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Oriana Fallaci

Oriana Fallaci

Oriana Fallaci (born July 24 1929) is an Italian journalist and author. A former partisan during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career.. After retirement, she returned to the spotlight after writing a series of articles and books highly critical of Islam that aroused substantial controversy.

Career

Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy. During World War II, she joined the resistance despite her youth, in the democratic armed group "Giustizia e Libertà". Her father Edoardo Fallaci, a cabinet maker in Florence, was a political activist struggling to put an end to the dictatorship of Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. It was during this period that Fallaci was first exposed to the atrocities of war. Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper Il mattino dell'Italia centrale in 1950. Since 1967 she worked as a war correspondent, in Vietnam, for the Indo-Pakistani War, in the Middle East and in South America. For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine L'Europeo and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and Epoca magazine. She has interviewed many internationally known leaders and celebrities such as Henry Kissinger, the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, Willy Brandt, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Walter Cronkite, Omar Khadafi, Federico Fellini, Sammy Davis Jr, Nguyen Cao Ky, Yasir Arafat, Indira Gandhi, Archbishop Makarios III, Golda Meir, Nguyen Van Thieu, Haile Selassie and Sean Connery. Fallaci has twice received the St. Vincent Prize for journalism, as well as the Bancarella Prize, 1971 for Nothing and So Be It; Viareggio Prize, 1979, for Un uomo: Romanzo; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for Insciallah. She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago). She has lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. Fallaci’s writings have been translated into 21 languages including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Greek, Swedish, Polish, Croatian and Slovenian.

Controversy

In recent years, she has received much public attention for her controversial critique of contemporary Islam. She was highly criticized by Muslim organizations and left-wing parties alike, particularly in France. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, she took a strong stance critical of Islam. This point of view was expressed in two books, The Rage and The Pride (initially a four-page article in Corriere della Sera, the major national newspaper in Italy) and The Force of Reason. Another well-known journalist from Florence, Tiziano Terzani, expressed disagreements with her approach in an open letter to her in Corriere della Sera. Critics say that Fallaci's books are mere polemics, often egocentric, based on stereotypes, xenophobic and racist in much of their content. Despite this, Fallaci has received support from political parties and movements such as the Lega Nord in Italy, where her books have sold over 1 million copies alone. Fallaci has previously attracted controversy for expressing anti-abortion views despite her sympathies with anarchism.

Muslim response to her books

In 2003 the Union of Italian Muslims sued to have The Rage and The Pride banned in France. A French court rejected the request, as well as the group's request for a disclaimer to be placed in each book. In May, 2005, Adel Smith, the President of the Union of Italian Muslims, launched a lawsuit against Fallaci charging that "some of the things she said in her book The Force of Reason are offensive to Islam." Smith's attorney, Matteo Nicoli, cited a phrase from the book that refers to Islam as "a pool that never purifies." Consequently an Italian judge ordered her to stand trial in Bergamo on charges of "defaming Islam." A previous prosecutor had sought dismissal of the charges. In an ironic twist, on June 14, 2005 Adel Smith himself was sentenced by an Italian court in Padua to six months in prison (commuted to a fine of € 6.000), for the crime of defaming religion. On January 4, 2003, during a live broadcast on Italian TV, Smith had characterized Christianity as a "criminal association" and described Pope John Paul II as "a foreigner who leads the church ... a con man". On August 27, 2005, Fallaci had a private audience with Pope Benedict XVI at Castel Gandolfo.

Books by Oriana Fallaci


- A Man, a novel about about a hero who fights alone for freedom and for truth, never giving up, and so he dies, killed by all. (1979) ISBN 8427938543
- The Seven Sins of Hollywood preface by Orson Welles, Longanesi (Milan), 1958.
- The Useless Sex: Voyage around the Woman Horizon Press (New York City), 1961.
- Penelope at War 1962 (London).
- Limelighters 1963.
- The Egotists: Sixteen Surprising Interviews Regnery (Chicago), 1963.
- Quel giorno sulla Luna Rizzoli, 1970.
- Inshallah, a fictional account of Italian troops stationed in Lebanon in 1983.
- If the Sun Dies, about the US space program.
- Interview With History, a collection of interviews with various political figures Liveright, 1976.
- Letter to a child never born, a dialogue between a mother and her unborn child.
- Nothing, and so be it, report on the Vietnam war based on personal experiences.
- Oriana Fallaci intervista Oriana Fallaci, Fallaci interviews herself on the subject of "Eurabia" and "Islamofacism". (Milan: Corriere della Sera, August 2004).
- The Rage and The Pride An expose on Islam. Original title La Rabbia e l'Orgoglio, Publisher: Rizzoli, December 2001. ISBN 0847825043.
- The Force of Reason (La Forza della Ragione) Publisher: Rizzoli, April 2004. ISBN 0847827534
- Oriana Fallaci intervista sé stessa - L'Apocalisse (in Italian). An update of the interview with herself. A new, long epilogue is added. Publisher: Rizzoli, November 2004. Fallaci has also written essays and novels revolving around news events.

