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Irak
Irak adalah sebuah negara di Timur Tengah yang berbatasan dengan Iran di sebelah timur, Kuwait di sebelah tenggara, Arab Saudi di sebelah selatan, Yordania di sebelah barat dan Turki di sebelah utara.
Lihat pula
- Daftar Negara-Negara di Dunia
- Daftar Tokoh Irak
- Saddam Hussein
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Timur Tengah
Timur Tengah adalah sebuah wilayah yang secara politis dan budaya merupakan bagian dari benua Asia, atau Afrika-Eurasia. Pusat dari wilayah ini adalah daratan di antara Laut Mediterania dan Teluk Persia serta wilayah yang memanjang dari Anatolia, Semenanjung Arab dan Semenanjung Sinai. Kadang kala disebutkan juga area tersebut meliputi wilayah dari Afrika Utara di sebelah barat sampai dengan Pakistan di sebelah timur dan Kaukasus dan/atau Asia Tengah di sebelah utara. Media dan beberapa organisasi internasional (seperti PBB) umumnya menganggap wilayah Timur Tengah adalah wilayah Asia Barat Daya (termasuk Siprus dan Iran) ditambah dengan Mesir.
Wilayah tersebut mencakup beberapa kelompok suku dan budaya termasuk suku Iran, suku Arab, suku Yunani, suku Yahudi, suku Berber, suku Assyria, suku Kurdi dan suku Turki. Bahasa utama yaitu: bahasa Persia, bahasa Arab, bahasa Ibrani, bahasa Assyria, bahasa Kurdi dan bahasa Turki.
Kebanyakan literatur barat mendefinisikan "Timur Tengah" sebagai negara-negara di Asia Barat Daya, dari Iran (Persia) ke Mesir. Mesir dengan semenanjung Sinai-nya yang berada di Asia umumnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari Timur Tengah, walaupun sebagian besar wilayah negara itu secara geografi berada di Afrika Utara.
Umumnya yang disebut Timur Tengah secara harafiah adalah daerah-daerah negara berikut:
Afrika Utara
- Suriah
- Libanon
- Palestina
- Israel
- Mesir
- Arab Saudi
- Yaman
- Oman
- Uni Emirat Arab
- Bahrain
- Qatar
- Irak
- Kuwait
Lalu negara-negara Afrika Utara juga diikutkan:
- Maroko
- Aljazair
- Libya
- Tunisia
- Mauritania
- Sahara Barat
- Sudan
- Etiopia
- Eritrea
- Jibuti
Selain itu kadangkala negara-negara berikut juga diikutkan:
- Iran
- Pakistan
- Turki
Pranala luar
- [http://www.ancientneareast.net/ Ancientneareast.net]
Kategori:Asia Kategori:Timur Tengah
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Kuwait
Kuwait adalah negara monarki yang kaya akan minyak di pesisir Teluk Persia, Asia Barat Daya. Ia berbatasan dengan Arab Saudi di sebelah selatan dan Irak di utara.
Pranala luar
- [http://www.kuwait-info.org/ Kantor Informasi Kuwait]
- [http://www.kuwait-information.com/ Portal Informasi Kuwait]
Lihat pula
- Daftar negara-negara di dunia
Daftar negara-negara di dunia
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Arab Saudi
Arab Saudi atau Saudi Arabia atau Kerajaan Arab Saudi adalah negara Arab yang terletak di Jazirah Arab. Beriklim gurun dan wilayahnya sebagian besar terdiri atas gurun pasir dengan gurun pasir yang terbesar adalah Rub Al Khali. Orang Arab menyebut kata gurun pasir dengan kata sahara.
Negara Arab Saudi ini berbatasan langsung (searah jarum jam dari arah utara) dengan Mesir, Yordania, Irak, Tanah Kosong, Kuwait, Teluk Persia, Bahrain, Qatar, Uni Emirat Arab, Oman, Yaman serta Laut Merah
Nama Saudi berasal dari kata Bani Saud sebagai keluarga kerajaan dan pendirinya. Arab Saudi terkenal sebagai Negara kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW serta tumbuh dan berkembangnya agama Islam, sehingga pada benderanya terdapat dua kalimat syahadat yang berarti "Tidak ada tuhan (yang haq) untuk disembah melainkan Allah dan Nabi Muhammad adalah utusannya".
