. Παλιότερα οι άνθρωποι χρησιμοποιούσαν την τοπική ηλιακή ώρα με αποτέλεσμα να υπάρχει μικρή διαφοροποίηση της ώρας από πόλη σε πόλη. Καθώς οι Ευρώπης και μία από τις 3 βαλτικές χώρες. Συνορεύει με τη Λετονία και τη Ρωσία. Είναι μία μικρή χώρα, με έκταση 45.226 τ.χλμ. και πληθυσμό 1.332

Ευρώπη

Ετυμολογία

H Ευρώπη, η γηραιά ήπειρος. Κατα την αρχαιοελληνική μυθολογία είναι η πορεία που χάραξε ο Δίας μεταμορφωμένος ως Λευκός Ταύρος με