External links


- [http://www.giselle.com/oriana.html Oriana Fallaci journalist, interviewer and author]
- [http://www.cfr.org/pdf/correspondence/xStille4.php Oriana Fallaci's War of Religion] by Alexander Stille
- [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/25/AR2005052501726_pf.html Prosecuted in Italy for speech crime]
- [http://www.nyobserver.com/pages/story.asp?ID=6881 The Rage of Oriana Fallaci] by George Gurely January 27, 2003 issue of The New York Observer
- [http://www.uwgb.edu/galta/333/jillpapr.htm Oriana Fallaci: Words, Power, And Style], Short bio by Jill M. Duquaine, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay May 6, 1996
- [http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=11611 On Jew-Hatred in Europe], by Columnist Oriana Fallaci, IMRA - Thursday, April 25, 2002 (Originally published in Italian in the Panorama magazine, April 17, 2002).
- [http://italian.about.com/library/weekly/aa041002a.htm Rage and Pride Ignites a Firestorm] - On the reception of "Rage and Pride" By Michael San Filippo, guide to Italian Language at about.com.
- [http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/113 You Are Wrong, Ms Fallaci - by Amir Taheri (Benador Associates)] - A critical article from one of the contributing authors of Benador Associates, a New York-based conservative think-tank.
- [http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/tvaradarajan/?id=110006858 Prophet of Decline: An interview with Oriana Fallaci] by Tunku Varadarajan in the Wall Street Journal
- http://www.alter-of-democracy.be European Homepage for Oriana Fallaci

Online articles and translations


- [http://www.borg.com/~paperina/fallaci/fallaci_1.html Rage & Pride by Oriana Fallaci], English translation by Letizia Grasso, from the four-page essay "La Rabbia e l'Orgoglio", that appeared in Italy's leading newspaper Corriere della Sera on September 29, 2001.
- [http://digilander.libero.it/september11/Oriana%20Fallaci.htm Rage and Pride], as translated by Chris Knipp
- [http://mysteryachievement.blogspot.com/2005/07/enemy-we-treat-like-friend-part-i.html The Enemy We Treat Like A Friend, Part I] An article by Oriana Fallaci, published in Corriere della Sera, July 16, 2005
- [http://mysteryachievement.blogspot.com/2005/07/enemy-we-treat-like-friend-part-ii.html The Enemy We Treat Like A Friend, Part II] An article by Oriana Fallaci, published in Corriere della Sera Fallaci, Oriana Fallaci, Oriana Fallaci, Oriana Fallaci, Oriana Fallaci, Oriana Fallaci, Oriana

July 24

July 24 is the 205th day (206th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 160 days remaining.

Events


- 311 - The end of the fifth year of reign of Constantine the Great
- 1216 - Cencio Savelli is consecrated as Pope Honorius III
- 1411 - Battle of Harlaw, one of the bloodiest battles on Scottish soil.
- 1487 - Citizens of Leeuwarden, Netherlands strike against ban on foreign beer
- 1534 - French explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and took possession of the territory in the name of the King Francis I of France.
- 1567 - Mary Queen of Scots is deposed and replaced by her 1 year old son King James VI.
- 1701 - Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac founded trading post at Ft Pontchartrain, which later becomes the city of Detroit.
- 1814 - War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.
- 1832 - Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train across the Rocky Mountains by using Wyoming's South Pass.
- 1847 - After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.
- 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Kernstown - Confederate General Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General George Crook in an effort to keep Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.
- 1866 - Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.
- 1901 - O. Henry is released from prison in Austin, Texas after serving three years for embezzlement from a bank.
- 1910 - James MacGillivray publishes first account of Paul Bunyan in the Detroit News.
- 1911 - Hiram Bingham III re-discovers Machu Picchu "the Lost City of the Incas".
- 1915 - Passenger ship Eastland capsizes in central Chicago, Illinois, with the loss of 845 lives.
- 1923 - The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the boundaries of modern Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War.
- 1927 - The Menin Gate war memorial is unveiled at Ypres.
- 1929 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).
- 1931 - A fire at a home for aged people in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania kills 48 people.
- 1935 - The dust bowl heat wave reaches its peak, sending temperatures to 109°F (44°C) in Chicago, Illinois and 104°F (40°C) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
- 1937 - Alabama drops rape charges against the so-called "Scottsboro Boys."
- 1943 - World War II: Operation Gomorrah begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night, those of the Americans by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
- 1956 - At New York City's Copacabana Club, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together which started on July 25, 1946.
- 1959 - At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, US vice-president Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev have a "kitchen debate."
- 1965 - Vietnam War: Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are the targets of antiaircraft missiles in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other three sustain damage.
- 1967 - During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: Vive le Québec libre! (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delighted many Quebecers but angered the Canadian government and many English Canadians.
- 1969 - Apollo program: Apollo 11 splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean.
- 1974 - Watergate Scandal: The United States Supreme Court unanimously rule that President Richard Nixon did not have the authority to withhold subpoenaed White House tapes and they order him to surrender the tapes to the Watergate special prosecutor.
- 1983 - George Brett, batting for the Kansas City Royals against the New York Yankees, has a game-winning home run nullified in the "Pine Tar Incident".
- 1998 - Russel Eugene Weston Jr. bursts into the United States Capitol and opens fire killing two police officers. He is later ruled to be incompetent to stand trial.
- 2001 - Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was a child, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, and became the only monarch in history to regain political power through democratic election to a different office.
- 2001 - The Taiwan Solidarity Union is established.
- 2002 - James Traficant is expelled from the United States House of Representatives on a vote of 420 to 1.
- 2002 - Alfred Moisiu becomes President of Albania.
- 2005 - Lance Armstrong wins his seventh Tour de France.

