District fédéral (Brésil)

Catégorie:Brésil Le Distrito Federal (ou DF) est le district fédéral du Brésil, il centralise une partie des institutions nationales comme les trois pouvoirs (exécutif, législatif et judiciaire). C'est une région administrative qui possède un statut particulier différent de celui des aux autres États fédérés. Sa capitale, qui est aussi la capitale du Brésil, est Brasilia.

Géographie

Il est complètement entouré par l'état du Goiás, situé dans la région Centre-Ouest. Sa superficie est de 5 789 km² pour environ 2 100 000 habitants, ce qui lui donne la plus grande densité de population parmi les états brésiliens. Son climat est tropical (Température annuelle de 22°C). La saison des pluies, ou les précipitations sont de 20 à 25 cm, commence en octobre et s'achève en avril. D'avril a octobre la saison sèche connaît une période froide (minimales 13 degres, maximales 25) jusqu'à août, puis une saison chaude (minimales 17, maximales 28) jusqu'à novembre.

Histoire

Fondé en 1960 sous l'impulsion de Juscelino Kubitschek alors président de la réepublique, il a pour but de dynamiser l'intérieur des terres, largement délaissées au profit des régions côtières.

Voir aussi

- [http://weather.yahoo.com/climo/BRXX0043_c.html Yahoo! Weather: Brasília, en anglais] ja:ブラジリア連邦直轄区

Catégorie:Brésil

Bresil Bresil Bresil ja:Category:ブラジル ko:분류:브라질

Pouvoir exécutif

Le pouvoir exécutif (aussi appelé simplement lexécutif) est un des trois pouvoirs constituant l'État. Il est chargé de gérer la politique courante de l'État. Dans un régime parlementaire, le pouvoir exécutif est généralement appelé le gouvernement (comme en France), tandis que dans un régime présidentiel il est appelé l'administration ou le cabinet (comme aux États-Unis).
Rôle du pouvoir exécutif
Son rôle est très vaste, il est chargé de :
- faire respecter l'ordre et la loi en ayant sous ses ordres les forces de polices ainsi que l'administration pénitentiaire
- conduire la politique étrangère de l'État
- diriger la force militaire
- représenter l'État à travers les hauts fonctionnaires comme les ministres, secrétaires ou encore diplomates
- diriger les services publics
Voir aussi

- Pouvoir judiciaire
- Séparation des pouvoirs ja:行政 ms:Eksekutif

Pouvoir législatif

Le pouvoir législatif est l'un des trois pouvoirs constituant une démocratie avec :
- le pouvoir exécutif
- le pouvoir judiciaire C'est le pouvoir législatif qui rédige et vote les lois. Il est constitué d'un parlement.

Voir aussi

- Parlement européen
- Assemblée nationale
- Assemblée nationale française
- Sénat français
- Congrès des États-Unis d'Amérique

Pouvoir judiciaire

ms:Kehakiman ja:司法 Le pouvoir judiciaire est un des trois pouvoirs constituant l'État. Il a pour rôle de veiller à l'application de la loi. Ce pouvoir est confié aux juges et aux magistrats, qui se basent sur les textes de lois (qui sont rédigés par le pouvoir législatif) pour rendre des décisions à l'encontre des délinquants et des criminels.

En France

Voir l'article détaillé : Organisation juridictionnelle (France)

Voir aussi

- Pouvoir exécutif
- Séparation des pouvoirs

États du Brésil

ja:ブラジルの地方行政区分
- La République fédérale du Brésil comporte 26 États et un District fédéral. Liste des États, par région:
- Région Nord (Região Norte)
- Acre
- Amapá
- Amazonas
- Pará
- Rondônia
- Roraima
- Tocantins
- Région Nord-Est (Região Nordeste)
- Alagoas
- Bahia
- Ceará
- Maranhão
- Paraíba
- Pernambouc
- Piauí
- Rio Grande do Norte
- Sergipe
- Région Centre-Ouest (Região Centro-Oeste)
- Goiás
- Mato Grosso
- Mato Grosso do Sul
- Région Sud-Est (Região Sudeste)
- Espírito Santo
- Minas Gerais
- Rio de Janeiro
- São Paulo
- Région Sud (Região Sul)
- Paraná
- Rio Grande do Sul
- Santa Catarina