Sejarah
Pada masa dahulu daerah Arab Saudi dikenal menjadi dua bagian yakni daerah Hijaz yakni daerah pesisir barat Semenanjung Arab yang didalamnya terdapat kota-kota diantaranya adalah Mekkah, Madinah dan Jeddah serta daerah gurun Nejed yakni daerah daerah gurun sampai pesisir timur semenanjung arabia yang umumnya dihuni oleh suku suku lokal Arab (Badui) dan Kabilah kabilah Arab lainnya.
Pada masa awal tumbuh dan berkembangnya Islam. Wilayah ini memiliki pusat pemerintahan di Madinah dari sejak Nabi Muhammad sampai masa khalifah Utsman bin Affan. Sejak masa khalifah Ali bin Abi Thalib pusat pemerintahan dipindahkan ke Kufah di Irak sekarang, kemudian berturut turut menjadi bagian wilayah Daulah Ummayyah, Abbasiyyah dan Usmaniyah Turki.
Pemerintah Saudi bermula dari bagian tengah semenanjung (jazirah) Arab yakni pada tahun 1750 ketika Muhammad bin Saud bersama dengan Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab bekerja sama untuk memurnikan agama Islam yang kemudian dilanjutkan oleh Abdul Aziz Al Saud atau Abdul Aziz Ibnu Saud dengan menyatukan seluruh wilayah Hijaz yang dulu dikuasai oleh Syarif Husein dengan Nejed.
Pada tahun 1902 Abdul Aziz menguasai Riyadh dari penguasa Al-Rashid, kemudian Al-Ahsa kemudian wilayah nejed antara tahun 1913-1926. Pada tanggal 8 Januari 1926, Abdul Aziz menjadi penguasa wilayah Nejed. Dengan menandatangani perjanjian di Jeddah pada tanggal 20 Mei 1927 Arab Saudi menyatakan kemerdekaannya. Pada tahun 1936 wilayah itu diresmikan sebagai Kerajaan Saudi Arabia.
Al-Ahsa
Ekonomi
Wilayah ini dahulu merupakan wilayah perdagangan terutama dikawasan Hijaz antara Yaman-Mekkah-Madinah-Damaskus dan Palestina. Pertanian dikenal saat itu dengan perkebunan kurma dan gandum serta peternakan yang menghasilkan daging serta susu dan olahannya. Pada saat sekarang digalakkan sistem pertanian terpadu untuk meningkatkan hasil-hasil pertanian.
Perindustrian umumnya bertumpu pada sektor Minyak bumi dan Petrokimia terutama setelah ditemukannya sumber sumber minyak pada tanggal 3 Maret 1938. Selain itu juga untuk mengatasi kesulitan sumber air selain bertumpu pada sumber air alam (oase) juga didirikan industri desalinasi Air Laut di kota Jubail. Sejalan dengan tumbuhnya perekonomian maka kota-kota menjadi tumbuh dan berkembang. Kota-kota yang terkenal di wilayah ini selain kota suci Mekkah dan Madinah adalah Kota Riyadh sebagai ibukota kerajaan, Dammam, Dhahran, Khafji, Jubail, Tabuk dan Jeddah.
Politik
Arab Saudi menggunakan sistem Kerajaan atau Monarki. Hukum yang digunakan adalah hukum Syariat Islam dengan berasaskan Wahhabi yakni pengamalan ajaran Islam semurni-murninya sesuai dengan Al Qur'an dan Hadits dengan tidak berdasarkan madzhab tertentu meskipun umumnya menggunakan madzhab Imam Hambali, namun pada prakteknya hanya sebagian saja yang diterapkan. Memiliki hubungan internasional dengan negara negara lain baik negara negara Arab, negara-negara anggota Organisasi Konfrensi Islam OKI, maupun negara negara lain.