Births


- 1660 - Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, English politician (d. 1718)
- 1725 - John Newton English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807)
- 1783 - Simón Bolívar, South American liberator (d. 1830)
- 1786 - Joseph Nicollet, French mathematician and explorer (d. 1843)
- 1802 - Alexandre Dumas père, French writer (d. 1870)
- 1803 - Adolphe Charles Adam, French composer (d. 1856)
- 1853 - William Gillette, American actor and author (d. 1937)
- 1857 - Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
- 1860 - Alfons Mucha, Czech artist (d. 1939)
- 1864 - Frank Wedekind, German writer (d. 1918)
- 1874 - Oswald Chambers, Christian writer (d. 1917)
- 1878 - Lord Dunsany, Irish writer (d. 1957)
- 1880 - Ernest Bloch, Swiss composer (d. 1959)
- 1895 - Robert Graves, English author (d. 1985)
- 1898 - Amelia Earhart, American aviator (disappeared 1937)
- 1899 - Chief Dan George, Meti actor (d. 1981)
- 1908 - Cootie Williams, American trumpeter (d. 1985)
- 1916 - John D. MacDonald, American novelist, (d. 1986)
- 1917 - Robert Farnon, Canadian-born conductor, composer, and arranger (d. 2005)
- 1918 - Ruggiero Ricci, American violinist
- 1920 - Bella Abzug, U.S. Congresswoman (d. 1998)
- 1929 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and author
- 1931 - Ermanno Olmi, Italian director
- 1933 - Doug Sanders, American golfer
- 1935 - Pat Oliphant, Australian political cartoonist
- 1936 - Ruth Buzzi, American actress and comedienne
- 1940 - Stanley Hauerwas, American theologian
- 1942 - Chris Sarandon, American actor
- 1945 - Azim Premji, Indian businessman
- 1947 - Robert Hays, American actor
- 1947 - Peter Serkin, American pianist
- 1949 - Michael Richards, American comedian
- 1951 - Lynda Carter, American actress
- 1951 - Chris Smith, British politician
- 1952 - Gus Van Sant, American film director
- 1957 - Pam Tillis, American singer
- 1963 - Karl Malone, American basketball player
- 1964 - Barry Bonds, baseball player
- 1965 - Kadeem Hardison, American actor
- 1968 - Kristin Chenoweth, American singer and actress
- 1968 - Laura Leighton, American actress
- 1969 - Rick Fox, Canadian basketball player
- 1969 - Jennifer Lopez, American actress and singer
- 1980 - Gauge, American actress
- 1981 - Summer Glau, American actress
- 1982 - Anna Paquin, Canadian-born actress
- 1985 - Teagan Presley, American actress

Deaths


- 1115 - Matilda, Countess of Tuscany (b. 1046)
- 1129 - Shirakawa, Emperor of Japan (b. 1053)
- 1394 - Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan, Scottish prince (b. 1343)
- 1568 - Prince Don Carlos of Spain (b. 1545)
- 1739 - Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (b. 1686)
- 1768 - Nathanial Lardner, English theologian (b. 1684)
- 1862 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (b. 1782)
- 1927 - Ryunosuke Akutagawa, Japanese writer (b. 1892)
- 1965 - Constance Bennett, American actress (b. 1904)
- 1969 - Witold Gombrowicz, Polish novelist and dramatist (b. 1904)
- 1970 - Peter de Noronha, Indian buisnessman (b. 1897)
- 1974 - James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1891)
- 1980 - Peter Sellers, British comedian and actor (b. 1925)
- 1986 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
- 1991 - Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish author, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1995 - George Rodger, British photojournalist (b. 1908)
- 1996 - Mohammed Farah Aidid, Somali warlord (b. 1934)
- 1997 - William J. Brennan, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1906)
- 2005 - Richard Doll, English epidemiologist (b. 1912)

Holidays and observances


- Ecuador - Simón Bolívar Day
- Utah - Pioneer Day (1847)
- Vanuatu - Children's Day
- Venezuela - Birth of the Libertador (Simón Bolívar Day)
- Ancient Latvia - Jekaupa Diena held

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/7/24 This Day in History] ---- July 23 - July 25 - June 24 - August 24 -- listing of all days ko:7월 24일 ms:24 Julai ja:7月24日 simple:July 24 th:24 กรกฎาคม

1929

1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 2 - Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
- January 9 - The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train dogs to assist the blind (Nashville, Tennessee).
- January 10 - Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, makes his debut. He went on to be published in over 200 million comic books in 40 languages, and loved across the world.
- January 15 - First issue of Annales d'histoire économique et sociale published in France by Armand Collin.
- January 17 - Popeye, a comic strip character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, makes his debut.
- January 18 - Leon Trotsky expelled from Soviet Union; he moves to Turkey January 29 and applies for sanctuary in France and Germany
- January 29 - Seeing Eye Dog organization is formed.

