:: wikimiki.org ::

Dasht-e Kavir

Dasht-e Kavir

Dasht-e Kavir (دشت كوير in Persian) is a great salt desert lying in the middle of the Iranian Plateau. It is c.500 mi (800 km) long and c.200 mi (320 km) wide. The area of this desert is partitioned between the Iranian provinces of Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, Isfahan and Yazd. One of the most desolate places of Dasht-e Kavir is the Rig-e Jenn. Category:Geography of Iran Category:Deserts of Asia ja:カヴィール砂漠

Dasht-e Kavir

Persian language

Persian (فارسی = Fârsi ... پارسی = Pârsi), (local name in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan: ‘Fârsi’), ‘Pârsi’ (older local name, but still used by some speakers), Tajik (a Central Asian dialect) or Dari (another local name in Tajikistan and Afghanistan), is a language spoken in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, and elsewhere. Prior to British colonization, Persian was also widely used as a second language in the Indian subcontinent; it took prominence as the language of culture and education in several Muslim courts in the subcontinent throughout the Middle Ages and became the official court language under the Mughal emperors. Evidence of its former rank in the region can still be seen by the extent of its influence on Hindi or Urdu, as well as the popularity that Persian literature still enjoys in the region. Persian or its dialects have official-language status in the countries of Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. There are 61-71 million native speakers [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90035]. It belongs to the Indo-European language family, and is of the Subject Object Verb type.

History

Persian is a member of the Indo-European family of languages, and within that family it belongs to the Indo-Iranian (Aryan) branch. Scholars believe the Iranian sub-branch consists of the following chronological linguistic path: Old Persian (Avestan and Achaemenid Persian) → Middle Persian (Pahlavi, Parthian, and Sassanids Persian) → Modern Persian (Dari, c. 900 to present Persian). Old Persian, the main language of the Achaemenid inscriptions, should not be confused with the non-Indo-European Elamite language (see Behistun inscription). Over this period, the morphology of the language was simplified from the complex conjugation and declension system of Old Persian to the almost completely regularized morphology and rigid syntax of Modern Persian, in a manner often described as paralleling the development of English. Additionally, many words were introduced from neighboring languages, including Aramaic and Greek in earlier times, and later Arabic and to a lesser extent Turkish. In more recent times, some Western European words have entered the language (notably from French and English). The language itself has greatly developed during the centuries. Due to technological developments, new words and idioms are created and enter into Persian like any other language. In Tehran the Academy of Persian Language and Literature is a center that evaluates the new words in order to initiate and advise their Persian equivalents. In Afghanistan, the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan does the same for Afghan Persian (among other languages).

Nomenclature

Persian, the more widely used name of the language in English, is an Anglicized form derived from Latin
- Persianus, < Latin Persia, < Greek Persis, a hellenized form of Old Persian Parsa. Farsi is the Arabicized form of Parsi, due to a lack of the /p/ phoneme in Standard Arabic. Its use in the English language is very recent (since the 1970s). Native Persian speakers typically call it "Fârsi" in modern usage. ISO, the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and many other sources call the language Persian. The government of Afghanistan uses both "Dari" and "Persian" in English communications. The Academy of Persian Language and Literature as well as many lexicographers have announced that "Farsi" is not the appropriate term to use for the Persian language in English. In the ISO 639-1, the local names form the basis for the language codes and for this reason "fa" is the designation for the Persian language in that system.

Dialects and close languages

ISO 639-1 Communication is generally mutually intelligible between Iranians, Tajiks, and Persian-speaking Afghans; however, by popular definition:
- Dari is the local name for the eastern dialect of Persian, one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, including Hazaragi — spoken by the Hazara people of central Afghanistan.
- Tajik could also be considered an eastern dialect of Persian, but, contrary to Iranian and Afghan Persian, it is written in the Cyrillic script. The following are some of the closely related languages of various Iranian peoples within modern Iran proper:
- Mazerooni, or Mazandarani, spoken in northern Iran mainly in the province of Mazandaran.
- Guilaki, or Gilaki — spoken in the province of Guilan.
- Talysh, or Talishi — spoken in northern Iran and southern parts of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
- Luri, or Lori — spoken mainly in the southwestern Iranian province of Lorestan.
- (a.k.a. Tati, or Eshtehardi) — spoken in parts of the Iranian provinces of East Azarbaijan, Zanjan and Qazvin.
- Dari or Gabri — spoken originally in Yazd and Kerman by the Zoroastrians of Iran. Also called Yazdi by some.
- Dzhidi or Judæo-Persian — a collection of languages or dialects spoken by the many varied and ancient Jewish communities throughout the former greatest extent of the Persian Empire, one of the many Jewish languages of Persian Jews.

