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WVVA-TV

WVVA-TV

Quincy Newspapers, Inc. (QNI) is a media company that originated in the newspapers of Quincy, Illinois. The company's history can be traced back to 1835, when the Bounty Land Register was one of only four newspapers in all of Illinois. Over the next century, a number of mergers followed. In 1935, the Quincy Herald-Whig emerged, and it still operates under that name today. The company moved into radio in 1947 and began television broadcasts in 1953.

Television stations

KXLT in Rochester, Minnesota is now 100% owned by Quincy Newspapers INC. It was transfered by Shockley Broadcasting at some point. Referenced at KXLT's website. Quincy Newspapers also gained 50% of KXLT.

Newspapers

- Quincy Herald-Whig, Quincy, Illinois
- New Jersey Herald, Newton, New Jersey

References

- Britni Townsend (December 2001). [http://www.lib.niu.edu/ipo/ihy011206.html A "Bounty-full" Beginning: The Quincy Herald-Whig.] Accessed May 10, 2004.
- [http://www.qni.biz Quincy Newspapers, Inc.]
- [http://www.wgem.com WGEM, in Quincy, Illinois] Category:Television broadcasting companies of the United States Category:Newspapers of Illinois

Newspaper

A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605. The newspaper industry survived competition from 20th-century technologies, especially radio and television, but 21st-century developments on the Internet are posing major threats. General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; use editorial cartoonists, usually to illustrate writing that is opinion, rather than news; and also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes. horoscope, South Carolina, United States]]

Overview

A daily newspaper is issued every day, often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday, and where they exist Sunday, editions of daily newspapers tend to be large, include more specialized sections, and cost more. Weekly newspapers are also common and tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers. However, those Sunday newspapers that do not have weekday editions are not considered to be weekly newspapers, and are generally equivalent in size and prestige to daily newspapers. Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions of USA Today in the United States and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Toronto Star can fill the role of de facto national newspapers. The owner of the newspaper, or person in charge, is the publisher. The person responsible for content is the editor, editor in chief, or executive editor. Newspapers have been developed around very narrow topic areas, such as news for merchants in a specific industry, fans of particular sports, fans of the arts or of specific artists, and participants in the same sorts of activities or lifestyles.

History

According to the World Association of Newspapers: 59 BC: Regular publications have been created and distributed by governments for millennia, including Acta Diurna, a listing of events ordered by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome. A.D. 713: The first newspaper, Mixed News in Kaiyuan, was published as a hand-written newssheet in Beijing, China. Kaiyuan was the name given to the year in which the paper was published. 1605: Johann Carolus published the first printed newspaper Relation aller fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news) in Strasbourg, now in France but at the time an independent city within the (mostly) German-speaking Holy Roman Empire. In the same year Abraham Verhoeven of Antwerp (Low Countries/Belgium) publishes Nieuwe Tydingen (source : Encyclopaedia Britannica).The continuous publication of the Nieuwe Tijdingen indicates that the demand for newspapers soon became well-established. 1621: The first English-language private newspaper, The Corante, was first published, in London. 1631: La Gazette, the first French newspaper, was founded. 1632: Courante uyt Italien ende Duytschlandt, the first Dutch newspaper, was founded. 1645: the oldest newspaper still in circulation, Post-och Inrikes Tidningar of Sweden, began publishing. 1650: The world's first daily printed newspaper, Einkommende Zeitungen (Incoming news) founded in Leipzig, Germany. 1665: The oldest surviving English newspaper, The London Gazette begins publication. 1666: The first Danish newspaper, Den Danske Mercurius is published in Ribe by Anders Bording. 1690: Worcester Post-Man founded, which became Berrow's Worcester Journal in 1753, The Worcester Post-Man/Berrow's Worcester Journal is the world's oldest surviving unofficial newspaper. Also, Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick in Boston became the first newspaper published in British North America. It was suppressed after one issue. 1701: (September 6) Estimated first issue of the Norwich Post in England, which was probably the first provincial newspaper. 1702: The first English daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was founded by Samuel Buckley on 11 March. (Publication ceased in 1735). 1728: St. Petersburg Vedomosti, the oldest Russian newspaper still in circulation, is founded in Saint Petersburg. 1749: Berlingske Tidende, the first surviving Danish newspaper, is founded by E.H Berling. 1763: Norske Intelligenz-Sedler, Norway's first newspaper, was published. 1780: The Bengal Gazette, India's first newspaper, was founded. 1785: The Daily Universal Register was founded by John Walters. It became The Times on January 1, 1788. 1803: Just 15 years after the first British penal colony was established, Australia's military government published the Sydney Gazette and the New South Wales Advertiser, Australia's first newspapers. 1821: The Guardian was founded. 1827: El Mercurio, the oldest continually-published Spanish language newspaper, was founded in the port city of Valparaíso, Chile. 1833: (September 3) The New York Sun, the first truly successful penny press in the United States, was first published by Benjamin H. Day. By 1936, the paper was the largest seller in the country, with a circulation of over 30,000 copies. 1851 The New York Times was first published. 1871: Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun (Yokohama Daily News) is launched as the first daily newspaper in Japan. Today, on a per-capita basis, Japan ranks first in the world in circulation of newspapers. 1884: Otto Merganthaler invented the Linotype machine, which casts type in full lines using hot lead, a quantum leap in newspaper publishing, and ushering in the era of "hot lead." The systems remained in general production in the industry well into the 1980s, when computerized pagination became prominent. 1962: The Los Angeles Times drives Linotype hot metal typesetters with perforated tape created from RCA computers speeding up the typesetting. The key was development of a dictionary and method to automate the hyphenation and justification of text in columns (tasks that had taken 40 percent of a manual operator's time). 1973: Harris introduced editing terminals, which were quickly followed by terminals from Raytheon, Atex, Digital Equipment Corporation and others. The output was strips of type on film from phototypesetters ("cold type" replacing the "hot type" of Linotype machines)). Atex worked with the Minneapolis Star to develop the first pagination system that allowed the creation and output of full editorial pages, eliminating the need for manual paste-up of strips of film. The Atex system featured "Atex Messaging" which is widely believed to be the forerunner of both e-mail and instant messenger applications.
Format
Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:
- Broadsheets: 600mm by 380mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards 'compact' newspapers is changing this.
- Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380mm by 300mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets.
- Berliner or Midi: 470mm by 315mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy or, from 12 September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspaper to make publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design. To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper, while L'Équipe (formerly L'Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey, while the Tour de France leader wears a yellow jersey, or maillot jaune.
Circulation and readership
The number of copies distributed on an average day is called the newspaper's circulation, and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not the same as copies sold since some newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures are usually higher than circulation figures because of the common assumption that a typical copy of the newspaper is read by more than one person. maillot jaune, February 2005]] According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers - the Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun - with circulations well above 4 million. Germany's Bild, with a circulation of 4.5 million, was the only other paper in that category. In the United Kingdom The Sun is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004). In India, The Times of India is the largest English newspaper with 2.14 million copies daily. In the United States and the United Kingdom at least, overall newspaper circulation has been declining for many years, although some individual titles have thrived. USA Today has a daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country. However, the validity of USA Todays circulation figures are disputed by some in the newspaper community. This is because of the newspaper's contracts with hotels; many of its papers are delivered to hotel guests who do not realise they are being charged for it. (However, this technique of increasing circulation, sometimes known as bulk sales, is not unique to USA Today.) In 2004, several large U.S. newspapers were found to have overstated their circulation.