February


- February 11 - Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty
- February 11 - Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo premieres in New York
- February 14 - St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters rivalling Al Capone are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.
- February 18 - First Academy Awards are announced
- February 26 - The Grand Teton National Park is created.

March


- March 3 - Revolt attempt of Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico.
- March 4 - Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge.

May


- May 13 - National Crime Syndicate founded in Atlantic City.
- May 14 - Wilfred Rhodes takes his 4000th first-class wicket during a performance of 9 for 39 at Leyton.
- May 31 - British general election returns a hung parliament yet again - Liberals will determine who has power.

June


- June 7 - In Britain Tories concede power rather than risk courting Liberals for fragile majority
- June 8 - Ramsay MacDonald founds new Labour government.
- June 21 - agreement brokered by US ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico. In June 27, church bells ring for the first time in years

July


- July 5 - Scotland Yard seizes 12 nude paintings of D.H. Lawrence from the Mayfair gallery on grounds of indecency
- July 24 - French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns for medical reasons - he is succeeded by Aristide Briand
- July 24 - The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).

August


- August 8 - The German airship Graf Zeppelin begins a round-the-world flight (will end on August 29).
- August 19 - The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its debut starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll.

September


- September 5 - Aristide Briand presents his plan of the United States of Europe
- September 7 - Steamboat Kuru sinks in Näsijärvi, Tampere, Finland - 136 drowned
- September 17 - Coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras in Lithuania; new president is Antanas Smetona

October


- October 11 - JC Penney opens Store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 states.
- October 22 - Government of Aristide Briand falls in France
- October 24 - Great Depression begins: Black Thursday and then Black Tuesday (October 29) - The New York Stock Exchange crashes, ushering in what will be a world-wide economic crisis.

November


- November 7 - In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.
- November 18 - 1929 Grand Banks earthquake: Off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean, a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake centered on Grand Banks, breaks 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggers a tsunami that destroys many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area, killing 28. As of 1997, it is Canada's most lethal earthquake.[http://www.shunpiking.com/ol0103/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf]
- November 29 - US Admiral Richard Byrd becomes the first person to fly over the South Pole.

December


- December 2 - First phone booths in London
- December 3 - Great Depression: US President Herbert Hoover announces to U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation and the American people have regained faith in the economy.
- December 29 - All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence
- December 31 - Guy Lombardo plays Auld Lang Syne for the first time

Unknown dates


- Third Geneva Convention
- The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is proposed.
- Greatest number of fatal civil aircraft crashes in US history.
- Civil war in Afghanistan
- Lapua Movement in Finland
- Branch Davidian sect founded in Los Angeles
- Start of the Soviet-Chinese Conflict
- May - Wickersham Commission began investigation of alcohol prohibition in U.S.
- Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for colour television.

Births

January-March


- January 3 - Sergio Leone, Italian director (d. 1989)
- January 6 - Babrak Karmal, third President of Afghanistan (d. 1996)
- January 15 - Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1968)
- January 17 - Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (d. 1986)
- January 20 - Fireball Roberts, American race car driver (d. 1964)
- January 23 - John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 26 - Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and writer
- January 28 - Acker Bilk, American jazz clarinetist
- January 28 - Claes Oldenbourg, Swedish sculptor
- January 29 - Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (d. 1984)
- January 31 - Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- January 31 - Jean Simmons, English actress
- February 5 - Luc Ferrari, French composer (d. 2005)
- February 5 - Fred Sinowatz, Austrian politician
- February 6 - Pierre Brice, French actor
- February 14 - Vic Morrow, American actor (d. 1982)
- February 15 - Graham Hill, English race car driver (d. 1975)
- February 17 - Chaim Potok, American rabbi and author (d. 2002)
- February 17 - Patricia Routledge, English actress
- February 18 - Len Deighton, British author
- February 28 - Hayden Fry, American football coach
- February 28 - Frank Gehry, Canadian-born architect
- March 1 - Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978)
- March 4 - Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor
- March 9 - Desmond Hoyte, Prime Minister and President of Guyana (d. 2002)
- March 17 - Peter L. Berger, Austrian-born sociologist
- March 23 - Sir Roger Bannister, British runner

April-June


- April 1 - Milan Kundera, Czech-born author
- April 5 - Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 6 - André Previn, German-born pianist, composer, and conductor
- April 8 - Walter Berry, Austrian bass-baritone (d. 2000)
- April 10 - Max von Sydow, Swedish actor
- May 4 - Audrey Hepburn, Belgian actress (d. 1993)
- May 4 - Sydney MacDonald Lamb, American linguist
- May 6 - Paul Lauterbur, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 10 - Antonine Maillet, Canadian author
- May 14 - Gump Worsley, Canadian hockey player
- May 14 - Henry McGee, English actor
- May 21 - Heinz Holliger, Swiss oboist
- May 25 - Beverly Sills, American soprano
- June 1 - Nargis, Indian actress (d. 1981)
- June 2 - Norton Juster, American author and architect
- June 3 - Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 6 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (d. 2005)
- June 10 - Harald Juhnke, German entertainer (d. 2005)
- June 12 - Brigid Brophy, English author (d. 1995)
- June 12 - Anne Frank, German diarist (d. 1945)
- June 13 - Alan Civil, English French horn player (d. 1989)
- June 16 - Ramon Bieri, American actor (d. 2001)
- June 17 - Tigran Petrosian, Russian chess player (d. 1984)
- June 23 - June Carter Cash, American singer (d. 2003)
- June 26 - Milton Glaser, American graphic designer