Orthography

The vast majority of modern Persian text is written in a form of the Arabic alphabet. In recent years the Latin alphabet has been used by some for technological or internationalization reasons.

Arabic Alphabet

Modern Persian is normally written using a modified variant of the Arabic alphabet.

The adoption of the Arabic script

After the conversion of Persia to Islam (see Islamic conquest of Iran), it took approximately one hundred and fifty years before Persians adopted the Arabic alphabet as a replacement for the older alphabet. Previously, two different alphabets were used for the Persian language (Middle Persian, or Pahlavi, at that time): one was also called Pahlavi and was a modified version of the Aramaic alphabet, and the other was a native Iranian alphabet called Dîndapirak (literally: religion script).

Note: "independence" of Arabic and Persian languages

One should note that despite their shared standard alphabet, Persian and Arabic are entirely different languages: they are not closely genetically related (they belong to separate genetic language families, namely, Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic) and naturally have different phonology and grammar.

The features of the Persian variant

The Persian variant adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet for its use, due to the fact that four sounds that exist in Persian do not exist in Arabic. Additionally, it changes the shape of another two. Some people call this modified alphabet the Perso-Arabic alphabet. The additional four letters are: The letters different in shape are: The diacritical marks used in the Arabic script, a.k.a. harakat, are also used in Persian, although some of them have different pronunciations. For example, an Arabic Damma is pronounced as /u/, while in Persian it is pronounced as /o/. The Persian variant also adds the notion of a pseudo-space to the Arabic script, called a Zero-width non-joiner (ZWNJ) by the Unicode Standard. It acts like a space in disconnecting two otherwise-joining adjacent letters, but does not have a visual width.

Note: Spelling of Arabic words in Arabic and in Persian

It should also be noted that many Persian words with an Arabic root are spelled differently from the original Arabic word. Alef with hamza below ( إ ) always changes to alef ( ا ); teh marbuta ( ة ) usually, but not always, changes to teh ( ت ) or heh ( ه ); and words using various hamzas get spelled with yet another kind of hamza (so that مسؤول becomes مسئول).

Further expansion of the Persian variant

The features of the Persian variant have been taken for other languages, such as Pashto or Urdu, and have sometimes been further extended with new letters or punctuation.

Latin Alphabet

The Universal Persian (UniPers / Pârsiye Jahâni) Alphabet is a Latin-based alphabet created over 50 years ago in Iran and popularized by Mohamed Keyvan, who had used it in a number of Persian textbooks for foreigners and travellers. It sidesteps the difficulties of the traditional Arabic-based alphabet, with its multiple letter shapes and ambiguous spellings, and fits particularly well in contemporary electronically written media. Fingilish is the name given to texts written in Persian using the Basic Latin alphabet. It is most commonly used in chat, emails and SMS applications.

Phonology

:Main article: Persian phonology The Persian language has six vowels and twenty-three consonants, including two affricates /ʧ/ (ch) and /ʤ/ (j). Historically, Persian distinguished length: the long vowels , , contrasting with the short vowels , , respectively. Modern spoken Persian, however, generally does not make this distinction anymore. Persian phonology

Consonants
	labial	alveolars	post-alveolars	velars	glottals
voiceless stops
voiced stops
voiceless fricatives
voiced fricatives
nasals
liquids		,
glides

Note that and are affricates, not stops.

Grammar

:Main article: Persian grammar Suffixes predominate Persian morphology, though there are a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no grammatical gender for nouns, nor are pronouns marked for natural gender. Normal sentences are structured as "(S) (PP) (O) V". If the object is definite, then the order is "(S) (O + "rɑ:") (PP) V".

Vocabulary

There are many loanwords in the Persian language, mostly coming from Arabic, English, French, and the Turkic languages. Persian has likewise influenced the vocabularies of other languages, especially Indo-Iranian languages and Turkic languages. Many Persian words have also found their way into the English language. See List of English words of Persian origin.

