Home About us Products Services Contact us Bookmark
:: wikimiki.org ::
Progreso

Progreso


- Progreso (revuo) esas revuo en Ido. ---- Progresi es evaluata en absoluta valoro per la ganaji registragata super longesala skalo; en relatanta valoro per la komparo di norma noti a komencala e finala instanti del periodo konsiderata.

La progreso

En 1516 Thomas More facas aparar sua probo Utopia, sua perfekta mondo es premoderna skiso di progreso. On pasas di premie di pasinto a ica del futuro. Descartes, Galilei praktike pose Francis Bacon en teoristo indikas la utensili per aganta savo. La kumulado di konocaji permisas de dominacar e modlar la naturo. Su demandas lore la problemo, nome per Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e Hobbes, de mantenar la vertuoza cerklo inter la bonajo, la verajo, la belajo, mem la feliceso, kon la moviva ke konstitucas la deziro per tendencar vers nefinita e neretreta plubonesko.
Ica konceptado de Hegel facis kritikata per Arthur Schopenhauer.

Eugenismo

Condorcet e la montarala revolutioni principagas del homo regenerata, do di eugenismo a larga senso, di perfektionar la fizika e mentala fakultati. Ilu es kontestata per Jean-Jacques Rousseau ke explikas ke la neperfektala permisas de degenerar apertanta di nova posibli.
La dicipuli de Charles Darwin e la principala totalitarismi pozus en loko politiko di eugenismo kom antropologia bezono bazata super la generala genezalo ke adosos mem super la maxim morgi per retro-donar prezento de mizero toleraja ma on konocas lua falio.

Perversa efekti

L'akumulo di perversa efekti nome super ekologia, la desaparo del ultima skopo transformata en movismo ke semblas mirajo es denuncata nome per Jean Baudrillard.

Progreso (revuo)

Progreso fondesis da profesoro Louis Couturat, Collège de France, ye 1908. Ol konsakresas a la propago, a la libera diskuto ed a la konstanta perfektigo dil Linguo Internaciona.
Progreso editesas kom l'oficala organo di Ido.

Extera ligilo


- [http://www.bijtenhoorn.nl/Ido/progreso/progreso.html Progreso dijitale] Category:Idala literaturo

Deziro

Deziro esas :
- sentimento pri interpersoni atrakto
- preterajo, sur qua mikroekonomika teorio esas bazita
- motivo, intenco pro ago
- la konceptio en Lacanian psikoanalitikala teorio, pri Oedipa komplexo.
- tanha in Buddhist psychology, as described in the Four Noble Truths. ja:欲

Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer ye 22 di februaro 1788 en Danzig (lore Prusia nun Polonia) - 21 di septembro 1860 en Frankfurt-am-Main esis filozofo.

Biografio

Destinita a comerciala kariero da patro, facas kun il multa voyaji en tota Europa. De morto di lasto ye 1806, Arthur studias sequenta literaturo, medecino, filozofio ; matro Johanna apertas literatura salono a Weimar e skriptas romani. Il asistas ye 1810 ad kursi di Fichte en Berlin e revelas su sat kritika vice ulo. Ye 1813 sustenas lia tezo do la titro esas La Quaropla Racino di principo de suficinta razono ad Yena-universitato.
La mem yaro, il renkontras Goethe en Weimar pro diskutar kolor-teorio. Ye 1814 il deskonkordas kun matro e lojeskas sole a Dresden. Ye 1819 esas charjita di kursi ad Berlin-universitato ube instruktis Hegel ke il kritikas forte e qua okupas tota la filozofika atenso en Germania lore 19ma yar-cento. Ito esas nur proxim viv-fino ke la importanta di verko esas agnoskita e ke la atenso di filozofi deturnar su preske kompleta di Hegel-filozofio. Arthur demisionas depos sis monati. Publikas por unesma foye ye 1819 Mondo kom volo e kom reprezento ube la principo esas ke « La singula individuo-volo havas nur iluziona existo, ul esas de omna parti imersita en la infinita ed absurda ludo di realo qua superiras li e finita da destruktita. ». La du prima edicioni ne vendas bona ma ye 1825 Arthur povas vivir de ulo. Il retro-iras a Frankfurt ye 1833. Il havas anke publikita Parerga e Paralipomena (1851). Schopenhauer, Arthur ja:アルトゥル・ショーペンハウアー ko:아르투르 쇼펜하우어