July-September


- July 1 - Gerald Edelman, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 2 - Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
- July 4 - Bill Tuttle, baseball player
- July 5 - Tony Lock, English cricketer (d. 1995)
- July 9 - King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)
- July 11 - Hermann Prey, German bass-baritone (d. 1998)
- July 18 - Dick Button, American figure skater
- July 18 - Jalacy "Screamin' Jay" Hawkins, American musician (d. 2000)
- July 24 - Oriana Fallaci, Italian journalist and author
- July 25 - Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician
- July 26 - Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist
- July 29 - Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, wife of John F Kennedy
- August 1 - Hafizullah Amin, second President of Afghanistan (d. 1979)
- August 16 - Helmut Rahn, German footballer (d. 2003)
- August 24 - Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2004)
- August 26 - Maurice Tempelsman, Belgian diamond merchant and financier
- August 28 - Istvan Kertesz, Hungarian conductor (d. 1973)
- September 1 - Anne Ramsey, American actress (d. 1988)
- September 5 - Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor
- September 5 - Andrian Nikolayev, cosmonaut (d. 2004)
- September 6 - Yash Johar, Indian film producer (d. 2004)
- September 8 - Christoph von Dohnanyi, German conductor
- September 9 - Claude Nougaro, French singer (d. 2004)
- September 15 - Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- September 20 - Anne Meara, American comedienne and actress
- September 21 - Bernard Williams, British philosopher (d. 2003)
- September 25 - Ronnie Barker, British comedian (d. 2005)
- September 25 - Barbara Walters, American journalist
- September 28 - Lata Mangeshkar, Indian playback singer

October-December


- October 14 - Yvon Durelle, Canadian boxer
- October 22 - Lev Yashin, Soviet footballer (d. 1990)
- October 24 - George Crumb, American composer
- October 24 - Yordan Radichkov, Bulgarian writer and playwright (d. 2004)
- November 2 - Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President of Pakistan
- November 2 - Richard E. Taylor, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 4 - Doris Roberts, American actress
- November 7 - Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 8 - Lal Krishna Advani, Indian politician
- November 9 - Imre Kertesz, Hungarian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- November 11 - LaVern Baker, American singer (d. 1997)
- November 12 - Grace Patricia Kelly, American actress and Princess of Monaco (d. 1982)
- November 19 - Norman Cantor, Canadian medieval scholar (d. 2004)
- November 30 - Dick Clark, American television entertainer
- December 6 - Nikolaus Harnoncourt, German-born conductor
- December 9 - Bob Hawke, twenty-third Prime Minister of Australia
- December 16 - Nicholas Courtney, British actor
- December 16 - James Moore, British author
- December 17 - Jacqueline Hill, British actress (d. 1993)
- December 28 - Terry Sawchuk, Canadian hockey player (d. 1970)
- December 28 - Brian Redhead, English journalist and broadcaster (d. 1994)

Deaths


- January 5 - Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1856)
- January 13 - Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter (b. 1848)
- January 30 - La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
- February 8 - Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858)
- February 12 - Lillie Langtry, British singer and actress (b. 1853)
- February 14 - Tom Burke, American runner (b. 1875)
- March 20 - Ferdinand Foch, French commander of allied forces in World War I (b. 1851)
- April 4 - Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844)
- April 24 - Caroline Rémy, French feminist (b. 1855)
- May 21 - Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847)
- June 8 - Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861)
- June 11 - William Dickson Boyce, American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858)
- June 28 - Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)
- July 15 - Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)
- August - Mary MacLane, Canadian feminist writer (b. 1881)
- August 3 - Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian-born economist (b. 1857)
- August 3 - Emil Berliner, German-born inventor (b. 1851)
- August 5 - Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist and feminist (b. 1847)
- August 26 - Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat and scholar in East Asia (b. 1843)
- August 27 - Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket engineer (b. 1892)
- September 12 - Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (b. 1865)
- September 23 - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
- October 1 - Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (b. 1861)
- October 3 - Jeanne Eagels, American actress (b. 1890)
- October 3 - Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878)
- October 28 - Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849)
- November 24 - Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France (b. 1841)
- December 10 - Harry Crosby, American publisher and poet (b. 1898)
- December 20 - Émile Loubet, 7th President of France (b.1838)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
- Chemistry - Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
- Physiology or Medicine - Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- Literature - Thomas Mann
- Peace - Frank Kellogg

External links


- About.com: [http://mutualfunds.about.com/od/1929marketcrash/ 1929 Stock Market Crash]
- [http://www.stock-market-crash.net/1929.htm Stock Market Crash of 1929]-Learn about the disastrous crash that lead to the Great Depression Category:1929 ko:1929년 ms:1929 ja:1929年 simple:1929 th:พ.ศ. 2472



Journalist

A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues and people. Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find the sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are generally expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good. Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.

