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Violet Blue (pornographic Actress)

Violet Blue (pornographic actress)

: For the author, sex expert and podcaster of the same name, see: Violet Blue (author). Violet Blue (born March 27 1977 in Aberdeen, Washington as Ada Mae Johnson) is an American pornographic actress.

Biography

Violet was raised in Pacific Beach, Washington. Upon graduation from high school (where she was a cheerleader for all four years), Violet Blue headed off to college to study Environmental Science at The Evergreen State College. She quickly dropped out, heading instead to a beauty school. Finding that too demure for her liking, she moved to Las Vegas where she became a stripper. Violet eventually moved to Southern California where she got into the adult industry in April 2000. Since then, she has appeared in over 200 titles. She is also a contract performer for Wicked Pictures. She is currently married and has one child. According to her IMDb bio, she is a member of the Ordo Templi Orientis.

Awards


- AVN: Best New Starlet of 2001

External links


- [http://www.violetblue.org Violet Blue's official site]
-
-
- [http://excaliburfilms.com/pornlist/starpgs/Violet_Blue.htm 's Bio and Filmography at Excalibur Films] Note: Contains pornographic content. Blue, Violet Blue, Violet Blue, Violet Blue, Violet

Podcaster

Podcasting is a term used to describe a collection of technologies for automatically distributing audio programs over the Internet using a publisher/subscriber model. It differs from earlier online delivery of audio or video because it automatically transfers the digital media files to the user's computer for later use. Podcasting enables independent producers to create self-published, syndicated "shows," and gives broadcast radio or television programs a new distribution method. A small part of the much larger 'ipodverse' (from ipod + universe, a portmanteau, a term freshly coined by the gadget's fans but not comparable in scale, therefore a misnomer). Any digital audio player or computer with audio-playing software can play podcasts. From the earliest RSS-enclosure tests in 2000 and 2001, feeds have been used to deliver video files as well as audio, and other media such as photographs and text are transferable by podcast. The term "cast", however, still refers largely to audio distribution. Podcasting's essence is about creating content (audio or video) for an audience that wants to listen when they want, where they want, and how they want.

Name

"Podcasting" is a portmanteau that combines two words: "iPod" and "broadcasting." The term is a misnomer since neither podcasting nor listening to podcasts requires an iPod or any portable player, and no broadcasting is required. The term is also sometimes criticized as giving undue credit to Apple for a technology which it had very little to do with creating. Aware of this potential misunderstanding, some writers have suggested alternative names. One such alternative is "blogcasting", which implies content based on, or similar in format to, blogs. Others include "audioblogging" and "rsscasting". As of 2005, the term seemed to have become established as "podcasting," however, largely because of its phonetic similarity to "broadcasting" and because of the iPod's current domination of the portable audio player market. Some writers (notably Macintosh pundit John Gruber, see his [http://daringfireball.net/2005/07/podcast_pocket Is That a Podcast in Your Pocket?]) speculate that the word itself played a significant part in Apple's decision to add podcasting support to its iTunes music application, in order to confirm the company's association with the phenomenon. Others, acknowledging that an alternative term is unlikely to prevail, have suggested reinterpretations of "pod", such as "Personal, On-Demand" or phonetically "Portable Audio". Podcasting as a medium is primarily associated with, but not limited to, audio data. Podcasting of video data is called, among other things, "video blogging" (see vlog), "video podcasting", "vlogging", "vodcasting", or "vidcasting". Other people are working on photocasting and flickrcasting. The New Oxford American Dictionary crowned "podcasting" as the 2005 word of the year and defines the term as "a digital recording of a radio broadcast or similar program, made available on the Internet for downloading to a personal audio player".

Mechanics

The publish/subscribe model of podcasting is a version of push technology, in that the information provider chooses which files to offer in a feed and the subscriber chooses among available feed channels. While the user is not "pulling" individual files from the Web, there is a strong "pull" aspect in that the receiver is free to subscribe to (or unsubscribe from) a vast array of channels. Earlier Internet "push" services (e.g., PointCast) allowed a much more limited selection of content. Podcasting is an automatic mechanism by which multimedia computer files are transferred from a server to a client which pulls down XML files containing the Internet addresses of the media files. In general, these files contain audio or video, but also could be images, text (e.g. PDF), or any file type. A podcast is generally analogous to a recorded television or radio series. The content provider begins by making a file (for example, an MP3 audio file) available on the Internet. This is usually done by posting the file on a publicly-available webserver; however, BitTorrent trackers also have been used, and it is not technically necessary that the file be publicly accessible. The only requirement is that the file be accessible through some known URI (a general-purpose Internet address). This file is often referred to as one episode of a podcast. The content provider then acknowledges the existence of that file by referencing it in another file known as the feed. The feed is a machine-readable list of the URIs by which episodes of the show may be accessed. This list is usually published in RSS format, which provides other information, such as publish dates, titles, and accompanying text descriptions of the series and each of its episodes. The feed may contain entries for all episodes in the series, but is typically limited to a short list of the most recent episodes, as is the case with many news feeds. The content provider posts the feed to a known location on a webserver. (Unlike the episode file itself, the feed is published to a webserver, usually not by other means.) The location at which the feed is posted is expected to be permanent. This location is known as the feed URI (or, perhaps more often, feed URL). The content provider makes this feed URI known to the intended audience. A consumer enters this feed URI into a software program called a podcatcher or aggregator (the former term is specific to podcasting while the latter is general to all programs which collect news from feeds). This program retrieves and processes data from the feed URI. A podcatcher is usually an always-on program which starts when the computer is started and runs in the background. It manages a set of feed URIs added by the user and downloads each at a specified interval, such as every two hours. If the feed data has substantively changed from when it was previously checked (or if the feed was just added to the podcatcher's list), the program determines the location of the most recent episode and automatically downloads it to the user's computer. Some podcatchers, such as iTunes, also automatically make the newly downloaded episodes available to a user's portable media player. (This is only the typical behavior of a podcatcher; some podcatchers behave—or can be set to behave—differently.) The downloaded episodes can then be played, replayed, or archived as with any other computer file.

Compared with streaming

Unlike streaming media, podcasting is not live data transfer. Streaming media is more like traditional broadcast radio and television, while subscribing to a podcast is closer to joining a CD-of-the-month club. Podcasting provides a more suitable means of transferring high-quality content to users with low-bandwidth as low data rates and high latency do not adversely affect the quality of the content as they do with streaming. Usually, users have to wait for a podcast to be downloaded, while a stream can start immediately. Programs distributed by podcasting are not transient; streamed programming is. With streaming media one must capture data as it is received, while a podcast episode is received already in archived form. (This distinction makes a podcast legally distinct from a streamed webcast or streamed media file.)

