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Thomas HobbesRoedd Thomas Hobbes (5 Ebrill, 1588 - 4 Rhagfyr, 1679), yn byw yn Lloegr yn ystod cyfnod y Rhyfel Cartref, cyfnod cyffrous. Yn ogystal ar Lefiathan un o'i weithiau eraill oedd yn trafod run themau oedd De Cive (Y Dinesydd). Mae gwaith Hobbes yn trafod natur dyn a'r angen am lywodraeth i'w reoli.
Syniadau Hobbes ar ddyn
Yn ôl Hobbes ein teimladau/nwydau ni sy'n ein rheoli, mae chwantau yn codi o'n natur ni. Casgliad pennaf Hobbes am ein natur ydy ein bod ni yn gyfartal yn gorfforol. Yr hyn a olyga yw ei bod hi'n bosib i'r gwanaf o ddyn drechu'r cryfaf drwy fod yn gyfrwys neu drwy dwyllo. Cred fod pawb ar yr run raddfa yn y cyflwr naturiol, yn gorfforol ac yn ddeallusol. Does neb yn derbyn rhagoriaeth neb arall drostynt. Felly yn y cyflwr naturiol cred pawb y gallent lwyddo cystal ar llall. Dydy hyn ddim yn broblem ond os ydyn nhw eisiau run peth, gyda'r chwant ar yr un gwrthrych, mae ymryson yn siŵr o ddigwydd. Yn De Cive mae Hobbes yn dweud na thro pobl yn syth at drais ond mae'n rhybuddio y gallasech redeg fewn i rywun or-falch felly y dylech fod yn barod am ymryson bob amser.
Syniadau Hobbes am lywodraeth
Oherwydd natur dyn a'r tensiynau rhwng dynion noda Hobbes fod angen y Leviathan. Mae'r Leviathan yn dod o lyfr Job yn y Beibl - anifail anhygoel o fawr oedd i greu ofn ar bobl, yn enwedig y balch; cyfeirir at y Leviathan fel duw meidrol. Mae'r Leviathan yn dod i fodolaeth ar sail cytundeb. Cydnabod y bydd natur dyn yn drech arnom ni gyda; a chytuno felly i greu bwystfil mawr i ofalu amdanom ni. Mae Leviathan yn gytundeb i greu 3ydd personsydd uwchlaw ni gyd. Mae'r Leviathan uwchlaw’r gyfraith, does dim modd dwyn y Lefiathan o flaen y gyfraith, does dim hawl beirniadu’r Lefiaithan yn gyhoeddus a does dim rhaniad grym i ddigwydd, y Lefiathan yw'r sofran yn unig.
Category:Athroniaeth
ja:トマス・ホッブズ
ko:토머스 홉스
simple:Thomas Hobbes
th:โทมัส ฮอบบส์
5 Ebrill5 Ebrill yw'r 95fed ddydiad y flwyddyn yng Nghalendr Gregoriaidd (96fed mewn blynyddoedd naid). Mae 270 dyddiau yn weddill.
Digwyddiadau
- 1242 - Brwydr Llyn Chudskoye
Genedigaethau
- 1588 - Thomas Hobbes, athronydd (+ 1679)
- 1692 - Adrienne Lecouvreur, actores (+ 1730)
- 1827 - Joseph Lister (+ 1912)
- 1837 - Algernon Charles Swinburne, bardd (+ 1909)
- 1900 - Spencer Tracy, actor (+ 1967)
- 1908 - Bette Davis, actores (+ 1989)
- 1908 - Herbert von Karajan, cerddor (+ 1989)
- 1911 - Jussi Björling, canwr opera (+ 1960)
- 1912 - John Le Mesurier, actor (+ 1983)
- 1916 - Gregory Peck, actor (+ 2003)
- 1937 - Colin Powell
Marwolaethau
- 1697 - Y brenin Siarl XI o Sweden
- 1964 - Douglas MacArthur, milwr
- 1975 - Chiang Kai-shek, gwleidydd (+ 1887)
- 1976 - Howard Hughes
- 1994 - Kurt Cobain, cerddor
Gwyliau a Cadwraethau
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Gwelwch hefyd:
4 Ebrill - 6 Ebrill - 5 Mawrth - 5 Mai -- rhestr holl dyddiau
ja:4月5日
ko:4월 5일
simple:April 5
th:5 เมษายน
1588
15fed ganrif - 16fed ganrif - 17fed ganrif
1530au 1540au 1550au 1560au 1570au 1580au 1590au 1600au 1610au 1620au 1630au
1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 - 1588 - 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593
Digwyddiadau
- Cyhoeddi y cyfieithiad cyflawn cyntaf o'r Beibl Cymraeg.
- Llyfrau - Beibl Esgob William Morgan
- Cerdd - Psalmes, Sonets and Songs gan William Byrd
Genedigaethau
- 5 Ebrill - Thomas Hobbes, athronydd
- 10 Medi - Nicholas Lanier, cyfansoddwr
Marwolaethau
- 4 Ebrill - Y brenin Frederic II o Ddenmarc
- 19 Ebrill - Paolo Veronese, arlunydd
- 4 Medi - Robert Dudley, 1af Iarll o Leicester
ko:1588년
4 Rhagfyr
4 Rhagfyr yw'r 338fed ddydiad y flwyddyn yng Nghalendr Gregoriaidd (339fed mewn blynyddoedd naid). Mae 27 dyddiau yn weddill.