Advertising

Most newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising. The income from the customer's payment at the news-stand is small in comparison. For that reason newspapers are not expensive to buy, and some (such as AM New York) are free. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper expresses its opinions. Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and charge more for the service. But some advertising sales also market demographics: some newspapers might sacrifice higher circulation numbers in favor of an audience with a higher income. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might only want a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases free access is only available for a matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

Newspaper journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. Much emphasis has been placed upon the accuracy and fairness of the journalist - see Ethics. In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The more restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication. In the past newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man's toy, or a political tool. More recently in the United States, a greater number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett (the largest in the United States), Cox, The Tribune Company, etc. Many industry watchers have concerns that the growing need for profit growth natural to corporations will have a negative impact on the overall quality of journalism. Even though the opinions of the owners are often relegated to the editorial section, and the opinions of the readers are in the op-ed ("opposite the editorial page") and letters to the editors sections of the paper, newspapers have been used for political purposes by insinuating some kind of bias outside of the editorial section and into straight news. For example, The New York Times is often criticised for a leftist slant to its stories, or, by others, for supporting the American political establishment in nearly all cases, whereas The Wall Street Journal has a history of emphasising the position of the right. Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication. Many larger newspapers are now using more aggressive random fact-checking to further improve the chances that false information will be found before it is printed.

The future of newspapers

The future of newspapers is cloudy, with overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increase came in developing countries, notably China. A report at the gathering indicated that China tops total newspaper circulation, with more than 85 million copies of papers sold every day, followed by India with 72 million—China and India are the two most populous countries in the world—followed by Japan with 70 million and the United States with 55 million. The report said circulation declined by an average of 2.2 percent across 13 of the 15 countries that made up the European Union before May 1. The biggest declines were in Ireland, down 7.8 percent; Britain, down 4.7 percent; and Portugal, where numbers fell by 4.0 percent. One growth area is the distribution of free newspapers, which are not reflected in the above circulation data. Led by the [http://www.metro.lu Metro] chain of newspapers, they grew 16 percent in 2003. Another growth area is high-quality tabloids, particularly in the UK, where several of the major broadsheets are experimenting with the format (see Broadsheet#Switch to smaller sizes). Smaller and easier to hold than broadsheets, but presenting serious journalism rather than traditional tabloid fodder, they appear to have drawn some younger readers who are otherwise abandoning newspapers. Newspapers also face increased competition from the Internet for classified ads, especially for jobs, real estate, and cars, which have long been a key source of revenue.

Newspapers in different countries

:Main article: List of newspapers

Afghanistan

Printed in Afghanistan and other countries by Afghan nationals. List of newspapers in and out of print:

- Kabul Weekly
- Annis
- Issla
- Kabul Times

- Saraj-ul-Akhbar
- Omaid
- Khorasan

Argentina

In Argentina, the broadsheet format is almost non-existent. The only remaining national newspaper published in that format is La Nación.

Belgium

:Main article: List of newspapers in Belgium Belgium's quality newspapers:
- De Standaard [http://www.standaard.be] (christian, patriotically Flemish - 80,000 copies per day)
- De Morgen (left - 40,000 copies per day)
- Le Soir (French-language, centre - 100,000 copies per day) Popular newspapers:
- Het Laatste Nieuws (right, a lot of sports news - 291,000 copies per day)
- Het Nieuwsblad (christian, a lot of sports news - 200,000 copies per day)
- Vers l'avenir (French-language, catholic roots - 99,000 copies per day)
- Het Volk (left, christian - 92,000 copies per day) Source: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3737311.stm BBC: The press in Belgium]

Brazil

Most important newspapers of Brazil are:
- Folha de São Paulo
- O Estado de São Paulo (also known as Estadão)
- O Globo
- Jornal do Brasil
- Correio Braziliense
- Zero Hora

Chile

- El Mercurio
- La Tercera
- Las Últimas Noticias
- La Cuarta
- La Nación

Europe

There are several newspapers that target Europe, or the European Union, as a whole. Many are published in English, being owned both by USA-based or European-based companies.
- European Voice: Owned by the British (European Union) The Economist Group
- The Wall Street Journal Europe: Owned by the USA-based Wall Street Journal
- International Herald Tribune: Owned by USA-based The New York Times Company
- New Europe: Owned by USA-based News Corporation
- EU Reporter: (ownership unchecked), distributed without charge

Germany

:Main article: List of German newspapers Important national newspapers are the daily Die Welt and the weekly Die Zeit as well as the daily tabloid Bild, but local ones draw a much wider readership. Some local or regional newspapers assume the role of national papers, such as the Frankfurter Allgemeine of Frankfurt and the Süddeutsche Zeitung of Munich. The taz (long form: Die Tageszeitung) was founded 1978, partly in reaction to the terrorist events of the German Autumn, and considers itself as an alternative to the (in 1978) mostly conservative newspaper market. The now independent Neues Deutschland was the newspaper of the Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany, which ruled the communist East Germany until 1989. The largest publishing companies are located in Hamburg, notably the Axel Springer Verlag and Gruner und Jahr. About one half of Germany's nation-wide newspapers and magazines are produced in Hamburg. The Axel Springer Verlag dominates the newspaper market with its tabloid Bild and a large number of local papers.