References

- Mace, J. (2003). Persian Grammar: For reference and revision. Routledge-Curzon, London.
- Mahootian, S. (1997). Persian. Descriptive Grammars. Routledge, London.
- Windfuhr, G. L. (1987). Persian. In Comrie, B., editor, The World’s Major Languages, pages 523–546. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

External links

- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PRS Ethnologue report for Eastern Persian]
- [http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=PES Ethnologue report for Western Persian]
- [http://www.easypersian.com/ Easypersian.com]
- [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Farsi/ Dictionary] with Farsi - English Translations from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition
- [http://www.aryanpour.com/ Aryanpour Persian-English English-Persian Dictionary]
- [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=63 UCLA Language Materials Project: Persian]
- [http://www.unipers.com/ UniPers.com A proposed Latin-based writing system designed specifically for the Persian language.]
- [http://www.persiandirect.com Persian Linguistics Association]
- [http://homepages.nyu.edu/%7Emmk4/AATP.htm American Association of Teachers of Persian (AATP)]
- [http://www.apersian.org The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature]
- [http://www.voanews.com/persian VOA’s Persian Language Service]
- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian BBC’s Persian Language Service]
- [http://www.dwelle.de/persian Deutche Welle’s Persian Service]
- [http://iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-articles.htm An Online Persian Language Forum] Category:Classical languages Category:Iranian culture Category:Iranian languages Category:Languages of Afghanistan Category:Languages of Iran Category:Languages of Tajikistan Category:Languages of Uzbekistan Category:Languages of Pakistan Category:Languages of Russia ko:페르시아어 ja:ペルシア語 th:ภาษาเปอร์เซีย

Provinces of Iran

Iran consists of 30 provinces: Provinces are governed from a local center, mostly the largest local city. Provincial authority is headed by a governor (استاندار: ostāndār), who is installed by the Minister of Interior subject to approval of the cabinet. Until 2004 there were 28 provinces. A law passed that year split the province of Khorasan into three new provinces: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, and South Khorasan.

External links

- [http://www.kishtpc.com/Ministry%20of%20co.htm Links to Governorships of Iranian Provinces (In Persian)] Category:Geography of Iran Iran, Provinces of
- ja:イランの州

Khorasan

Khorasan (also spelled Khurasan and Khorassan; خراسان in Persian) is an area, located in eastern and northeastern Iran. The name Khorasan is Persian and is made up of parts which mean "where the sun arrives from". The name was given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanid empire. Khorasan was the largest province of Iran until it was divided to three provinces on September 29, 2004. The provinces approved by the parliament (on May 18, 2004) and the Council of Guardians (on May 29, 2004) are:
- North Khorasan, center: Bojnourd, other counties: Shirvan, Jajarm, Maneh and Samlaghan, Esfarayen
- South Khorasan, center: Birjand, other counties: Sarayan, Nahbandan, Sarbisheh
- Razavi Khorasan, center: Mashhad, other counties: Ghouchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Sarakhs, Fariman, Torbat-e Jam, Taybad, Ferdows, Ghayen, Khaf and Rashtkhar, Kashmar, Bardaskan, Neyshabour, Sabzevar, Gonabad, Kalat and Khalil Abad The older Persian province of Khorasan (also known as the Greater Khorasan) included parts which are today in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Some of the main historical cities of Persia are located in the older Khorasan: Nishapur (now in Iran), Merv and Sanjan (now in Turkmenistan), Samarkand and Bukhara (both now in Uzbekistan), Herat, Kabul, Ghazni and Balkh (now in Afghanistan). In its long history, Khorasan knew many conquerors and empires: Greeks, Arabs, Seljuk Turks, Safavids, Afghans and others. Khorasan is also known for its famous rugs as well as its saffron which is produced in the southern cities of the province. The major ethnic groups in this region are the Persians, Khorasani Turks, Turkmens, Kurds and Arabs. There is also a sizeable Afghan community in the province due to the influx of refugees coming from Afghanistan in recent years.

External links

- [http://www.moi.gov.ir/news.aspx?id=4999 The text of the law for division of Khorasan into three provinces (in Persian)]
- [http://www.khurasan.net/ Khurasan.net (in Persian)] Category:Geography of Iran ja:ホラーサーン

Semnan

Semnan may refer to:
- Semnan province
- Semnan (city)

Isfahan province

Isfahan province (Persian: استان اصفهان; also transliterated as Esfahan, Espahan, Sepahan or Isphahan) is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. It is located in the center of the country. Its capital is the city of Isfahan.