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau 28 di junio 1712 en Genève til 2 di julio 1778 en Ermenonville esis filozofo. Lua maxim famoza ligno de plu importanta verko, la sociala kontrakto: "Homo naskas libera, ed omna-loke il esas en kateni." Filiulo di horlojisto, lua matro mortis non dii pos nasko-komplikuro. Lua onklo employizas li kom aprentiso ad aktisto, pos ye 1725 che grabisto. Ye 1726 lua patro rimarias. Ye 1728 Jean-Jacques livas protestanta Genève che baronino di Warens. To sendas li ad Turino ube il konvertas ad katolicismo. Ye 1730 il pediras ad Neuchâtel, ube il instruktas muziko. Ye 1732 il esas muzik-mastro en Chambéry. Ye 1734 il divenas intendanto di siorino di Warens qua devenas lua amoratino. Ye 1739 il skribas lua unesma verko pri la frukt-arboreyo. De 1740 til 1742 il esas preceptoro di Gabriel Bonnet de Mably-filio. Pos en Paris il proposas sistemo por skribar muziko refuzita kom sen avantajo. Dum 1743 e 1744 il esis sekretario di Franca ambasadisto en Venizia. Pos retroiras en Paris ube vivas kom Thérèse Lavasseur, modesta albergo-servanto, do kin filio abandonas. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques ko:장 자크 루소 ja:ジャン＝ジャック・ルソー th:ชอง-ชาก รุสโซ

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin 12 di februaro 1809 en Shrewsbury, Shropshire Anglia til 19 di aprilo 1882 en Kent esis naturalisto qua esas famoza kom originanto di evoluciono-teorio tra naturala selekto. Il developas lua interesto en naturala historio dum studinta unesma medicino, pos teologio ad universitato. Lua kin yara voyajo en navo Beagle adportar li glorio kom geologisto e famo kom populala autoro. Lua biologicala observado konduktas li studiar speci-transmuto e developas lua teorio di naturala selekto ye 1838. Plene koncianta di probabla reakto, il konfidas nur proxim amiki e duras lua sercho por juntar anticipita objecioni, ma ye 1858 l'informo ke Alfred Russel Wallace nuna havas simila teorio quick edito. Darwin, Charles ja:チャールズ・ダーウィン ko:찰스 다윈 ms:Charles Darwin simple:Charles Darwin th:ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน

Photojournalist

] Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, and in some cases to video used in broadcast journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (such as documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by the qualities of:
- Timeliness — the images have meaning in the context of a published chronological record of events.
- Objectivity — the situation implied by the images is a fair and accurate representation of the events they depict.
- Narrative — the images combine with other news elements, to inform and give insight to the viewer or reader. Photojournalists must make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment under the same circumstances as those involved in the subject (fire, war, rioting)—often while being exposed to the same risks. Photojournalism as a descriptive term often implies the use of a certain bluntness of style or approach to image-making. A wedding photographer would not typically be described as a 'photojournalist', even though they cover a timely event and their images may be published in the press. A similar and related term is reportage.

History

Photojournalism has been a major element of newspaper and magazine reporting since the early twentieth century, although its historic origins have been traced to mid 19th century European battlefield photography by British press reporters in the Crimean War. Its use was greatly spurred by the development of the commercial 35mm Leica camera. The invention of the term "photojournalism" is commonly attributed to Cliff Edom (1907–1991), who taught at the University of Missouri School of Journalism for 29 years. Edom establish the first photojournalism workshop there in 1946. Some attribute the word, instead, to the then-Dean of the School of Journalism, Frank L. Mott.

The Golden Age

In the "golden age" of photojournalism (1930s–1950s), some magazines (Picture Post (London), Paris Match (Paris), Life (USA), Sports Illustrated (USA)) and newspapers (The Daily Mirror (London), The Daily Graphic (New York)) built their huge readerships and reputations largely on their use of photography, and photographers such as Robert Capa, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Margaret Bourke-White, W. Eugene Smith became well-known names. W. Eugene Smith. The FSA also employed several other photo journalists to document the depression.]]