France

Daily: Le Figaro Libération Le Monde Weekly: Les Échos Le Canard Enchâiné

Hong Kong

:Main article: Newspapers in Hong Kong Hong Kong has a vibrant newspaper publishing industry. Most papers use the broadsheet size. Almost all newspapers focus on the local Hong Kong market, but some may also target at the markets in Macau and Pearl River Delta. Although they are broadsheets, the three papers with the largest circulation are all considered tabloid-style, with large and colourful photos and sensational coverage to attract readers. Most papers adopt a daily magazine approach, with coverage ranging from local and international news, entertainment, culture, lifestyle, economic and finance, sport and horseracing. Hong Kong Economic Journal, Hong Kong Economic Times and South China Morning Post have are stronger focus on economics and finance. Ta Kung Pao, Wen Wei Po, Singtao Daily and Oriental Daily are the mouthpieces of the communist government in Beijing (Peking). There are also papers specifically published for horse racing tips.

India

Compared with many other developing countries, the Indian press has flourished since independence and exercises a large degree of independence. In 2001, India had 45,974 newspapers, including 5364 daily newspapers published in over 100 languages. The largest number of newspapers were published in Hindi (20,589), followed by English (7,596), Marathi (2,943), Urdu (2,906), Bengali (2,741), Gujarati (2,215), Tamil (2,119), Kannada (1,816), Malayalam(1,505) and Telugu (1,289). The Hindi daily press has a circulation of over 23 million copies, followed by English with over 8 million copies. There are several major publishing groups in India, the most prominent among them being the Times of India Group, the Indian Express Group, the Hindustan Times Group, The Hindu group, the Anandabazar Patrika Group, the Malayala Manorama Group, the Sahara group, the Bhaskar group, and the Jagran group. India has more than forty domestic news agencies. The Express News Service, the Press Trust of India, and the United News of India are among the major news agencies. See Also: Mass media in India

Isle of Man

The Isle of Man publishes three weekly newspapers; Isle of Man Courier, Manx Independent and Isle of Man Examiner. All three newspapers are printed by Isle of Man Newspapers who have their publishing house in Douglas, the capital. The Courier is free and is distributed to all households on the Island every Thursday. They have no official political affiliations. The Courier is distributed to approximately 30,000 households weekly.

Mexico

In Mexico there is no publication that can be considered a national newspaper. The most important ones, such as El Universal, La Jornada and Reforma are in Mexico City, and because of a heavy national centralisation, a lot of redistribution happens (newspapers from Mexico City are sold in almost every city in the country, some with a day or two lag). The only attempts to create a national newspaper originate in Monterrey. One of them is Milenio, a midi format newspaper, which is distributed in Mexico City; Monterrey, Nuevo León; Veracruz, Veracruz; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Tampico, Tamaulipas; and the state of Tabasco. The other attempt to make a national newspaper is from the Reforma News Group, which also originated and is run in Monterrey but that has big coverage from Mexico City. Reforma publishes different newspapers with the same main content, but with specific local content in the major cities of the country: El Norte in Monterrey, Reforma in Mexico City, Mural in Guadalajara and Palabra in Saltillo. All of the newspapers by Reforma are published in the broadsheet format. Reforma is one of the most prestigious, and often considered among the most reliable news sources in Mexico, in spite of its youth (it appeared in Mexico City in 1993). It has gained its prestige with its attractive editorial design, wide-spectrum editorialists and denouncements of government corruption. Until very recently, newsprint in Mexico was a product made only by the government-owned monopoly. Importing the product from other countries was illegal. This allowed the Mexican government, for many years, to put out of circulation any dissident newspaper. Reforma survived the boycott and fought heavily until the government allowed for importing the product in the 1990s. Since then, the Mexican press has been undergoing a process towards more freedom of speech, especially after the election of President Vicente Fox in the year 2000.

Netherlands

The biggest left winged quality paper in the Netherlands is the "de Volkskrant" [http://www.volkskrant.nl De Volkskrant]. Its opposite is the right winged "NRC Handelsblad", which stands for "Nieuwe Roterdamse Courant"[http://www.nrc.nl NRC]. A right winged paper of inferior quality is "de Telegraaf". [http://www.telegraaf.nl de Telegraaf] Further there is "Trouw", a conservative and good paper. It is founded in the second World War by the Dutch resist. [http://www.trouw.nl Trouw]

Norway

- Verdens Gang (VG) (tabloid)
- Aftenposten
- Dagbladet (tabloid)
- Morgenbladet
- Stavanger Aftenblad
- Rogalands Avis (tabloid)

Philippines

The Philippine press has been flourishing, with a large number of newspapers and tabloids. A partial list is provided below:
- Philippine Daily Inquirer
- The Philippine Star
- Manila Bulletin
- Malaya
- The Manila Times
- Manila Standard Today
- BusinessWorld
- Business Mirror
- The Daily Tribune
- Abante (tabloid)
- Balita (tabloid; owned by the Manila Bulletin)
- Bulgar (tabloid)
- Pilipino Star Ngayon (tabloid; owned by the Philippine Star)
- Tonite (tabloid)
- Tiktik (tabloid)

