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| Arthur Schopenhauer |
Arthur SchopenhauerArthur Schopenhauer ye 22 di februaro 1788 en Danzig (lore Prusia nun Polonia) - 21 di septembro 1860 en Frankfurt-am-Main esis filozofo.
Biografio
Destinita a comerciala kariero da patro, facas kun il multa voyaji en tota Europa. De morto di lasto ye 1806, Arthur studias sequenta literaturo, medecino, filozofio ; matro Johanna apertas literatura salono a Weimar e skriptas romani. Il asistas ye 1810 ad kursi di Fichte en Berlin e revelas su sat kritika vice ulo. Ye 1813 sustenas lia tezo do la titro esas La Quaropla Racino di principo de suficinta razono ad Yena-universitato.
La mem yaro, il renkontras Goethe en Weimar pro diskutar kolor-teorio. Ye 1814 il deskonkordas kun matro e lojeskas sole a Dresden. Ye 1819 esas charjita di kursi ad Berlin-universitato ube instruktis Hegel ke il kritikas forte e qua okupas tota la filozofika atenso en Germania lore 19ma yar-cento. Ito esas nur proxim viv-fino ke la importanta di verko esas agnoskita e ke la atenso di filozofi deturnar su preske kompleta di Hegel-filozofio. Arthur demisionas depos sis monati. Publikas por unesma foye ye 1819 Mondo kom volo e kom reprezento ube la principo esas ke « La singula individuo-volo havas nur iluziona existo, ul esas de omna parti imersita en la infinita ed absurda ludo di realo qua superiras li e finita da destruktita. ». La du prima edicioni ne vendas bona ma ye 1825 Arthur povas vivir de ulo. Il retro-iras a Frankfurt ye 1833.
Il havas anke publikita Parerga e Paralipomena (1851).
Schopenhauer, Arthur
ja:アルトゥル・ショーペンハウアー
ko:아르투르 쇼펜하우어
17881787 <--> 1789 / 18ma yar-cento
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Eventi
Europa –
- Milito inter Suedia e Rusia komencas (til 1790). Dum milito apareskas unesma traiti de penso pri sendependeso di Finlando.
- En Britania fondesas Afrika-societo por exploro di interna parti dil kontinento.
Azia –
- Kin-yara famino finas en Japonia.
Oceania –
- Unesma enkarcerigita Britaniani transportesas ad Australia, a Botany Bay.
Naski
- Johan Peter Pixis, kompozisto (mortos ye 1874).
Morti
- la Pérouse, Franca komto navigante sur Pacifiko.
Category:1780a yari
ko:1788년
simple:1788
Polonia
Polonia esas un ek maxim granda stati en Est-Europa. Vicina landi esas en westo Germania e Chekia, en sudo Slovakia, en esto Ukrainia, Bielorusia e Lituania e areo di Kaliningrad (di Rusia). Polonia jacas che sudala rivo di Baltika Maro, e dop maro en nordo esas Bornholm (di Dania) e Suedia.
- Chefurbo: Warszawa (1.676.000 habitanti)
- Habitanti (yaro): 38.626.349 (2004)
- Areo: 312.685 km2
Historio
Politiko
Geografio
Ekonomiko
L' ekonomiala kresko ye 2004 esis 5,3 %.
Demografio
Ye 2004 de Poloniani 97 % esis Poloni, 1,3 % Germani, 0,6 % Ukraini, 0,5 % Bielorusi. Urbani de la populo esis 61,9 %.