Brésil

La République fédérative du Brésil est le pays le plus peuplé d'Amérique latine et le cinquième plus grand pays du monde par sa surface. Sa superficie est de 8.500.000Km/2. Soit environ 15 fois la France. Il se situe dans la partie centrale et du nord est d'Amérique du Sud. Il possède des frontières au nord avec le Venezuela, la Guyane, le Surinam et le département d'outre-mer français de la Guyane française ; il est bordé au nord-est, à l'est et au sud-est par l'océan Atlantique, sur plus de 7360 km. Il partage ses frontières au sud avec l'Uruguay, au sud-ouest avec l'Argentine et le Paraguay, à l'ouest avec la Bolivie et le Pérou et au nord-ouest avec la Colombie. Les seul pays d'Amérique du Sud qui ne possédent pas de frontières avec le Brésil sont le Chili et l'Équateur. Le Brésil possède, en plus de la partie continentale de son territoire et des îles proches de la côte, quelques petits groupes d'îles et d'îlots dans l'Atlantique : les Rochers de Saint Pierre et Saint Paul, Fernando de Noronha, Trindade et Martim Vaz ainsi que les petites îles de corail appelées Atoll des Roches.
Histoire
Articles détaillés : Histoire du Brésil et Chronologie du Brésil On considère généralement que c'est Pedro Alvares Cabral, un navigateur portugais, qui fut le premier européen à arriver au Brésil, le 22 avril 1500. Le territoire devint une colonie portugaise. Rapidement, afin d'exploiter les ressources naturelles de la colonie, en particulier le bois brésil (c'est-à-dire couleur de braise, car ce bois était de couleur rouge), et pour servir de main-d'œuvre aux colons qui s'installaient, les Portugais ramenèrent des esclaves capturés sur les côtes africaines. Pendant plus de trois siècles, des millions d'Africains furent ainsi arrachés à leur terre pour peupler le nouveau continent. L'esclavage fut aboli le 13 mai 1888. La Brésil est officiellement indépendant depuis le 7 septembre 1822. L'Empire qui succède à la colonie dure jusqu'en 1889, date à laquelle la République du Brésil est proclamée. Le 4 octobre 1930, Getúlio Vargas devint président après un coup d'État. Il resta au pouvoir jusqu'en 1945. Le 27 octobre 2002, Luís Inácio da Silva dit Lula a remporté le deuxième tour des élections présidentielles avec 61,4 % des voix. Il est le premier président socialiste du Brésil.
Origine du mot « Brésil »
Brésil n. m. . Bois exotique qui, séché et pulvérisé, donne une matière tinctoriale rouge. Au Moyen Âge, le « bois de braise » provenait des Indes via la Perse, importé dans les premiers temps en Europe par les Vénitiens. C'est la profusion d'arbres « couleur de braise » ainsi que l'important commerce qui en découlera, qui donnera son nom au Brésil des conquérants européens au : Pau Brasil, le bois de braise (brasa en portugais).
Politique
Moyen Âge] Article détaillé : Politique du Brésil ~ Présidence de Luís Inácio da Silva Le Brésil est une république fédérale présidentielle. Le président est élu pour un mandat de 4 ans et peut être réélu une fois. Le président actuel est Luís Inácio da Silva. Le droit de vote est facultatif pour les citoyens qui ont entre 16 et 18 ans et pour ceux qui ont plus de 70 ans, il est obligatoire pour les citoyens qui ont entre 18 et 70 ans. Le législatif est exercé par la Chambre des députés et le Sénat. La Chambre des députés est composée de 518 sièges et le Sénat compte 81 membres.