Poland

:Main article: List of Polish newspapers List of Polish newspapers (the most popular ones)

- Gazeta Wyborcza
- Fakt (tabloid)
- Rzeczpospolita
- Super Express (tabloid)

- Życie Warszawy
- Trybuna
- Nasz Dziennik

United Kingdom

:Main article: List of newspapers in the United Kingdom :See also: History of British newspapers In the United Kingdom, newspapers can be classified by distribution as local or national, and by page size as tabloids and broadsheets. The principal newspapers of England are all nationals edited in London. Wales and Northern Ireland are also dominated by the London-based press; in Scotland, although the London-based press is widely available and widely read, two Scottish newspapers can claim quasi-national status: The Scotsman (based in Edinburgh) and the Glasgow Herald. There is often an implication that tabloids cater for more vulgar tastes than broadsheet. Within the tabloid category the most down market titles are classed as red-tops because of the design of their front pages. This term is often used deprecatingly by newspapers that consider themselves more serious. There are also "middle-market" tabloids such as The Daily Mail and The Daily Express. This distinction began to be blurred in October 2003 as two broadsheet newspapers, The Independent and The Times, began tabloid editions in some parts of the U.K. The Independent switched entirely to producing what it prefers to call a "compact" edition from May 2004, and The Times changed to this format at the beginning of November 2004, despite initial opposition from its more traditional and conservative readership. The Guardian changed to a Berliner format (larger than a tabloid, more compact than a broadsheet) in September 2005. This leaves The Daily Telegraph and The Financial Times as the UK's only daily national broadsheets. Aside from The Guardian, The Independent and the Daily Mirror (combined circulation of approximately 2,500,000), all of the other daily national newspapers (combined circulation of approximately 9,500,000) are known for holding conservative or right-wing political views. Due to this, many people (especially those on the political left) argue that there is a conservative bias amongst British newspapers. The fact that many of these (e.g. The Times, The Sun, the News of the World) are owned by Australian media mogul Rupert Murdoch strengthens these claims. There are daily paid papers in most of the larger cities, and weekly paid papers in some other areas. These focus on local news and generally do not attempt to be a direct substitute for the London-based national newspapers, although some such as The Western Mail (based in Cardiff), Eastern Daily Press in Norwich and Yorkshire Post in Leeds offer competition to the London newspapers within their limited home territories. Most areas also typically have one or more free local papers, with extensive classified advertising. Many towns with professional football teams also have a weekly paper dedicated to that sport, usually published on Saturdays. Free morning newspapers for commuters have been launched in major metropolitan areas, offering a concise summary of the news designed to be read on public transport. In London, Glasgow and a number of other urban centres this is the Metro. There are also a wide variety of English language national newspapers catering for ethnic minority readers including The Voice, Eastern Eye and Desi Xpress.

External link

- [http://www.abc.org.uk The Audit Bureau of Circulation] provides circulation figures for British newspapers. Their research is also reproduced in digested form at [http://media.guardian.co.uk/circulationfigures/ this Media Guardian index] along with commentary.

United States

:Main article: List of newspapers in the United States List of newspapers in the United States, November 11, 1918.]] The majority of American newspapers are printed as broadsheets. A small number of daily papers are printed in the tabloid format. U.S. dailies commonly separate the physical newspaper into sections on particular topics. Most major American cities' papers will have sections covering at least a few of the following topics:
- National and international news, usually the first section. In the most prestigious newspapers like the New York Times, the majority of articles in this section are dispatched by the paper's own journalists from bureaux around the world. Smaller papers usually fill almost all of this section with stories taken from newswires like the Associated Press or Reuters.
- Local and regional news, usually the second section. This is often called the metro (from metropolitan) section. Many large newspapers use "zoning," with different zones, receiving somewhat different articles, or the same articles arranged differently. Zoning is most predominant in the local section, but also plays a role in the front page.
- Sports
- Business
- Classified ads
- Features: This may include Arts, Home furnishing, Fashion, Style, or some combination. This section usually also includes general advice columns and amusements, such as comic strips, horoscopes and puzzles.
- A weekly general-interest magazine-type feature, usually appearing on Sunday, such as Parade, USA Weekend, or their own magazine (for larger papers) such as The New York Times Magazine or the Washington Post Magazine.
- Weekend or Entertainment. This section includes advertisements for entertainment events; this section usually appears on a Friday, or the last newspaper printed before the weekend.
- Comics. Typically only a separate section on Sundays; daily papers will include a page or more of comics in another section. Although colour printing technology has seen the use of colour in comics (and other editorial content) to daily editions, for many years the expense of colour printing meant that only the Sunday editions of many newspapers carried most comics in full colour.
- Opinion or Editorial. Includes both editorials by the newspaper's editorial staff and letters to the editor from readers. Typically only a separate section on Sundays; daily papers will include these materials in the back of the national, regional, metro, or local news sections. Sometimes may include commentaries or "op-ed pieces" from nationally renowned writers.

External links

- [http://www.allyoucanread.com/ AllYouCanRead.com - 23,000 Newspapers and Magazines from 200 Countries]
- [http://www.newspaperindex.com/ Worldwide Newspaper Directory by country]
- [http://rni.nic.in/ Registrar of Newspapers for India]
- [http://www.hotbulletin.com Read hundreds of newspapers online]
- [http://library.prakashan.org/newspapers-worldwide-directory/ Newspapers List Worldwide]
- [http://www.wan-press.org/ World Association of Newspapers]
- [http://www.newseum.org/todaysfrontpages/ Daily showcase of newspaper front pages from around the world]
- [http://www.gazetelerin.com/ Turkish Newspapers]
- [http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=32&language=e Exhibition on the Occasion of the 400th Anniversary of the Newspaper in the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)] Category:Newspapering Category:Ephemera Category:Serials, periodicals and journals ja:新聞 ms:Akhbar simple:Newspaper th:หนังสือพิมพ์ zh-cn:报纸 zh-tw:報紙

Quincy, Illinois

Quincy, known as the Gem City, is a city located in Adams County, Illinois. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 40,366. It is the county seat of Adams County.