Geography

Isfahan The province of Isfahan covers an area of approximately 107,027 square km and is situated in the center of Iran. To its north, stand the Markazi (Central) Province and the provinces of Qom and Semnan. In the south, it is within the limits of the provinces of Fars, Kohkiluyeh and Booyer Ahmad. Eastwards, it is in the neighborhood of the provinces of Khorasan and Yazd. Whereas, in the west it has common borders with the provinces of Lurestan and Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari. Lurestan The city of Esfahan is the provincial capital; and the townships of this province are as follows: Aran, Bidgol, Ardestan, Isfahan, Barkhovar and Meymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Khansar, Semirom, Shahr-e-Hana, Faridan, Fereidune Shahr, Falavarjan, Kashan, Golpayegan, Lanjan, Mobarakeh, Nain, Najaf Abad, Shahreza, Anarak and Natanz; 18 townships,38 counties, 67 cities, and 2470 villages in all. According to the census in the year 2000, the population of the province was 3,923,255 of which approximately 74.3 percent were urban residents and 25.7 percent resided in the rural areas. The literacy rate was 87 percent. The province experiences a moderate and dry climate on the whole, ranging between 40.6°C and 10.6°C on a cold day in the winter season. The average annual temperature has been recorded as 16.7°C and the annual rainfall on an average has been reported as 116.9 mm. The city of Isfahan however experiences an excellent climate, with four distinct seasons.

History and culture

Historians have recorded initially as a defense and military base. The security and protection of the gradually increasing castles and fortifications, thereby, would provide the protection of residents nearby, therefore leading to the growth of large settlements nearby. These historical castles were Atashgah, Sarooyieh, Tabarok, Kohan Dej, and Gard Dej to name a few. The oldest of these is Ghal'eh Sefeed and the grounds at Tamijan from prehistoric times. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Isfahan province enjoyed high standards of prosperity as it became the capital of Safavid Persia. While the city of Isfahan was their seat of monarchy, Kashan was their place of vacation and leisure. Isfahan province encompasses various sects today. The majority of the people in the province are Persian speakers, but Bakhtiaris, Armenians and Hebrews also reside in the province. The official language of the province is Persian, though the minorities abide by their own language such as Hebrew or Luri. Isfahan province is noted for its reputed personalities such as writers, poets and other imminent figures who have been born and brought up or have lived in this territory.

Isfahan province today

Luri Isfahan province has many centers of attraction aside from the city of Isfahan itself. Kashan for example is a well worth destination for many tourists, as are Nain, where Iran's oldest mosque still stands, and Qamsar where roseflower is naturally made every year. Isfahan province is an industrial center of Iran. Rapid development of the industrial sector in this province has made it one of the greatest, if not the greatest industrial center in the country, close to surpassing Tehran. The most important industries of Isfahan are in the areas of: steel factory and mill refineries, defensive industries, medical manufacturing, Polyacril factories, textile and weaving industries, and handicraft sites among others. So widespread became the fame of Isfahan, that in honor of the city, the jazz music legend Duke Ellington wrote a piece called "Isfahan".

Colleges and Universities

The major universities of Isfahan province are:
- # [http://www.mui.ac.ir/ Isfahan University of Medical Sciences]
- # [http://www.iut.ac.ir/ Isfahan University of Technology]
- # [http://www.kaums.ac.ir/ Kashan University of Medical Sciences]
- # [http://www.ui.ac.ir/ University of Isfahan]
- # [http://www.kashanu.ac.ir/ University of Kashan]
- # [http://www.iumrs.ac.ir/ Isfahan University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences]
- # Islamic Azad University of Isfahan
- # Islamic Azad University of Khomeinishahr
- # [http://www.khuisf.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Khorasgan]
- # [http://www.iaush.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Shareza]
- # [http://www.iaumajlesi.ac.ir/Islamic Azad University of Shahr e Majlesi]
- # [http://www.falavarjan.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Felavarjan]
- # Islamic Azad University of Mobarakeh
- # [http://www.naeiniau.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Naeen]
- # [http://www.iaun.ac.ir/ Islamic Azad University of Najaf Abad]
- # Golpayegan University of Engineering
- # [http://www.ashrafi.ac.ir/ Ashrafi Isfahani Academic Institute]
- # [http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/دانشگاه_هنر_اصفهان Isfahan University of Art]
- # [http://www.mut.ac.ir Malek Ashtar University of Technology]
- # University of Defence Sciences and Technologies