Géographie

Luís Inácio da Silva Luís Inácio da Silva Article détaillé : Géographie du Brésil Le pays a une superficie de 8 511 965 km², occupant à lui seul plus de 47% du continent sud-américain. La plus grande distance est-ouest est de 4 319 km, et sa plus grande distance nord-sud mesure 4 394,7 km.
- Voir aussi les articles :
- Villes du Brésil : le pays compte 5 560 villes
- Favela
- Amazonie, Amazone, Transamazonienne
- La superficie du Brésil et de ses États La forêt amazonienne recouvre une grande partie du pays. Elle est surnommée « o mar interior », la mer intérieure. L'Amazone, deuxième plus long fleuve au monde (derrière le Nil) et premier par son débit, traverse toute la forêt et débouche sur la côte atlantique nord du pays.

États Fédérales

Article détaillé : États du Brésil Le Brésil est composé de 26 États et d'un district fédéral, dont sa capitale est Brasília Voici la liste des États : |{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{

Goiás

Goiás est l'un des États du Brésil. Il est située sur le vaste plateau central, dans la région Centre-Ouest. Le climat est Tropical semi-humide. La végétation est celle du Cerrado. Une partie du territoire de l'état à été utilisé pour de la création de Brasilia et est devenue le District fédéral. Sa capitale est Goiânia (1 181 438 habitants). Ville principales (de plus de 100 000 habitants.) : Águas Lindas de Goiás, Anápolis, Aparecida de Goiânia, Luziânia, Rio Verde, Valparaíso de Goiás.

Voir aussi

- Cerrado

Liens externes

- [http://www.goias.gov.br Portail du gourvernement] (portugais) Catégorie:État du Brésil

Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Crazy in Love/archive1

Crazy in Love

Support Detailed information on this hit song with chart performances, music video and influences.
- ~~Oppose. For starters there are no references. Evil Monkey∴Hello 04:44, 21 September 2005 (UTC)~~
- Support Evil Monkey∴Hello 09:56, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
- ~~Object. The image :Image:Crazy In Love.jpg has no source or copyright information.~~ --Carnildo 07:09, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
- Oppose- as above, no references, no copyright info. A sample would be great, as would some kind of critical comment. It's better than many articles about hit singles but does not compare well to existing featured articles such as She Loves You or Layla. Writing style could be sharpened - need to remove "fanzine" type language and colloquialisms. Examples:

- "it also hit number one "