Origin and scope of the term

In the early 19th century, journalist simply meant someone who wrote for journals, such as Charles Dickens in his early career. In the past century it has come to mean a writer for newspapers and magazines as well. Many people consider journalist interchangeable with reporter, a person who gathers information and creates a written report, or story. However, this overlooks many other types of journalists, including columnists, leader writers, photographers, editorial designers, and sub-editors (British) or copy editors (American). The only major distinction is that designers, writers and art directors who work exclusively on advertising material - that is, material in which the content is shaped by the person buying the ad, rather than the publication - are not considered journalists. Regardless of medium, the term journalist carries a connotation or expectation of professionalism in reporting, with consideration for truth and ethics although in some areas, such as the downmarket, scandal-led tabloids, the standards are deliberately negated.

18th-century journalists


- Joseph Addison - wrote many of the finest pieces in Steele's publications713-14), The Monitor (1714), The Manufacturer (1719-21), The Commentator (1720) and The Director (1720-1)
- Daniel Defoe - as editor of the Review, he can claim to have invented many of the most popular formats, including the eye-witness report, the travel piece and the strongly opinionated column. Defoe's Review began publication on February 19, 1704, and lasted until June 11, 1713. He was also involved in several other periodicals, including The Master Mercury (1704), Mercator: or, Commerce Retrieved
- Richard Steele - founded and edited London-based periodicals including The Guardian and The Spectator in the early 1700s.

19th-century journalists


- Nellie Bly (1865-1922) - undercover reporter
- William Cowper Brann (1855-1898) - colorful editor of the Iconoclast in Waco, Texas
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge - political essayist, poet, and reporter
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870) - started as a shorthand writer logging debates in the courts and Houses of Parliament before becoming a Parliamentary journalist
- Henry Dunckley (1823- 1896), editor of Manchester Examiner and Times
- Pierce Egan (1772-1849) - early sportswriter and reporter on popular culture
- Rudyard Kipling (1865-1956) - newspaper editor and correspondent in India
- Jacob Riis (1849-1914) - journalist and slum reformer
- [http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0001/royall.html Anne Newport Royall] - crusading reporter, author, newspaper publisher, first journalist to publish an interview with a sitting US President
- George Augustus Henry Sala (1828-1895) - editor and columnist

20th-century print journalists


- Adams (1871-1958) - American investigative journalist
- Jack Anderson - considered one of the fathers of investigative reporting
- Pierre Berton (1920-2004 -- colourful Klondike-born vocal Canadian nationalist figure and longtime journalist, author-historian, and broadcaster
- Herb Caen - a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle from the late 1930s until his passing in 1997
- Winston Churchill (1874-1965) war correspondent in the Boer War, captured by the Boers
- Claud Cockburn (1904-1981) radical Irish journalist
- C.P. Connolly (1863-1935) radical American investigative journalist associated for many years with Collier's Weekly.
- Paul Foot (1938-2004)
- Allan Fotheringham - witty and influential Canadian journalist and commentator for the Vancouver Sun, Maclean's Magazine and the Globe and Mail.
- Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998) war correspondent
- Carl Gordon (1931-2002) - West of Scotland based Journalist and columnist for The Glasgow Herald
- Emily Hahn (1905-1997) - wrote extensively on China
- John L. Hess (1917-2005) - journalist, food critic for the New York Times
- Bruce Hutchison (1901-1992) - long-time editor of the Vancouver Sun and writer/reporter for the Winnipeg Free Press and the Victoria Times, and editor of several books; considered the dean of British Columbian journalists
- Pauline Kael (1919-2001) - film critic for The New Yorker
- Andrew Kopkind (1935-1994) - radical American journalist wrote extensively social movements in the 1960s
- Will Lang Jr. (1914-1968) staff reporter and bureau head for Time and Life magazines
- A.J. Liebling (1904-1963) American journalist closely associated with The New Yorker
- Walter Lippmann (1889-1974)
- Jonathan Meades
- H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) - essayist, critic, and editor of The Baltimore Sun
- Margaret Lally "Ma" Murray (1908-1982)- editor and co-publisher of the outspoken and colourful backcountry newspaper, the Bridge River-Lillooet News and, later, the Alaska Highway News
- George Orwell (1903-1950), reported on poverty, misery, and the Spanish Civil War
- Robert Palmer (1945-1997) - first full-time, chief pop music critic for The New York Times, Rolling Stone contributing editor
- Daniel Pearl - acclaimed war correspondent
- William Rees-Mogg - editor of The Times newspaper from 1967 to 1981
- James ("Scotty") Reston (1909-1995), political commentator for the New York Times
- Edward Said (1935-2003) - essayist, Palestinian activist
- Paul Saint Pierre - (1923-present) - reporter, columnist, commentator in the Vancouver Sun and nationally across Canada, also a long-time Member of Parliament
- George Seldes (1890-1995), American journalist, editor and publisher of In Fact
- George Bernard Shaw - better known as a playwright, but influential as a music writer and wrote other forms of journalism
- Randy Shilts - reporter for The Advocate and San Francisco Chronicle
- Edgar Snow, pro-socialist journalist and writer, chronicled the Chinese revolution
- I.F. Stone (1907-1989), investigative journalist, publisher of I.F. Stone's Weekly
- Anna Louise Strong, pro-socialist journalist and writer
- Bob Woodward - Washington Post reporter, helped uncover the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon, in a historical journalistic partnership with Carl Bernstein; earned two Pulitzer Prizes
- Jack Wasserman - social/celebrity and politicial columnist for the Vancouver Sun beginning in 1949; Western Canada's equivalent to Walter Winchell
- Gary Webb - best known for his 1996 "Dark Alliance" investigative report series, in which he posited a connection between Nicaraguan Contras, the US military, and crack cocaine distribution in American cities
- Walter Winchell (1897-1972), American political columnist, radio broadcaster