Farm Security Administration

From 1935 to 1942, the Farm Security Administration and its predecessor the Resettlement Administration were part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, and were designed to address agricultural problems and rural poverty associated with the Great Depression. A special photographic section of the agency, headed by Roy Stryker, was intended merely to provide public relations for its programs, but instead produced what some consider one of the greatest [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fsahtml/fahome.html collections] of documentary photographs ever created in the U.S. If such documentary photography can be called 'photojournalism' remains debatable, since the FSA photographers had much more time and resources to create their work than would usually be the case.

World War II

World War II brought a tremendous increase in the supply and demand for quality photojournalism. In its latter stages, the war also stimulated the supply of new faster and smaller cameras from Japan to Europe and the USA.

Magnum

In 1947, two years after World War II ended, the Magnum Photos photographic agency was founded by four photographers: Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, George Rodger, and David Seymour. Magnum differed from other agencies in that it was a cooperative (all members of the agency were also partial owners). Magnum is a highly respected photo agency and membership is extremely selective. There is a review process once a year during which portfolios from applicants are viewed by all current members. From there, the few who are invited to join must withstand a several-year probationary period before (with a vote every year by full members to see if the probationary members recent photo work is up to par) they can be considered full members. Many probationary members are asked to leave after one or two years. Some of the most famous contemporary Magnum photographers have left the agency for various reasons either to be independents or to begin their own agencies (James Nachtwey is a founding member of the VII photo agency. Sebastião Salgado founded Amazonia Images). Magnum Photos has more or less been experiencing financial troubles for the last 40 years.

Acceptance by the art world

Since the late 1970s, photojournalism and documentary photography have increasingly been accorded a place in art galleries alongside fine art photography. Luc Delahaye and Chien-Chi Chang, both Magnum photographers, to name a few among many, exhibit in galleries regularly.

Professional organizations

The [http://www.pressefotografforbundet.dk/ Danish Union of Press Photographers] (Pressefotografforbundet) was the first national organization for newspaper photographers in the world. It was founded in 1912 i Denmark by [http://www.pressefotografforbundet.dk/forbundet/historie.php six press photographers] in Copenhagen. Today it has nearly 800 members. The [http://www.nppa.org/ National Press Photographers Association] (NPPA) was founded in 1946 in the U.S., and has approximately 10,000 members. Others around the world include:
- [http://www.britishpressphoto.org/ British Press Photographers Association], 1984
- [http://www.hkppa.org.hk/Ehome.htm Hong Kong Press Photographers Association], 1989
- [http://www.n-ippa.org/ Northern Ireland Press Photographers Association], 2000
- [http://www.pfk.se/ Pressfotografernas Klubb] Sweden, 1930
- [http://www.fotojournalisten.com/ PK — Pressefotografenes Klubb] Norway News organisations and journalism schools run many different awards for photojournalists. Since 1968, Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for the following categories of photojournalism: 'Feature Photography', 'Spot News Photography' and 'Capture the Moment'. Other awards are [http://www.worldpressphoto.org/ World Press Photo], [http://www.nppa.org/competitions/ Best of Photojournalism] and [http://www.poyi.org/ Pictures of the Year]. Pulitzer Prizes

Ethical and legal considerations

Photojournalism works within the same ethical approaches to objectivity that are applied by other journalists. What to shoot, how to frame and how to edit are constant considerations. Often, ethical conflicts can be mitigated or enhanced by the actions of a sub-editor or picture editor, who takes control of the images once they have been delivered to the news organisation. The photojournalist often has no control as to how images are ultimately used. The emergence of digital photography offers whole new realms of opportunity for the manipulation, reproduction, and transmission of images. It has inevitably complicated many of the ethical issues involved. The U.S. National Press Photographers Association, and other professional organizations, maintain a [http://www.nppa.org/professional_development/business_practices/ethics Code of Ethics] to address what are thought to be the proper approaches to these issues. Major ethical issues are often inscribed with more or less success into law. Laws regarding photography can vary significantly from nation to nation. The legal situation is further complicated when one considers that photojournalism made in one country will often be published in many other countries.