History

Initial development

What makes podcasting unique from other digital audio and video delivery is the use of syndication feed enclosures, rss makes it easier to track new episodes and pick quality over popularity. The concept was proposed in a draft by Tristan Louis in October, 2000, and implemented in somewhat different form by Dave Winer, a software developer and an author of the RSS format. Winer had discussed the concept (also in October 2000) and had requests for similar software features. To facilitate the new functionality, Winer added it to a new version of RSS, RSS 0.92, in the form of a new element called "enclosure", which would simply give the address of a media file. Winer demonstrated how the feature would work by enclosing a Grateful Dead song in his [http://scripting.com Scripting News] weblog on January 11th, 2001. The use of the enclosure element to push audio files originally had slow acceptance among webloggers and tool developers. Winer incorporated RSS enclosures into the Userland weblogging product, Radio, which was used by Adam Curry, Harold Gilchrist and others. Since Radio had a built-in aggregator, it provided end-to-end podcasting support, though the term most used at the time was audio-blog or audioblog. In June 2003, Stephen Downes demonstrated aggregation and syndication of audio files using RSS in his Ed Radio application . Ed Radio scanned RSS feeds for MP3 files, collected them into a single feed, and made the result available as SMIL or [http://webjay.org Webjay] audio feeds. In September of that same year, Winer created an RSS-with-enclosures feed for his Harvard Berkman Center colleague Christopher Lydon. In his announcement of Lydon's audio-enclosure feed, Winer challenged other aggregator developers to support this new form of content and provide enclosure support. Not long after this challenge, Pete Prodoehl released a skin for the [http://www.disobey.com/amphetadesk/ Amphetadesk] aggregator that displayed enclosure links. A month later, in October of 2003 at the first Bloggercon weblogger conference, organized by Winer and friends at Harvard, CDs of Lydon's interviews were distributed as an example of high-quality mp3 content; [http://www.skybuilders.com/users/bob/bios/biopics.html Bob Doyle] demonstrated the [http://media.skybuilders.com/lydon/studio.html portable studio] he helped Lydon develop; Harold Gilchrist presented a history of audioblogging, including Curry's early role, and Kevin Marks demonstrated a script to download RSS enclosures and pass them to iTunes for transfer to an iPod. Curry and Marks discussed collaborating. After the conference, Curry offered his blog readers an RSStoiPod script that moved mp3 files from Userland Radio to iTunes, and encouraged other developers to build on the idea. (A year later, he published a new version of the script, now named "iPodder" at iPodder.org, also under an open source license.) Possibly the first use of the term "podcasting" was as a synonym for audioblogging in an article by Ben Hammersley in The Guardian on February 12 2004 . In September of 2004, Dannie Gregoire also used the term to describe the automatic download and synchronization of audio content; he also registered several 'podcast' related domains, www.podcast.net. His and Hammersley's use of 'podcast' were picked up by leading podcasting evangelists such as Dave Slusher, Winer and Curry and entered common usage. In September 2004, Curry launched an [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ipodder-dev/messages/1 ipodder-dev mailing list], then Slashdot had a [http://apple.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/09/15/1414206&tid=176&tid=180&tid=182&tid=3 100+ message discussion], bringing even more attention to the ipodder developer projects in progress at SourceForge. By October 2004, detailed how-to podcast articles had begun to appear online, and a month later, liberated syndication libsyn launched what was apparently the first Podcast Service Provider, offering storage, bandwidth, and RSS creation tools.

Precursor

Prior to the Internet, in 1970s, RCS, Radio Computing Services, provided music and talk related software to radio stations in a digital format. Prior to online music digital distribution, the midi format as well as the Mbone, Multicast Network was used to distribute audio and video files. The MBone was a multicast network over the Internet used primarily by educational and research institutes, but there were audio talk programs. Many other jukeboxes and websites in the mid 1990's provided a system for sorting and selecting music or audio files, talk, segue announcements of different digtal formats. There were a few websites that provide audio subscription services. The development of downloaded music did not reach a critical mass until the launch of Napster, another system of aggregating music, but without the subscription services provided by podcasting or video blogging aggregation client or system software. Independent of the development of podcasting via RSS, a portable player and music download system had been developed at Compaq Research as early as 1999 or 2000. Called PocketDJ, it would have been launched as a service for the Personal Jukebox or a successor, the first hard-disk based MP3-player. A fully-conceived precursor to podcasting came from another early MP3 player manufacturer. To supply content for its players the I2Go company, makers of the eGo player, introduced a digital news service called MyAudio2Go.com that created daily audio news feeds users could dowloaded to the eGo or any other MP3 player. The eGo's file transfer application could be programmed to pull down specific feeds to a user's PC every evening. There were dozens of focused daily feeds covering national news, business news, entertainment news, even a recap of the previous days TV shows. The service lasted over a year, but succumbed when the I2Go company ran out of capital during the dotcom crash and folded. Archive.org has an August 2000 [http://web.archive.org/web/20000817184140/www.myaudio2go.com/asp/pgobject.asp snapshot] of the MyAudio2Go site.

Popularization

The word about podcasting rapidly spread through the already-popular weblogs of Curry, Winer and other early podcasters and podcast-listeners. Fellow blogger and technology columnist Doc Searls began keeping track of how many "hits" Google found for the word "podcasts" on September 28 2004. On that day, the result was 24 hits. There were 526 hits on September 30, then 2,750 three days later. The number doubled every few days, passing 100,000 by October 18. A year later, Google found more than 100,000,000 hits on the word "podcasts." Capturing the early distribution and variety of podcasts was more difficult than counting Google hits, but before the end of October, The New York Times had reported podcasts across the United States and in Canada, Australia and Sweden, mentioning podcast topics from technology to veganism to movie reviews. USA Today told its readers about the "free amateur chatfests" the following February , profiling several podcasters, giving instructions for sending and receiving podcasts, and including a "Top Ten" list from one of the many podcast directories that had sprung up. The newspaper quoted one directory as listing 3,300 podcast programs in February, 2005. Those Top Ten programs gave further indication of podcast topics: four were about technology (including Curry's Daily Source Code, which also included music and personal chat), three were about music, one about movies, one about politics, and—at the time number 1 on the list—The Dawn and Drew Show, described as "married-couple banter," a program format that USA Today noted was popular on American broadcast radio in the 1940s. After Dawn and Drew, such "couplecasts" became quite popular among independent podcasts (those not derived from a preexisting radio show). In March of 2005, John Edwards became the first national-level US politician to hold his own podcast . (He may be the first major politician to have a podcast; given the nature of podcasting, we may never know.) Within a few episodes, the show had all the features of a major podcast: a web site with subscription feeds and show notes, guest appearances, questions from the audience, reviews and discussion of other media (in this case books), musical interludes of podsafe (noninfringing) songs, light banter (sports and recreation talk), even limited soundseeing from on location. By mid-2005, the medium had acquired a bittersweet form of validation: a backlash. Some experienced Internet users declared podcasting to be either nothing special (just a variant of blogs and mp3s), or already past its peak (because of growing exposure, and/or adoption by unsavvy Internet users). In June, 2005, Apple staked its claim on the medium by adding podcasting to its free iTunes 4.9 music software and building a directory of podcasts at its iTunes Music Store. The new iTunes could subscribe to, download and organize podcasts, which made a separate aggregator application unnecessary for many users. From the beginning, many aggregators already had relied on iTunes to transfer the audio to the iPods that gave the form its name. At the iTunes Music Store, podcasters' directory listings were free, as were the podcast subscriptions -- but the service brought users to the iTunes Music Store to be exposed to its retail offerings. Apple also promoted creation of podcasts using its GarageBand and Quicktime Pro software and the MPEG 4, m4a audio format instead of mp3. Later in the summer of 2005, U.S. President George W. Bush became a podcaster of sorts, when the White House website added an RSS 2.0 feed to the previously downloadable files of the president's weekly radio addresses. As is often the case with new technologies, pornography has become a part of the scene - producing what is sometimes called podnography. Other approaches include enlisting a class full of MBA students to research podcasting and compare possible business models, and venture capital flowing to influential content providers. The growing popularity of podcasting introduced a demand for music available for use on the shows without significant cost or licensing difficulty. Out of this demand, a growing number of tracks, by independent as well as signed acts, are now being designated "podsafe". (See also Podcasting and Music Royalties.) In September 2005, the first podcast encoded in 5.1-channel encoded Dolby Headphone, was created by Revision3 Studios with their 14th episode of Diggnation. The Dolby encoding lasted for only a few minutes of the podcast. On October 12, 2005 Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs unveiled the first iPod with video capabilty. In his keynote speech he demonstrated the video podcasts Tiki Bar TV and Rocketboom. On December 03, 2005 [http://scea.sony.com/ Sony Computer Entertainment America] announced that the PlayStation Portable would support podcasting using the RSS Channel feature after upgrading to 2.60.

