:: wikimiki.org ::
| 1737 |
17371736 <--> 1738 / 18ma yar-cento
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Eventi
Naski
Morti
- 18 di decembro – Antonio Stradivari, Italiana violino-konstruktisto (naskis ye 1644).
Category:1730a yari
ko:1737년
17361735 <--> 1737 / 18ma yar-cento
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Eventi
- Azia –
- Qianlong divenas cezaro di Chinia (til 1796). L’ imperio di Qing-dinastio esas maximale, populo kreskas e stato richeskas. Omna revolti esas represita senajorne.
- Nadir divenas shaho di Persia (til 1747).
- Sud-Amerika –
- On trovas naturala gumo en tropiko di Peru.
- Jesuiti fondas akademii en São Paulo e São José, en Brazil.
Naski
- James Watt, Angla inventisto (mortos ye 1819).
Morti
- Abbas 3ma, shaho di Persia.
Category:1730a yari
ko:1736년
18ma yar-centoHistorio > yar-cento > 17ma yar-cento 19ma yar-cento
Kursiva yaro ne inheras a ca yarcento:
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Dum 18ma yarcento eventis inter altri:
- Europa –
- Ilumino-epoko(?) implikas nova, revoluciona pensi en Europa.
- En Francia naskas rokoko-stilo.
- Centr-Amerika –
- Europani komencas explotar Karibia.
- Nord-Amerika –
- Kolonii en nord-Amerika prosperas. Nova Amerikani demandas plu e plu lando de Indiani.
Dum unesma duimo dil 18ma yarcento eventis inter altri:
- Mondo –
- Sklavo-komerco expansas.
- Europa –
- Pyotr la Granda novigas Rusia, quo divenas signifikanta povo en Europa.
- Oceania –
- Tahitiana ed Europani renkontras unesmafoye en Moorea-insulo.
Dum duesma duimo dil 18ma yarcento eventis inter altri:
- Nord-Amerika –
- Indiani dreseskas eskapinta kavali e lernas chasar bizoni.
- Europa –
- La granda revoluciono efektigas a tota mondo.
- Nord-Amerika –
- On militas pro sendependeso en Amerika. Unioninta stati di Amerika, Usa, naskas.
- Oceania –
- Britania komencas uzar Australia kom karcero.
Category:Yar-centi Category:Historio
ja:18世紀
ko:18세기
18 di decembroVidez quo ligas hike (che utensili). – A pagino di yaro.
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Dio
Eventi
- 1352 – Innocentius 6ma divenas papo.
- 1969 – Britania abolisas morto-puniso.
Naski
- 1946 – Steven Spielberg, Usana cinemo-direktisto.
- 1963 – Brad Pitt, Usana aktoro.
Morti
- 1737 – Antonio Stradivari, Italiana violino-konstruktisto (naskis ye 1644).
- 1980 – Aleksey Kosygin, chef-ministro di Soviet-Uniono 1964–1980.
- 1995 – Kondrad Zuse, konstruktisto di unesma komputoro funcioninta.
Category:Dio di yaro Category:Decembro
ja:12月18日
ko:12월 18일
16441643 <--> 1645 / 17ma yar-cento
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Eventi
Azia –
- 19 di marto – Li Zicheng kun ruran-armeo (o banditaro) konquestas Beijing e la lasta cezaro en Ming-dinastio, Chong Zhen, linchas su. Komandero dil armeo imploras helpo de regnanto di Mandjuria, qua sendas sua nevulo a trono di Chinia. Nova cezaro Shun Zhi komencas Mandjuana Qing-dinastio.
Naski
- Antonio Stradivari, Italiana violino-konstruktisto (mortos ye 1737).
Morti
Category:1640a yari
ko:1644년
Food allergiesIn medicine, food allergy is hypersensitivity to dietary substances, leading to various types of gastrointestinal complaints. It occurs mainly, but not exclusively, in children. It is a common type of allergy, and is usually treated with an exclusion diet.
Signs and symptoms
Most patients present with diarrhea after ingesting certain foodstuffs, skin symptoms (rashes), bloating, vomiting and regurgitation. The digestive complaints usually develop within half an hour of ingesting the allergen.
Rarely, food allergy can lead to anaphylactic shock: hypotension (low blood pressure) and loss of consciousness. This is a medical emergency. An allergen associated with this type of reaction is peanut, although latex products can induce similar reactions. Initial treatment is with epinephrine (adrenalin), often carried by known patients in the form of an Epi-pen.
Food allergy is thought to develop more easily in patients with the atopic syndrome, a very common combination of diseases: allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, eczema and asthma. The syndrome has a strong inherited component; a family history of these diseases can be indicative of the atopic syndrome.