Kulturo
Sights
Image:Varsovie04-32.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Warsaw modern buildings.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Wilanow palace.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Warsaw palace.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Warszawa Namiestnikowski.png|Warszawa
Image:Warszawa Copernicus.png|Warszawa
Image:Warsaw church.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Warsaw church1.jpg|Warszawa
Image:Krakow_Sukiennice.jpg|Kraków
Image:Piazza_del_Mercato_di_Cracovia.JPG|Kraków
Image:Krakow-Wawel-Courtyard.jpg|Kraków
Image:Krakow-Wawel_cathedral.jpg|Kraków
Image:Kalplica wawel.jpg|Kraków
Image:Krakow nagrobek Kazimierza W.jpg|Kraków
Image:Krakau_PeteruPaul.jpg|Kraków
Image:Krakow_Boze_Cialo-2.jpg|Kraków
Image:Teatr Slowackiego.JPG|Kraków
Image:Gothic altar veit stoss.jpg|Kraków
Image:Pl-gdansk-neptun2004.jpg|Gdańsk
Image:ZURAW-Gdansk 2004 ubt.jpeg|Gdańsk
Image:Bazylika mariacka gdansk ubt.jpeg|Gdańsk
Image:Gdansk Radhuset.jpg|Gdańsk
Image:Oliwa kathedraal.jpg|Gdańsk
Image:Wroclaw 1.jpg|Wrocław
Image:Breslau-rathaus.jpg|Wrocław
Image:Wroclaw-Katedra-3.jpg|Wrocław
Image:Wroclaw-AulaLeopoldina4.jpg|Wrocław
Image:Torun-Rynek-ratusz-2.jpg|Toruń
Image:Torun-palac-dambskich.jpg|Toruń
Image:Ratusz Poznan od Wielkiej.jpg|Poznań
Image:Poznan Fara 106-07.jpg|Poznań
Image:Lublin Archikatedra.jpg|Lublin
Image:Bydgoszcz Spichrze.jpg|Bydgoszcz
Image:Rogalin palac (1).jpg|Rogalin
Image:Pulawy palac czartoryskich.jpg|Puławy
Image:Poland - Ksiaz castle.jpg|Książ
Image:Zamek w Pszczynie003 kpjas.jpg|Pszczyna
Image:Jasna Góra 20050919.JPG|Częstochowa
Image:Kielce palace 2.jpg|Kielce
Image:Zamosc ratusz.jpg |Zamość
Image:Poland Baranow - Castle.jpg|Baranów Sandomierski
Image:Kazimierz Dolny (kamienica pod sw Mikolajem i Krzysztofem) 01.jpg|Kazimierz Dolny
Image:Janowiec dziedziniec.jpg|Janowiec
Image:Nowy Wiśnicz.jpg|Nowy Wiśnicz
Image:Ogrodzieniec.jpg|Ogrodzieniec
Image:Rzeszów zamek 2004b.jpg|Rzeszów
Image:Malbork zamek zblizenie.jpg|Malbork
Image:Poland Frombork - Cathedral Hill.jpg|Frombork
Image:Golub-Dobrzyn2.jpg|Golub-Dobrzyń
Image:Kwidzyn zamek.JPG|Kwidzyn
Image:Moszna zamek4.jpg|Moszna
Image:Tatry Panorama01xxx.jpg|Tatry
ja:ポーランド
ms:Poland
simple:Poland
zh-min-nan:Polska
18601859 <--> 1861 / 19ma yar-cento
----
Eventi
- Unionesko di Italia duras: centr-Italiana stateti unionas su kun Sardinia, e Giuseppe Garibaldi konquestas Sicilia e Napoli.
- En Rumania la sklavigo di la Cigani interdiktesas per lego.
- Britani e Franci destruktas somero-palaco di cezaro en Beijing, Chinia.
- R. O. Burke e W. J. Wills iras tra Australia de sudo a nordo.
- En Nova-Zelando duesma Maori-milito komencas (til 1870).
- Abraham Lincoln esas elektita prezidanto e parto-stati permisanta sklaveso demisionas de l' uniono.
Naski
- 16 di julio – Otto Jespersen, Dana linguisto, partoprenanto dil Ido-Delegitaro.
Morti
Category:1860a yari
ko:1860년
Europa:Europa esas anke la satelito di Jupitero.
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La bordi di Europa esas Atlantiko en westo, Arktika Oceano en nordo, montaro di Ural, rivero Ural e Kaspia Maro en esto e montaro di Kaukazia, Nigra Maro e Mediteraneo en sudo. Europa ed Azia formacas kune superkontinento Eurazia.
Eurazia
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Stati en Europa
Albania | Andora | Austria | Belgia | Bielorusia | Bosnia e Herzegovina | Bulgaria | Chekia | Dania | Estonia | Finlando | Francia | Germania | Grekia | Georgia | Hispania | Hungaria | Irlando | Islando | Italia | Kroatia | Latvia | Liechtenstein | Lituania | Luxemburgia | Macedonia | Malta | Moldavia | Monako | Nederlando | Norvegia | Polonia | Portugal | Rumania | Rusia | San Marino | Serbia e Montenegro | Slovakia | Slovenia | Suedia | Suisia | Ukrainia | Unionita Rejio | Vatikano
Turkia jacas en Europa ed Azia.