Geography

Adams County Quincy is located at 39°55'56" North, 91°23'19" West (39.932335, -91.388737). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.9 km² (14.6 mi²). 37.9 km² (14.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.1 km² (0.04 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.20% water.

History

Quincy sits on the banks of the Mississippi River, at the westernmost point in Illinois. The site was home to Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo Native American tribes. Quincy’s founder, John Wood, came west from Moravia, New York in 1818 and settled in the Illinois Military Tract. Wood purchased 160 acres from a veteran for $60 and the next year became the first settler in what was originally called "Bluffs," and by 1825 would be known as Quincy. Wood was later elected Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1856 and became Governor in 1860 upon the death of elected Governor William Henry Bissell. In 1825 Quincy became the Adams County seat, both named in honor of the newly-elected U.S. President, John Quincy Adams. Five thousand members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Mormons, were driven from their homes in Missouri and arrived in Quincy during the winter of 1838-1839. Though vastly outnumbered by the new arrivals, the residents of Quincy provided food and shelter for the Mormons until Joseph Smith led his followers 40 miles up river to the settlement of Nauvoo. Quincy’s earliest settlers, primarily from New England in origin, were joined by a wave of German immigrants in the 1840s. The new residents brought with them much needed skills for the expanding community. The matter of slavery was a major religious and social issue in Quincy’s early years. The Illinois city’s location, separated only by the Mississippi River from the slave state of Missouri, made Quincy a hotbed of political controversy. Dr. Eells House, at 415 Jersey, was considered station number one on the Underground Railroad from Quincy to Chicago. Father Augustine Tolton became the nation's first black priest when he was ordained on April 24, 1886. He celebrated Mass for the first time in Quincy on July 18, 1886. Quincy grew rapidly in the 1850s. In the 1850s steamboat arrivals and departures made Quincy’s riverfront a beehive of activity. Quincy was a site for the sixth Senatorial debate by U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas and his challenger, Abraham Lincoln. Quincy was the largest city in which Lincoln and Douglas appeared. The Civil War brought increasing prosperity to Quincy. By 1870, Quincy passed Peoria to become the second largest city in Illinois. A massive railroad bridge across the Mississippi River had been completed, and Quincy was linked by rail to Omaha, Nebraska, Kansas City and points west. Twice recognized as an All-American City, Quincy has a vast collection of some of the most impressive architecture of any community in Illinois, including several Gothic style churches. The Villa Kathrine, a Moroccan castle situated on the river bluffs, is a unique example of Mediterranean architecture in the Midwest. The city is home to Quincy University, a Catholic Franciscan College founded in 1860, John Wood Community College, as well as a technical college and the Blessing-Riemann College of Nursing. The city is also home to several museums, an extensive park system, several manufacturing companies, high tech & telecommunications companies and a large health care system. Quincy is the birthplace and childhood home of silent & sound film actress Mary Astor. During the Flood of 1993, Quincy suffered a terrible loss. Bridges were forced to close due to the rising Mississippi River. The Quincy Bridge survived most of the hardships, but did close down because the levee broke. Before its closure, Quincy had the only opened bridge within 100 miles; the closest bridge was Saint Louis or the Quad Cities.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 40,366 people, 16,546 households, and 10,109 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,066.0/km² (2,761.2/mi²). There are 18,043 housing units at an average density of 476.5/km² (1,234.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 93.02% White, 4.65% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. 0.94% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 16,546 households out of which 28.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% are married couples living together, 11.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% are non-families. 33.7% of all households are made up of individuals and 15.3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 2.94. In the city the population is spread out with 23.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 38 years. For every 100 females there are 88.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.3 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,956, and the median income for a family is $40,718. Males have a median income of $30,734 versus $20,748 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,479. 12.2% of the population and 9.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 15.2% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Corporations

- Broadcast Electronics, manufactures Radio equipment, their famed product is the Audiovault.
- Denman Services, supplies medical equiptment for the Tri-State area, from Chicago to Kansas City.
- Gardner-Denver Corporation, manufactures Petroleum and Compressor products.
- Hollister-Whitney, constructs Elevators.
- Industrial Support Services
- Kirlin's Hallmark
- Knapheide Services, constructs parts for semi trucks.
- Kohl Wholesale, food distributor for the whole region, has no relation to the department store.
- Midwest Information Technology Group (MITG), call-in service which aids anyone with questions about computers or technology.
- Niemann Foods, company that owns 65 affiliate grocery stores in 4 states. Afiliate stores include County Market, Save-A-Lot, IGA, Niemann Market, and Cub Foods.
- Quincy Newspapers, Inc, media corporation that owns several Television, Radio, and Newspaper assets around the Midwest.
- Titan Wheel International, manufactures Tires.
- US Cooler, builds and manufactures parts for coolers and fridges.

Famous Quincyans

- Mary Astor, actress
- Edgar Johnson Goodspeed
- Thomas Scott Baldwin, US aviationist
- Roy Brocksmith, actor
- The Maulers, rock & roll group
- Micki Free, professional musician
- Donald Gallaher, actor, writer, director
- Rick Reuschel, major-league baseball player
- Neysa McMein
- Robert Livingston, actor
- Thomas Oakley, CEO & Chairman of Quincy Newspapers
- James B. Stewart, author
- Paul Tibbets, World War II pilot, Enola Gay
- Father Augustine Tolton, first African-American priest
- John Wood, founder & 12th governor of Illinois

Media

Television

All stations above are available on Cable from Insight Communications for the cities of Quincy, Keokuk, Hannibal, Macomb, and Burlington

Published Works

Radio

For the list of Radio Stations in the Quincy Area, please use link below Quincy-Hannibal Radio Station Market