Diagnosis
As meals tend to consist of different ingredients, it is not always easy to identify the allergen. Moreover, laboratory diagnosis is imprecise and expensive without a clinical indication which foods may cause the symptoms. Excluding very common allergens is therefore often attempted; in young children, this can be cow's milk, eggs, or tree nuts and peanuts.
If an allergen cannot be identified, blood tests may help identify a cause. A full blood count is usually normal, but severe causes may reveal eosinophilia. Routine organ markers and electrolytes are usually normal (unless there has been longstanding, severe diarrhea). Total IgE can be elevated. RAST (radio-allergosorbent test) for specific antigens is generally tested in a panel (e.g. legumes, which can then be separately tested to identify the cause of the allergy). Anti-gliadin or Anti-tTG (tissue transglutaminase) is often measured to exclude coeliac disease (see below).
Important differential diagnoses are:
- Lactose intolerance; this generally develops later in life but can present in young patients in severe cases. This is due to an enzyme deficiency (lactase) and not allergy. It occurs in many non-Western people.
- Coeliac disease; this is an autoimmune disorder triggered by a specific wheat protein (gliadin).
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); although many IBS cases might be due to food allergy, this is an important diagnosis in patients with diarrhea in whom no allergens can be identified.
- C1-esterase deficiency; this rare disease generally causes attacks of angioedema, but can present solely with abdominal pain and occasional diarrhea.
Pathophysiology
See also allergy for a general discussion of the background of allergy
Generally, introduction of allergens through the digestive tract is thought to induce immune tolerance. In individuals who are predisposed to developing allergies (atopic syndrome), the immune system produces IgE antibodies against protein epitopes on non-pathogenic substances, including dietary components. The IgE molecules are coated onto mast cells, which inhabit the mucosal lining of the digestive tract.
Upon ingesting an allergen, the IgE reacts with its protein epitopes and release (degranulate) a number of chemicals (including histamine), which lead to oedema of the intestinal wall, loss of fluid and altered motility. The product is diarrhoea.
Some of the most common food allergies in North America and Europe are to eggs, milk, peanuts, soy, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, and wheat. Any food allergy has the potential to cause a fatal reaction.
Treatment
Treatment options include an exclusion diet and hyposensibilisation.
Exclusion diets prevent attacks by limiting exposure to the allergen. Some common allergens require a major overhaul of someone's choice of foods, and multiple allergies can make this approach a veritable nightmare. While young children generally comply due to their parents' involvement, teenagers often rebel or become impatient, requiring a dedicated approach by a nutritionist/dietitian and a medical professional.
Hyposensibilisation is the creation of immune tolerance by introducing the allergen in very small amounts and gradually increasing the dose until the immune system is "used" (has built up a resistance) to the allergen. This approach is difficult, often fails, and cannot be used on all food allergies but is the only effective treatment to date. There are no registered forms of medication that can adequately control symptoms of food allergy, however some emergency treatments do exist for food allergies. A good example is the EpiPen, a dose of epinephrine that can be administered to a person suffering from an anaphylactic reaction brought on by ingestion of peanut products. It is neccesary to note that this treatment can have many serious side effects.
Statistics
For reasons that are not entirely understood, the diagnosis of food allergies has become more common in Western nations in recent times. (This trend seems to apply to asthma as well.) In the United States, it is believed that about 4% of the population suffers from food allergies. In children, this number is believed to be significantly higher.
The most common food allergens include peanuts, milk, eggs, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat - these foods account for about 90% of all allergic reactions.
Differing views
Various medical specialties have a differing view on food allergies. What is called irritable bowel syndrome by many doctors (a stress-related functional disorder) is often interpreted by allergologists to be food allergy.
In addition, many practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine ascribe symptoms to food allergy where most classically trained doctors would not find a causal relationship. Examples are headaches, tiredness and hyperactivity. Nevertheless, hypoallergenic diets can be of benefit in these conditions, indicating that the current medical views on food allergy may be too limited.
In children
Milk and soy allergies in children can often go undiagnosed for many months, causing much worry for parents and health risks for infants and children. Many infants with milk and soy allergies can show signs of colic, blood in the stool, reflux, rashes and other harmful medical conditions. These conditions are often misdiagnosed as viruses or colic.
Many children who are allergic to cow's milk protein also show a cross sensitivity to soy-based products. There are infant formulas in which the milk and soy proteins are degraded so when taken by an infant, their immune system does not recognize the allergen and they can safely consume the product.
See also
- Allergy
External links
- [http://foodallergy.org The Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network]
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4481546.stm Girl dies in peanut butter kiss]
- [http://www.immunetolerance.org Immune Tolerance Network]
Category:Gastroenterology
Category:Immunology
Category:Allergology
ja:食物アレルギー
death metal gry sportowe Hotel in Sofia jastrzbia gra Doda i Virgin
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