Penduduk dan Pembagian Wilayah
Penduduk Arab Saudi adalah mayoritas berasal dari kalangan bangsa Arab sekalipun juga terdapat keturunan dari bangsa-bangsa lain serta mayoritas beragama Islam. Di daerah daerah industri dijumpai penduduk dari negara-negara lain sebagai kontraktor dan pekerja asing atau ekspatriat
Wilayah Arab Saudi terbagi atas 13 provinsi atau mintaqah (jamak dari mintaqat) yakni:
# Al Bahah
# Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah
# Al Jauf
# Al Madinah
# Al Qasim
# Ar Riyadh
# Ash Sharqiyah (Provinsi Timur)
# 'Asir
# Ha'il
# Jizan
# Makkah
# Najran
# Tabuk
Geografi
Artikel utama: Geografi Arab Saudi
Arab Saudi mencakup 80% kawasan Jazirah Arab.
Lihat pula
- Daftar Negara-Negara di Dunia
- Daftar Tokoh Arab Saudi
Pranala luar
- [http://www.saudinf.com Sumber Daya Informasi Arab Saudi] dari Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Informasi Arab Saudi
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Turki
Turki adalah sebuah negara besar dan penting di tenggara Eropa dan barat laut Asia. Sebagian besar wilayahnya berada di Semenanjung Anatolia dan hanya 3% yang terletak di tenggara Eropa. Turki berbatasan dengan Bulgaria dan Yunani di barat, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, dan Iran di timur, dan Irak dan Suriah di selatan. Sampai 1922, negara ini merupakan pusat dari Kekaisaran Ottoman.
Ibukotanya berada di Ankara namun kota terpenting dan terbesar adalah Istanbul.
Provinsi
Turki dibagi menjadi 81 provinsi:
Lihat pula
- Kerajaan Ottoman
- Daftar Negara-Negara di Dunia
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Daftar Tokoh Irak Politik, Negarawan
- Abdullah Al Bakr
- Saddam Hussein
- Tareq Aziz
- Iyyad Allawi
Ilmuwan, Rohaniawan, Filusuf
- Ibnu Taimiyyah
- Abu Hanifah
Lain Lain
- Abu Musa Al Zarqawi
kategori:Irak
Saddam Hussein
Saddām Hussein 'Abd al-Majid al-Tikrītī (Hussein juga dibaca Husayn and Hussain; bahasa Arab: صدام حسين عبدالمجيد التكريتي; lahir 28 April 1937) adalah presiden Irak dari 1979 sampai 2003.
Seorang bintang di Partai Ba'ath yang revolusionis, yang memberikan dukungan pan-Arab sekuler, modernisasi ekonomi, sosialisme, Saddam memainkan peran penting dalam kudeta berdarah pada tahun 1968, yang membawa partai tersebut menjadi penguasa. Sebagai wakil presiden di bawah Jendral Ahmed Bakr yang lemah dan tua, Saddam mengontrol ketat konflik antara departemen pemerintahan dan angkatan bersenjata di saat banyak organisasi mampu menggulingkan pemerintah dengan menggencet badan keamanan, dan ekonomi Irak maju pesat pada tahun 1970-an.
Sebagai presiden, dia mengembangkan pengabdian pribadi yang luas dan mempertahankan kekuasaan selama perang Iran-Irak (1980–1988) dan Perang Teluk Persia pertama(1991), yang keduanya menyebabkan penurunan drastis standar hidup dan HAM. Meskipun dia dipuja beberapa negara Arab atas penentangannya terhadap dunia Barat dan dukungannya kepada Palestina, Amerika Serikat tetap memandang Saddam dengan banyak kecurigaan pada saat setelah kekalahan Irak pada tahun 1991 dalam Perang Teluk Persia. Dia disingkirkan oleh A.S. dan sekutunya saat perang Irak 2003 dan ditangkap oleh pasukan A.S pada 13 Desember 2003.