20th-century broadcast journalists


- Lowell Bergman, a television producer for the CBS news magazine 60 Minutes; best known for investigating the tobacco industry
- David Brinkley, television anchor and interview show host on the American networks ABC and NBC
- Tom Brokaw, television journalist and former anchor and managing editor of The NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw
- Vernon Corea, a pioneering radio journalist and announcer with Radio Ceylon/SLBC and the BBC
- Walter Cronkite, former United Press correspondent, TV anchor for CBS News in the 50s, 60s
- Bob Edwards, anchor of Morning Edition on National Public Radio from 1979-2004
- Abraham Gubler, a television producer, magazine editor, journalist and broadcaster; best known for coverage of Iraq War
- Peter Jennings, television anchor for ABC
- Jim Lehrer, anchor of The Newshour with Jim Lehrer
- Dan Rather, succeeded Cronkite as managing editor and primary anchor of the CBS Evening News
- Edward R. Murrow, CBS News radio correspondent in London Blitz, maker of TV documentaries, noted interviewer
- Sorious Samura, CNN TV documentary maker from Sierra Leone
- Fritz Spiegl, popularizer of classical music for the BBC
- Brian Williams, succeeded Brokaw as managing editor and anchor of The NBC Nightly News

Internet-only journalists

In recent years the numbers of journalists publishing only on the Internet, as opposed to print or broadcast journalists whose work also appears online, has grown enormously. Some of the best-known include:
- Ana Marie Cox - works under the name Wonkette, known for humorous coverage of politics and life in Washington, D.C.
- Matt Drudge - The first famous Internet-only journalist for his work around scandals of the Clinton administration, in the United States.
- Richard Menta - Editor at MP3 Newswire and MP3.com

Journalists writing fiction

There are many examples of journalists who made their mark writing fiction or other non-journalism, including:
- Anthony Burgess, who wrote vast quantities of reviews and was famously fired as literary critic of the Yorkshire Post
- Amanda Craig, who writes satirical novels about English society
- Joan Didion
- Frederick Forsyth
- David Gates, who wrote about books and music for Newsweek
- Graham Greene who worked originally as sub-editor on The Times
- Carl Hiaasen, who writes about the corruption and glitter of Miami and Miami Beach, which he also covered as a reporter.
- Arturo Pérez Reverte and Manuel Leguineche were war correspondents before becoming successful Spanish novelists.
- Susan Sontag
- Calvin Trillin, who has written several humorous novels
- Tom Wolfe

Modern journalists

The explosion of modern media, including the creation of Internet-based news sources and the possibility that citizen journalism will greatly expand the field, has made it all but impossible to identify which journalists are notable, in the sense that they could be identified in the past.

See also


- Canadian Journalists for Free Expression
- Copy editor
- Editor
- Foreign correspondent
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange - monitors attacks on journalists
- Inverted pyramid - generally accepted method for composing a news story
- Investigative journalist
- Journalism scandals
- Lists of authors
- Muckraker
- Newsroom
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders)
- Scientific journalist
- Society of Professional Journalists - US professional organization
- Sportswriter
- War correspondent

External links


- [http://www.caj.ca/ Canadian Association of Journalists]
- [http://www.ifj.org/ International Federation of Journalists]
- [http://www.nuj.org.uk/ National Union of Journalists (UK)&(ROI)]
- [http://www.alliance.org.au/ Media, Arts and Entertainment Alliance (Australia)]
- [http://www.cpj.org/ Journalism.org: The Online Home of the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Committee of Concerned Journalists]
- [http://www.ire.org/ Investigative Reporters and Editors]
- [http://www.journalistid.com/ JournalistID International Database]
- [http://www.cpj.org/ Committee to Protect Journalists]
- [http://www.journalismnet.com/ The Investigative Guide to Internet Research]
- [http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/The-write-stuff/2005/03/20/1111253883620.html?oneclick=true "The write stuff"]. The Age. March 21, 2005. Two reasons for being a journalist: curiosity and love of writing.
- [http://www.mp3newswire.net/stories/5002/journalist.html What Makes a Journalist?] - March 5, 2005 article in support of blogging as a form of journalism.
- Category:Media occupations ja:ジャーナリスト

Author

An author is the person who creates a written work, such as a book, story, article or the like. This can be short or long, fiction or nonfiction, poetry or prose, technical or literature. In particular, the word is used to refer to a person doing it for pay (as a profession).

Role in critical theory

One key issue in literary theory is the relationship between the meaning of a literary text and its author's conscious intent.
- The phrase "Death of the Author" was popularized by Roland Barthes in his 1968 essay with the same name. It is used to convey the idea that texts have meaning and an independent existence outside that intended by the author, depending on the context and reader.
- The death of the author is in self-conscious opposition to the New Criticism, a literary critical movement popular in England and America in the first half of the 20th century. According to this movement, the author's intent is assumed to be quite clear to the author and it becomes the critic's task to understand this intent.

