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Umberto

Umberto

Several people have had the name Umberto:
- King Umberto I of Italy
- King Umberto II of Italy
- Umberto Eco, Italian writer

Umberto I of Italy

Umberto I or Humbert I of Italy (Umberto Ranieri Carlo Emanuele Giovanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio of Savoy), (14 March, 1844 – 29 July, 1900). Officially nicknamed "the Good", was the King of Italy from 9 January, 1878 until his death. He was deeply loathed in left-wing circles, especially among anarchists, because of his hard-line conservativism and support of the Bava Beccaris massacre in Milan. He was killed by anarchist Gaetano Bresci one year after the incident. He was the only modern King of Italy to be assassinated.

Youth

The son of Vittorio Emanuele II and of Adelaide, archduchess of Austria, Humbert was born in Turin, then capital of the kingdom of Sardinia, on March 14, 1844. His education was entrusted to, amongst others, Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio and Pasquale Stanislao Mancini. Since March 1858 he had a military career in the Sardinian army, beginning with the rank of captain. He was present at the battle of Solferino in 1859, and in 1866 commanded a division at the battle of Custoza. On 21 April, 1868 Umberto married his cousin, Margherita Teresa Giovanna, Princess of Savoy. Their sons were Victor Emmanuel, prince of Naples; and Victor Emmanuel III of Italy.

Reign

Ascending the throne on the death of his father (January 9, 1878), Humbert adopted the title "Humbert I of Italy" rather than "Humbert IV" (of Savoy), and consented that the remains of his father should be interred at Rome in the Pantheon, and not in the royal mausoleum of Superga.

First murder attempt

While on a tour of the kingdom, accompanied by premier Benedetto Cairoli, he was attacked by an anarchist, Giovanni Passanante, during a parade in Naples (November 17, 1878). The king warded off the blow with his sabre, but Cairoli, in attempting to defend him, was severely wounded in the thigh. The would-be assassin was condemned to death, but the king commuted the sentence to one of penal servitude for life. The incident upset the health of queen Margaret for several years.

Turmoil

The reign of Humbert I was a time of social upheaval, even though it was later claimed to have been a tranquil belle époque. Social tensions mounted as a consequence of the relatively recent occupation of the kingdom of the two Sicilies, spreading of socialist ideas, public hostility against the colonialist plans of the various governments, especially Crispi's, and the numerous crackdowns on civil liberties. Among the protesters, there was even the young, and then left-wing, Benito Mussolini.

Alliances and Colonialism

In foreign policy Humbert I approved the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany, visiting repeatedly Vienna and Berlin. Many in Italy, however, viewed with hostility an alliance with the former Austrian enemies in the independence wars, who were still occupying areas claimed by Italy. He was also favourably disposed towards the policy of colonial expansion inaugurated in 1885 by the occupation of Massawa. He was suspected of aspiring to a vast empire in north-east Africa, a suspicion which tended somewhat to diminish his popularity after the disaster of Adowa on 1 March 1896.

The Bava Beccaris Incident

During the colonial wars in Africa, large demonstrations over the rising price of bread were held in Italy and on May 7, 1898 the city of Milan was put under military control by General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris, who ordered the use of cannons on the demonstrators; as a result, about 100 people were killed according to the authorities (even though some claim the death toll was about 350); about a thousand were wounded. King Humbert sent a telegram to congratulate Bava Beccaris with the restoration of order and later decorated him with the medal of Great Official of Savoy Military Order, greatly outraging a large part of the public opinion. To a limited extent his popularity was enhanced by the firmness of his attitude towards the Vatican, as exemplified in his telegram declaring Rome "intangible" (20 September, 1886), and affirming the permanence of the Italian possession of the "Eternal City".

Death

Being increasingly unpopular, Humbert I was victim of yet another murder attempt, by an unemployed ironsmith, Pietro Acciarito, who tried to stab him near Rome on 22 April, 1897. Finally, he was murdered with four revolver shots by the Italo-American anarchist Gaetano Bresci in Monza, on the evening of 29 July, 1900. Bresci claimed he wanted to revenge the people killed by Bava Beccaris. Official propaganda gave the assassinated king the nickname "the Good". He was buried in the Pantheon in Rome, by the side of Victor Emmanuel II, on 9 August, 1900. He was also the last Savoy being buried there, as his son and successor Victor Emmanuel III died in exile.