Adoption by traditional broadcasters

Traditional broadcasters were extremely quick to pick up on the podcasting format, especially those whose news or talk formats spared them the complications of music licensing. The American syndicated radio show Web Talk Radio became the first to adopt the format, in September 2004, followed within weeks by Seattle news radio station KOMO and by individual programs from KFI Los Angeles and Boston's WGBH. The BBC began a trial in October 2004 with BBC Radio Five Live's Fighting Talk. These trials were extended in January 2005 to BBC Radio 4's In Our Time. Also in January 2005, CBC Radio began a [http://www.cbc.ca/podcasting/ trial] with its weekly national science and technology show Quirks and Quarks, which has offered listeners Real Audio, MP3 and OGG downloads since February 1996. The CBC trial also included CBC Radio 3's Canadian Music Podcast as well as limited podcasting of CBLA's popular Metro Morning Toronto show. United States National Public Radio member stations WNYC and KCRW adopted the format for many of their productions. March saw Virgin Radio become the first UK radio station to produce a daily podcast of its popular breakfast show. In April 2005 the BBC announced it was extending the trial to twenty more programs, including music radio and in the same month Australia's ABC launched a podcasting trial across several of its national stations. In May, Sydney station 2MBS became the first Australian community radio station to deliver content via the format, when its Ultima Thule ambient music programme was made available as a podcast. In late March, 2005, the trend began to go the other way, with podcasts becoming a source of content for broadcast radio programs by Leo Laporte, Christopher Lydon and others. On March 30 Sirius Satellite began playing Wichita Rutherford's podcast [http://www.5minuteswithwichita.com/ 5 Minutes with Wichita] making him the first person who started out as a podcaster to find a home on Satellite Radio. The entire format of KYOU Radio, a San Francisco radio station, became based around broadcasting Podcasts. That summer, when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation locked out more than 5,000 of its regular on-air and technical staff, they responded by creating their own unofficial podcast of original programming, [http://www.cbcunplugged.com CBC Unplugged], which also appeared on some campus and community radio stations, including [http://www.ciut.fm CIUT] in Toronto and CFRU in Guelph, Ontario.

Coping with growth

While podcasting's innovators took advantage of the sound-file synchronization feature of Apple Computer's iPod and iTunes software -- and included "pod" in the name -- the technology was always compatible with other players and programs. Apple was not actively involved until mid-2005, when it joined the market on three fronts: as a source of "podcatcher" software, as publisher of a podcast directory, and as provider of tutorials on how to create podcasts with Apple products GarageBand and Quicktime Pro. iTunes When it added a podcast-subscription feature to its June 28, 2005, release of iTunes 4.9, Apple also launched a directory of podcasts at the iTunes Music Store, starting with 3,000 entries. Apple's software enabled AAC encoded podcasts to use chapters, bookmarks, external links, and synchronized images displayed on iPod screens or in the iTunes artwork viewer. Two days after release of the program, Apple reported one million podcast subscriptions. Some podcasters found that exposure to iTunes' huge number of downloaders threatened to make great demands on their bandwidth and related expenses. Possible solutions were proposed, including the addition of a content delivery system, such as [http://www.libsyn.com liberated syndication]; [http://www.podcastservers.com Podcast Servers];Akamai; a peer-to-peer solution, BitTorrent; or use of free hosting services, such as those offered by Ourmedia, BlipMedia and the Internet Archive. As of September 2005, a number of services began featuring video-based podcasting including Apple via its iTunes Music Store and Loomia. Known by some as a vodcast, the services handle both audio and video feeds. As well as public broadcasting made possible by [http://participatoryculture.org Participatory Culture Foundation]. After the release of Apple's 5th Generation iPod in October 2005, which incorporated playing video files, Video Podcasting has became a major selling point for Apple. Apple's front page advertises the new iPod's Music, Photos, Audiobooks, Podcasts and Video Podcasting capabilities.

Other uses

Podcasting's initial appeal was to allow individuals to distribute their own "radio shows," but the system is increasingly used for other reasons, including:
- A way for people and organizations to avoid regulatory bodies, like the British Ofcom, that would not allow a program to be broadcast in traditional media.
- A way for news organizations to distribute audio as an addition to their existing text (or mostly text) news products. For example, Wikinews began to podcast its News Briefs in 2005.
- Education. Musselburgh Grammar School, Scotland began podcasting foreign language audio revision and homework, possibly becoming the first school in Europe to launch a regular podcast. . Some of the early classroom podcasts from America include [http://bobsprankle.com/ The Room 208 Podcast from Wells, Maine], Radio WillowWeb from Omaha, Nebraska, and [http://room613talk05.edublogs.org/tag/podcasts/ Room 613 Talk] from Columbia, CT. The online encyclopedia Wikipedia has begun podcasting encyclopedia articles. The University of Cambridge podcasts Anatomy lectures. [http://www.instantanatomy.net/podcasts.html Anatomy Podcasts]
- Politics. In the U.S., both major political parties have various podcasts, as do several politicians.
- Religion. Podcasting (or in this context, Godcasting) has been used by many religious groups . Many churches produce podcasts of talks and sermons. Disciples with Microphones provides podcasts relating to the Catholic church .
- Unofficial audio tours of museums (musecast) .
- Official Cultural Historic Audio Tour of cities ([audisseyguides]).
- Communication from space. On 7 August 2005. American astronaut Steve Robinson claimed the first podcast from space during the Space Shuttle Discovery mission STS-114 - although there was no subscription feed, merely an audio file that required manual downloading. ([http://www1.nasa.gov/returntoflight/crew/robinson_podcast.html transcript & audio]).
- Television Commentary. Battlestar Galactica writer and executive producer Ronald D. Moore creates commentary podcasts for each new episode of Battlestar Galactica ([http://www.scifi.com/battlestar/downloads/podcast/ download audio commentary]). Other television shows have since followed suit.
- Conference and meeting alerts. Podcasts can be packaged to alert attendees to agendas, hosted roundtables and daily feedback. See [http://www.GrassShackRoad.com Grass Shack]
- Advocacy. The 5,500 locked out staff (editors, journalists, technicians, hosts, etc.) of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation were podcasting news and other programming during August and September of 2005.
- Youth Media. Podcasting has become a way for youth media organizations, such as Youth Radio ([http://www.youthradio.org Youth Radio site]), to bring youth perspectives to a wider audience.
- Newspapers. Newspapers use podcasts to brodcast audio content from print interviews and drive traffic to their websites. The San Franciso Chronicle is believed to be the first major daily newspaper to start podcasting using an external website (http://sfchroniclebiz.blogspot.com) in Feb 2005. Hong Kong's South China Morning Post was the first to use its own website and the first in Asia (http://podcasting.scmp.com), having launched on April 19, 2005.
- The Society of Critical Care Medicine has a podcast used to update clinicians with summaries of important articles, as well as interviews. See [http://www.sccm.org/podcast SCCM Podcasts]
- In the second half of 2005, a Communication Studies course at the University of Western Australia ([http://i-generation.blogspot.com/ iGeneration: Digital Communication and Participatory Culture]) used student-created podcasts as the main assessment item.

Podcasting and Music Royalties

From the beginning, the use of licensed music in podcasts has been a delicate legal issue.