~~- "the song also raised eyebrows"~~

~~- "Knowles began shopping for beats"~~

~~- "hungover from a night of partying"~~

~~- "it would either flop horribly or take off"~~

~~- "Unfortunately for Beyoncé" (conveys a point of view)~~

- Two sentences that begin with "Internationally speaking" and one "domestically speaking" are awkward at best but references to the "domestic market" assume the reader to be American. Obviously the reference is to the American market - so that's what it should say. Rossrs 09:41, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
- Comment Canildo, I've added info on that image. Rossrs, I've toned down the "fanzine", and I've added samples of the song (This is the first time I've ever added a sample, so I'm not sure if I did it right - if I didn't please let me know). And Evil Monkey, I'm not sure where I would find references, as most of the stuff I wrote was from TV/Radio/Magzine interviews that don't have an online counterpart. But I'll be looking for some. OmegaWikipedia 14:38, 21 September 2005 (UTC)
- References don't need to be online. If stuff is coming from TV shows etc then provide airing date and time, channel etc. Evil Monkey∴Hello 01:26, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
- Evil Monkey, I can't remember random shows from two years ago, but I do remember that Beyonce has talked about it on her live DVD and the DVD single of the song. I've added them as references. Is that ok now? OmegaWikipedia 11:23, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
- OmegaWikipedia - the article looks a lot better and I appreciate the way you've responded to the various comments here. When I have a bit more time over the next couple of days, I'll go back over the article and give it a copyedit. You know, with regards to references you can always work backwards. Try doing a Google search on Beyonce or the song. She's got to have about a zillion hits, pick some of the more credible sites and go back through them. Then you should find good quality references that you can cite, plus you'll probably find more info that can be used in the article. Then anything remaining that needs a source, and which you can't find a source for - you can delete, and all you've done is improve the article. Some type of review comments or quotes from critics would be a good addition, and give the article a bit more "authority", so if you try searching on some of the more legitimate music sites such as Rolling Stone, NME, Melody Maker, Billboard etc, you're sure to get some good stuff. That's just a suggestion but once you start sifting through sites like that, it's amazing how much good info you can find, and your reference problem will be solved. Some of these sites also link to magazine articles and interviews etc, once again useful source material. Rossrs 12:23, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
- Thanks, Rossrs. I was able to find two more sources for the article. I've also followed your suggestion on including comments from critics, and I've added a section detailing their thoughts. Is there anything else that needs attention. OmegaWikipedia 20:05, 24 September 2005 (UTC)
- Support The critical comments made all the difference - nicely done. I went through the article and copyedited it. I don't consider the changes I've made to be major, but I did delete some minor things that I thought weren't needed, but I also added a couple of points. Well, you can see what I've done in the edit history. Have changed my vote to support. Rossrs 11:49, 25 September 2005 (UTC)
- Comment Thanks Rossrs :) OmegaWikipedia 12:34, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
- Strong Support It deserves to be a featured article. Ruennsheng 08:45, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
- Comment Thank you Ruennsheng :) OmegaWikipedia 12:34, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
- Oppose, please add the html links from the text as complete citations the reference section so that a record of who wrote the artcile, what it was called and who published it is available if the site goes down or the page is moved.--nixie 23:28, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
- Oppose. Besides what nixie said above (see Wikipedia:Footnotes for guidelines on how to do this), a few more things that need to be fixed.
- #Copyedit for proper terminology and conciseness (eg. "a rap performance by Jay-Z" should be "a guest rap from Jay-Z" or "a guest rapped verse from Jay-Z"). :::That can be done
- #Header is too short for article this long. It should be at least another paragraph long, telling us why this song is notable. Mention the Chi-Lites by name in the header when referring to the sample (which uses the bass and drums as well as the horns); your average reader will not know "Are You My Woman" is a Chi-Lites song. :::Well the reason for the song's importance is seen in the first section and the critical response section, but I think I kind of get what you're getting at. ::::You can take a look at Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles#Headings for more information. --FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- #Do not bold chart positions (unencyclopediaic and POV). This goes for other articles as well. :::Have to disagree with this one too. I know you mentioned the other articles, but it is pretty commonplace, and it's not really POV, I think. A #1 should be emphasized just like the entries here who emphasize different Olympic winners in different degrees. ::::It's POV, because it implies "oh, look! We got a number one hit! Yay!" (which is also unencyclopediaic). It looks, for lack of a better term, "fannish", and is only common among the articles on pop stars written by their fans. Your average Wikipedia user should be able to realize that you can't do any better than a #1 hit.--FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- #Format references in APA format, with author, publisher, year, place of publication, and (where applicable) page. See Wikipedia:Cite sources/example style and Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations :::Ok, I'll take a look
