Fosilna goriva

Fosilna goriva su goriva koja sadrže ugljikohidrate i nastali su od fosilnih ostataka biljaka i/ili životinja. Trenutno su osnovni izvor energije za na Zemlji. Energija iz fosilnih goriva obično se oslobađa se izgaranjem, i prilikom tog izgaranja također se oslobađaju otrovni i štetni plinovi koji utječu na okoliš kao: ugljični monoksid CO, ugljični dioksid CO_{2_{, sumporni dioksid SO₂, SO₃, NO₃ itd. Ovi plinovi utječu na okoliš tako što se sakupljaju u atmosferi i tako stvaraju staklenički učinak, dok u dodir sa vodom u atmosferi pretvaraju se u kiselinu koja pada na zemlju - tzv. kisele kiše koje uništavaju biljke i erodiraju građevine, stjene...

U fosilna goriva spadaju:

- treset

- ugljen (lignjit, mrki ugljen, kameni ugljen)

- nafta

- zemljani plin

Category: Geologija

Nafta
Nafta, kao vrsta fosilnog goriva, je tamna i viskozna tekućina koja se obično pronalazi ispod površine Zemlje ili morskog dna. To je vrlo složena smjesa različitih spojeva, pretežito ugljikovodika alkanskog, cikloalkanskog i aromatskog reda čiji se sastav mijenja od nalazišta do nalazišta.

category:geologija

Prirodni plin
Zemljani ili prirodni plin je fosilno gorivo koje se najvećim dijelom (85 do 95 posto) sastoji od metana (CH₄), koji je najjednostavniji ugljikovodik bez mirisa i okusa. Nezapaljiv je, ali eksplozivan. Preostali udio (5 do 15 posto) su složeniji ugljikovodici, dušik i ugljični dioksid.

Kao fosilno gorivo, prirodni plin ima ograničene zalihe. Procjene su da bi zalihe prirodnog plina, uz današnju razinu iskorištavanja, mogle potrajati još nekih sto godina. Najveći problemi s plinom leže u tome što udio metana u njemu je mijenja od države do države, pa tako na primjer udio metana u prirodnom plinu u Rusiji se kreće oko 98 posto dok je u Nizozemskoj taj udio od 80 do 85 posto.

=Upotreba i iskorištenje prirodnog plina=

Upotreba prirodnog plina je raznovrsna. Plin se upotrebljava u kućanstvu, koristi se kao sredstvo za grijanje, u industriji itd., ali se u zadnje vrijeme sve više javlja kao i alternativno gorivo prema nafti za pogon motornih vozila, gdje se upotrebljava u jednom od naziva CNG (compressed natural gas) ili ukapljen na temperaturi od minus 162 stupnja LNG (liquefied natural gas). Prednosti upotrebe prirodnog plina za pogon je u tome što motori pogonjeni prirodnim plinom ispuštaju za polovicu manje štetnih plinova od odgovarajućih dizel motora koji ispunjavaju Euro 2 normu. Osim toga, prednost mu se očituje i u činjenici nepostojanja krutih čestica u ispušnoj cijevi, buka je neusporedivo manja kao i niža cijena u odnosu na dizel ili benzin. Prirodni plin je značajan i u pogledu da su autonomija kretanja i nosivost bitno veći nego kod ostalih alternativnih goriva. Budući da CNG ima visoku oktansku vrijednost (120), upotrebljava se kod motora s Ottovim postupkom sagorijevanja, a što ima nešto lošije iskorištenje u odnosu na dizel, ali budući da se koristi u režimu siromašne smjese razlike nisu velike.

Danas u svijetu postoji više od milijun komercijalnih vozila koja su bivalentna, odnosno koja osim plina mogu koristiti i benzin, ali vozila pogonjena samo plinom imaju bolju iskoristivost. Jedno od najpoznatijih je Sprinter NTG (Natural Gas Technology), koji je opremljen posebnim sustavom za tkz. sekvencijalno ubrizgavanje plina koje dodatno smanjuje buku i količinu štetnih ispušnih plinova kod motora pogonjenih plinom

Category: Geologija Boogie woogie bass
Boogie-woogie is a style of blues piano playing that became very popular in the 1940s and was extended from piano, to three pianos at once, guitar, big band, and country and western music.