Saddam mulai diadili pada 19 Oktober 2005. Ia menghadapi dakwaan memerintahkan pembunuhan terhadap hampir 150 orang di kota dengan mayoritas Muslim Syiah, Dujail, tahun 1982 menyusul upaya pembunuhan yang gagal terhadap Saddam.
Hussein, Saddam
Kategori:Irak
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Middle Earth/The RingsThe Rings of Power or Great Rings are fictional artifacts from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. There were twenty Rings of Power. The Elves of Eregion made nineteen of the Rings of Power (and many other lesser rings) with knowledge obtained from Sauron, and several of them with Sauron aiding the creation. Sauron forged the twentieth Great Ring, called the One Ring or the Ruling Ring, secretly in the fires of Mount Doom.
A verse that summarizes the Great Rings and their ownership is an important part of the lore of Middle-earth.
The last two lines are:
:Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,
:ash nazg thrakatulûk, agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.
The whole translates as follows:
The Creation of the Rings of Power
According to Appendix B of The Lord Of The Rings, in approximately S.A. 1500 the Seven and Nine were created first, in Eregion by an alliance of the Elven smiths led by Celebrimbor and Sauron. Sauron departed, and Celebrimbor went on to forge the three, finishing around S.A. 1590, using the knowledge he had gained from Sauron but without his involvement. The One, created around S.A. 1600, was finally completed by Sauron, alone, in the heart of Mount Doom. Sauron created it to rule over all the other rings, and he put a great part of his power into the One. The Elves, upon creation of the One, heard Sauron speak the closing lines of the poem, and realized they had been betrayed. They defied Sauron, and though they fought valiantly, Sauron gained all the rings still in their posession save the Three.
The Three
The Three Rings of the Elves of Eregion were forged by Celebrimbor alone, and were never touched by Sauron. They were called Narya, the Ring of Fire, worn first by Cirdan and then by Gandalf; Nenya, the Ring of Water, worn by Galadriel; and Vilya, the Ring of Air, borne first by Gil-galad and then by Elrond. They remained hidden, and the whereabouts of two were not revealed until the end of the Third Age, after the One Ring was destroyed, and the Dark Lord Sauron was overthrown (Galadriel reveals her possession of one of the rings to Frodo in Fellowship of the Ring).
The Seven
Sauron gave the Seven Rings to the dwarf lords (although according to dwarvish tradition the elves gave one of them to the dwarf Durin III) and the Nine Rings to mortal men. The dwarves used their Rings to establish their treasure hoards, but Sauron, according to portions of the Silmarillion, was unable to force the Dwarven bearers to submit. Indeed, the rings did not even turn them invisible; they were immune to some of the more detrimental of the rings' effects. It is believed that the dwarves natural hardiness, and the fact that it was only the more powerful dwarf lords who possessed them, made them resistant to Sauron's control, yet allowed them to accumulate treasure. Of the Seven, at the time of The Lord of the Rings all had either been consumed by dragon fire or acquired by Sauron. The final ring to leave the possession of the dwarves occurred when Thráin II was captured, and imprisoned by Sauron (in the guise of the necromancer) in 2845 of the Third Age.
The Nine
Full article: Nazgûl
The nine rings for mortal men were those divided amongst those evil-hearted men doomed to become the Nazgûl, the Ringwraiths. None are mentioned specifically throughout the Lord Of The Rings save their leader, the Witch-king of Angmar. His second-in-command is named in the Unfinished Tales as Khamûl, the Black Easterling.
The early Middle-earth Role Playing games name the eight other Ringwraiths, Er-Murazor (the Witch-king, of Númenórean race), Dwar, Ji Indur, Akhorahil, Hoarmurath (Númenórean), Adunaphel (female Númenórean), Ren and Uvatha, but none of these names are considered canon, and especially the idea of a female Ringwraith is extremely unlikely within the context of Tolkien's work; his writings consider men as only males and not humans in general.