- #Three samples of one song is overkill. Only one 20 second or less sample of the record should be used. :::Disagree here again. LOL Maybe I should stop right now. With all the disagreeing you'll probably end up opposing anyway. If this were something like "Naughty Girl" or "Me, Myself, and I" then I'd agree. But "Crazy In Love" is well known for its rap and its sample usage, so I feel those need a sample too. ::::I'm surprised the users who push fair use haven't raised an issue about that. It just looks a bit "extra". No one else has said anything, so I'll ease up on this. BTW, so long as these minor issues are improved, I will support the article; it's very good. --FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- #Don't leave elements of the infobox empty. If you don't know the exact day the song was recorded, a year will suffice. :::Nothing's blank now. ::::Be careful about blanking other users' comments. Let them do that; in some cases, it could be seen as vandalism. --FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- #~~For that matter, avoid using the infobox templete, and use just the code, so that Beyonce and Jay-Z's single chronologies can be listed seperately.~~ :::Is the Jay-Z chronology right though? He's also releasing so many singles and I dont remember their exact order. ::::According to the Jay-Z discography, "Crazy in Love" was preceeded by "La-La-La (Excuse Me Again)" and followed by "Beware of the Boys"
- #More pictures (screen captures from the music video, alternate single covers from overseas, a screen capture from a live performance, etc) would help break up the monotony of non-illustrated text for a visitor. At least two more pictures should be added, although I will not oppose the article if no pictures are added. :::I believe theres only one single cover, but more pics and live performances can be added. --FuriousFreddy 01:24, 28 September 2005 (UTC) :In addtion, as per current edits (wow; that was fast)...I don't think music video directors should be listed in the infobox for two reasons: :::Hehe, I'm just fast like that :p #"Music video directo" is too long to fit in the infobox. #"Director" by itself looks odd without any attribution to what the director directed. Leaving it out, or mentioning it in a production credits list of some sort, will suffice :::Well, I have to disagree with this. I'd prefer Video Director but apparently some people have issues with two words being in caps next to each other. But I think nowadays the music video director is key to a single, and theres no way it should be left out the single box. ::::"Video director" should work fine. "Director" makes it look like the music video director directed the song. --FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC) Also, songwriters should be listed by their official ASCAP or BMI names, not by any stage names or nicknames (this refers soley to Jay-Z here). The article should reflect what it says in the album liner notes (which should also state where the song was recorded, an fact of intrest for inclusion). :::I have to disagree with this one too. I thought about this, but I think it'd be best to leave it as Jay-Z. You and I both know who Shawn Carter is and he's probably not the best example, but for lesser known acts who use stage names, I can see people getting confused and wondering if an artist who was on the record had helped with co-writing it or not. ::::Pipe the link; somebody might learn something new. It's not a big deal, though; the article can live without it. --FuriousFreddy 04:06, 28 September 2005 (UTC) OmegaWikipedia 02:01, 28 September 2005 (UTC) --FuriousFreddy 01:44, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- Also, the comment about the song's vidoe being "one of the best of the year" needs attribution. Otherwise, it is POV. Some of the language in the article still needs to be toned down ("outstanding success", more elegant vocal style", and such). The bit about Harrison being hungover the day he wrote the song needs attribution. --FuriousFreddy 11:26, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
- Support I think it is comprehensive and very detailed that it truly deserves to be a FA. What FuriousFreddy does not realise is that it is not only this song which are bold texted when the song is number one. Other songs like "We Belong Together" by Mariah Carey or any other number one hit songs are bold texted as well. It is not "fannish" as FuriousFreddy says. It is to emphasise the achievement of the artist throughout their chart period, not POV. Other hit songs are like that as well. It is objective and straight to the fact. What else would you expect? The song did reach number one. Furthermore, the article do need the link for evidence that it is correct of that the article has been said. Otherwise, the article itself might get accused for over-exaggeration saying it is too much of a "fansite". So a link to the article will directly tell us that some statements which are too good or bad to be true is correct by providing evidence. Thirdly, we are working on the pictures but we don't need it too much to emphasise the song. I think the article we have right now is sufficent. So, I think FuriousFreddy should realise that this is how the music single article and other popstars articles are like. It is not "fansite" but objective and telling the fact. I think this article is encyclopedic. FuriousFreddy should look at more single articles before making ridiculous statements. Person22 04:27, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
- "It is to emphasise the achievement of the artist throughout their chart period". That is a textbook example of what POV is, we do not emphasize or place person on a pedestal for recording #1 hits. As I said before, the other singles articles should not be bolding chart positions either. Do not bash comments by other users, especially over something like bolding text on pages. FInally, you can't support an article twice. --FuriousFreddy 03:27, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
- ~~Object. Too many samples. If you're going to claim fair use, you need to limit it to one sample of 30 seconds/10% of the track or less.~~ --Carnildo 07:14, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

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