Regular radio-based podcasts

Regular radio broadcasters' podcasts (and MP3 file downloads without subscription feeds) have run into complications regarding royalties for incidental music on "talk" broadcasts, even when identical programs are "streamed." The broadcasters apparently believe companies that license the music will challenge its use in easily downloaded MP3 files, while "streaming" is closer to a broadcasting model. For example, when popular U.S. conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh began offering "podcasts" early in 2005, his employer, Premiere Radio Networks, tightened its editing of intro and bumper music, which it previously had allowed on other MP3 files. One effect was to render some of Premiere broadcaster Glenn Beck's podcasts difficult to follow. He would appear to stop mid-sentence and restart in a different thought, because of cuts required to remove royalty-protected music.

Future Licensing Issues

The US Congress is studying possible reforms to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which may in the future affect broadband and Internet services.

See also


- Audio magazine proposed alternate term
- Autocasting (the automatic generation of podcasts from text-only sources)
- Godcasting (religious podcasts, typically Christian)
- iRotica (pornographic video-based podcasts)
- Javacast (podcasting to mobile phones using J2ME Midlets)
- Learncasting (delivering instructional content or academic support)
- Media RSS (a kind of syndication of media files used by Yahoo!)
- MMS Podcast (podcasting to mobile phones using MMS)
- Mobilecast (podcasting to mobile phones)
- Narrowcasting (podcasting is a form of narrowcasting)
- Palmcasting (podcasting to Palm devices like Treo and LifeDrive)
- Photofeed (image podcasting)
- Punchcasting (punching podcasts directly into smartphone devices)
- Skypecasting (recording Skype text, voice, or video conversations)
- Soundseeing tour (podcast utilizing ambient noise and descriptions)
- Streaming Media
- Vodcasting/Vidcasting (video-based podcasts)
- Audio Wikinews (Wikinews audio project)

Notes and references

# Technology writer Doc Searls had [http://www.itgarage.com/node/462 proposed] "Personal Option Digital" in September, 2004. The "Personal On-Demand" interpretation (with that capitalization) had been in [http://wikilab.net/archivi/2004/10/05/podcasting/ international circulation] as early as October 2004. In July 2005, Microsoft blogger Robert Scoble used that same version when countering reports that his company was pushing the word "blogcasting" to avoid mentioning an Apple product. Scoble, Robert, 2005. "[http://radio.weblogs.com/0001011/2005/07/12.html#a10602 Blogger gives incorrect data about podcasting at Microsoft]." # Oxford University Press, 5 December, 2005 [http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/12-05-2005/0004228195&EDATE= Podcast is word of the year] # Louis, Tristan, 13 October 2000. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/syndication/message/698 Suggestion for RSS 0.92 specification] # Curry, Adam, 27 October 2000. [http://adamcurry.editthispage.com/broadband/ The Bandwidth Issue] # Winer, Dave, 25 December 2000 [http://backend.userland.com/rss092 RSS 0.92 Specification] # Winer, Dave, 27 December 2000 Scripting News: [http://www.scripting.com/2000/12/27.html Heads-up, I'm working on new features for RSS that build on 0.91. Calling it 0.92...] # Winer, Dave, 31 October 2000 [http://davenet.scripting.com/2000/10/31/virtualBandwidth Virtual Bandwidth]; and 11 January 2001 [http://www.thetwowayweb.com/payloadsforrss Payloads for RSS] # Winer, Dave, 11 January 2001 Scripting News: [http://www.scripting.com/2001/01/11.html Tonight's song on the Grateful Dead audio weblog is Truckin...] # Curry, Adam, October 21, 2002 UserNum 1014: [http://radio.weblogs.com/0001014/2002/10/21.html#a2427 Cool to hear my own audio-blog...] # Gilchrist, Harold October 27, 2002 Audioblog/Mobileblogging News [http://radio.weblogs.com/0100368/2002/10/27.html this morning I'm experimenting with producing an audioblogging show...] # Downes, Stephen, June, 2003 [http://www.downes.ca/ed_radio.htm Ed Radio] # Lydon, Chris 2003 [http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/lydon/allInterviews Chris Lydon Interviews...] # Prodoehl, Peter, Sep 24, 2003 RasterWeb: [http://rasterweb.net/raster/2003/09/24/20030924083605/ Enclose This!] # Marks, Kevin. October 2003 [http://homepage.mac.com/kevinmarks/audiopod.m4v video excerpt of Marks's demo (MPEG-4)] [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ml/output.pl/35512/stream/temp.ram Real stream of full Audioblogging session (start 48 minutes in)] [http://epeus.blogspot.com/2003_10_01_epeus_archive.html#106527364652597310 blog post] # Curry, Adam, October 12, 2003 [http://radio.weblogs.com/0001014/2003/10/12.html#a4604 RSS2iPod] # Hammersley, Ben. 2004. "[http://www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,1145689,00.html Audible revolution]." In The Guardian, Thu, 12 February 2004. # Gregoire, Dannie J. 2004. "[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ipodder-dev/message/41 How to handle getting past episodes?]" In the ipodder-dev mailing list, Thu, 16 September 2004. # Torrone, Phillip. 2004. "[http://www.engadget.com/entry/5843952395227141/ How-To: Podcasting]." In Engadget, 5 October 2004. # Miles, Peggy and Dean Sakai, Internet Age Broadcaster I and II, National Association of Broadcasters # Searls, Doc. 28 September 2004. Doc Searls' IT Garage, "[http://www.itgarage.com/node/462 DIY Radio with PODcasting.]" # Farivar, Cyrus. 28 October 2004. The New York Times, "[http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?res=990CE3D6153DF93BA15753C1A9629C8B63 New Food for IPods: Audio by Subscription.]" # Acohido, Byron. 9 February 2005. USA Today, "[http://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2005-02-09-podcasting-usat-money-cover_x.htm Radio to the MP3 degree: Podcasting.]" # Della Cava, Marco R. 9 February 2005. USA Today, "[http://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2005-02-08-podcasting_x.htm Podcasting: It's all over the dial.]" # Edwards, John, 2005-05-22. [http://ga3.org/podcast/podcasting101.html One America Podcast] # White House, 2005. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/radio/ White House Radio Addresses] # Crofts, Sheri, et al. [http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_9/crofts/ Podcasting: A new technology in search of viable business models]. First Monday, September 2005. # Web Talk Radio, 2004-09-15. "[http://www.webtalkradio.com/blog/9.shtml WebTalk Launches New Website]." # BBC Press Office, 2005. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/01_january/30/radio.shtml BBC podcasting sparks Fighting Talk]." # Newitz, Annalee. 2005. "[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/curry.html Adam Curry Wants to Make You an iPod Radio Star ]." In Wired Magazine. See also: [http://www.cbc.ca/podcasting/ CBC Podcasting page]. # BBC Press Office, 2005. "[http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/04_april/14/pod.shtml BBC to podcast up to 20 more programmes including Today and Radio 1 speech highlights]." # [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/help.htm#9 ABC Radio National podcasts]. # [http://www.apple.com/itunes/ Apple – iTunes] # [http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2005/jun/30podcast.html iTunes Podcast Subscriptions Top One Million] # [http://mgsonline.blogs.com/mgspodcast Musselburgh Grammar School Podcast] # Heinen, Tom. 2005. "[http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/jun05/333091.asp Podcasting becomes another pulpit]." In JS Online, 11 June 2005. # [http://www.discipleswithmicrophones.org Disciples with Microphones] # Kennedy, Randy. 2005. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/28/arts/design/28podc.html?ex=1274932800&en=db1ced6873dcc4b6&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss With Irreverence and an iPod, Recreating the Museum Tour]." In The New York Times, May 28 2005. # BBC Collective, 2005. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/collective/A3847737 Podcasting for beginners] # [http://thebookstandard.com/bookstandard/news/publisher/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001138250 Dear Listener -- Podcasting Classics]