Altra loki
Abhazia | Adjaria | Andaluzia | Anglia | Aragon | Balkania | Baltiko | Bavaria | Bohemia | Bretonia | Britania | Bukovina | Chechenia | Chuvasia | Dagestan | Flandria | Frizia | Galisia | Gibraltar | Holando | Iberia | Ingushia | Kalmukia | Karintia | Kastilia | Katalunia | Kaukazia | Kornwal | Kosovo | Krimea | Laponia | Moravia | Nord-Irlando | Nord-Osetia | Normandia | Okcitania | Saxonia | Silezia | Skandinavia | Skotia | Sud-Osetia | Wals
Historiala nomi
Chekoslovakia | Gallia | Helvetia | Prusia | Soviet-Uniono, Sovietia | Yugoslavia
Monti e montari
Alpi | Apenini | Karpati | Kaukazo | Blanka Monto | Olimpo | Pirenei | Uralo
Riveri e fluvii
Danubio | Rheno | Volga
Mari e.c.
Adriatiko | Arktika Oceano | Atlantiko | Baltika Maro | Blanka Maro | Egea Maro | Kanalo | Kaspia Maro | Maro di Irlando | Nigra Maro | Mediteraneo | Gibraltar-stretajo
Insuli
Acori | Ålando | Baleari | Dardaneli | Eolia-insuli | Faero | Hebridi | Jersey | Korsika | Madeira | Man-Insulo | Mayorka | Minorka | Sardinia | Sicilia
Category:KontinentiCategory:Europa
als:Europa
ja:ヨーロッパ
ko:유럽
ms:Eropah
roa-rup:Evropa
simple:Europe
th:ทวีปยุโรป
zh-min-nan:Europa
18511850 <--> 1852 / 19ma yar-cento
----
Eventi
- Oceania – On trovas oro en Ballarat, Australia, ed exkavisti springas a loko. Ye 1851 esas 77.000 habitanti, ye 1855 esos 333.000 habitanti en Victoria.
- Azia – Rama 4ma divenas regnanto di Tailando (til 1868). Il apertos lando por komerco.
- Europa – Mondal expozo en London, Britania.
Naski
Morti
- Louis Daguerre, pioniro en fotografo (naskis ye 1787).
Category:1850a yari
ko:1851년
nb:1851
simple:1851
th:พ.ศ. 2394
Category:FilozofiCategory:Filozofio
ja:Category:哲学者
th:Category:นักปรัชญา
Nicolai Przewalskiframe
Nikolai Mikhaylovich Przhevalsky, also spelled Przewalski () (April 12, 1839—November 1, 1888 (Gregorian calendar)), was a Russian geographer and explorer in central and eastern Asia. Although he never reached his final goal, Lhasa in Tibet, he discovered the only extant species of wild horse and added immensely to the store of European knowledge on Central Asia.
Przhevalsky was born in Smolensk into a noble Belarusian family, and studied there and at the military academy in St. Petersburg. In 1864, he became a geography teacher at the military school in Warsaw. In 1867, he was sent to Irkutsk in Siberia, where he began to explore the highlands on the banks of the river Ussuri, a tributary of the Amur. In the following years he made four journeys to central Asia:
- 1870—1873 from Kyakhta he crossed the Gobi desert to Peking, then exploring the upper Yangtze (Chang Jiang), and crossing into Tibet;
- 1876—1877 travelling through east Turkestan he rediscovered what he believed to be lake Lop Nor, not visited by any European since Marco Polo;
- 1879—1880 via Hami and through the Qaidam basin to lake Koko Nor. Then over the Tian Shan mountains into Tibet to within 260 km of Lhasa before being turned back by Tibetan officials;
- 1883—1885 from Kyakhta across the Gobi to Alashan and the eastern Tian Shan mountains, turning back at the Yangtze. Then back to Koko Nor, and westwards to Khotan and Lake Issyk Kul.
The results of these expanded journeys opened a new era for geography as well as the fauna and flora of this up to then relatively unknown area. Among other things he discovered the wild population of Bactrian Camels as well as the Przewalski's Horse named after him.
Przhevalsky died of typhus during his fifth journey at Karakol on the shore of lake Issyk-Kul. The Tsar immediately changed the name of the town to Przhevalsk. There are monuments to him there and in St. Petersburg.
Przhevalsky's writings include Mongolia, the Tangut Country (1875) and From Kulja, Across the Tian Shan to Lob-Nor (1879). Less than a year after his death, Nikolay Yadrintsev (who succeeded Przhevalsky at the head of his expedition) discovered the remains of Genghis Khan's capital Karakorum. Przhevalsky's work was continued by his disciple Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov.
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhaylovich
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