The One
Main Article: One Ring
The one ring, secretly forged by Sauron in the heart of Mount Doom, had the power to dominate all nineteen other rings. His dominion over the other rings was incomplete, but the force Sauron could bring to bear with the Ring was amazing nonetheless. This was due in part to his placing a large amount of his own power into it at its forging; a necessity that later led to his downfall at Frodo's hands.
The Power Of The Rings
The Rings of Power all had certain abilities, shared amongst them; the only different ones were the three. Below are some of the abilities they granted.
The Nine and the Seven
- Invisibility (Ability to enter the wraith world) - According to Tolkien, all the rings save the Three made the wearer invisible. Note that, though the Seven did presumably grant invisibility (or access to the wraith world), it did not do so for any dwarf. Dwarves are largely immune to the Rings of Powers effects in this area; prevention of this in this case also defended them from the fate of those Men who wore the Nine.
- Ability Enhancement - All these rings granted the bearer an increased ability in his innate talents; the Dwarves specifically are made mention of having used their rings to increase their treasure troves; arguably the ring's corruption can be seen even here. The treasure hoards of these dwarves drew the mightiest of dragons and opponents.
The Three
The Three do not do as the other rings. They do not make one invisible (though they themselves can be made so, as Galadriel showed Frodo) - since the books mention elves already exist in both the 'real' world and the wraith world simultaneously (for example, Frodo can see Glorfindel as a creature of light while wearing the One Ring, and Glorfindel can see him), it would not be possible for the ring to confer invisibility to them in this manner so the effect was likely deemed superfluous for rings intended to be worn by elves. They do have the ability enhancement effect, but it is largely secondary to the main effect the Elves achieved - that of stasis. A wearer of a ring of the Three gains the power to preserve, in many different ways, whatever they control. The ring Nenya allows Galadriel to block the Eye of Sauron and preserve Lothlorien from the harmful influences of time and decay. Vilya allows Elrond to do the same in Rivendell.
The One
- Control - Control, over the other rings and in a limited sense the bearers was gained by whomever controlled the power caged inside the One Ring.
- Power - In its forging, to give it the ability of control, it was necessary for Sauron to allow a fatal amount of his own power to reside in the One Ring. Any bearer could use this power, though it would take time, determination, skill, and knowledge to learn to do so.
- Invisibility - As is seen many times the One confers invisibility upon the wearer, or one could say that the One Ring transfers the wearer into the wraith-world (considering that Frodo can see both Glorfindel and the ringwraiths while wearing the ring and that the book mentions going into the wraith-world permanently).
The Final Disposition of the Rings of Power
Dragons destroyed four of the Seven Rings, and after Sauron's return he recaptured the remaining three (the last from Thrain, father of Thorin Oakenshield, just before or during the action of The Hobbit). What came of them following Sauron's demise is not known, but it is likely they were destroyed in the collapse of Barad-dûr.
The Nine were worn by Sauron's Ringwraiths until he recovered them so that he could use them to continue controling the Nazgul after he had lost the One. Their fate was likely the same as that of the remaining Dwarven rings.
The Three remain hidden from Sauron, and untouched by him - Vilya in the care of Elrond, Nenya wielded by Galadriel, and Narya worn by Gandalf. All three were taken to Valinor by their bearers at the end of the Third Age.
The One Ring was destroyed in the Sammath Naur at Orodruin, where it was originally forged, in The Return of the King, causing the downfall of Sauron and the undoing of all he created with it. Galadriel states in her conversation with Frodo that with the destruction of the One, the power of the other surviving rings (though no longer bound to it) would gradually weaken and eventually fail.
See also
- Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age
External links
- [http://www.daimi.au.dk/~bouvin/tolkien/ringsofpower.html Rings of Power]
- [http://www.lotrlibrary.com/agesofarda/celebrimborrings.asp Lord of the Rings Fanatics Library - Celebrimbor and the Rings]
- [http://oakroadsystems.com/genl/ringfaq.htm The FAQ of the Rings]
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Category:Middle-earth rings and jewels
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