External links


- [http://learnoutloud.castpost.com/PodcastItunes2.swf How To Listen and Subscribe To Podcasts] - A video introduction to listening to podcasts with iTunes
- [http://www.castwiki.com/index.php/Make_a_podcast Podcasting Tutorial and Wiki]
- [http://audiofeeds.org/tutorial.php Podcasting Tutorial]
- [http://www.podcast411.com/page5.html Podcasting Tutorials]
- [http://www.MyPods.Net/ MyPods.Net Podcasting explained]
- [http://www.makezine.com/blog/archive/2005/07/how_to_make_enh.html AAC Enhanced Podcast Tutorial]
- [http://www.jakeludington.com/project_studio/20051004_windows_media_enhanced_podcast.html WMA Enhanced Podcast Tutorial]
- [http://www.digitalpodcast.com/PVCR_3Q_Update.pdf PDF Report examining podcast content mix]
- [http://peterchen.members.grokthis.net/research Report examining podcast producers and shows]
- [http://help.ziepod.com/index.php?pid=050811091346 Podcast Basics]
- [http://www.podcastlaunchpad.com Podcast Launchpad]
- [http://del.icio.us/tag/podcasting deli.icio.us podcasting tagged sites]
- [http://producersguild.scribestudio.com Panel discussion on podcasting]
- [http://www.musicpodcasting.org AMP - Association of Music Podcasting]
- [http://www.podcasterswiki.com Podcasters Wiki]
- [http://www.shownotes.info/wiki/DSC_290#Adam.27s_History_of_Podcasting Adam Curry's version] of the development of podcasting at his shownotes wiki
- [http://weblogs.about.com/od/podcastingaudioblogging/ Podcasting Resources @ About.com] - Plus resources on audio and video blogging
- [http://www.ktoddstorch.com/business/2005/02/the_future_of_p_6.html The Future of Podcasting] - Written in February 2005 at www.businessthoughtsblog.com
- [http://www.growfolio.com growFolio] Summer 2005 issue has article on investment podcasting

Finding podcasts

As of December, 10, 2005, the following links point to a list of podcast search engines:
- [http://www.audiofeeds.org AudioFeeds.org] A moderated list of music podcasts.
- [http://www.castwiki.com/index.php/Directories CastWiki] A list of podcast search engines and directories
- [http://www.digitalpodcast.com/browse-directories-35-1.html Digital Podcast] A list of podcast search engines and directories
- [http://www.everypodcast.com EveryPodcast.com] An unmoderated list of podcasts
- [http://www.feedzie.com Feedzie.com] Podcast search site
- [http://www.fluctu8.com fluctu8] Podcast directory / aggregator.
- [http://kedora.org/ KedoraTV] program guide with podcasts and vidcasts.
- [http://www.learnoutloud.com/Podcast-Directory/ LearnOutLoud] Educational podcast directory.
- [http://mypodcastcenter.com/directory/Podcast_Directories/index.shtml My Podcast Center] List of podcast directories
- [http://odeo.com/ Odeo] A directory of podcasts, and web-based tools for creating podcasts.
- [http://www.blastpodcast.com/ Blast Podcast] Podcast directory.
- [http://www.podcast411.com/page2.html Podcast 411] A list of podcast directories and search engines.
- [http://www.podcastalley.com Podcast Alley] Podcast directory.
- [http://www.podcastdirectory.com PodcastDirectory.com] Podcast directory of audio and video podcasts.
- [http://www.findpodcasts.com Find Podcasts] Audio Podcast directory with direct play of online podcasts.
- [http://www.podcastingnews.com Podcasting News] Podcast news and information.
- [http://www.podcastmedia.net Podcast Media] Source of podcasts
- Podcast Pickle The first podcast/vidcast community on the Internet.
- [http://www.podcastpup.com PodcastPUP] A podcasting directory.
- [http://www.podfeed.net Podfeed.net] A podcasting directory that lets you browse, review, listen to and subscribe to podcasts.
- [http://www.podnova.com PodNova] Podcast directory (audio/video) where you can subscribe, listen and watch.
- [http://www.amigofish.com Amigofish] A podcast recommendation engine.
- [http://www.vodstock.com/vodstock/vodcast-directories.php Vodstock] A list of video podcast directories.
- [http://www.mirpod.com/ The Virtual iPod] Podcast directories and search engine integrated in a virtual iPod.
- [http://www.podcastexchange.org Podcast Exchange] A podcaster sponsorship site.
- [http://www.folcast.com folcast] A folcsonomic podcast directory.

Open-Source Podcast receivers


- Juice (formerly known as iPodder Lemon) GPL free Podcast receiver for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
- [http://amarok.kde.org/ amaroK] GPL is able to play podcasts (KDE/QT)
- [http://www.castpodder.net/ CastPodder] (formerly known as iPodder Linux version) GPL free Podcast receiver for Linux.
- [http://www.peapodpy.org/ Peapod] GPL command line podcast reciever for linux. Supports HTTP and BitTorrent.
- [http://linc.homeunix.org:8080/scripts/bashpodder/ bashpodder] GPL a minimalist 45-line bash script receiver. A simple GUI is also available.
- [http://getfireant.com/ FireANT]podcast receiver, handles videoblogs. Category:Computing portmanteaus Category:Digital audio zh-min-nan:Podcasting ko:포드캐스팅 ja:ポッドキャスティング th:พอดแคสติง

March 27

March 27 is the 86th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (87th in Leap years). There are 279 days remaining.

Events


- 1306 - Robert I of Scotland and Elizabeth de Burgh are crowned king and Queen of the Scots.
- 1513 - (not 1512 as often cited) - Explorer Juan Ponce de León sights North America (specifically Florida) for the first time, mistaking it for another island.
- 1625 - Charles I becomes King of England and Scotland.
- 1782 - Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1794 - The government of the United States establishes a permanent United States Navy and authorizes the building of six frigates.
- 1794 - Denmark and Sweden form a neutrality compact.
- 1814 - War of 1812: In central Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
- 1836 - Texas Revolution: Goliad massacre - Antonio López de Santa Anna orders the Mexican army to kill about 400 Texans at Goliad, Texas.
- 1846 - Mexican-American War: Siege of Fort Texas.
- 1851 - First reported case of Europeans seeing Yosemite Valley.
- 1871 - First international rugby football match, England v. Scotland, played in Edinburgh at Raeburn Place.
- 1890 - A tornado strikes Louisville, Kentucky, killing 76 and injuring 200.
- 1918 - Moldova and Bessarabia join Romania.
- 1923 - FART construction completed.
- 1938 - Battle of Tai er zhuang
- 1941 - Britain supports Peter II of Yugoslavia in a coup in Yugoslavia.
- 1942 - World War II: United Kingdom forces raid the U-boat base at St. Nazaire, France.
- 1945 - World War II: Operation Starvation, the aerial mining of Japan's ports and waterways begins.
- 1952 - Sun Records begins operations.
- 1958 - Nikita Khrushchev becomes Premier of the Soviet Union.
- 1963 - Dr Beeching issues a report calling for huge cuts to the United Kingdom's rail network. See Beeching axe.
- 1964 - The Good Friday Earthquake, the most powerful earthquake in U.S. history at a magnitude of 9.2 strikes South Central Alaska, killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.
- 1969 - Mariner 7 is launched.
- 1976 - The first 4.6 miles of the Washington, DC subway system is opened.
- 1977 - Tenerife disaster: Two jumbo jets collide on a foggy runway on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, killing 583.
- 1980 - The Norwegian oil platform Alexander Kielland collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.
- 1986 - Car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, killing 1 police officer, Angela Taylor and injuring 21 people.
- 1988 - Moudud Ahmed becomes Prime Minister of Bangladesh.
- 1989 - Generations, the first American soap opera to have an entire black family in its original core cast, commences telecasts on NBC.
- 1990 - Propaganda: The United States begins broadcasting TV Martí to Cuba.
- 1993 - Jiang Zemin is appointed President of the People's Republic of China.
- 1993 - Albert Zafy becomes President of Madagascar.
- 1993 - Mahamane Ousmane becomes President of Niger.
- 1994 - One of the biggest tornado outbreaks in recent memory hits the Southeastern United States. One tornado slams into a church in Piedmont, Alabama during Palm Sunday services killing 20 and injuring 90.
- 2002 - Passover Massacre: A suicide bomber kills 29 people in Netanya, Israel.
- 2003 - An explosion in the Nitrochimie dynamite factory in Billy-Berclau, France kills 4 people. Somebody lit a match.
- 2004 - HMS Scylla, a decommissioned Leander frigate, is sunk as an artificial reef off Cornwall, the first of its kind in Europe.