External links

- [http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/gotha/italygen.htm External link: Genealogy of recent members of the House of Savoy]

Credits

:Some text originally from [http://1911encyclopedia.org http://1911encyclopedia.org] Category:1844 births Category:1900 deaths Umberto I Category:Claimant Kings of Jerusalem Category:Italian monarchs Category:Knights of the Garter Category:Murdered kings ja:ウンベルト1世

Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (born January 5, 1932) is an Italian medievalist, philosopher and novelist, best known for his novel The Name of the Rose and his many essays.

Biography and opus

Eco was born in Alessandria, in the Italian region of Piedmont. He is an author and semiotician. He graduated the University of Turin in 1954 in philosophy. He works as a professor of semiotics at the University of Bologna. Eco's work on medieval aesthetics stressed the distinction between theory and practice. About the middle ages, he wrote, there was "a geometrically rational schema of what beauty ought to be, and on the other [hand] the unmediated life of art with its dialectic of forms and intentions" -- the two cut off from one another as if by a pane of glass. Eco's work in literary theory has changed focus over time. Initially, he was one of the pioneers of "Reader Response." In Opera Aperta ("Open Work"), Eco argued that literary texts are fields of meaning, rather than strings of meaning, that they are understood as open, internally dynamic and psychologically engaged fields. Those works of literature that limit potential understanding to a single, unequivocal line are the least rewarding, while those that are most open, most active between mind and society and line, are the most lively (and, although valorizing terminology is not his business, best). Eco emphasizes the fact that words do not have meanings that are simply lexical, but rather operate in the context of utterance. So much had been said by I. A. Richards and others, but Eco draws out the implications for literature from this truth. He also extended the axis of meaning from the continually deferred meanings of words in an utterance to a play between expectation and fulfillment of meaning. Eco comes to these positions through a language study and from semiotics, rather than from psychology or historical analysis (as such theorists as Wolfgang Iser, on the one hand, and Hans-Robert Jauss, on the other hand, did). He has also influenced popular culture studies though without developing a full-scale theory in this field himself. Eco employs his education as a medievalist in his novel The Name of the Rose, which was made into a movie starring Sean Connery as a monk who investigates a series of murders revolving around a monastery library. He is particularly good at translating medieval religious controversies and heresies into modern political and economic terms so that the reader can understand them without being a theologian. At the conclusion of that novel, we are left with a monk attempting to reconstruct a library based on scraps and attempting to create meaning by the combination of random pieces of information. This monk is fulfilling the role of a reader. Although his novels often include references to arcane historical figures and texts and his dense, intricate plots tend to take dizzying turns, he has enjoyed a wide audience around the world, with good sales and many translations. Foucault's Pendulum, Eco's second novel, has also sold well. In Foucault's Pendulum, under-employed publishers decide, as a joke, to weave together the juicy bits of all the conspiratorial histories. They pretend to have uncovered the master plot, the ultimate in nefarious schemes. However, their derisive joke is believed by their readers, and they find themselves caught in a reality made by their fiction. As in The Name of the Rose, characters are obsessed with hermeneutics, and in particular the consciously concealed truth. Also, characters are again dealing with the random or the unintended. Eco's characters partially enact literary theory, as they demonstrate the way that meaning is manufactured by consciousness, and how it may be impossible for any human reading to be without meaning. As in semiotics, it is possible that there is an order antecedent to even the consciously random and that any manufactured meaning is true or false only to the degree that it is believed. Eco's work illustrates the postmodernist literary theory concept of hypertextuality, or the inter-connectedness of all literary works and their interpretation. A woven fabric of cultural consciousness is imitated and, in fact, investigated.

Honorary doctorates

Since 1985, Umberto Eco has been awarded over thirty honorary doctorates from various academic institutions worldwide such as the universities of Paris (Sorbonne Nouvelle) (1989), Buenos Aires (1994), Santa Clara (1996), Moscow (1998), Berlin (FUB) (1998), Quebec (UQAM) (2000), Jerusalem (2002) and Siena (2002). The full list can be found on his [http://www2.dsc.unibo.it/dipartimento/people/eco/Curriculumeco_05.htm official curriculum].

