Fenomenologio

Fenomenologio estas filozofia skolo fondita de Edmund HUSSERL. ja:現象学

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The knight (Old English: cniht = 'boy', 'lad' or 'servant') (or, colloquially, horse) is a piece in the game of chess, representing a knight (armoured soldier) and often depicted as a horse's head. Each player starts with two knights on their first rank. In algebraic notation the white knights start on b1 and g1, while the black knights start on b8 and g8. The knight move is unusual among chess pieces. It plays and captures alternately on white and black squares; each move may be described as stepping one square horizontally or vertically and then two squares perpendicular to the previous part of the move (in other words, an L-shape). The move is one of the longest surviving moves in chess having remained unchanged since before the seventh century AD. Because of this it also occurs in most Chess-related national games. See the diagram to the left for the eight legal moves of a centralized knight. Unlike other chess pieces, the knight ignores any pieces in the path of its move, "jumping" directly to the destination square. Like most other pieces, it captures an enemy piece on its destination square. Most pieces are more powerful if placed near the center of the board, but this is particularly true for a knight. A knight on the edge of the board attacks only four squares, and a knight in the corner only two. Moreover, it takes more moves for a decentralized knight to switch operation to the opposite side of the board than a decentralized bishop, rook, or queen. For these reasons the phrase, "A knight on the rim is grim" was coined. (Others say "A knight on the rim is dim.") The knight is the only piece that can move at the beginning of the game before any pawn move has been made. Because of the above reasons, in most situations, the best square for the initial move of each knight is towards the center. Knights are usually brought into play slightly sooner than bishops, and much sooner than the rooks and the queen. Note that the knight is the only piece that can be in position to attack a queen without being in the queen's line of attack. It is also not attacked by a king, bishop, or rook which it attacks. These features make the knight especially well-suited for executing a fork. A knight is approximately equal in strength and value to a bishop. The latter's range is larger but the knight has the advantage of being able to reach any square of the board regardless of color. Since the knight is capable of jumping over obstructing pieces, it is considered to be more valuable earlier in the game when the board is more crowded. Also a crowded board provides more opportunity for the knight to execute forks. In endgames with pawns on both sides of the board, a knight is often not as good as a bishop, as it can only control squares on one side of the board at a time. With pawns on only one side, however, a knight can be more useful, as it is capable of controlling all squares, whereas a bishop can only ever control those of the same colour on which it stands. Enemy pawns are very effective at harassing knights, because a pawn attacking a knight is not itself attacked by the knight. For this reason, a knight is most effective when placed in a "hole" in the enemy position, i.e. a square which can't be attacked by enemy pawns. In the diagram at right, white's knight on d5 is very powerful, more powerful than black's bishop on g7. At the end of the game, if one side has only a king and a knight while the other side is down to nothing but its king, the game is a draw, since checkmate is impossible. Even if with two knights and king against bare king, checkmate can only occur if the opponent commits a blunder by moving the king to a square where it may be checkmated on the next move; a checkmate can never be forced. Checkmate can be forced, however, with a bishop and knight, or with two bishops, even though the bishop and knight are conceptually held to be of equal value. Paradoxically, checkmate with two knights sometimes can be forced if black has a single extra pawn, but this is essentially a curiosity of little practical value. Pawnless endings are a rarity, and if the winning side has even a single pawn, an extra knight should give him an easy win. In algebraic notation, the usual modern way of recording chess games, the letter N stands for the knight (K is reserved for the king); in descriptive chess notation, Kt is often used instead. In chess problems and endgame studies, the letter S, standing for the German name for the piece, Springer, is often used, N instead being used for the popular fairy chess piece, the nightrider.

乐团管理

乐团实行民主管理。乐团的首席指挥需要通过乐队成员秘密投票，并且获得多数赞成的情况下才被认可。柏林爱乐乐团原来隶属于柏林市政府的科学、研究与文化部。但在2002年1月1日，1914年 6月29日-1996年 8月11日）捷克指挥家，作曲家。他的父亲是小提琴演奏家扬·库贝里克

伯姆
卡爾·貝姆（Karl Böhm）（1894年8月24日至 1981年8月14日）, 奥地利指揮家。出生於奧地利的格拉茨（Graz, Austria）的一个热爱音乐的家庭。父亲虽然知道他有着音乐的天赋，并且也为之感到高兴，但并不十分同意让音乐成为卡尔的职业。卡爾·貝姆于是在作为排练助理和指挥家以学习音乐的同时，学习法�

柏林爱乐
柏林爱乐乐团(Berliner Philharmoniker)，德国管弦乐团，成立于1882年。柏林爱乐乐团是世界上首屈一指的管弦乐演奏团体，体现着最高的音乐表现水平。

乐团管理

乐团实行民主管理。乐团的首席指挥需要通过乐队成员秘密投票，并且获得多数赞成的情况下才被认可。柏林爱乐乐团原来隶属于柏林市政府的科学、研究与文化部。但在2002年1月1日，贝多芬最后一部交响曲。d小调，op.125，又名"合唱交响曲"。

简介

贝多芬的d小调第九交响曲写作于1823年，完成於1824年，作品编号为125号，全曲共分4个乐章。這是貝多芬一生中的最後一首交響曲，在這首交響曲中的最後一個樂章（第四樂章）

罗斯特洛波维奇
罗斯特洛波维奇（Mstislav Rostropovich）（1927年 3月27日--），俄罗斯著名的指挥家，大提琴演奏家。

事业生涯

小时候罗斯特洛波维奇跟随父母学习音乐。他的母亲是为钢琴伴奏家，他的父亲则是从大提琴家卡萨尔斯。16岁是进入莫斯科音�

罗斯特罗波维奇
罗斯特洛波维奇（Mstislav Rostropovich）（1927年 3月27日--），俄罗斯著名的指挥家，大提琴演奏家。

事业生涯

小时候罗斯特洛波维奇跟随父母学习音乐。他的母亲是为钢琴伴奏家，他的父亲则是从大提琴家卡萨尔斯。16岁是进入莫斯科音�

肖斯塔柯维奇
right 季米特里·季米特耶维奇·肖斯塔科维奇（Дмитрий Шостакович，1906年 9月25日（新历，合儒略历 9月12日） - 1975年

Fenomenologio

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See also

乐团管理

乐团管理

简介

事业生涯

事业生涯