Digwyddiadau
-
Genedigaethau
- 1443 - Pab Juliws II († 1513)
- 1795 - Thomas Carlyle, awdur († 1881)
- 1835 - Samuel Butler, awdur († 1902)
- 1866 - Wassily Kandinsky, arlunydd († 1944)
- 1875 - Rainer Maria Rilke, bardd († 1926)
- 1892 - Francisco Franco, unben Sbaen († 1975)
Marwolaethau
- 1131 - Omar Khayyam, bardd
- 1214 - Y brenin Gwilym I o'r Alban
- 1334 - Pab Ioan XXII
- 1679 - Thomas Hobbes, 91, athronydd
- 1732 - John Gay, 47, bardd a dramodydd
- 1798 - Luigi Galvani, 61, meddyg a ffiseg
- 1976 - Benjamin Britten, 63, cyfansoddwr
Gwyliau a Cadwraethau
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Gwelwch hefyd:
3 Rhagfyr - 5 Rhagfyr - 4 Tachwedd - 4 Ionawr -- rhestr holl dyddiau
Ionawr, Chwefror, Mawrth, Ebrill, Mai, Mehefin,
Gorffennaf, Awst, Medi, Hydref, Tachwedd, Rhagfyr
ja:12月4日
ko:12월 4일
1679
16fed ganrif - 17fed ganrif - 18fed ganrif
1620au 1630au 1640au 1650au 1660au 1670au 1680au 1690au 1700au 1710au 1720au
1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 - 1679 - 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684
Digwyddiadau
- Llyfrau - Anima Mundi gan Charles Blount
- Cerdd -
Genedigaethau
- 24 Ionawr - Christian Wolff, athronydd
Marwolaethau
- 4 Rhagfyr - Thomas Hobbes, athronydd
ko:1679년
Category:Athroniaeth Vassili DzhugashviliVasily Dzhugashvili (Russian Василий Иосифович Джугашвили), known also as Vasily Stalin (Russian Василий Иосифович Сталин), March 21 1921 – March 19 1962, was the son of Joseph Stalin and of his second wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva. As a schoolboy he distinguished himself only for his pranks; his school marks were very poor (having mostly grades of 3 or 4 in the five grade Russian system). The death of his mother represented a major change in his life. Practically, starting from this moment ahead, I. V. Stalin ceased to visit his children. Only the nursemaid and head of the dictator’s security guards looked after Vasily and his sister, Svetlana. One officer, Sergei Efimov, was charged with continuously looking after the two children. After a short time, Stalin received not only the Efimov’s surveillance reports, but also Vasily’s “reports”, in which the dictator’s son justified his own pranks or informed on his supervisors. When Vasily was 17, he expressed his wish to join the Kacinsc Aviation School, well known in the whole Soviet Union. Lavrenti Beria’s intercession was necessary, because Vasily had very poor school grades. At the beginning, Vasily Stalin was given special treatment (single-room, meals in the officers’ mess, weekly leave permissions), but his father personally intervened and Vasily lost all the privileges.
Vasily started his active military service in the 16th Aviation Division in Moscow. However he spent more time using the sports facilities than with his military unit. Here he met Galina Bugdonskaia, his future wife. They were only 19 when they married.
As an officer of the Red Army, Vasily received rapid promotion. At the beginning of World War II he was Inspector of Air Forces in the General Staff. In December 1941, he was a Major and after a couple of months was promoted Colonel. At the end of the war he was a General, Commander of an Air Division. He was noted for plundering the “freed” areas, especially in Nazi Germany. At the end of the war he flew back in Soviet Union with a plane stacked with stolen goods: gold, diamonds, carpets, furs, and fine lingerie.
He was promoted to Major-General in 1946, to Lieutenant-General in 1947, and to Commander of Moscow Military District in 1948. However he was dismissed as a result of an aviation incident during a military parade on July 27th 1952.
After the death of his father, a long period of troubles begun for Vasily. He was arrested on April 28th 1953, because, during a dinner-party with foreign diplomats, he revealed top-secret information. He was charged with denigration of the Soviet Union's leaders, anti-Soviet propaganda and criminal negligence.
The judicial investigation was conducted by one of the most brutal prosecutors, Lev Vladzimirscomu. During the investigation, no pressure was put on Vasily, but he confessed to guilt of all the charges, even the most fantastical ones. However, shortly afterwards, in December 1953, the prosecutor and his boss, Lavrenty Beria, were executed as a result of a power struggle between Stalin's successors.
Vasily Stalin asked the new Soviet leaders, Khrushchev and Malenkov, for clemency but he was considered a dangerous person and he was judged in a behind-closed-doors trial and was not allowed legal representation. He was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and disciplinary work period. He was imprisoned under a changed name, Vasily Pavlovich Vasilyev, in the special penitentiary of Vladimir. He was released from prison on January 11th 1960. The CC of CPSU decided to give him a pension, financial compensation of 30,000 rubles, a three room flat in Moscow, and a three month treatment vacation in Kislovodsk. He was also granted permission to wear his general's uniform and all his military medals.
Vasily Stalin hoped to receive an official pardon, but that never happened. His problems with alcohol grew worse during this period. On April 9th, 1960, he asked Kliment Voroshilov for reappointment to active military service. Irritated by a delay in conceding to his requests, Vasily went to the Chinese Consulate on April 15th and applied for a medical visa. Relations between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China were very tense at the time. The reaction of Soviet authorities was very prompt in this case. The Supreme Soviet decided on April 16th to place Vasily under house arrest in Kazan and to deprive him of all privileges. Vasily Stalin died on March 19, 1962, due to chronic alcoholism.
Vasily Stalin was partially rehabilitated in 1999, when the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court lifted charges of anti-Soviet propaganda that dated from 1953. His body was re-buried in a Moscow cemetery in 2002.
Dzhugashvili, Vasily
Dzhugashvili, Vasily
Dzhugashvili, Vasily
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