The impact of new technologies

Smaller, lighter cameras greatly enhanced the role of the photojournalist. Since the 1960s, motor drives, electronic flash, auto-focus, better lenses and other camera enhancements have made picture taking easier. New digital cameras free photojournalists from the limitation of film roll length, as thousands of images can be stored on a single microdrive or memory card. Content remains the most important element of photojournalism, but the ability to extend deadlines with rapid gathering and editing of images has brought significant changes. As recently as 15 years ago, nearly 30 minutes were needed to scan and transmit a single color photograph from a remote location to a news office for printing. Now, equipped with a digital camera, a mobile phone and a laptop computer, a photojournalist can send a high-quality image in minutes, even seconds after an event occurs. Video phones and portable satellite links increasingly allow for the mobile transmission of images from almost any point on the earth. There is some concern by news photographers that the profession of photojournalism as it is known today could change to such a degree that it is unrecognizable as image-capturing technology naturally progresses. There is also concern that fewer print publications are commissioning serious photojournalism on timely issues. Another concern is the concept of media convergence, or the merger of news media businesses of different mediums. Such instances could put a print photojournalist side-by-side with a broadcast or video photojournalist. Such is the case at The Tampa Tribune in Florida, which shares its newsroom with TBO.com and WFLA-TV. There is increasing pressure in the industry to re-train all journalists in a wide variety of mediums, which may one day include training many still photojournalists with video. Video adds a new dynamic of movement and sound, foreign concepts to photojournalists trained to capture moments frozen in time.

Some notable photojournalists


- Eddie Adams
- Felice Beato
- Werner Bischof
- Robert Capa
- Henri Cartier-Bresson
- Walker Evans
- Roger Fenton
- Kaveh Golestan
- Lewis Hine
- Walter Iooss
- André Kertész
- Dorothea Lange
- Neil Leifer
- Mary Ellen Mark
- Don McCullin
- Steve McCurry
- Susan Meiselas
- James Nachtwey
- Ruth Orkin
- Jacob Riis
- James Robertson
- George Rodger
- Sebastiao Salgado
- David Seymour
- W. Eugene Smith
- Weegee
- Li Zhensheng

Further reading


- Don McCullin. Hearts of Darkness (1980 — much reprinted).
- Susan C. Zavoina & John H. Davidson, Digital Photojournalism (Allyn & Bacon, 2002). ISBN 0205332404

External links


- [http://www.nppa.org National Press Photographers Association — A resource for news photographers]
- [http://www.digitaljournalist.org/ The Digital Journalist — A Multimedia Magazine for Photojournalism in the Digital Age]
- [http://www.reportage.org/Archive/archive.html Reportage — The Online Magazine of Photojournalism]
- [http://digitalcustom.com/howto/mediaguidelines.asp DigitalCustom's Model Ethics Guidelines for Photo-Journalism]
- [http://www.pygmies.info/ Ethnographic Photography among African Pygmies]
- [http://www.lightstalkers.org Lightstalkers — Networking and Community for Photojournalists]
- [http://www.luminous-lint.com/ Luminous-Lint] The historical themes of photography
- [http://www.maya-press.com Maya-Press: Humanitarian & magazine photo reportage] Category:Visual journalism Category:Photography by genre Category:Photojournalism

Cia xsongs.info download sitemap programy hostel krakow










































:: RELATED NEWS ::
Pierre Renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (February 25, 1841 – December 3, 1919) was a French artist who painted in the impressionist style.

The art of Renoir

Renoir's paintings show vibrant light and color, and harmony of lines. Unlike many
Pierre Ronsard
Pierre de Ronsard, commonly referred to as Ronsard (September 11, 1524 – December, 1585), was a French poet and "prince of poets" (as his own generation in France called him). He was born at the

Pierre Verendrye
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye (November 17, 1685 – December 5, 1749) was a French Canadian military officer, fur trader and explorer. Born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec he was part of the
Pierre Part
Pierre Part is a census-designated place located in Assumption Parish, Louisiana. As of the 2000 census, the CDP had a total population of 3,239.

Geography

2000 Pierre Part is located at 29°57'40" North, 91°12'24" West (29.960975, -91.206612). According to the United Stat
Pierre Monts
Pierre Dugua, the Sieur de Monts, (c.1558 - 1628) was a merchant, explorer and colonizer. He was born in Saintonge, France and had a great influence over the first two decades of the 17th century. He may have travelled to northeastern North America for the first time in 1949-) is an English writer and retired physician (prison doctor and psychiatrist), who frequently uses the pen name Theodore Dalrymple. He has written extensively on culture, art, politics, education and