It is characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato and the most familiar example of shifts of level, in the left hand which elaborates on each chord and trills and decorations from the right hand. It is not strictly a solo piano style, but is also used to accompany singers and as a solo part in bands and small combos. It is sometimes called eight to the bar, as much of it is written in common (4/4) time using eighth notes (quavers). Typical boogie woogie basslines:
quaver
quaver

Boogie woogie origins
The origin of the term boogie-woogie is unknown, according to Webster's Third New International Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the word is a redoubling of boogie, which was used for rent parties as early as 1913. The term is often hyphenated.

The origin of boogie-woogie piano is uncertain; it was no doubt influenced by early rough music played in honky tonks in the US South. W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton both mentioned hearing pianists playing this style before 1910. According to Clarence Williams, the style was started by Texas pianist George W. Thomas. Thomas published one of the earliest pieces of sheet music with the boogie-woogie bassline, "New Orleans Hop Scop Blues" in 1916, although Williams recalled hearing him play the number before 1911.

Clarence Williams was also one of the first musicians to record boogie-woogie on phonograph records in 1923, although Williams did not play the style all the way through but rather used boogie-woogie style playing on individual choruses of blues as a change of tone. The boogie-woogie style was certainly already widespread by the 1920s in timber and turpentine camps and other job sites with large numbers of African American workers, as well as up north in the African American communities of cities like Chicago, Illinois.

Professor Longhair, for instance, started out that way, but the style is not that different from the barrelhouse piano playing of earlier days.

In February of 1923 Joseph Samuels' Tampa Blue Jazz Band recorded the George W. Thomas number "The Fives" for Okeh Records, considered the first example of jazz band boogie-woogie.
Jimmy Blythe's recording of Chicago Stomps from April of 1924 is sometimes called the first complete boogie-woogie piano solo record.

Two of the earliest recordings of pure boogie-woogie to achieve popularity were "Honky Tonk Train Blues" by Meade Lux Lewis, recorded by Paramount Records; 1927 in music, first released in March of 1930, and "Pinetop's Boogie Woogie" by Pinetop Smith (1928 in music) recorded in 1928 and first released in 1929. Pinetop's record was the first boogie-woogie recording to be a commercial hit, and helped established boogie-woogie as the name of the style.

Boogie woogie in Carnegie Hall
Boogie-woogie came to widespread public attention in 1937 and 1938, in the From Spirituals to Swing concerts in Carnegie Hall promoted by record producer John Hammond. The concerts featured Pete Johnson and Big Joe Turner performing Turner's tribute to Johnson, "Roll 'Em, Pete", as well as Meade Lux Lewis performing "Honky Tonk Train Blues" and Albert Ammons playing "Swanee River Boogie'. ("Roll 'Em, Pete" is now considered one of the first rock and roll records.)

These three pianists, with Turner, took up residence in the Café Society night club in New York City where they were popular with the sophisticated set. They often played in combinations of two and even three pianos, creating a richly textured piano performance.

Their popularity meant work for many of the fellow boogie players and also led to the adaptation of boogie-woogie sounds to many other forms of music. Tommy Dorsey's band had a hit with "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie" as arranged by Sy Oliver and soon there were boogie players of many different stripes. The boogie-woogie was very popular with country music performers and is considered part of the combined evolution of country music and blues towards rock and roll. In classical music, the composer Conlon Nancarrow was also deeply influenced by boogie-woogie, as many of his early works for player piano demonstrate.

Although the boogie-woogie fad lasted only a few years, boogie woogie made a major contribution to the development of jump blues and ultimately to rock and roll and is still to be heard in clubs and on records throughout Europe and North America.

See List of boogie woogie musicians for some more of the players in the style.

In the 1960s, blues-oriented bands such as Canned Heat performed a style of loping, repetitive blues jamming they called boogie after the John Lee Hooker style, as epitomized by his "Boogie Chillen".

Jools Holland has recently been the key benefactor in keeping boogie woogie well and truly alive and kicking. His virtuoso technical skill and apt for composing fantastic songs make his records a must have.

External link

- [http://www.history-of-rock.com/boogiewoogie_artists.htm Boogie Woogie (History of Rock)]

- [http://www.colindavey.com/BoogieWoogie/ Learn Boogie Woogie Piano]
Category:Blues
Category:American styles of music

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