Attractions

- Gardner Museum of Architecture & Design, Located at the heart of Downtown at Washington Park, the GMOA&D offers a breathtaking view of historic architecture from Quincy's historic past and beautiful stained glass architecture from all over the world.
- Quincy Museum, Explore through one of Quincy's most beautiful mansions which once made the cover of National Geographic as one of ten most architecturally significant corners in the United States. There you can explore Quincy's past as well as have some fun with the Dinosaur and Space exhibits.
- Quincy Art Center
- Jesus Tree, An old tree located in Calvary Cemetery has the image of Jesus holding a lamb embedded in its bark.
- Illinois Veterans Home & All Wars Museum, the oldest and largest of the Illinois Veterans Home, has had its home in Quincy since the Civil War. Some features here include a small zoo/park, space rocket at the back gates, and the amount of military equipment on display throughout the facility.
- Mississippi Valley Auto Museum, On the shores of Quincy Bay rests the Mississippi Valley Auto Museum, which features cars from the start, such as the Model A and more...
- John Wood Mansion, founder of Quincy and the 12th governor of Illinois. Explore his home and a part of Quincy's past.
- Quinsippi Isle, Located right in the middle of the mighty Mississippi is the isle of Quinsippi. Here explore old an historic village with log cabins, much like that of the 1800s. Hike or bike across the island through many of the island hiking trails.
- Clatt Adams Park, Clatt Adams Park rests in-between both the Quincy Memorial Bridge and the Quincy Bayview Bridge, and offers an breathtaking view of the Mississippi, especially at sunset.
- Stone Arch Bridge (South Park), South Park is located on the south side of Quincy, and it has nothing to do with the TV show. South Park has everything: baseball diamond, hiking trails, bike route, and the 8th street Stone Arch bridge, which was built in the 1880s as a bridge over Curtis Creek. The bridge has survived that long and still survives the hardships of traffic each day.
- Historic Maine Street, From 14th Street to 30th Street along Maine Street lies some of the nation's most beautiful examples of German architecture. Also, the street is home to some of Quincy's historic buildings such as the Quincy Museum, Junior High, and Madison School.
- World Aero Space Museum, 5 miles east of Quincy at the regional airport is the World Aero Space Museum, which houses some of America's top fighter planes from the Cold War era.
- Villa Kathrine Castle, Resting on the bluffs of the Mississippi is the Villa Kathrine Castle. Originally designated as a gift for the designer's wife, the castle became one of Quincy's most historic buildings and maybe one of America's most unique structures. The castle is also designated as an Illinois Welcome Center.
- Quincy National Cemetery, Located on Maine & 36th Streets, the Quincy National Cemetery serves as the final resting place of the nation's fallen heroes from the region.
- Oakley-Lindsay Center, Just a half mile from Quincy's downtown and 3 blocks from the Mississippi, The Oakley-Lindsay Center is the area's convention complex ready for anything reserved. The Quincy Community Theater also resides in this building with many performances that almost match those of Broadway.
- First Maid Rite, Quincy is the home of the very first Maid-Rite restaurant in the franchise. It is located on North 12th Street, near the entrance to Blessing Hospital.
- Hannibal, Missouri (17 miles south on Interstate 172) Regional Events
- 4th of July at The River, Music, Movies, amusements, and fireworks by the Bayview Bridge.
- Adams County Fair
- Avenue of Lights, Christmas lights fill Moorman Park.
- Blues in the District, Local and National bands rock down at Washington Square to play jazz or blues in front of a public adiendce.
- Bridge The Gap To Health, Race across the Bayview Bridge to help fund the cure for diseases.
- Dogwood Festival, Parade and Fesival including amusements at Washington Square to celebrate the Dogwood.
- Gus Macker, Largest 3-3 basketball championship in the state.
- Journey To Bethlehelm, Take a journey to witness the birth of the baby Jesus, conducted by the Crossing Church. Filled with amusements, animals, and a walk thru the woods.
- K of C Barbeque, amusements and games at the Knights of Columbus Park.
- Midwest Vinetage Go-Kart Race & Show, Racers from all over the Midwest gather to show their skills at go-kart racing.
- Movies on the Muddy, Watch movies outside once a month at the edge of the Mississippi.
- Pepsi Little People's Golf Championships, largest international golf tournament in the United States for ages 3 to 21.
- Quincy Races & Monster Jam
- Rock The River, Bands perform at the edge of the Mississippi
- Soap Box Derby, Young racers compete to win prizes and continue into the nationals.
- Titan Wheel Firecracker Classic
- U.S Catfish Anglers Tournament, Largest fishing contest in the US.
- WGEM Home & Living Show, Convention that shows the newest home goods. Quincy once served as the home of the World Freefall Convention, which is the most attended skydiving tournament that gave Quincy a world record in August 2000. The event attracted 5,732 skydivers from 55 countries. The event is now held yearly in Rantoul, Illinois.

Transportation

Quincy, Illinois is at a prime location when it comes to transportation. Quincy is home to several trucking companies which need well paved roads to make their ventures, and the city is well-linked to the regional transportation system. Interstate 72 passes just south of Quincy and its spur route Interstate 172 is just east of it, anchored by the Wal-Mart and Prairie Crossings Shopping Complex. Illinois Route 104(Broadway) is Quincy's busiest street, and Illinois Route 96 crosses straight through the city. Illinois Route 57 passes right by Quincy's Civic Center and straight through downtown. Illinois Route 96 also serves as the Great River Road, which follows the path of the Mississippi. US 24 crosses the Mississippi River straight into downtown Quincy. On the Missouri side, US 61 carries the Avenue of the Saints, which is a four-lane highway connecting Saint Louis and the Twin Cities. An airport is to Quincy's east, about 5 miles past the city limits, and Quincy is an Amtrak community with a rail station on the north side of town. The city also has a public bus line and a taxi company that is multiplexed with Hannibal. Ongoing projects will enventually link Quincy to even more cities. US 36 is currently being upgraded to 4-lane, which will connect Quincy with Saint Joseph, Missouri and Kansas City. With the continuing developtment of Illinois State Route 336, Quincy could be connected to Peoria with a 4-lane expressway as soon as 2009. This would provide Quincy as a popular mid-point destination between Saint Louis and Peoria. Quincy already acts as a popular mid-point destination between Iowa City and Saint Louis thanks to the Avenue of the Saints.