Births


- 972 - King Robert I of France (d. 1031)
- 1416 - Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (d. 1480)
- 1627 - Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716)
- 1702 - Johann Ernst Eberlin, German composer (d. 1762)
- 1712 - Claude Bourgelat, French veterinary surgeon (d. 1779)
- 1714 - Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian and historian (d. 1795)
- 1730 - Thomas Tyrwhitt, English classical scholar (d. 1786)
- 1746 - Michael Bruce, Scottish poet (d. 1767)
- 1765 - Franz Xaver von Baader, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1841)
- 1785 - King Louis XVII of France (d. 1795)
- 1797 - Alfred de Vigny, French author (d. 1863)
- 1809 - Baron Haussmann, French civic planner (d. 1891)
- 1810 - William Hepworth Thompson, English classical scholar (d. 1886)
- 1813 - Nathaniel Currier, American illustrator (d. 1888)
- 1817 - Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli, Swiss biologist (d. 1891)
- 1845 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)
- 1847 - Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1931)
- 1851 - Vincent d'Indy, French composer and teacher (d. 1931)
- 1857 - Karl Pearson, English statistician (d. 1936)
- 1860 - Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (d. 1924)
- 1863 - Sir Henry Royce, English automobile pioneer (d. 1933)
- 1869 - James McNeill, Irish politician (d. 1938)
- 1871 - Heinrich Mann, German writer (d. 1950)
- 1882 - Ferde Grofé, American composer (d. 1972)
- 1883 - Marie Under, Estonian author and poet (d. 1980)
- 1886 - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German architect (d. 1969)
- 1893 - Karl Mannheim, Hungarian sociologist (d. 1947)
- 1899 - Gloria Swanson, American actress (d. 1983)
- 1901 - Carl Barks, American illustrator (d. 2000)
- 1901 - Sasaki Naojiro, Japanese author (d. 1943)
- 1901 - Erich Ollenhauer, German politician (d. 1963)
- 1901 - Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1975)
- 1901 - Kenneth Slessor, Australian poet (d. 1971)
- 1905 - Elsie MacGill, Canadian aeronautical engineer (d. 1980)
- 1906 - Pee Wee Russell, American musician (d. 1969)
- 1909 - Golo Mann, German historian (d. 1994)
- 1912 - James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
- 1914 - Richard Denning, American actor (d. 1998)
- 1914 - Budd Schulberg, American screenwriter and novelist
- 1915 - Junior Lockwood, American musician
- 1917 - Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)
- 1921 - Harold Nicholas, American dancer (d. 2000)
- 1922 - Stefan Wul, French author (d. 2003)
- 1923 - Endo Shusaku, Japanese author (d. 1996)
- 1923 - Louis Simpson, Jamaican-born poet
- 1924 - Sarah Vaughan, American singer (d. 1990)
- 1927 - Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor
- 1931 - David Janssen, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1935 - Abelardo Castillo, Argentine writer
- 1935 - Julian Glover, British actor
- 1939 - Cale Yarborough, American race car driver
- 1941 - Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia
- 1942 - John E. Sulston, British chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1942 - Michael York, English actor
- 1947 - Brian Jones, British balloonist
- 1950 - Tony Banks, English musician (Genesis)
- 1952 - Maria Schneider, French actress
- 1956 - Leung Kwok Hung, Hong Kong political activist
- 1957 - Nick Hawkins, British politician
- 1961 - Tak Matsumoto, Japanese guitarist (B'z)
- 1962 - Jann Arden, Canadian musician
- 1963 - Quentin Tarantino, American actor, director, writer, and producer
- 1963 - Xuxa, Brazilian television personality
- 1966 - Paula Trickey, American actress
- 1967 - Talisa Soto, American actress
- 1968 - Sadie Frost, British actress
- 1968 - Sandra Hess, Swiss-born actress and model
- 1969 - Keith Flint, Member of British group The Prodigy
- 1970 - Mariah Carey, American singer
- 1970 - Princess Leila of Iran (d. 2001)
- 1971 - David Coulthard, Scottish race car driver
- 1972 - Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Dutch football striker
- 1975 - Fergie, American musician (Black Eyed Peas)

Deaths


- 1191 - Pope Clement III
- 1350 - King Alfonso XI of Castile, (b. 1312)
- 1378 - Pope Gregory XI
- 1462 - Vasili II of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1415)
- 1482 - Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold and wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1457)
- 1555 - William Hunter, protestant martyr
- 1615 - Margaret of Valois, queen of Henry IV of France (b. 1553)
- 1625 - King James I of England and Ireland, James VI of Scotland (b. 1566)
- 1635 - Robert Naunton, English politician (b. 1563)
- 1697 - Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (b. 1603)
- 1757 - Johann Stamitz, Czech-born composer (b. 1717)
- 1770 - Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Italian artist (b. 1696)
- 1809 - Joseph-Marie Vien, French painter (b. 1716)
- 1827 - François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, French social reformer (b. 1747)
- 1836 - James Fannin, Texas revolutionary (b. 1804)
- 1843 - Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist (b. 1769)
- 1849 - Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford (b. 1776)
- 1850 - Wilhelm Beer, German astronomer (b. 1797)
- 1864 - Jean-Jacques Ampère, French scholar (b. 1800)
- 1865 - Petrus Hoffman Peerlkamp, Dutch scholar (b. 1786)
- 1873 - Amedée Simon Dominique Thierry, French journalist and historian (b. 1797)
- 1875 - Edgar Quinet, French historian (b. 1803)
- 1878 - Sir George Gilbert Scott, English architect (b. 1811)
- 1889 - John Bright, English statesman (b. 1811)
- 1910 - Alexander Emanuel Agassiz, American scientist and engineer (b. 1835)
- 1918 - Henry Adams, American historian (b. 1838)
- 1923 - Sir James Dewar, Scottish chemist (b. 1842)
- 1924 - Walter Parratt, English composer (b. 1841)
- 1927 - Joe Start, baseball player (b. 1842)
- 1931 - Arnold Bennett, British novelist (b. 1867)
- 1940 - Michael Joseph Savage, Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1872)
- 1967 - Jaroslav Heyrovský, Czech chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1890)
- 1967 - Jim Thompson, American designer (disappeared) (b. 1906)
- 1968 - Yuri Gagarin, cosmonaut (b. 1934)
- 1969 - B. Traven, German writer
- 1972 - Sharkey Bonano, American musician (b. 1904)
- 1972 - M. C. Escher, Dutch artist (b. 1898)
- 1977 - A. P. Hamann, American politician
- 1977 - Diana Hyland, American actress (b. 1936)
- 1981 - Mao Dun, Chinese writer (b. 1895)
- 1989 - Jack Starrett, American actor and director (b. 1936)
- 1991 - Ralph Bates, British actor (b. 1940)
- 1991 - Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
- 1992 - Easley Blackwood, American bridge player (b. 1903)
- 1993 - Paul Laszlo, Hungarian interior designer and architect (b. 1900)
- 1998 - David McClelland, psychological theorist (b. 1917)
- 1998 - Ferry Porsche, Austrian automobile manufacturer (b. 1909)
- 2000 - Ian Dury, English rock musician (b. 1942)
- 2002 - Milton Berle, American actor and comedian (b. 1908)
- 2002 - Dudley Moore, British actor, musician, and composer (b. 1935)
- 2002 - Billy Wilder, American director (b. 1906)
- 2003 - Ricardo Munguia, aid worker in Afghanistan
- 2003 - Paul Zindel, American writer (b. 1936)
- 2005 - Bob Casey, baseball announcer (b. 1925)