Bibliography

Novels

- The Name of the Rose (1983) (Il nome della rosa, 1980) — A philosophical detective novel in a medieval setting; ::See also Postscript to "The Name of the Rose" for background to the novel. ::A film of this book was directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud, starring Sean Connery, Christian Slater, Ron Perlman, F. Murray Abraham and Michael Lonsdale.
- Foucault's Pendulum (1989) (Il pendolo di Foucault, 1988) — A present day conspiracy theory novel (see also Abulafia);
- The Island of the Day Before (1995) (L'isola del giorno prima, 1994) — A novel about a 17th century nobleman marooned across the international date line;
- Baudolino (2002) (Baudolino, 2000) — A novel about a young peasant adopted by emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, and his adventures;
- The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana (2005) (La misteriosa fiamma della regina Loana, 2004). An illustrated novel about a man who loses his memory after a stroke.

Books on philosophy

Areas of philosophy Eco has written most about include semiotics, linguistics, aesthetics and morality.
- "The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas" (1988, Revised) (Il problema estetico in San Tommaso, 1956)
- "Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages" (1985) ("Sviluppo dell'estetica medievale" in "Momenti e problemi di storia dell'estetica", 1959)
- "The Open Work" (1989) (from the 1976 edition of Opera Aperta, 1962, with other essays added).
- "Misreadings" (1993) (Diario minimo,1963)
- "Apocalypse Postponed" (1994) (Apocalittici e integrati, 1964; partial translation, with other texts added)
- "The Middle Ages of James Joyce" (AKA The Aesthetics of Chaosmos) (1989) (Le poetiche di Joyce, 1965)
- "Travels in Hyperreality" (AKA Faith in Fakes) (1986) (Il costume di casa, 1973, Dalla periferia dell'impero, 1977, Sette anni di desiderio, 1983)
- "A Theory of Semiotics" (1976) (Original English version of Trattato di semiotica generale, 1975)
- "The Role of the Reader : Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts" (1979) (Containing essays from Opera aperta (1962), Apocalittici e integrati (1964), Forme del contenuto (1971), Il Superuomo di massa (1976), Lector in Fabula (1979)).
- "Postscript to The Name of the Rose" (1984) (Postille al nome della rosa 1983)
- "Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language" (1984) (Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio, 1984)
- "The Limits of Interpretation (Advances in Semiotics)" (1990) (I limiti dell'interpretazione, 1990)
- "How to Travel With a Salmon & Other Essays" (1998) (Partial translation of Il secondo diario minimo, 1994)
- "Interpretation and Overinterpretation" (1992)(with R. Rorty, J. Culler, C. Brooke-Rose; Edited by S.Collini)
- "The Search for the Perfect Language (The Making of Europe)" (1995) (La ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea, 1993) on auxiliary and philosophical languages.
- "Six Walks in the Fictional Woods" (1994)
- "Incontro - Encounter - Rencontre (1996) (in Italian, English, French)
- "Belief or Nonbelief? : A Dialogue" (2000) (In cosa crede chi non crede? (with Carlo Maria Martini), 1996).
- "Five Moral Pieces" (2001) (Cinque scritti morali, 1997)
- "Kant and the Platypus : Essays on Language and Cognition" (1999) (Kant e l’ornitorinco, 1997)
- "Serendipities : Language and Lunacy" (1998)
- "Experiences in Translation" (2000)
- "Mouse or Rat? : Translation as negotiation" (2003)
- "History of Beauty" / "On Beauty" (2004) (Storia della bellezza, 2004; Edited by U.Eco, coauthored by Girolamo de Michele).
- "On Literature" (2004) (Sulla letteratura, 2003)

Books for children

(art by Eugenio Carmi)
- "The Bomb and the General" (La bomba e il generale, 1966, Rev. 1988)
- "The Three Astronauts" (I tre cosmonauti, 1966)
- "Gli gnomi di Gnu", 1992 (not translated yet)

Other

Further, Umberto Eco is an expert on the subject of 007, which adds him to the worldwide group of bondologs ("Bondologists," Scandinavian expression for an expert in the field of James Bond). James Bond related writings:
- Il Caso Bond (aka The Bond Affair ) 1966
- : by Del Buono and Umberto Eco
- : A collection of essays edited by Umberto Eco.
- Umberto Eco:
- : "The Narrative Structure in Fleming" in his The Bond Affair (1966) reprinted in Bernard Waitesr, Tony Bennett and Graham Martin ed. Popular Culture: Past and Present (London: Croom Helm, 1982).