Sister Cities

Herford, Germany - 65,100 Jiaxing, China - 3,320,000 (as of April, 2005)

Quincy's suburbs

Quincy is considered a micropolis, which is a city that contains a population of at least 10,000 to 49,999 people. The city also has 5 suburbs, Marblehead, Ewbanks, Hickory Grove, West Quincy, Mo, and North Quincy.
- Hickory Grove, Illinois is a small rural community east of Quincy, on the other side of Interstate 172. The town was annexed by Quincy in 2004 when development of a new shopping complex was being built across the interstate. Illinois Highway 104(Broadway) is the town's busiest street, with a clothing store, resturant, and car dealership. Currently the population is around 2,300.
- West Quincy, Missouri is a commercial city with no population along US 24. The town was deserted in the Flood of 1993 and now only gas stations, pawn shops, resturants, and a go-kart track call it home. During the summer numerous tents selling fireworks are set up, the sale of fireworks being illegal in Illinois but legal in Missouri. The town is separated from Quincy by the Mississippi River.
- North Quincy, Illinois rests north of Quincy and is a fairly large village of about 3,000. The city was never annexed, but just grew out of the subdivisions over the time. The border between Quincy and North Quincy is Koch's Lane, which travels from US 24 to 36th street. The town has US 24 and IL 96 running through it and the Quincy Train Station to its northeast.
- Ewbanks, Illinois is a village northeast of Quincy. The village of Ewbanks has about 300 people in it and its only major feature is a radio tower. It is connected to Quincy by Ellington Road.
- Marblehead, Illinois is located south of Quincy on the bluffs of the Mississippi River. The town is located along IL 57(Gardner Expressway) and has a population of about 1,000 people. With the city of Quincy and the surrounding area the population is about 46,966 people. A recent survey shown that within 10 miles of Quincy, the population exceeds 55,000 people. The survey was extended to 25 miles and shown that there is 112,000 people. The Sansone Group conducted the survey when constructing the Prarie Crossings Shopping Complex on the east side of Quincy.

Growth

Quincy serves as the hub of the Illinois, Missouri, Iowa Tri-State and looks to have a promising future. Since the construction of Interstate 172, the city has seen significant growth in commercial and residential as well as industrial development. National chain retailers both in the Quincy Mall and elsewhere along Broadway serve as a major draw for the local economy, and the last decade has seen development bringing the city limits all the way to the interstate. Ongoing and planned projects will expand the city to the north, northeast, and east, attracting further attention from the highway. The city is limited on southern growth because of the limestone mining. It may prove hazardous to build south fore it may cause cave-ins.

External links

- [http://www.ci.quincy.il.us/ City of Quincy Official Site]
- [http://www.virtualquincy.com/ Virtual Quincy]
- [http://www.quincy-cvb.org/ Quincy Convention & Visitor's Bureau]
- [http://www.quincynet.com/ Quincy Net]
- [http://www.quincyciviccenter.com/ Oakley-Lindsay Convention Center]
- [http://www.quincy.edu/ Quincy University]
- [http://www.jwcc.edu/ John Wood Community College]
- [http://www.atquincymall.com/ Quincy Mall]
- [http://www.qni.biz/ Quincy Newspapers]
- [http://www.thequincymuseum.com/ Quincy Museum]
- [http://www.gardnermuseumarchitecture.org/ Gardner Museum of Architecture & Design]
- [http://www.quincyraceways.com/ Quincy Raceways]
- [http://www.jtmedia.com/angstrom/xfiles/Shepherd/ Jesus Tree Pictures]
- [http://www.quincylifeisgood.com/ Quincy Tourism Website]
- [http://www.downtownquincy.com/ Downtown Quincy]
- [http://www.ypquincy.com/ YP Quincy]
- [http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=76&subjectID=2 Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Lincoln-Douglas Debate in Quincy] Category:Cities in Illinois Category:Adams County, Illinois Category:Cities on the Mississippi River

1835

1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).

Events

- January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dollars
- January 7 - HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago.
- January 30 - Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol - first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
- February 20 - Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
- March 2 - Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
- April 18 - Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as British Prime Minister.
- The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.
- May 5 - In Belgium a railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
- May 6 - James Gordon Bennett, Sr. publishes the first issue of the New York Herald.
- June 2 - P.T. Barnum and his circus begins first tour of the U.S.
- July 4 - The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad completed construction of its Thomas Viaduct then the longest bridge in the United States, and second only to London Bridge in the world.
- August 25 - The Great Moon Hoax begins.
- September 7 – Charles Darwin arrives at Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle
- October 2 - Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales - Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
- November 16 - Comet Halley reaches perihelion, it's closest approach to the sun.
- December 1 - Hans Christian Andersen publishes first book of fairy tales
- December 7 - First German Railway between Nürnberg and Fürth named "der Adler" (The Eagle)
- December 9 - The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
- December 16 - Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
- December 19 - Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
- December 28 - Seminole chief Osceola and his warriors attack government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida - it means the outbreak of the Second Seminole War

Month/day unknown

- The Toledo War was fought between the State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
- De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
- Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
- Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
- Cachar Levy, forerunner of Assam Rifles, is founded in India
- The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
- The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
- Independent Order of Rechabites founded as part of temperance movement in U.S.