Holidays and observances


- 2005, 2016: Easter
- Angolan Victory Day
- Feast day of Rupert of Salzburg in the Roman Catholic Church

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/27 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/3/27 Today in History: March 27] ---- March 26 - March 28 - February 27 - April 27 -- listing of all days ko:3월 27일 ms:27 Mac ja:3月27日 simple:March 27 th:27 มีนาคม

Aberdeen, Washington

Aberdeen is a city located in Grays Harbor County, Washington State, USA. Aberdeen was founded by early settler Samuel Benn when he had a plat filed in 1884. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 16,461. The city is the economic center of Grays Harbor County, bordering the cities of Hoquiam and Cosmopolis. Aberdeen is sometimes called the "Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula" or the "Birthplace of Grunge," likely because of the most famous Aberdonian Kurt Cobain. Other notable musicians from Aberdeen include The Melvins. Aberdeen is the homeport of the tall ship Lady Washington, a reproduction of a smaller vessel used by the explorer Captain Robert Gray. Robert Gray. "Come As You Are" is a song by Nirvana.]]

History

The early settlers who came to the eastern edge of Grays Harbor in the 1880s called the place Wishkah, after the nearby river. But some objected, and the city was eventually renamed for a local salmon cannery. Like its Scottish namesake, Aberdeen, it was situated at the mouth of a river. The neighboring settlement of Wishkah had its plat filed in 1883. Though the largest and best known of the three cities on Grays Harbor, Aberdeen lagged behind neighbors Hoquiam and Cosmopolis in the early years. When A.J. West built the town's first sawmill in 1884, the other two municipalities had already been in business for several years. Aberdeen was officially incorporated on May 12, 1890. On October 16, 1903, a massive fire swept through the city's commercial district, destroying 140 buildings and killing four people. The number of people living here grew by eleven-fold in fifty years, going from from 1,638 in 1890 to 18,846 in 1940. For a time Aberdeen had the distinction of being "the roughest town west of the Mississippi," due to its gambling, prostitution, extreme drug use, and violence. The city was off-limits to military personnel as late as the early 1980's, and with its currently high poverty and unemployment, police and judicial corruption, and drug use has had little luck altering its public image.

Education

The city's school district includes one high school, J.M. Weatherwax High. Weatherwax High School, or Aberdeen High School as it’s called by most, has a rich history that is a point of pride for many in the community. Some of its traditions include the longest high school sports rivalry west of the Mississippi River, with its neighbor Hoquiam High School. The rivalry is known amongst all the townsfolk and every year when this game occurs you can be assured most of the population is in attendance. A tradition known widely as "Johnny Hoquiam Night" takes place a week prior to the announced reunion between the schools and involves youths from Aberdeen driving around Hoqiuam, egging every vehicle and residence in sight. The 100th football game was played on September 17, 2005, with thousands of community members in attendance.Aberdeen won 24 to 7. drug use In 2002, the Weatherwax building of Aberdeen High School, one of Aberdeen's most historical buildings (built in 1909), was burned to the ground by two of its own students just after midnight. Students have since been spread out over the remaining campus, even using remains of an old church for classroom space until the new school is built. Construction of the new building has begun and should be ready in the coming years. Other schools in the district include Miller Junior High, Central Park Elementary, McDermoth Elementary, Stevens Elementary, Alexander Young Elementary, AJ West Elementary, and Robert Gray Elementary. There is also one alternative school, Harbor High. Aberdeen is also home to Grays Harbor College.

Famous People

Famous Aberdonians include grunge rockers Kurt Cobain (born in Aberdeen at Grays Harbor Community Hospital), Buzz Osborne and Matt Lukin, painter Robert Motherwell, Nobel-winning physicist Douglas Osheroff, photographer Lee Friedlander, choreographer Trisha Brown, artist Elton Bennett, Pittsburgh Steelers player Mark Bruner, pollster Jack Elway (father of John Elway, the football hero) and novelist Robert Cantwell. Some say Kurt Cobain blamed the city of Aberdeen for much of his depression, and his up-bringing. Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic refutes this claim.

Quotes


- "In Aberdeen, I hated my friends with a passion, because they were idiots." —- Kurt Cobain

Industry

Despite attempts to diversify the local economy that stretch back decades, Aberdeen and the rest of Grays Harbor remain dependent on the timber industry. On October 21, 2005, Weyerhaeuser announced that it will close the Aberdeen large-log sawmill on December 19th and also close the Cosmopolis pulp mill in early 2006. This will result in the loss of at least 342 jobs. Many employees were not told by Weyerhaueser management, but learned about the closures on the radio station KDUX, when the DJ announced that the sawmill had closed. Top employers on the Harbor include locally owned Grays Harbor Paper L.P., The Westport Shipyard, Sierra Pacific, The Simpson Door Co. and Hoquiam Plywood, the Stafford Creek Corrections Center, a state prison which opened in 2000, and Safe Harbor Technology, a technical support center. Other major employers include cranberry-growing collective Ocean Spray, Wal-Mart and Washington Crab Products.

Geography

Wal-MartAberdeen is located at the confluence of the Chehalis and Wishkah rivers, which form Grays Harbor, and at the intersection of U.S. Highway 101 (also called the Pacific Coast Highway) and U.S. Highway 12. The city is located at 46°58'33" North, 123°49'7" West (46.975833, -123.818669). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 31.5 km² (12.2 mi²). 27.5 km² (10.6 mi²) of it is land and 4.0 km² (1.5 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.73% water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 16,461 people, 6,517 households, and 4,112 families residing in the city. The population density is 597.9/km² (1,548.8/mi²). There are 7,536 housing units at an average density of 273.7/km² (709.1/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 84.87% White, 0.47% African American, 3.70% Native American, 2.10% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 5.15% from other races, and 3.57% from two or more races. 9.22% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 6,517 households out of which 31.8% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% are married couples living together, 13.7% have a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% are non-families. 29.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 12.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.49 and the average family size is 3.05. In the city the population is spread out with 26.8% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the city is $30,683, and the median income for a family is $37,966. Males have a median income of $32,710 versus $20,446 for females. The per capita income for the city is $16,092. 22.2% of the population and 16.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 29.7% of those under the age of 18 and 9.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Reference


- Ed Van Syckle, "The River Pioneers," Pacific Search Press, 1982.
- Ed Van Syckle, "They Tried to Cut It All," Pacific Search Press, 1980.
- Murray Morgan, "The Last Wilderness," Viking Press, 1955.
- Anne Cotton, "The History of Aberdeen," Grays Harbor Regional Planning Commission, 1982.

External links

Category:Cities in Washington Category:Grays Harbor County, Washington

Pornographic actress

] A pornographic actor or a porn star is somebody who appears in pornographic movies, live sex shows or peep shows. Many actors/actresses may appear nude in films (usually rather briefly) or on stage but even if they depict sexual behavior they are not considered erotic actors. To be considered a porn star, one must appear chiefly in porn movies and be filmed in explicit sexual acts, usually with close-up shots of the genitalia during sexual acts and where explicit nudity is involved. Due to longstanding stigma associated with this profession, it is almost universal for porn stars to use stage names and keep their real names secret; with the rise of the Internet, however, the real names of most porn stars are now commonly available.