Major cities

Aran, Bidgol, Ardestan, Isfahan, Barkhovar and Meymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Khansar, Semirom, Shahr-e-Hana, Faridan, Fereidune Shahr, Falavarjan, Kashan, Golpayegan, Lanjan, Mobarakeh, Nain, Najaf Abad, Shahreza, Anarak and Natanz

External links

- [http://www.ostan-es.ir/ Official website]
- [http://www.isfahanmiras.ir/ Isfahan Cultural Heritage Organization]
- [http://www.isfahaneducation.com/ Isfahan Province Department of Education] Category:Provinces of Iran ja:エスファハーン州

Rig-e Jenn

The Rig-e Jenn is a vast area of sand dunes in the middle of Dasht-e Kavir, Iran's central desert in the border region of the Semnan and Isfahan provinces. It was not travelled by the old caravan travellers, who believed it is a place where evil spirits live. Even today some in the neighbouring towns and villages believe this. Sven Hedin, the famous desert explorer avoided this area in his 1900s explorations to Iranian deserts. Alfons Gabriel crossed the southern 'tail' of it on his way from Ashin to Aroosan in the 1930s.

External links

- [http://www.aliparsa.com/rig/rig.html Rig-e Jenn] Category:Geography of Iran

Category:Deserts of Asia

Asia now look at these Category:Geography of Asia ko:분류:아시아의 사막

Template:Mtnbox topo

|- | style="border-top:1px solid #999966; border-right:1px solid #999966" bgcolor=#e7dcc3 width=85 | Topo map: | style="border-top:1px solid #999966" width=220 | |-

mBank Strona Informacyjna cukrzyca prace magisterskie ebay narty

:: RELATED NEWS ::

Jean Villeri
Villeri Jean Villeri, Jean Villeri, Jean Villeri, Jean catégorie:Décès en 1982 Jean Villeri est un peintre français d'origine italienne, né en 1896, mort en

Éguelshardt
Catégorie:Commune de la Moselle catégorie:Eguelshardt Eguelshardt est une commune française, située dans le département de la Moselle et la région

Skandhas
Les Skandhas (sanskrit, pali khandas) sont le corps, les sensation (ou modalités du ressenti), la perception, les créations ou constructions ou formations mentales et la conscience. Voir pour ces concepts les acceptations bouddhiques : Read More...

Andres Maria de Guzman
Andres Maria Guzman 1752-1794 Né à Grenade, en 1752, guillotiné à Paris, le 5 avril 1794.

Avant la Révolution française

D'une illustre famille de noblesse espagnole, Andres Maria Guzman fait ses études à l'École militaire de Sorèze et obtient la nationalité française en 1781.

Sous la Révolution française

Il sert quelque temps dans les armées

Pascal Cherki
Pascal Cherki est une personnalité politique française, membre du Parti Socialiste. Il est adjoint au maire de Paris, chargé des sports. Avocat de formation, longtemps proche de Julien Dray et de SOS Racisme, il a ensuite suivi Jean-Luc Mélenchon puis Henri Emmanuelli dans les débats internes du PS. les différentes catégories ;
- Compléter les ébauches énergie ;
- Créer de nouveaux articles (par exemple ceux mentionnés dans le cadre « Á faire » et plus généralement tous ceux signalés par un lien rouge)
- Ajouter la catégorie correcte aux articles répertori�

Les Quatre saisons d'Espigoule
Les quatres saisons d'Espigoule est une comedie française réalisé par Christian Philibert, sorti en 1999.

Synopsis

1999, à l'aube du nouveau millénaire, la France entière semble envahie par la morosité. Toute la France ? Non...
Dans le sud de la France, il existe un village « d'irrésistibles varois », perchés dans les collines. Espigoule, où les habitants résistent à l'invasion de la mélancolie : il y a le poète que personne n'écoute, le tenan

Dasht-e Kavir

Dasht-e Kavir

Persian language

History

Nomenclature

Dialects and close languages

Orthography

Arabic Alphabet

The adoption of the Arabic script

Note: "independence" of Arabic and Persian languages

The features of the Persian variant

Note: Spelling of Arabic words in Arabic and in Persian

Further expansion of the Persian variant

Latin Alphabet

Phonology

Grammar

Vocabulary

See also

References

External links

Provinces of Iran

See also

External links

Khorasan

External links

Semnan

Isfahan province

Geography

History and culture

Isfahan province today

Colleges and Universities

Major cities

External links

Rig-e Jenn

External links

Category:Deserts of Asia

Template:Mtnbox topo

Avant la Révolution française

Sous la Révolution française

Synopsis