Births

- February 13 - Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Punjabi Muslim reformer (d. 1908)
- February 15 - Demetrius Vikelas, Greek International Olympic Committee president (d. 1908)
- February 18 - César Cui, Lithuanian composer (d. 1918)
- March 14 - Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (d. 1910)
- March 15 - Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
- March 24 - Jožef Stefan, Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (d. 1893)
- April 9 - King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
- May 3 - Alfred Austin, English poet (d. 1913)
- June 2 - Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
- July 7 - Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (d. 1897)
- July 10 - Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer
- July 27 - Giosue Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1907)
- August 2 - Elisha Gray, American inventor and businessman (d. 1901)
- October 7 - Felix Draeseke, German composer (d. 1913)
- October 9 - Camille Saint-Saëns, French composer (d. 1921)
- October 23 - Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
- October 31 - Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
- November 17 - Andrew L. Harris, American Civil War hero and Governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
- November 19 - Rani Lakshmi Bai, Indian freedom fighter (d. 1858)
- November 21 - Hetty Green, American businesswoman (d. 1916)
- November 25 - Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
- November 29 - Empress Dowager Cixi of China (d. 1908)
- November 30 - Mark Twain, American author and humorist (d. 1910)
- December 4 - Samuel Butler, English writer (d. 1902)
- December 18 - Lyman Abbott, American clergyman and author (d. 1922)

Deaths

- February 15 - Henry Hunt, British politician (b. 1773)
- March 2 - Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
- March 18 - Christian Gunther von Bernstorff, Danish and Prussian statesman and diplomat (b. 1769)
- April 8 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, German linguist and philosopher (b. 1767)
- April 21 - Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
- May 13 - John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
- June 18 - William Cobbett, English journalist and author (b. 1763)
- July 28 - Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
- September 23 - Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801) Category:1835 ko:1835년 ms:1835 simple:1835 th:พ.ศ. 2378

Century

This page is about centuries as units of time. For other meanings of the term, see Century (disambiguation). For a list of centuries, see Centuries. A century (From the Latin cent, one hundred) is one hundred one hundred consecutive years.
- In all dating systems, centuries are essentially numbered ordinally, as time is a purely relative notion (its physical existence, though indispensable for our understanding of reality, still remains unproven in theory). Thus, the first century of a time frame is "The First Century" and not "Century 0".
- There is considerable disagreement about whether to count the centennial year (i.e. 2000) as the first or last year of a century. This confusion is documented for every centennial year from 1500 onward, and almost certainly arises from the introduction of Hindu-Arabic numerals and the concept of zero to Western Europe in the twelfth century. The oldest dating systems were regnal, and considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. Thus, one speaks of the first year of the reign of King so-and-so. Obviously, the century problem does not arise in such systems. Somewhat later, systems arose dating from the founding of a dynasty, city or religion, and these continued ordinal, rather than cardinal, counting. Thus Ab Urbe Condita counts the Year 1 as the founding of Rome; Anno Domini as the first full year of Jesus Christ's life; the Islamic Calendar as the year of the Hejira, so it is also latinized as Anno Hejira. More modern systems of dating, (such as the astronomical calendar, see proleptic Gregorian calendar) begin with a year zero. In these cardinal dating systems, it is perfectly logical to use 0 to 99 as the first century, and to regard 2000 as the first year of the twenty-first century.

1935

1935 (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January

- January 1 - Italian colonies of Tripoli and Kyrenaika are joined together as Libya
- January 7 - Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French foreign minister Pierre Laval conclude agreement in which each power undertakes not to oppose the other's colonial claims. January 8( Elvis Presley is born in Tupelo, Mississippi.)
- January 8 - A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
- January 11 - Amelia Earhart is the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California.
- January 16 - FBI kills Barker gang, including Ma Barker, in a shootout
- January 19 - Bloopers Inc. sold the world's first briefs.
- January 28 - Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds

February-May

- February - National Periodical Publications (later known as DC Comics) publishes its first comic book, New Fun Comics, the first comic book featuring original material.
- February 13 - A jury in Flemington, New Jersey finds Bruno Richard Hauptmann guilty of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's baby boy.
- February 20 - Karoline Mikkelsen arrives on Antarctica
- February 26 - The Luftwaffe is created as Germany's air force. (March 11?)
- February 28 - Nylon is discovered by Wallace Carothers
- March 16 - Adolf Hitler announces German rearmament in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
- March 19 - Riot breaks out in Harlem, NYC after a rumor that claims that police killed a shoplifter in the Kress' departmnt store
- March 21 - Persia is renamed Iran
- April 14 - Dust Bowl: The great dust storm, made famous by Woody Guthrie in his "dust bowl ballads". The hardest hit areas were where in Eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma.
- April 25 - A shark on display at the Coogee Aquarium in Sydney disgorges the tattooed arm of ex-boxer James Smith. Man suspected of murdering him, Reg Holmes is shot dead before murder inquest is held.
- May 6 - New Deal: Executive Order 7034 creates the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
- May 29 - Construction of Hoover Dam is completed
- May 30 - Earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan - 26,000 dead

June-August

- June 9 - Ho-Umezu Agreement: China's Kuomintang government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern China.
- June 10 - Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in New York City by William G. Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith.
- June 12 - Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record. The speech took 15 1/2 hours and was filled by 150,000 words. [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm]
- June 18 - Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.
- July 5 - Oliveira Salazar becomes de dacto dictator of fascist Portugal
- July 16 - World's first parking meters in Oklahoma City
- July 24 - The dust bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures in Chicago, Illinois to a record-high 109°F (44°C)
- July 27 - Federal Writers' Project established in the United States
- June or July - The Giant neotropical toad is introduced to northernQueensland, Australia to counter sugar cane beetles.
- August 14 - United States President Franklin Roosevelt signs Social Security Act into law.

September-October

- September 2 - Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: A large hurricane hits the Florida Keys killing 423.
- September 8 - Carl Weiss fatally shot US Senator from Louisiana, Huey Long, nicknamed "Kingfish", in the Louisiana capitol building.
- September 13 - Howard Hughes sets new aviation speed record in his H-1.
- September 15 - Nuremberg Laws
- September 30 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates Hoover Dam
- October 2-3 - Italian army invades Ethiopia under General de Bono (replaced November 11 by Pietro Badoglio)
- October 10 - A tornado destroyed the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result of this catastrophe, nearly no more wooden radio towers are built any more.

November-December

- November 5 - Parker Brothers releases the board game Monopoly.
- November 8 - A dozen