History

The first porn star with name recognition was Linda Lovelace who starred in the 1972 feature, Deep Throat. The success of this movie, which grossed hundreds of millions of dollars worldwide, spawned a slew of other films and pornographic film stars such as Marilyn Chambers (Behind the Green Door), Gloria Leonard (The Opening of Misty Beethoven), Georgina Spelvin (The Devil in Miss Jones), Jeremy Cohen ("the Speed Demon Of Porn"), and Bambi Woods (Debbie Does Dallas). This was followed by what is called The Golden Age of Porn in the early and mid-eighties. Such legendary performers as John Holmes, Seka, Ginger Lynn Allen, Annette Haven, Veronica Hart, and Hyapatia Lee became well known in this era. Jenna Jameson, Tera Patrick, Briana Banks, and Silvia Saint are among the most well-known porn stars of the late nineties and the early 2000s Attempts in the 1970s to outlaw pornography in the United States by prosecuting porn stars for prostitution failed, as the courts made a distinction between someone who took part in a sexual relationship for money, and the act of portraying a sexual relationship as a performance for money. The ability for people to view adult movies in the privacy of their own homes, due to the popularity of the VCR (and now DVD) created a new adult market that could not be ignored. The production values of adult films declined dramatically in the attempt to create product for ever increasing demand. As a result of this, there are hundreds of adult film companies today, releasing tens of thousands of shot-on-video titles annually. As a result, there are thousands of people working as pornographic actors to meet the demand for these films. Since the main market is for pornography aimed at a heterosexual male audience, the primary demand is for good-looking female performers. Female performers in pornography aimed at the heterosexual male audience are generally expected to perform with both male and female partners. Male performers are generally selected less for their looks as for their ability to get and maintain an erection for a long period on a crowded movie set, as well as the ability to ejaculate at will. Ron Jeremy is probably the most famous male performer in heterosexual pornography. A number of male performers perform in both heterosexual and gay male pornography. Male performers are, in general, paid substantially less than female performers. As the popularity of titles increases (profits are in the billions of dollars a year in the United States as of 2005), numerous niche and fetish markets have arisen in recent years. The vast number of titles has created the urgency for companies for stand out, and recent years have seen increasing numbers of risque and shocking video components, often involving pain (forced oral sex or "gagging" videos), simulated rape or the consensual physical assault of actresses during filming.

Pornographic actors and sexually transmitted diseases

Because of the nature of their work, usually involving sex without condoms, pornographic actors are particularly vulnerable to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. In the 1980s, an outbreak of AIDS led to a number of deaths of erotic actors, including John Holmes. This led to the creation of the Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation, which helped set up a system in the U.S. adult film industry where erotic actors are tested for HIV every 30 days. All sexual contact is logged, and positive test results result in all sexual contacts for the last three to six months being contacted and re-tested. This resulted in low rates of HIV transmission, and hence low rates of infection among erotic actors: it has been reported that not a single HIV test was positive in the four year period prior to 2004. In 2004, a male performer, Darren James, tested positive for HIV. One fellow porn star, Lara Roxx, was identified and tested positive for HIV. James apparently had contact with 12 other women since his previous negative HIV test. Following the release of this information the heterosexual porn industry voluntarily reduced their workload for the next 30 days, as various contacts with both individuals, as well as others within the industry, re-evaluated and expanded upon their original programs dealing with this possibility. However, accurate information about the extent of infection among those in the adult industry is unknown because no organization has ever done proper studies. What little data that does exist is alarming. The Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation administered voluntary tests to a group consisting primarily of adult film workers. Of 483 people tested between October 2001 and March 2002, about 40% had at least one disease. Nearly 17% tested positive for chlamydia, 13% for gonorrhea and 10% for hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C.

The media

Pornography is available in nearly all kinds of print media from magazines, video-tapes, CD-ROM, DVD etc. The most important means of spreading pornography in the 70's were magazine and in the 80's were video-tapes. All kinds of hard-core pornography is prohibited or at least very limited in the classic electronic media (TV, radio), in nearly all countries of course excluding the Internet.

See also


- Pornographic movie
- Glamour model
- Bondage model
- List of big-bust models and performers
- Sex worker
- List of porn stars
  - List of male porn stars
    - List of gay porn stars
  - List of female porn stars
    - List of female porn stars by decade
    - List of Japanese female porn stars
    - List of lesbian porn stars
- AIDS and the porn industry
- Pornography

External links


- [http://www.iafd.com/ Internet Adult Film Database]
- Anna Span's [http://www.bgafd.co.uk/miscellany/getintoporn-04.php Advice on Becoming a Pornstar]: warning, sidebar images contain nudity
- [http://www.aim-med.org/faq.html Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation]: Frequently asked questions Category:Adult models Category:Pornography Pornographic actors Category:Entertainment occupations Category:Sex workers Category:Erotic entertainment ja:AV女優

Pacific Beach, Washington

Grays Harbor County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of 2000, the population is 67,194. The county seat is at Montesano. Its largest city is Aberdeen. It is named after Captain Robert Gray, who discovered the harbor that bears his name in 1792.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,761 km² (2,224 mi²). 4,965 km² (1,917 mi²) of it is land and 797 km² (308 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 13.83% water.

Geographic features


- Pacific Ocean
- Grays Harbor
- Lake Quinault
- Chehalis River
- Quinault River
- Olympic Mountains
- Olympic Peninsula
- Satsop River
- Wynoochee River

Adjacent and/or overlapping


- Chehalis Indian Reservation
- Colonel Bob Wilderness Area
- Olympic National Park
- Olympic National Forest
- Quinault Indian Reservation

State parks


- Griffiths-Priday State Park
- Lake Sylvia State Park
- Ocean City State Park
- Pacific Beach State Park
- Twin Harbors State Park
- Westhaven State Park
- Westport Light State Park

Major highways


- United States Highway 12
- United States Highway 101

Adjacent counties


- Jefferson County, Washington - north
- Mason County, Washington - northeast
- Thurston County, Washington - east/southeast
- Lewis County, Washington - south/southeast
- Pacific County, Washington - south

Demographics

As of the census2 of 2000, there are 67,194 people, 26,808 households, and 17,907 families residing in the county. The population density is 14/km² (35/mi²). There are 32,489 housing units at an average density of 7/km² (17/mi²). The racial makeup of the county is 88.30% White, 0.34% Black or African American, 4.66% Native American, 1.22% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 2.27% from other races, and 3.10% from two or more races. 4.85% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 26,808 households out of which 30.50% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.70% are married couples living together, 11.10% have a female householder with no husband present, and 33.20% are non-families. 26.70% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.60% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.48 and the average family size is 2.98. In the county, the population is spread out with 25.70% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 26.00% from 25 to 44, 25.00% from 45 to 64, and 15.40% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 39 years. For every 100 females there are 98.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 96.20 males. The median income for a household in the county is $34,160, and the median income for a family is $39,709. Males have a median income of $35,947 versus $24,262 for females. The per capita income for the county is $16,799. 16.10% of the population and 11.90% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.60% of those under the age of 18 and 9. 40% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Famous Harborites

Kurt Cobain - Musician Krist Novoselic - Musician John Elway - NFL PLayer Mark Bruener- NFL Player Gail Brown - Author Buzz Osborne - Musician Dale Crover - Musician Robert Motherwell - Artist Douglas Osheroff - Nobel-winning physicist Elton Bennett - Artist

Cities and towns


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