External links

- [http://www2.dsc.unibo.it/dipartimento/people/eco/ Official University Website], including CV and full bibliography.
- [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/VideoTest/eco-ari.ram Eco talk at UC Berkeley (1982): "From Aristotle to Sherlock Holmes" (online audio recording)]
- [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/665/bo3.htm Eco's talk in Alexandria] on "Vegetal and mineral memory" which considers, among other things, encyclopedias.
- [http://www.themodernword.com/eco Porta Ludovica] - An extensive Umberto Eco resource.
- [http://queenloana.wikispaces.org/ The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana Annotation Project] - a Wiki guide to the allusions and references in Eco's latest novel.
- [http://imdb.com/title/tt0091605/ IMDb.com Listing: The Name of the Rose (Movie)] Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto Eco, Umberto ko:움베르토 에코 ja:ウンベルト・エーコ

Wikipedia:Progetto Musica/Articoli da rivedere

= hendrix da wickificare? = Se ho ben capito tutto quello che riguarda la musica deve avere il template musica.. giusto? Allora mi sa che bisogna aggiungerlo alla pagina di Jimi Hendrix. Perdonate l'indecisione.. sono novello e ho già fatto troppi "danni".. :D --Guidoz 08:51, Apr 25, 2005 (CEST)

Problemi di traduzione

Le modalità di discussione sono le stesse del Bar. Qualora fosse opportuno, indicate anche l'articolo che state traducendo e incollate l'intera frase (non solo l'espressione), per consentire di individuare il contesto. credo d'aver capito che va scritto qui..... nell'articolo su cui sto lavorando, dall'en:igor stravinsky, a un certo punto, nel capitolo "il periodo primitivo, o russo" si parla di The first of the ballets, L'oiseau de feu, is notable for its unusual introduction (triplets in the low basses) and sweeping orchestration . ok per le triplets, k saranno le terzine, ma i low basses???? grazie ciao --jo 18:56, Mag 10, 2005 (CEST) :non avevo visto la tua richiesta e sono spiacente di non poterti aiutare. Spero che passi di quì qualche esperto volenteroso e ti dia una giusta risposta (ma forse hai già risolto!). Sì in effetti il posto giusto è questo, ma evidentemente non è stato abbastanza pubblicizzato e così, nessuno ci passa. Vedrò di provvedere, anche perchè c'è un doppione di pagina, mi sembra che sarebbe bene unire ed organizzare per bene.--Paola 11:21, Mag 15, 2005 (CEST) ::Ok. Fatto. La citazione riguardava il'inizio del balletto, in cui un misterioso e inquietante motivo cromatico in terzine è eseguito dai soli contrabbassi per essere solo dopo raddoppiato dai violoncelli. Piuttosto sarei curioso di capire cosa si intenda per sweeping ("che spazza via/spiazzante?"). εΔω |^ノート altro dilemma Allegro - which at the time was understood to mean not only a tempo, but the importance of some degree of working out of the theme. inserisco questo (circa) nella versione italiana Allegro - che ai tempi era inteso come non solo un tempo, ma anche l'importanza in qualche livello di il capitolo è "la sonata nell'era classica". grazie....--jo 22:56, Giu 12, 2005 (CEST) :Va bene, anche qui si tratta di lessico tecnico e storia della musica. Cerco di spiegarmi rapidamente: la traduzione sarebbe Allegro - che a quei tempi intendeva indicare non solo un andamento, ma anche l'importanza di un certo livello di elaborazione tematica :in termini terra terra, nella sonata classica il primo tempo era il vero e proprio laboratorio in cui la struttura architettonica del brano (Primo tema, secondo tema, sviluppo, ricapitolazione ecc.) era presentata sia agli ascoltatori dei brani eseguiti sia ai lettori delle partiture che ne valutavano l'efficacia, un po' come facciamo noi Wikipediani quando presentiamo una traduzione di articolo e la sottoponiamo a qualche utente esperto per il proofreading, e al grande pubblico di internet per l'uso. Gli altri tempi della sonata non ricevevano la medesima attenzione critica. Qui mi fermo altrimenti la brevità... marameo! :Spero di essere stato utile, se hai altre questioni di musica classica inviamele pure direttamente. εΔω | ノート 12:43, Giu 18, 2005 (CEST)

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Umberto

Umberto I of Italy

Youth

Reign

First murder attempt

Turmoil

Alliances and Colonialism

The Bava Beccaris Incident

Death

External links

Credits

Umberto Eco

Biography and opus

Honorary doctorates

Bibliography

Novels

Books on philosophy

Books for children

Other

External links

Wikipedia:Progetto Musica/Articoli da rivedere

Problemi di traduzione

תפוצה

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