See also


- novelist
- writer
- Lists of authors
- List of novelists Category:Media occupations Category:Literary criticism ja:作家

World War II

, and the use of new, extremely devastating weapons such as the atom bomb. From top going counterclockwise: Allied landing on D-Day 1944, the Nuremberg Rally 1936, the Nagasaki atom bomb 1945, the Soviet flag over the Reichstag in Berlin 1945 and the Gate of Auschwitz.]] World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a mid-20th Century conflict that engulfed much of the globe and is accepted as the largest and deadliest continuous war in human history. It was the first time that a number of newly developed technologies, including nuclear weapons, were used against either military or civilian targets. World War II resulted in the direct or indirect death of anywhere from 50 to 60 million or more people, over 3% of the world population at that time. It is estimated to have cost more money and resources than all other wars combined: about 1 trillion US dollars in 1945 (adjusted for inflation; roughly 10.5 trillion in 2005), not including subsequent reconstruction [http://www.historychannel.com/worldwartwo/?page=triumph5]. The outcomes of the war, including new technology and changes to the world's geopolitical, cultural and economic arrangement, were unprecedented. The conflict began by most Western accounts on September 1 1939 with the German invasion of Poland (the Pacific war is taken to have started on July 7 1937 with the Japanese attack on China) and lasted until mid-1945, involving many of the world's countries. Virtually all countries that participated in World War I were involved in World War II. Britain, France, Australia and New Zealand declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939 and Canada followed on September 10, 1939. The United States entered the conflict in December of 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Summary

Attributed in varying degrees to the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and the rise in nationalism, racism, fascism, National socialism, Japanese imperialism, and militarism, the causes of the war are a matter of debate. The war was fought between the Axis Powers and the Allies. The Axis initially consisted of an alliance between Germany and Italy, which later expanded to include Japan and Eastern European countries such as Romania and Bulgaria. Some of the nations that Germany conquered sent military forces, particularly to the Eastern front. Among the expeditionary forces that joined Germany were forces from Vichy France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Spain (though Spain was itself a neutral country) and armies of Russians and Ukrainians under the command of the general Andrey Vlasov. The Allies were initially the United Kingdom, including the Commonwealth, France and Poland, later joined by the USSR, the United States of America and China. Fighting occurred across the Atlantic Ocean, in Western and Eastern Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, the Middle East, in the Pacific and South East Asia, and it continued in China. In Europe, the war ended with the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945 (V-E and Victory Days), but continued in Asia until Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945 (V-J Day). At least 50 million people died as a result of the war. This figure includes acts of genocide such as the Holocaust and General Ishii Shiro's Unit 731 experiments in Pingfan, incredibly bloody battles in Europe and the Pacific Ocean, and massive bombings of cities, including the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan and the firebombing of Dresden (and even worse but less known) of Pforzheim in Germany. Few areas of the world were unaffected; the war involved the "home front" and bombing of civilians to a new degree. Atomic weapons, jet aircraft, rockets and radar, the blitzkrieg, or "lightning war", the massive use of tanks, submarines, torpedo bombers and destroyer/tanker formations, are only a few of many wartime inventions and new tactics that changed the face of the conflict. Post–World War II Europe was partitioned into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, the former undergoing economic reconstruction under the Marshall Plan and the latter becoming satellite states of the Soviet Union. This partition was, however, informal; rather than coming to terms about the spheres of influence, the relationship between the victors steadily deteriorated, and the military lines of demarcation finally became the de facto country boundaries. Western Europe largely aligned as NATO, and Eastern Europe largely as the Warsaw pact countries, alliances which were fundamental to the ensuing Cold War. In Asia, the United States' military occupation of Japan led to Japan's democratisation. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The war sparked a wave of independence for colonies of European powers, who were exhausted from fighting the war. There was a fundamental shift in power from Western Europe to the new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, though there were few actual boundary changes. __TOC__

Causes

People's Republic of China]] Main articles: Causes of World War II, Events preceding World War II in Europe, Events preceding World War II in Asia The causes of World War II are naturally a debated subject, but a common view, particularly among the allies in the early post-war years, ties them to the expansionism of Germany and Japan: Germany had lost wealth, power and status following the First World War and the expansion was to make Germany great again.
- In Germany there was a strong desire to escape the bonds of the World War I Treaty of Versailles, and eventually, Hitler and the Nazis assumed control of the country. They led Germany through a chain of events: rearmament, reoccupation of the Rhineland, a merger with Austria (Anschluss), incorporation of Czechoslovakia and finally the invasion of Poland.
- In Asia, Japan's efforts to become a world power and the rise of militarist leadership (in the 1930s the government in Japan was undermined as militarists rose to power and de facto gained totalitarian control) led to conflicts with first China and later the United States. Japan also sought to secure additional natural resources, such as oil and iron ore, due in part to the lack of natural resources on Japan's own home islands.

Participants

iron ore and Joseph Stalin, during the Yalta Conference in 1945]] Main article: Participants in World War II The belligerents of the Second World War are usually considered to belong to either of the two blocs: the Axis and the Allies. A number of smaller countries participated in the wa